How Lying To Yourself (A Little) Can Improve Your Relationships and Make the World Feel Less Insane | Shankar Vedantam

19:13Dan Harris:Would we all be better off if we didn't have self-deceptions about our partners? I would have to say, I don't think that would be a good thing. I think on general and on net, I believe that these self-deceptions in fact are functional.

19:25Shankar Vedantam:There's another great line from the Mahabharata, if I'm remembering this correctly, that somebody's asked, what's the most wondrous thing in the world. And the answer is that we can all be surrounded by aging illness and death and somehow believe it's not going to happen to us.

19:41Dan Harris:That's right. Yeah, I remember that line. It's a marvelous line because it's, you know, the question that's posed to this very wise man is, you know, what is the most surprising or strange things? And he says exactly as you said, you know, we see death and dying around us all the time, but all of us in our heart of hearts believe that it's not going to come for us or that we will not be the next person to die. And again, you know, when you think about it, human beings, perhaps uniquely on the planet, have a very clear sense that in fact, they are mortal creatures, that we know that we're going to die.

20:10Dan Harris:We know that our lives could come to an end, could come to an abrupt end. And yet, if we actually had this thought, if we had to carry this thought around with us all the time, this would be a drag. It would be very difficult. You know, we would have, you know, difficulty interacting with people. It would weigh us down. And so what do we do? We come up with ways to distract ourselves from the knowledge of our impending death, our impending doom. We come up with rationalizations and self-deceptions that keep us focused and optimistic and hopeful. Again, you can sort of see ways in which this could be harmful, but clearly I think we can all see ways in which this could be helpful.

20:44Dan Harris:If we all spend our days agonizing about the fact that we are mortal and we're going to die, clearly we would not lead very good or very functional lives.

20:51Shankar Vedantam:to be Buddhist about it. There is a middle path here. If you're wallowing in the morbid, yes, that could be paralytic. But denial of death isn't the only answer. The other answer is actually to get quite close to mortality because it vivifies the present moment and leads inexorably to gratitude and a sense of healthy urgency. I mean, that shows up in Buddhism, but also in the memento mori notion in Christianity. So there is a way here that actually losing this delusion can be quite useful.

21:25Dan Harris:Yes, I think I agree with that. There has been great wisdom passed down to us from numerous spiritual and religious traditions that basically point to the idea that in some ways, a flickering thought of our impending doom can cause us to actually enjoy what we are doing much more. When I tell myself, this might in fact be the last time I'm having a conversation with someone, it might make me more attentive and more mindful to the conversation. If I tell myself when I'm meeting my friend, this might be the last time I'm meeting my friend. And in fact, it could be the last time I'm meeting my friend.

21:57Dan Harris:I might be more attentive when my friend is speaking to me. I might be more compassionate, more forgiving, more empathetic to my friend. And so I completely agree with you. Sometimes allowing ourselves a fleeting thought about our own mortality could in fact be functional. I might even go a step further than that, Dan, and say that for people who are practitioners, people who are meditators, for example, it might be possible even to contemplate our mortality on a more regular, consistent basis and not feel as overwhelmed with it as a sort of a lay person might feel. So I think there are spiritual and religious traditions that have thought about mortality in very complex ways.

22:32Dan Harris:But I think it's fair to say that I think for most people on the planet who have not sort of engaged in these spiritual practices, the self-deceptions, the daily distractions that we come up with, the YouTube videos that we watch, the jokes we tell at happy hour, these in some ways are our defense against our fears of mortality.

22:49Shankar Vedantam:Well, this gets to, I think, what for me at least is a really important issue here and something I came into this conversation wanted to talk to you about, which is how can we at the level of our own minds sort between useful delusion and harmful delusion?

23:08Dan Harris:Yeah, I've been struggling with this question for a while, Dan, and it's come up repeatedly as people have asked me this, and I have to confess, I'm not sure there is a simple, clean line that demarcates the two things. We talked about intimate relationships, for example, and how it's helpful in some intimate relationships to believe that you are with the right person. If you believe that you are with the right partner, you're likely to be happier in your relationship. Now, is it useful to actually tap the person on the shoulder who has this belief and say, is what you're seeing actually real?

23:40Dan Harris:Is it actually true? Is it actually helpful? If you and I, Dan, you know, could go on a road trip this coming year and we stop by every couple getting married in the United States and we ask them on their wedding day, what are the odds you're going to get divorced? You know, very few people are going to give you the statistically correct answer, which is the odds of getting divorced are 40 to 60%. Very few people on their wedding day are going to put their odds of getting divorced as one in two, even though those in fact are the odds. And I think both of us would agree that anyone on their wedding day who says, my odds of getting divorced are one in two, that person is likely not going to have a very happy marriage.

24:16Dan Harris:They might be statistically accurate. But in some ways, the belief that they have that their marriage is going to last forever might in fact be an important ingredient in the marriage lasting for a long time. It might be an important ingredient in the success of their marriage. In many ways, I think we have to judge the utility or the disutility of delusions by seeing the outcomes they produce in the world. So when we have these delusions that lead us in some ways to be kinder people, to be better people, to be more empathetic people, to be more compassionate to each other, I would call these good delusions and useful delusions and functional delusions.

24:50Dan Harris:When the deceptions and self-deceptions cause us to exploit one another, to harm one another, to lead one another astray, to take advantage of one another, I think those would be ways in which I would call them dangerous delusions. But I don't know the practitioner himself or herself, whether they can know as they're experiencing the delusion, whether something is useful or not useful. You might actually have to wait to see what the outcomes are. Do you think it's possible to live a life where you hone the ability to look at your own mind and see?

25:22Shankar Vedantam:Oh, yeah. So, yeah, I know on some level that my son isn't the cutest six year old walking the planet, but I believe that and I see no harm in that. So I'm not going to try to challenge that view. Whereas I might notice, oh, yeah. Wow. When I see somebody with a certain pigmentation, a whole bunch of negative associations might come up in my mind that are totally involuntary. And I can see how that would cause harm, especially when scaled up to the level of society. Yeah, so I am going to actually challenge those thoughts. That seems doable to me, but what's your view?

25:59Dan Harris:It is probably doable. I don't think it's easy to do, but I think it is doable. But I will point out that in some ways you are doing what I was suggesting a second ago, which is you're asking yourself, what is the outcome of this self-deception? I think in the case of your six-year-old child, it is entirely to his benefit and to your benefit for you to believe that he is the cutest six-year-old child in the world. When it comes to the self-deceptions that cause us to lead one another astray, I think it's absolutely right to say that these self-deceptions can be harmful when it comes to the biases we have about our associations of, you know, when it comes to race or gender or sexual orientation, for example.

26:36Dan Harris:It's absolutely right to say, what are the consequences of the self-deception of these automatic beliefs? What I liked about what you just said, Dan, is that I think it's possible to be mindful about what we're experiencing and then tell ourselves in some ways, I am gonna allow myself to experience this thing that I'm experiencing because in fact, I can see good coming from it. Or I can choose to say, I'm noticing that in fact, I'm having this self-deception and I'm gonna choose not to go down that road. You know, right before we started talking, Dan, I was eating a bite of lunch. And as I was eating my lunch, I was reflecting on the fact that when we taste food, the sense of taste that we have is not in fact in the food.

27:16Dan Harris:The sense of taste that we have is in the mind. So, you know, by the definition that I'm using about delusion, a delusion is something that is the product of the human mind. The taste of the sandwich that I just ate was a taste that was produced by my own mind. So if I was being very mindful about it, the way I would describe it is I would say, this is a delicious sandwich. The deliciousness, in fact, is produced by my mind as a result of various chemicals on the sandwich hitting the receptors on my tongue and passing signals onto my brain and my brain interpreting the sandwich as being delicious.

27:50Dan Harris:In fact, it's entirely functional for me to believe that this sandwich is delicious and I'm going to embrace the delusion and enjoy the sandwich that I'm eating. I suppose you could do that. I think it would be taxing to do that all the time, to live your life in that way very mindfully. I know there are some Buddhist practitioners, I think, who are able to do that on a moment-to-moment basis. I try and do that from time to time, but I find I'm rarely able to do it for more than a few minutes at a stretch.

28:15Shankar Vedantam:So what is the takeaway of this insight that self-deception can be adaptive and positive? Where have you landed in terms of how this impacts your own life and your own management of your own mind?

28:31Dan Harris:I will say it's taught me to be a little bit more compassionate towards myself and a little more compassionate toward other people. I've noticed, for example, Dan, in my own life that when I'm going through difficult times, my mind is just as capable as other people's minds for reaching for fantastical beliefs. Let me give you a couple of really simple examples. All of us have been through a very difficult year with the global pandemic. And I remember that throughout the pandemic, starting in March 2020, I told myself a story that liberation was at hand, and it was about four weeks away. At every stage of the last year, I told myself liberation was four weeks away.

29:10Dan Harris:It was a month away. And in fact, if you ask me now, I would tell you today that liberation is probably a month away. Now, at some level, this is probably a self-deception. I think probably it was a self-deception that I knew was a self-deception. But the notion that we were going through something that did not have an end in sight felt too painful to contemplate. So I came up with the self-deception almost as a way to soothe my own anxieties, to tell myself, all you have to do is hold on for a month and then liberation is going to be at hand. You know, you see the same advice if you look at groups like Alcoholics Anonymous or addiction recovery groups or people who are counseling, people who have long prison sentences.

29:48Dan Harris:The admonition is often, you know, take your life one day at a time. Why should we take our life one day at a time? Why not look at our lives 20 years at a time? And the reason is, if your life, in fact, is filled with many, many difficulties, is filled with despair, it is, in fact, helpful to think about all you have to do as getting to tomorrow, as surviving till tomorrow. And then tomorrow, you create another 24-hour deadline. So in some ways, breaking up this monumental challenge into bite-sized portions makes it easier for us to navigate monumental challenges. So I think certainly I have come to be more compassionate about the ways in which my own mind works.

30:26Dan Harris:But perhaps more importantly, I think I've become more compassionate about the ways other people's minds work. And I think this is really one of the most important insights that the book has and the most important areas where the book might have something to offer to people. All of us come by other people whose views we disagree with. And sometimes those views are so outlandish that we find ourselves bewildered. How is it possible that this person could believe what they believe? And I think when we encounter those things, invariably, we are very judgmental. I know that throughout my life, when I've come by beliefs that I think are flat out wrong, I find myself getting angry with those beliefs.

31:05Dan Harris:I find myself getting angry with those delusions and say, how is it possible that you can believe what you believe? Now, you know, some years ago, Dan, I was having dinner with a friend of mine whom I hadn't seen for many years, a college friend of mine. And he spent the dinner explaining to me why he thought the United States was behind the 9-11 attacks, why the CIA and FBI had planned and carried out the 9-11 attacks. And I remember getting angry with him and I got angrier and angrier as the dinner progressed. And then we spent 90 minutes arguing. And at the end of the 90 minutes, of course, I hadn't convinced him that the United States was not behind the 9-11 attacks.

31:38Dan Harris:All that had happened was that we'd had an argument for 90 minutes. And he left the conversation believing that I was the one who had the delusion. I think if I was to do that conversation over today, after having thought about and written this book, I would approach that conversation differently. I would start with empathy, I would start with compassion, and I would start with questions. Rather than pose argument and provide evidence, I would try and understand why it is my friend believed what he believed. Because I think one of the fundamental insights of my book is that delusions, when they occur, are often playing a psychologically functional purpose.

32:14Dan Harris:They might be wrong, they might be inaccurate, they might even be harmful, but they're playing some kind of role that soothes or answers a psychological question that we're experiencing. So if you wanna disabuse people of their delusions, it's not merely enough to provide them with the facts that tell them that they're wrong. You actually have to get under the hood of the delusion and ask what psychological purpose is it playing in this person's life? And is there a way that I can find a way to provide for that person's psychological need some other way, allowing them to give up this delusion.

32:45Dan Harris:I think that's going to be a more effective way to combat dangerous delusions.

32:52Shankar Vedantam:Much more with Shankar Vedantam, specifically on the subject of vaccines.

33:08Shankar Vedantam:Chime is changing the way people bank. It's fee-free and smarter banking built for you. It's not like old school banks that charge you overdraft and monthly fees. It's built for you, not for members of the 1%. Everybody needs a bank, but it's so annoying when you get charged all these random fees, and Chime does not play that game. Chime is not just another banking app. They unlock smarter banking for everyday people with products like MyPay, giving you access to up to$500 of your paycheck anytime and getting paid up to two days early with direct deposit. Some old banks still don't do this. I mentioned fees.

33:44Shankar Vedantam:You can forget about overdraft fees, minimum balance fees, and monthly fees. What's more, Chime turns everyday spending into real rewards and progress. And now Chime has the Chime Card. It's the new way to build credit history with your own money and get rewarded every single day. No annual fees, no interest, and no strings attached. Sounds good to me. And when you get qualifying direct deposits, you get 1.5 % cash back on eligible Chime Card purchases. Chime is not just smarter banking. It's the most rewarding way to bank. Join the millions who are already banking fee-free today. It just takes a few minutes to sign up.

34:19Shankar Vedantam:Head to Chime.com slash happier. That's Chime.com slash happier.

34:24Dan Harris:Chime is a financial technology company, not a bank. Banking services, a secured Chime Visa credit card, and MyPay line of credit provided by the Bancor Bank N.A. or Stride Bank N.A. MyPay eligibility requirements apply, and credit limit ranges$20 to$500. Optional services and products may have fees or charges. See Chime.com slash fees info. Advertised annual percentage yield with Chime Plus status only. Otherwise, 1.00 % APY applies.

34:39Shankar Vedantam:No min balance required. Chime card on-time payment history may have a positive impact on your credit score. Results may vary. See Chime.com for details and applicable terms. Early in the year is a great time to get your financial house in order. My wife and I just had a meeting with our amazing financial advisor to talk about how we were doing on savings, specifically for our son's college education. If you're in the market for some financial sanity, I can definitely recommend this product called Monarch. It's a great way to set yourself up for financial success this year. Monarch is the all-in-one personal finance tool designed to make your life easier.

35:14Shankar Vedantam:It brings your entire financial life, budgeting, accounts and investments, net worth and future planning, all of that together in one dashboard on your phone or your laptop. I can tell you from vast personal experience what a relief it is to have all the information in one place. It just reduces my sense of frenzy. Feel aware and in control of your finances this year and get 50 % off your Monarch subscription with the code HAPPIER. Monarch has done some surveys of their users and the results are pretty impressive. Monarch helped users save over$200 a month on average after joining and eight out of 10 members feel more in control of their finances while using Monarch.

35:57Shankar Vedantam:Set yourself up for financial success in 2026 with Monarch, the all-in-one tool that makes proactive money management simple all year long. Use the code HAPPIER at Monarch.com for half off your first year. That's 50 % off your first year at Monarch.com using the code HAPPIER.

36:20Shankar Vedantam:Let's take a current example that I know is top of mind for many people, which is anti-vaxxers. How would this, by the way, I love your insight. I think this is very powerful. How would we operationalize this insight if, you know, we're talking to somebody in our life who's just refusing to get a vaccine against all the evidence about the safety and efficacy?

36:39Dan Harris:Let me give you an example from my own life, Dan. Many years ago, I was a reporter at The Washington Post and I was covering various controversies about early childhood vaccinations and the mistaken belief that those vaccinations are associated with an increased risk of autism. and I was writing articles about it for the Post and front page stories about the problems with people who were hesitant or worried about the vaccines, the lack of evidence connecting the risks of autism to the childhood vaccines. And then my own daughter was born and I had to decide whether I have to get my own daughter vaccinated.

37:13Dan Harris:And of course, I remembered all of the research that I had reviewed. I had thought about it a great deal. I'd spoken to some of the most respected vaccine experts in the world. But when the pediatrician told me, it's time to get your daughter vaccinated. A thought went through my mind. And the thought that went through my mind is, is it possible I'm doing something that harms my daughter? And in some ways, it stems again from what we talked about earlier in the conversation, the deep and irrational love that parents have for their children and the desire that you want to do what is best for your child, no matter what you want to do, what's best for your child.

37:46Dan Harris:And so that caused me to have a moment's doubt, a moment's hesitation, a moment's fear. And what I did was I told my daughter's pediatrician, And I told him my fear. I said, you know, I know all the research. I know that there's no scientific connection between those two things, but I have to confess, I'm worried about it. And he did something really valuable. Instead of presenting me with research studies that showed me what I already knew, he said, you know, I've thought about the same question and I have multiple children and I've thought about this question as I have gotten my own children vaccinated.

38:15Dan Harris:And I know that what I'm doing right now is in fact in their best interest. And in some ways what he did was he didn't belittle my fears, He didn't have contempt for my fears. He in fact told me that my fears were justified, that my fears stem from my love for my daughter. And that was fundamentally a good thing to do. Let's look at the same idea in the context of vaccine hesitancy right now in the era of COVID. And I share your concerns, Dan, that I think you're expressing that really it's a dangerous thing that 30 to 40 % of the United States does not wish to get vaccinated. I think that this is a dangerous idea.

38:51Dan Harris:It's a mistaken idea. I do believe that we would all be better off if we got ourselves vaccinated. But let's say we encounter someone who is hesitant to get a vaccine. Rather than tell them, you know, the data linking vaccines to blood clots or the data linking vaccine to something else is weak, we should ask people the question, what is it that's worrying you? What is it that's bothering you? Tell me about your fears. Let me understand what it is that's making you afraid. Now, doing this does not automatically mean that the person is gonna say, okay, you've persuaded me, I'm going to get a vaccine.

39:24Dan Harris:I'm not suggesting that there's a panacea or a silver bullet. But I do believe that if we actually approached people at the level at which they think about their own lives, you know, people are not, they're not idiots. They're not trying to harm themselves. They're trying to do what's best for themselves. If we assume those things and go into it saying, I know that you are trying to do what's best for you, what's best for your family, what's best for your children and best for your community. You've just come to a different conclusion than I have. Let me understand what your concerns are. Let's have a conversation where I can empathize with you and tell you that I share your love for yourself, for your family, for your children, for your community.

40:01Dan Harris:Let me explain to you how I might approach this question differently. I think in some ways we would dial down the temperature on the conversations that we have. Very often, I think when it comes to delusions and self-deceptions, we end up having screaming matches with people like I did that dinner with my friend from college. And at the end of the conversation, all that's happened is that we like one another a little less, and no one has persuaded anyone of anything. I know this is a very old idea that goes back all the way to Buddhism and to mindfulness, but the idea of starting with empathy, of starting with compassion, is I think a truly powerful way to disabuse people of dangerous self-deceptions.

40:39Shankar Vedantam:Given how dangerous delusions can be, e.g. anti-vax, e.g. the election was rigged, given how dangerous these delusions can be, how far should we go with empathy?

40:54Dan Harris:Yeah, great question. And I think, you know, there might be limits to where we want to exercise this empathy, because let's say, for example, let me pose a hypothetical to you. Let's say somebody knocks on your door and has a rifle in their hand and they're knocking on your door because they believe that you are evil incarnate and they've come to kill you because that's their belief. Now, this is not a useful time to be exploring the psychological basis of self-deception and delusion. You know, in a situation like that, the appropriate thing to do is not to say, let me sit down and understand where you're coming from and let's get under the hood of the way that your mind works.

41:31Dan Harris:The appropriate thing to do at that point is to call 911. When people stormed the U.S. Capitol on January 6th, believing the election was rigged, you can't advance a psychological explanation at that point and basically say, let me try and understand what it is that's motivating your anger. At that point, you have to call the police. You have to call the National Guard to basically protect the Capitol. The point that I think I'm trying to make, Dan, is that if 40 million people believe what the people who stormed the Capitol on January 6th believed, you cannot call out the National Guard to disabuse 40 million people of their beliefs.

42:06Dan Harris:When a belief is shared by large numbers of people, in fact, that is precisely when you have to turn to psychological explanations and psychological interventions. And by the way, some of those psychological interventions can also take advantage of our mind's capacity for self-deception. So let me give you a simple example. when it comes to vaccine hesitancy, for example, there are numerous ways in which we can recruit the self-deceiving brain to help us spread the message of vaccinations. So rather than tell people about the number of people who've not been vaccinated, it might be important to tell people about the number of people who have been vaccinated.

42:42Dan Harris:People discovered this in anti-smoking campaigns that it was much more effective to tell people that most people around them were non-smokers than to point to the minority of people who were smokers. And partly what this is getting at is that human beings are norm followers. We follow the social norms, the social scripts of the communities around us. If we believe the community is heading in a certain direction, we ourselves are likely to head in that direction. The more we can communicate that more people are on board with the idea of getting vaccinated, the more we can in some ways recruit the capacity of the self-deceiving brain.

43:15Dan Harris:Another useful idea is to introduce the idea that there might be some scarcity with vaccines. One of the things that happens when we go to a shop or a store, the store basically says, you know, these are the last two items on sale. Partly what the store is trying to do is induce a sense of scarcity in your mind to tell you, if I don't act now, I'm going to lose the chance to act going forward. I was in a conversation with the Nobel Prize winners, Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler, and the social psychologist Robert Cialdini last week. And one of the recommendations that they had is, what if we actually labeled every vaccine dose that we have with someone's name and basically said, this dose is meant for you, Dan Harris, and you can let us know if you want to have this dose or not.

43:58Dan Harris:But if you decide that you don't wish to have this dose, we're gonna give this dose to somebody else. Maybe we're even gonna give this dose to somebody in another country. So you have the choice to get this dose, but if you decide not to get it, you're gonna lose that choice altogether. And in some ways, by creating some mechanisms of artificial scarcity, we might be able to use the self-deceiving brain to get more people vaccinated.

44:18Shankar Vedantam:That's really interesting. Speaking of our tendency to judge people's deceptions and lapse into self-righteousness, can you explain what the phrase naive realism means? Sure.

44:33Dan Harris:Naive realism is a principle in psychology that stems from the fact that when we look out the world, it's impossible for us not to imagine that the world as we see it is in fact the way the world is. And it must be the way that everyone else also sees the world or should see the world. One of the simplest ways to demonstrate naive realism is to cite the comedian George Carlin, who once said, you know, have you ever noticed when you're driving, everyone going faster than you is a maniac and everyone going slower than you is an idiot? And really what Carlin was trying to get at there was that we assume that the way that we drive must in fact be the way everyone else should be driving.

45:12Dan Harris:So anyone who's driving faster must clearly be a reckless person, must clearly be a bad driver. Anyone who's driving slower must clearly be an idiot because they can't see how in fact they're slowing down traffic. We believe that we are the norm and the way that we see the world is the correct way to see the world. When I first came by the story of the Church of Love that we discussed earlier on, the story of this remarkable con that unfolded in the 70s and 80s, I looked at that story through the lens of naive realism. I asked myself, what would I do if I were to receive one of those letters? And I told myself, if I received one of those letters, I would probably throw it away after reading maybe the first line.

45:47Dan Harris:It would hold no interest to me. And therefore, that is the correct way that everyone should be looking at those letters. And so when I saw people who did not read the letters the same way, people who, in fact, loved the letters, wanted more and more of the letters, believed they were corresponding with real women, fell in love with those women, my initial response informed my naive realism was that there was something wrong with the members of the Church of Love because clearly they were seeing the world wrong. So naive realism is a really powerful force that causes us to believe that the way we think of reality is in fact not just the only way to see reality, but the correct way to see reality.

46:22Dan Harris:And in some ways it keeps us from exercising the empathy and compassion of understanding that other people might see the world differently.

46:30Shankar Vedantam:The ultimate takeaway of the book, it seems, is that you can be a little easier on yourself and others around self-deception. And along those lines, you make the point, I'd love to hear you say more about it, that for you in questioning, and this is the term you use, in questioning the temple of rationality, you actually came to see that foregoing self-deception isn't necessarily just about being educated or enlightened. And actually, like dropping self-deception can also be a sign of privilege and that we need to look at the fact that some people are in the throes of self-deception because they really have no other choice.

47:10Dan Harris:That's exactly right. You know, there's the old saying, Dan, there are no atheists in the foxhole. And I think this really is one of the core ideas that I have in the book. And it's ironic. In fact, a few months ago, this is well after the book was written, as I was awaiting publication, I had an experience in my own life that showed me exactly how this works. I was several hours away from my home in Washington, and I was unloading a bike from my car, and the handlebar spun around and hit me right below my right eye. It just felt like a jar, but I had a little small bruise on my cheek, but nothing else.

47:43Dan Harris:But over the next 24 hours, I started sort of seeing a shadow fall across my eye. And I have a family history of retina problems, and I understood that what was happening to me was I was experiencing a retina detachment. For your listeners who are not familiar with this, the retina is the film behind the eye. The light falls in the retina and the retina is basically sending signals up through the optic nerve through the brain. So if the retina unhinges from its moorings, you basically will lose vision in the eye. And once a certain amount of the retina has detached, you're very likely to lose sight in that eye altogether.

48:17Dan Harris:And I could tell that the shadow that was falling across my eye was sort of growing. And I could literally in some ways see myself going blind in one eye. As I mentioned, I was very far away from my home in Washington. I couldn't get back in time to see the eye doctors whom I have in my hometown. And I didn't know how to find an eye doctor. And it was very difficult where I was to basically find somebody who could help. And finally, I managed to locate somebody who was several hours away from me. I drove to the city that I had never been to in my life before. And he very kindly opened his practice for me at nine o 'clock in the night.

48:48Dan Harris:He diagnosed me with a retina detachment. And he told me that if I didn't get into surgery in the next few minutes, I was going to lose the eye. So we literally went directly from his office to the emergency room at the local hospital where he performed surgery on me. Now, as it turned out, he was a brilliant doctor. He ended up saving my eye, for which I'm profoundly grateful. But at the moment he diagnosed me and told me, we have to wheel you into surgery in the next few minutes, I think back to my own behavior at that point. Because at that point, I did not have time to evaluate what he was telling me.

49:20Dan Harris:I did not have time to get a second opinion. I did not have time to even look up reviews to see if this was a good doctor or a bad doctor. And so I did what all of us do in situations like this. I put all my trust and faith in this man. Now, let's say for a second that he had not been a brilliant surgeon. Let's say he had been a charlatan. Let's say he had been a con man. Would it have been any less likely for me to put my faith and trust in him? And I would argue the answer to that is no. I would have been just as likely to put my faith in him because my faith in some ways was not driven by him.

49:48Dan Harris:My faith was driven by what I was going through at that point, the vulnerability that I was experiencing at that point. And so absolutely, I think when we think about the self-deceptions of other people and we respond with judgment, when we respond with anger and contempt, very often what's happening is that we are outside the challenges that that person is experiencing. And so I've come to realize that in some ways, not practicing self-deception, foregoing self-deception, ironically might be a form of privilege. If your own life is going perfectly well, if you have a great job, if you're in great health, if you're in a wonderful relationship with someone and everything's going swimmingly for you, you really have no need to turn to the kind of self-deceptions that we've been talking about.

50:30Dan Harris:But all of our lives, of course, can take a turn at any moment. And when they do take that turn, I think all of us very quickly realize that our minds prove very fertile ground to the wildest self-deceptions.

50:41Shankar Vedantam:So could another name for self-deception be hope?

50:44Dan Harris:I think that certainly is one of the most important functions that self-deception has to offer in our minds. And again, if you look at it from an evolutionary perspective, this makes perfect sense. Our time on Earth is not just limited, it's really a very small amount of time that we spend. It's not just that there's a hard endpoint, but it's actually a very limited amount of time that we get to spend on the planet. Now, step back for a second. If you think about life on the planet as a whole, our individual lives, they are basically almost nothing in the context of the entire planet. Our planet itself is one of a tiny speck in a solar system, and this solar system is one of millions and millions of solar systems just in our own galaxy.

51:22Dan Harris:And our galaxy is one of maybe two trillion galaxies in the known universe. So our individual lives as human beings, in fact, are completely inconsequential. We are easily forgotten. We are easily erased. And of course, to think about these things, to see completely our own place in the universe is dispiriting. And I think this is why all over the world, in every culture and every time, human beings have come up with ways to give their lives meaning and purpose. And you can look at some of the ways people do that, the rituals they turn to, the beliefs that they espouse, and you can look at them with contempt and sort of say, those beliefs are irrational.

51:59Dan Harris:Those beliefs are illogical. Look at the foolish things that people believe without sort of asking the deeper question, why is it that people are turning to those beliefs? What role is it serving for them? And I completely agree with you. Providing hope is probably one of the most important ways our minds turn to deceiving themselves.

52:19Shankar Vedantam:Much more of my conversation with Shankar Vedantam right after this.

52:34Shankar Vedantam:This episode is sponsored by BetterHelp. March includes International Women's Day, a moment to celebrate women's strength and progress while also recognizing how much they carry every day. Between caring for others and managing unseen responsibilities, their emotional well-being can easily be overlooked. One tool that can be incredibly powerful for women and for everybody is therapy. Shout out to my wife, a big believer in therapy, both individually and for everybody she knows. And it's also something we do as a couple. My wife, as a scientist, is aware of the evidence for therapy and definitely puts it into practice in her own life.

53:13Shankar Vedantam:Therapy is a great way to create balance in your life, to learn how to set healthy boundaries and to support your overall well-being. BetterHelp therapists work according to a strict code of conduct and are fully licensed in the U.S. BetterHelp does the initial matching for you so you can focus on your therapy goals. A short questionnaire helps you identify your needs and preferences and then BetterHelp uses their 12 plus years of experience and industry leading match fulfillment rate, which means they typically get it right the first time. If you're not happy with your match, you can switch to a different therapist at any time.

53:47Shankar Vedantam:With over 30 ,000 therapists, BetterHelp is the world's largest online therapy platform, having served over 6 million people globally. And it works with an average rating of 4.9 out of 5 for a live session based on over 1.7 million client reviews. Your emotional well-being matters. Find support and feel lighter in therapy. Sign up and get 10 % off at BetterHelp.com slash happier. That's BetterHelp.com slash happier. We're fans of Wayfair in my house. My wife, as you may have heard me mention before, has done some pretty solid ordering on Wayfair. She's got these translucent bookshelves. We both love the way books look in a room.

54:33Shankar Vedantam:and she's used these Wayfair shelves to make her home office feel really warm and colorful. It's good stuff. And I've been on the Wayfair website many times ordering stuff. Huge selection of stuff for inside the home and also for the backyard. In fact, if you're looking for a spring refresh, they've got outdoor furniture, patio decor, lighter bedding. If you are, like my wife, an inveterate organizer, Wayfair has closet systems, storage solutions, garage organization. If you work from home, they've got desks, ergonomic chairs, shelving, as I've already mentioned. Wayfair makes it simple to narrow down to exactly what works for your style and budget.

55:11Shankar Vedantam:And they've got installation and assembly services for a truly seamless experience. Thousands of five-star reviews help you shop with confidence. Find furniture, decor, and essentials that fit your unique style and budget. Head to Wayfair.com right now to shop all things home. That's W-A-Y-F-A-I-R dot com. Wayfair, every style, every home.

55:44Shankar Vedantam:one of the things you've talked about that i think is really interesting is this debate over whether depression which is such a common psychological phenomenon for so many of us whether depression is delusional pessimism or seeing things clearly i'd love to hear you say more about this?

56:04Dan Harris:For many, many years, through much of the 20th century, in fact, people looked at patients who had serious mental illnesses, you know, schizophrenia, for example, where you're hallucinating things or you're hearing voices, you know, truly things that are delusional. And people assumed that what this meant was that when you're mentally ill, you are somehow detached from reality, that mental illness involved not seeing the world clearly, and mental health involved seeing the world exactly the way the world is. Over the last 30 or 40 years, I think people have come to challenge that contention, and they've challenged it by looking at a handful of conditions, especially conditions involving depression and to some extent anxiety as well, which show that patients who have depression, in fact, are able to see the world quite clearly.

56:51Dan Harris:And in some ways, at least in some experimental settings, they're able to see the world more clearly than people who are quote-unquote mentally healthy. And this presents a great conundrum, a great paradox here, because if you think about mental illness as being the delusional state, how is it that people who have certain mental illnesses like depression are seeing the world more clearly? One of the most provocative ideas that I've come by as I was reporting and writing this book is the idea that in some ways, part of being mentally healthy might involve not seeing the world clearly, but seeing the world through a delusional sense of optimism, through a delusional hopefulness.

57:27Dan Harris:And in fact, some of the people who are depressed, some of the people who are experiencing anxiety, their experience might not be functional, but in fact, they are seeing reality exactly for what it is. In some ways, I think it makes the case that I've been trying to make throughout our conversation, Dan, which is that sometimes seeing reality for what exactly it is might mean that you're seeing the truth, but this might not be functional. It might not help you wake up in the morning and get to work and be a good parent and be a good partner to your spouse and be a good colleague to your coworkers and a good neighbor to your community.

57:57Dan Harris:All these things might require in some ways a sense of optimism, a sense of delusional optimism. When you think about the COVID pandemic that we've all been through, you know, it's not unreasonable to look at what we've been through, this terrible global pandemic, the enormous cost in terms of lives and livelihoods that we've experienced not just in the United States, but around the world. And it's not impossible to imagine that we would be shaken by that. We would sort of say, the world is a perilous and dangerous place to be in. Let me retreat from the world. And yet I think all of us or many of us have almost the opposite reaction as the pandemic is sort of winding down, at least in some countries.

58:32Dan Harris:Many of us are looking forward to basically getting out and about, to basically putting it behind us. And it's unclear whether what we are doing, in fact, is merely seeing reality accurately. You could argue that seeing reality accurately might mean that, in fact, we continue to think about the enormous cost the pandemic has exacted in terms of lives and livelihoods. But you could also see how that would be deeply dysfunctional if we didn't go about our daily lives, if we didn't in some ways resume our prior lives, which arguably might have been blind to the risks that were confronting us.

59:02Shankar Vedantam:I want to reassociate on this for a second. The upside of self-deception is tough for people like me who come out of the Buddhist context, because in Buddhism, there's three primordial, pernicious psychological phenomena that we're trying to uproot in our practice, greed, hatred, and delusion or confusion or blindness to the reality of the human situation. So maybe it's possible that, that yes, it does make sense to have some delusion or else you're going to be stuck in sort of a nihilism or a complete paralytic depression about the fact that we're going to die and everybody else we know is going to die and everything's changing all the time so rapidly that we don't have that much control.

59:49Shankar Vedantam:But maybe with the right container, like a meditation practice and a good teacher and the right tradition, seeing things clearly can actually be liberating because that would be the proposition from the Buddhist side. Does any of that make

1:00:05Dan Harris:sense to you? It does make sense to me. And in some ways, I think there are some overlaps between the arguments that I'm making and I think many ideas in Buddhism. Certainly, I think the mandate that I've ended up with in my own life and certainly in my book is the mandate for empathy and compassion. And I think to the extent that I understand Buddhist practices, I think empathy and compassion are very closely at the heart of at least how, if you're a good Buddhist, presumably you're going to experience a certain amount of empathy and compassion for the world. If you're doing it right, you don't end up with more anger and contempt for the world.

1:00:38Dan Harris:You end up with more understanding and sympathy and compassion for the world. So I think there's sort of an overlap there. I certainly think when it comes to greed, you can think about the self-deceptions that cause us to have greed. So for example, the insatiable appetite that we have to own more and more things or to acquire more and more money. We can look at those things and if we look at them clearly, we can sort of say, what is actually driving this desire that we have to acquire more and more, this desire for more and more possessions, for wealth, for status, where is that coming from? And is it possible that in fact this is leading me astray?

1:01:11Dan Harris:And is it possible that in some ways by seeing this delusion clearly, we can actually step away from greed? And so to that extent, I think I'm absolutely on board with the idea that seeing some of our delusions clearly can in fact produce things that are functional, that in fact can make us happier if we were less driven to basically just mindlessly acquire more and more things. At a very deep level, one of the things that I've been wrestling with in recent months, actually, this is after I wrote the book, I came by this idea from Greek philosophy called the ship of Theseus. And you're probably familiar with this, but for those of your listeners who are not, Theseus was a great Greek warrior.

1:01:49Dan Harris:And according to the myth, when he finished his travels and his exploits and he came back home, his ship was stored in the harbor almost as a museum piece. And over the following decades and centuries, the planks of the ship rotted and decayed. And when that happened, people replaced the planks with new planks until eventually all the planks and all the components in every part of the ship of Theseus was in fact made of a new part, a new piece, a new component. And the question that philosophers starting with Plato onwards have asked is, so is this new ship that we have built that's constructed entirely of new materials, is this still the ship of Theseus, or is it in fact an altogether new ship?

1:02:28Dan Harris:And philosophers after Plato have asked an even deeper and more complex question, which is, if we could find all of the old pieces of the ship of Theseus and we could reassemble them into a ship, would that ship in fact be the real ship of Theseus and not merely a replica made up of other parts? And the reason I've been thinking about this and the reason this relates to the questions that you're asking about the connection with Buddhism and the themes that I'm writing about in the book is that the ship of thesis, in some ways, is a metaphor for our own lives and for our own bodies and for our own minds.

1:03:02Dan Harris:You know, at a very material level, all of us are made up of particles that in some ways are turning over all the time. The cells that made up Dan Harris 10 years ago are not the cells that make up Dan Harris today. In fact, at a physical level, you, Dan, are a completely different Dan than you were 10 years ago or 20 years ago or 30 years ago. So the question to ask is, are you still the same Dan? Is this still the same ship of Theseus? And at a psychological level, at an even deeper level, you know, the level of our minds, our minds also are the product of invention and reinvention and layer upon layer of beliefs and norms and attitudes layered one on top of the other.

1:03:42Dan Harris:And in some ways, I think of my life and I think of myself as being one person who's had one history that goes back all the years from when I was a child to who I am today as an adult, to whom I will be one day as an older person. And yet I think the question that arises from the ship of Theseus, and this is a question that I think has been wrestled with by people who are Buddhists and meditators is, is this actually true? Is it actually the case that there is in fact one figure, one creature, one person, one self that in fact is a consistent presence through all these different stages of life.

1:04:17Dan Harris:I'm not sure I fully understand the Buddhist questions about whether the sense of self that we have is that an illusion. But I think one of the questions that I've been wrestling with is, is it possible that my own sense of myself is being that I am the same person that I was when I was a child, and I am the same person I'm going to be when I'm an older person? That sense of self that I have, that I think we all have in our minds, is that also in some ways a self-deception? profoundly dangerous and disturbing self-deception perhaps, but also very functional. Because in fact, if I was to believe that I was the same person that I was as a child that I am now, and that I am the same person now that I will be years later, I will do things in some ways to serve that future creature because I believe that future creature is me.

1:05:03Dan Harris:But in fact, is that true?

1:05:05Shankar Vedantam:I mean, you said you weren't sure you understood the Buddhist case for the illusion of the self, but everything you said leading up to it would indicate that you do understand it. And it was really well said. I don't want to represent myself as somebody who's a Buddhist scholar. I'm more of a like a sort of Buddhist practitioner who episodically grasps some of these really difficult concepts. And the most difficult of them all, for me at least, is this notion that the self is an illusion. But, you know, really does kind of go back to what I was getting at, which is around the case for and against self-deception.

1:05:40Shankar Vedantam:It does seem pretty clear to me after a dozen years of practice that there is no core Dan. If I close my eyes and look for him, I won't find some homunculus of Dan between my ears. It is something we're constructing moment to moment, even though the sense of it is very real, right? So on one level, it is real. Like I am, my name is Dan. I need to put my pants on. I need to make appointments for myself under the name of Dan and I need to, you know, get on various Zoom calls because somebody named Dan is expected. And yes, on some level, that is all true. But on some deep level, there is no core Dan.

1:06:16Shankar Vedantam:And that self-deception can have enormously negative consequences, you know, because I'm laboring under the delusion that I am real. That's the wellspring of greed. That's the wellspring of hatred because I need to fend off everybody who isn't Dan who might be coming after my ice cream. And so, yeah, the point of Buddhist practice in some ways is to see through that illusion. And that can be terrifying. You know, there's a phase in practice that's called the rolling up the mats phase because you start to see that this sense of me, the sense of I is just an illusion, and that's terrifying. But it does go back to what I said before, which is that if in the right container, seeing the truth of the human situation with the right teachers, with the right tradition, with the right practices, yes, it can be terrifying.

1:07:13Shankar Vedantam:But in the end, while sure, these self-deceptions might have some day-to-day sort of quotidian value, actually uprooting them is more valuable because that allows you to return to the world to see that, yes, I do have to put a label on this process that is Dan, but it is just a process. And I then let go of the greed and hatred that can flow out of it. And so, so yeah, it kind of is just a deeper way to think about the pros and cons of self-deception. Does anything I just said make sense to you?

1:07:45Dan Harris:A lot of it makes sense. I will confess that when I think about the self as an illusion, I'm thinking about it more as an abstract idea. I have not personally had the sense that when I look inward, there is no sense that in fact, I am I. I feel very much that I am I. Although as I think about it, I have to ask myself the question, is that sense that I have, is it in fact an illusion? And I think I've arrived at that question from the point of view of sort of thinking about the science and thinking about how the mind works and thinking about how functional in fact it is to have that sense of self.

1:08:16Dan Harris:If you buy the idea that our brains and minds are the product of a process of natural selection, a process of evolution, then you have to ask, why is it that what's in our minds is in our minds? And you can look at the different facets of the mind. You can sort of say, why is it we have a sense of fear? And you can readily see what happens if you don't have a sense of fear. I would wander into the lion's cage and try and pet the lion, and I would come to a sorry end. And you would quickly realize, this is why nature has endowed me with a sense of fear. Why do I have a sense of love? And you would quickly see again when people who are incapable of experiencing love or wanting love or needing love or being able to show love, you can see how their lives are affected in all kinds of ways.

1:08:59Dan Harris:And so I would draw the conclusion that nature has thought fit in some ways to invent the emotion of love because that invention is useful, it's functional. I believe the same is true of the self as well, that I think natural selection and evolution have in some ways invented the idea of the self in the mind, partly because it is functional. Now, is it possible that human beings have discovered that there is actually a way out, that in fact, the minds that have been produced by natural selection and evolution are now minds that are not just, you know, experiencing the sense of self, are not just capable of, you know, in some ways transcending the sense of self, but discovering that that transcending is a good thing, which is, I think, the case that you're making.

1:09:41Dan Harris:That's possible. I would, I think, as a card-carrying scientist, I would still come down on the side of saying that if four billion years of evolution has produced a sense of self in my mind, it's probably there for a reason. And I would be wise if I'm going to tamper with it to do so with some caution.

1:09:59Shankar Vedantam:I agree with all of that. I would just sort of add that evolution is an ongoing process. And I think the Buddhist proposition, at least current day Buddhists who are aware of evolution, is that the next phase of human evolution would be to keep the useful parts of the self and discard the not so useful parts of the self. And the Buddhists often talk about it as thinking about reality as having two levels. There's conventional reality or shared reality, which is the day to day. Yes, you are Shankar. And yeah, I'm Dan. And we've got to operate in the world and show up on Zoom calls, et cetera, et cetera.

1:10:38Shankar Vedantam:That's conventional reality or relative reality. And then there's the and this phrase I'm about to utter sounds like something that I might have named my punk band when I was in high school. But ultimate reality is sort of the deeper level of reality. And on that level of reality, you can look, you know, Shankar can say, am I me? Am I I? And you have the sense of, yeah, I'm here. But then if you just add another question, which is who's asking this question? You can't find. I defy you to find that person. Right. And so it doesn't you don't have to look too hard to see that this is an illusion and that can have negative knock on effects.

1:11:15Shankar Vedantam:And so I suspect, and again, I'm biased here. Here we go with that word again. I'm biased, given my Buddhist practice, that there's a way to hold the positive aspects of self and discard the negative ones. I'm not gonna pretend that I've done that though.

1:11:31Dan Harris:Right. Let me ask you a question if I could. And I'm asking you this as somebody who is, as you are in some ways, a practitioner, but not an expert. And I admit that the question might sound like it's overly clever. And I apologize for that in advance. But it's a genuine question, which is that if you buy the idea that the brain is in some ways designed to come up with self-deceptions of all kind, you know, it's designed in some ways to produce the sensation of deliciousness when I bite into a sandwich. It's designed to produce the sensation of love when my child is born. It's designed in some ways to produce the illusion of self to give me a sense that I am I and, you know, I am not you.

1:12:09Dan Harris:If it's designed to do all these things, if the brain in some ways is a machine of self-deception, but it's also the machine that we have to use to pierce the veil of that self-deception. Does that not present a problem to us? Because the very machine that we have to probe the self-deception is itself the machine that is an organ of self-deception.

1:12:33Shankar Vedantam:Yes, it's a huge problem. And welcome to the world of meditation. You got to ride this flawed horse all the way to enlightenment. It's why it's so damn hard, because the delusion keeps reasserting itself. And that's why the Buddha describes his teaching as against the stream. You're just fighting against these currents of forgetting and denial. And they're not only in your own mind, they're in your culture. So yes, you're stuck with this very unwieldy vehicle until the proposition is until you get to liberation or nirvana or whatever. I haven't experienced any of those things. All I have experienced is that meditation sucks and it's really hard, but life is way worse without it because you get glimpses of, yeah, what is it like when I'm not owned by ego, by this faulty sense of I'm the center of the universe?

1:13:29Dan Harris:Yeah, that's fascinating. I have to say I'm not quite sure I have the courage to go on the journey that you are on as yet, Dan. I am comfortably ensconced in the sense of self that I have. And even when I recognize in passing that it might be an illusion, I think I'm exploring that more as an abstract thought than as something that I want to probe too deeply. I'm reminded of the, I don't know if this was a, if he meant this as a joke, but I think it was St. Augustine who once was asked, you know, he was praying to God and asking for courage to practice a life of chastity. And I might be completely misremembering this.

1:14:01Dan Harris:So I'm just doing this off the top of my head. He said something like, you know, give me chastity, O Lord, only not yet.

1:14:08Shankar Vedantam:I love that quote.

1:14:10Dan Harris:And whether it's true or not, and whether my memory of that is St. Augustine or not is correct, I think that's very much the way I feel. I'm intrigued by the ideas, but I'm not sure I'm ready to venture into actually exploring that terrain of my own brain.

1:14:22Shankar Vedantam:Yeah, I mean, look, I'm firmly ensconced in my sense of self, just less comfortably than you are. And actually, I've found that that has really salutary effects. Let me just give you one. And I'm stealing this from my meditation teacher, Joseph Goldstein, who's a really great person. And it's kind of a linguistic trick that he's come up with that really takes this abstract and sometimes like sort of headache producing notion of no self or selflessness or not self. So next time you experience a very powerful emotion or desire, instead of framing it in your mind as I am hungry or I am angry, just to slightly change it to there is anger or there is desire or whatever.

1:15:10Shankar Vedantam:And then you start to see that these thoughts and emotions that we think are us are really meteorological phenomena. Or as one great monk has said, you know, to claim anger is yours as a misappropriation of public property, which I love. And that's liberating. That's where instead of fearing this practice, you can say, oh, no, this practice actually helps me moment to moment to be less of a jerk to myself and others.

1:15:37Dan Harris:Yes, absolutely. And I completely agree with you on everything you just said. And I think I try and practice that through my life. Certainly, I think when it comes to how I'm thinking about my own emotions, I try and regularly remind myself that I am not my emotions and that my emotions are things that are happening to me. They are not who I am. And also reminding myself that these emotions sometimes are transient, that they come and they go, and that being patient with them in some ways is the way to sort of see the truth in those emotions. I think I might draw the line when it comes to probing too deeply the sense of self, but I think there is deep psychological wisdom, Dan, in sort of the idea of, in some ways, standing apart from the experiences that we have.

1:16:18Dan Harris:You could argue that in some ways, this is at the heart of all psychotherapy. You know, when we talk to a psychotherapist, when we express what's happening to us in therapy, one of the things that the psychotherapist will do is eventually help you to listen back to yourself talking. And in some ways, it's very helpful sometimes to do this if you don't have a psychotherapist, to just record what you're feeling onto a voice recorder and then just listen back to yourself. And when you hear yourself through a voice recorder, in some ways, you can hear what's happening, but still stand slightly apart from it.

1:16:48Dan Harris:In some ways, instead of becoming the experiencer, you become the observer. And sometimes it's possible to be both at the same time, the experiencer and the observer at the same time. As I said, I'm with you 95 % of the way. I'm not sure I'm with you when it comes to challenging my sense of self.

1:17:05Shankar Vedantam:I'll take the 95%. So just last thing I want to do here, Shankar, is to get you to remind everybody of the name of the book and where they can get it and when they can get it. And then also you've written a previous book called Hidden Brain, which turned into a podcast, a great podcast. And I would love to get you to sort of plug that too, if you're up for it.

1:17:25Dan Harris:Absolutely. Thank you for the opportunity, Dan. So the book is called Useful Delusions, The Power and Paradox of the Self-Deceiving Brain. It's co-authored with the science writer, Bill Messler. It's available everywhere that books are sold. It's available online and in your local bookstore. And it really is, it's a call to action to understand our minds better and to exercise greater compassion, especially when we come by delusions and self-deceptions that upset us greatly. At a very basic level, I think the book will help you think about your own life differently, and it will allow you to approach difficult conversations in a new way, and I think in a more effective way than you've been doing before.

1:18:04Dan Harris:Useful Delusions in some ways is an outgrowth of my first book, The Hidden Brain, which looks at all the ways in which our unconscious minds affect our daily behavior. The book, The Hidden Brain, has turned into the podcast, Hidden Brain, and the public radio show, Hidden Brain. And in the show, we explore on a weekly basis all the complexities of the things that make us human. We have explorations of spiritual traditions and philosophical ideas, lots of explorations of psychology and sociology. Many people tell us that as they listen to Hidden Brain, sometimes they stop listening to the show and start thinking about their own lives.

1:18:41Dan Harris:And in some ways, I think those are the best Hidden Brain episodes where our episode becomes a vehicle for you to think about your own life differently. Certainly, I know that when I listen to the very best podcast shows, that's the experience that I have, I think back to the relationships that I have, the stories that I have, in some ways it becomes a form of reflection. And if I can use the term cautiously, of course, in this context, it could even become a form of meditation, of meditating on who we are, why we're doing what we're doing, how we come to be here, and in some ways understanding where we are in the world and how we can live more happy and fulfilling lives.

1:19:18Shankar Vedantam:Shankar, great job with this interview. Congratulations on the Duke book. And it's a pleasure to meet you. Thank you.

1:19:24Dan Harris:Thank you, Dan. I'm so grateful you had me on the show.

1:19:30Shankar Vedantam:Thanks again to Shankar. Don't forget to check out his great podcast, Hidden Brain. Also, don't forget that this episode, as all of our Monday and Wednesday episodes do, comes with a custom guided meditation from our Teacher of the Month. Today's meditation is from Vinny Ferraro, and it's all about that moment when you wake up from self-deception or confusion or delusion, whatever you want to call it. It's only for paid subscribers over on danharris.com. paid subscribers also get weekly live video guided meditation and q a sessions the next one's tomorrow september 30th at four eastern we do them every tuesday at four eastern and i'm doing this one by myself final thing to plug if you want to meditate with me irl there's a link in the show notes to a weekend long retreat i'll be hosting or co-hosting october 24th at the omega institute in upstate new york finally thank you as always to everybody who works so hard to make this show.

1:20:22Shankar Vedantam:Our producers are Tara Anderson, Caroline Keenan, and Eleanor Vasili. Our recording and engineering is handled by the great folks over at Pod People. Lauren Smith is our managing producer. Marissa Schneiderman is our senior producer. DJ Kashmir is our executive producer. And Nick Thorburn of the band Islands wrote our theme.

1:20:55Shankar Vedantam:This episode is brought to you by Progressive Insurance. Fiscally responsible financial geniuses, monetary magicians. These are things people say about drivers who switch their car insurance to Progressive and save hundreds. Visit Progressive.com to see if you could save. Progressive Casualty Insurance Company and affiliates. Potential savings will vary. Not available in all states or situations.