In short
The episode combines three reported segments: (1) “disaster tourism,” where militias and white supremacist groups arrive after disasters to recruit, spread misinformation, and generate viral content; (2) Colombia’s birding boom after the FARC peace deal, showing how war-preserved forests and bird guides rebuild lives; (3) Grasse, France’s perfume industry, focusing on how jasmine and rose cultivation feed Chanel No. 5.
Guests/backgrounds
Robert Rundo (co-founded Active Club, a white supremacist network; previously imprisoned for fights at rallies); Freddy Cruz (Western State Center, hate-group watchdog); Sheriff Lowell Griffin (North Carolina sheriff during Hurricane Helene); John Kelly (Graphica, analyzes online content spread); Diego Calderon Franco (Colombian birding guide; former hostage in 2004); Michelle Tapasco (runs Montezuma Rainforest Eco Lodge); Olivier Polge (Chanel master perfumer).
Key claims/notable examples
Active Club/Patriot Front/other groups hand out aid but avoid coordination with authorities; they post disaster videos and target FEMA with false claims (e.g., bodies in rivers, rationing, weather-weapon rumors). Colombia’s Tatama National Park stayed “no-go” due to conflict, preserving rare species; birding tours provide income and “healing” for ex-FARC combatants. Grasse’s jasmine: 1,000 jasmine flowers per Chanel No. 5 bottle; 4,000 flowers per pound; only 124 acres remain vs ~12,000 historically; 35 million flowers yield a 22-pound wax.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VODisaster Tourists: Unseen Motives
0:30 to 1:22
Exploration of how certain groups exploit disaster relief for recruitment.
“As a woman entrepreneur, you know that every connection counts, whether it's with your customers, your team, or your community.”
Disaster Tourists: Unseen Motives
1:37 to 2:19
Exploration of how certain groups exploit disaster relief for recruitment.
“some of those who descend on hard-hit communities with offers to help are anti-government conspiracists and white nationalists.”
Exploring Grasse: The Perfume Capital
2:23 to 3:00
The cultural significance and artistry behind perfume-making in Grasse.
“Some of which you can't find anywhere else on Earth.”
Exploring Grasse: The Perfume Capital
3:31 to 4:53
The cultural significance and artistry behind perfume-making in Grasse.
“When you use Angie for your home projects, you know all your jobs will be done well.”
The Impact of Tornadoes: Community Challenges
5:01 to 5:48
Discussion on the aftermath of tornadoes and influx of outsider groups.
“A surge of tornadoes tore across a large swath of the country in April, carving a path of destruction.”
White Nationalists in Disaster Relief
5:48 to 10:10
An examination of how white nationalist groups infiltrate disaster zones.
“We had already experienced days of heavy rain and then the hurricane comes through.”
Changing Images: Extremism and Disaster Tourism
10:10 to 14:01
Analysis of how extremist groups reshape their image through disaster relief.
“that come in after disasters, coordinate with authorities, and stay a while.”
The New Normal of Disaster Tourism
14:01 to 18:08
Explore how disaster tourists spread misinformation and impact recovery efforts.
“It wasn't like I just, you know, I just randomly showed up on somebody.”
The New Normal of Disaster Tourism
19:15 to 20:36
Explore how disaster tourists spread misinformation and impact recovery efforts.
“Because I was so moved by how carefully he buried my electrical wires.”
Birding in Colombia: A Unique Experience
20:43 to 28:00
Learn about Colombia's rich bird species and the impact of conflict on ecotourism.
“Once in a while, we get to travel so far off the beaten track, there's hardly a track at all.”
Show all 19 chapters
Birding and Healing in Colombia
28:00 to 30:08
Discover how birding helps former FARC members find purpose and peace.
“And Michelle makes sure there's plenty of nourishment for Tatama's hard-working hummingbirds.”
The Birdwatcher's Experience
30:08 to 33:04
Explore the unique experiences and challenges faced by avid birdwatchers.
“At Michelle's Lodge, we ran into Gary George and Joseph Brooks of Los Angeles.”
The Birdwatcher's Experience
34:05 to 34:58
Explore the unique experiences and challenges faced by avid birdwatchers.
“As a woman entrepreneur, you know that every connection counts, whether it's with your customers, your team, or your community.”
The History of Grasse and Perfume
35:06 to 38:30
Uncover how Grasse became the perfume capital of the world amidst changing times.
“It reeked of dead animals from its booming leather trade.”
Revitalizing the Perfume Industry
38:30 to 42:05
Learn about the efforts to revive Grasse's perfume industry and local partnerships.
“and cheaper flowers were grown abroad in places such as India and Egypt.”
Revival of Perfume in Grasse
42:05 to 44:31
Learn about the renaissance of the perfume industry in Grasse and its cultural significance.
“and he blocked development on 170 acres of land so that new flower fields can be cultivated.”
Creating Authentic Fragrances
44:31 to 45:53
Explore the process of creating perfumes and the importance of authenticity.
“Because we're going back to authenticity.”
Harvesting Jasmine for Chanel No. 5
45:53 to 47:16
Discover the meticulous process of harvesting jasmine flowers for perfume production.
“The harvest ends before the midday heat can damage the petals, which are kept covered in wet cloth to stay cool.”
Reflections on Constitutional Amendments
47:16 to 49:11
Dive into the historical context of constitutional amendments and their relevance today.
“I think this is why we are very careful in maintaining the way we harvest the jasmine, the way we extract the jasmine, and we do it exactly as it was at the beginning.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:00Hi, I'm Angie Hicks, co-founder of Angie, and one thing I've learned is that you buy a house, but you make it a home. Because with every fix, update, and renovation, it becomes a little more your own. So you need all your jobs done well. For nearly 30 years, Angie has helped millions of homeowners hire skilled pros for the projects that matter. From plumbing to electrical, roof repair to deck upgrades. So leave it to the pros who will get your jobs done well. Angie, the one you trust to find the ones you trust. Find a pro for your project at Angie.com. As a woman entrepreneur, you know that every connection counts, whether it's with your customers, your team, or your community.
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1:06You get support with 100 % U.S.-based customer service. Real people who understand small business, ready 24-7 to help you stay up and running. Join millions of business owners like you across America who trust Spectrum Business for reliability, speed, and support. Visit spectrum.com slash business today to get started. Restrictions apply. Service is not available in all areas.
1:36What if we told you that after natural disasters, some of those who descend on hard-hit communities with offers to help are anti-government conspiracists and white nationalists. Their motive, recruit, soften their image, and... Going to a disaster relief is directly helping our people. You're going to help white people? Yeah.
2:05Once in a while, we get to travel so far off the beaten track, there's hardly a track at all. For decades, this pristine forest in western Colombia was a no-go area because of armed conflict. But that allowed hundreds of species of birds to thrive. Oh, look at that. Some of which you can't find anywhere else on Earth. Oh, look at that. Oh, my God. Look at that huge thing. This is the rose centifolia. Cultivated in row after pink row, it is a flower worthy of a serenade. Piano notes play over speakers. the vibrations are set to help the buds bloom evenly. Twelve of these roses go into a bottle of Chanel No.
2:525, all grown here in the French town of Grasse, where century-old traditions are used to develop scents for some of the world's most famous perfumes. How do you know when it's right? It's instinct. It's like music. I'm Leslie Stahl. I'm Scott Pelley. I'm Bill Whitaker. I'm Sharon Alfonsi. I'm John Wertheim. I'm Cecilia Vega. I'm Anderson Cooper. Those stories and in our last minute, a forgotten breakthrough in American history tonight on 60 Minutes.
3:30Hi, I'm Angie Hicks, co-founder of Angie. When you use Angie for your home projects, you know all your jobs will be done well. Roof repair? Done well. Kitchen sink install? Done well. Deck upgrades? Done well. Electrical upgrade? Done well. Angie's been connecting homeowners with skilled pros for nearly 30 years, so we know the difference between done and done well. Angie, the one you trust to find the ones you trust. Find a pro for your project at Angie.com. As a woman entrepreneur, you know that every connection counts, whether it's with your customers, your team, or your community. Spectrum Business is here to help you build those connections stronger and faster.
4:11Imagine running your business with fast, reliable, fiber-powered internet so you can stay connected to customers, employees, and vendors without having to worry. We know flexibility matters. That's why select Spectrum Business packages come with a three-year price guarantee. so you can focus on running your business. Plus, enjoy savings on internet, phone, TV, and mobile services when you bundle, all with a 30-day money-back guarantee and no long-term contracts. With Spectrum Business, you get more than just internet. You get support with 100 % U.S.-based customer service, real people who understand small business, ready 24-7 to help you stay up and running.
4:46Join millions of business owners like you across America who trust Spectrum Business for reliability, speed, and support. Visit spectrum.com slash business today to get started. Restrictions apply. Service is not available in all areas. A surge of tornadoes tore across a large swath of the country in April, carving a path of destruction. Over 200 tornadoes hit over 20 states, closely clustered in the last couple of weeks. And hurricane season is just around the corner. Our story tonight is about what happens after these natural disasters. A pattern has emerged in recent years in which militias, conspiracists, and white supremacists show up to hard-hit communities, as they did last week in Texas, offering help.
5:36But they've been called disaster tourists who are out to sow doubt in government, soften their own image, and gain followers. september 2024 hurricane helene barrel through north carolina with forces so powerful it nearly wiped the town of bat cave off the map lifting homes and toppling trees imagine taking in a box of toothpicks and dumping them on your kitchen counter sheriff lowell griffin faced a daunting rescue task. We had already experienced days of heavy rain and then the hurricane comes through. Like a triple whammy. Yes, yes. Then another whammy. Outsiders started pouring into North Carolina.
6:31So we got a lot of work to get done. Including an influx of anti-government far-right groups. These folks that we're talking about, they were in the minority. However, that minority can create chaos, and that's what we ran into. Did some of these outsiders launch their own rescue operations? We had some folks wanting to act as a militia coming in to take over to, in their mind, bring some sort of self-deployed law and order to the area. With weapons? Yes, ma 'am. So that's like taking your time from the real rescue to deal with them? It is. It is. The sheriff himself didn't see all the groups, but we know among those to show up were members of white nationalist group Active Club.
7:23Going to a disaster relief is directly helping our people. You go in to help white people? Yeah. Robert Rundo co-founded Active Club in 2020 as a place for disgruntled young white men to work out together while sharing their ideology. With nearly 90 chapters, it's been described by watchdogs as one of the country's fastest-growing white supremacist networks that are anti-Semitic, anti-immigrant, and anti-democracy. They also hold mixed martial arts tournaments. We get together with the boys, we box, we travel. Do you think of it as fun? Of course. You know, there's fun in fascism. Fun in fascism?
8:08I'm a nationalist. What does that mean? A nationalist? Yeah. It means I put my people first. Would you say white supremacist? No, I think that's a slanderish term. But my people are white people, European white people. Right, and there's plenty of organizations that are geared towards other ethnic groups, right? If we don't look out for ourselves, who is? I know that your organization has gone to floods, fires, hurricanes. What if you came upon someone who wasn't white but is suffering because of the flood? Like if there was like a guy on fire, would I give him water? Yeah, I'd probably give him water.
8:46When you go into these areas, are you recruiting? We hand out flyers. You know, if somebody wants to contact us later, that's fine. But just us showing up changes somebody's opinion, someone's mind. So the next time when they put something out and they say these evil guys, they say, wait a second, that's the guy who came when my house was on fire and helped me out. Many of these outside groups want to build, as one of their post states, a pro-white parallel system. Reclaim America! One of the more prominent white supremacist groups that showed up in North Carolina was Patriot Front. They cut down trees and handed out bread.
9:28Are you sure just one life? But Freddy Cruz from the Western State Center, a hate group watchdog, says these white nationalists go to disasters primarily to build a following. These people come in, they hand out water, they help clean up the debris. Whatever their ideology, they're doing something positive, aren't they? What we're seeing is actually these groups will show up and generate a whole bunch of social media content. We're dubbing it disaster tourism. And then they leave? That's generally what we see. That's unlike veterans relief groups like Team Rubicon or religious organizations like Samaritan's Purse that come in after disasters, coordinate with authorities, and stay a while.
10:17When you go into an area that's distressed, do you coordinate in any way with the local law enforcement, with the sheriff? Absolutely not. They would probably do everything they can to prevent us. What do you say to people who argue that you go in, the purpose is to have some video shot of you handing out some water, and then you leave? And the whole point was to get that video so that you could post it. That kind of sounds like what everyone does, right? That's what a president does. When he goes into a community, they have the cameras there. So is that bottle of water actually being handed out?
10:55Absolutely it is. Does our guys actually care and feel for the people that are helping out? Absolutely. Do we also video it and put it out there to show another side of us? Absolutely. These extremist groups put out videos after floods. Patriot Front is here. Continuing efforts in central Texas. They put out videos during fires. We are here in Santa Monica Pier, collecting donations for victims of the wildfires. They figured out that videos about natural disasters can reach a whole new, large audience. I think white nationalists are interested in natural disasters because everybody is interested in natural disasters.
11:37John Kelly heads Graphica, a firm analyzing how content spreads online. There are very few things that bring the public's attention to focus on one thing in unison, and natural disasters is one of those. These groups, through natural disasters, are trying to change their image. They're trying to say, we're wholesome. That's one of the things that characterizes the current groups, is that they've kind of decided to leave the more triggering iconography in the closet and try to appeal to a more mainstream audience. Not to do things that turn people off. the way that marching around with swastikas would turn people off.
12:15A lot of mainstream media, how they depict us, they like to show a guy who's in camo, trucker hat, maybe overweight, face tattoos, something like this. What I wanted to do was to create something positive for young guys like myself. The more macho, wholesome image Robert Rundow thinks gives young men permission to adopt his fascist philosophy. Another guy who appeals to young men is online influencer Dan Bilzerian, with nearly 30 million followers on Instagram. He peddles anti-Semitism. I believe that Jewish supremacy is the greatest threat to America, and I think it's the greatest threat to the world today.
12:56I truly believe that. Some of these ideas are seeping into mainstream politics. Bilzerian is running for Congress in Florida. In a group chat, young Republican leaders praised Hitler. And then there's Nick Fuentes, the online hate monger who's even more explicit. And I was thinking, what is it about Hitler that's cool? Why does it tickle? Because kids love Hitler. Kids love Hitler. Young men see the... While more people are advocating these ideas in the open, the young men of Active Club hide their faces when they post pictures from natural disasters. Our people come first. Rundo is their spokesman, even though he himself hasn't gone to disasters.
13:43For the past few years, he was out of pocket, so to speak. Why were you in prison? Which time? Oh, boy. I was in prison twice. The 36-year-old from New York was first incarcerated as a teen for a gang fight. Did you stab somebody? Allegedly. Well, yeah, you know. Well, he had a weapon, too. It wasn't like I just, you know, I just randomly showed up on somebody. And the second time? Second time is for what I'm most known for. In 2017, he got into a series of fights with anti-Trump protesters at rallies. That's him pounding and pounding. He was on the lam when he got this idea to launch a more clean-cut white pride group.
14:32But it's just a new image. We're ultra-nationalist, far-right fascist, you know. I mean, this is... I'll lean a little bit into these terms, you know. Is your ultimate goal to turn America into a completely white Christian nation? I would also add, like, a more militant nation as well, you know, military rule. Like having a military person run the country? Well, just, you know, again, based more of democracy. democracy. What did you mean, democracy? It's terrible. Because it's just such a scam democracy, I believe. It's politicians that get lobbied. They never have the interest. Anything that's important, do they ever ask us?
15:19No. But if you have a military you'll never decide anything. We don't decide anything right now. Going to natural disasters like Hurricane Helene also gives these groups an opportunity to slam the government. Government didn't help whatsoever. Their videos claimed the government did a lousy job in the rescue, saying it was chaotic, clueless, and corrupt. And I am disgusted. The criticisms got more outsiders to descend. These militiamen from Virginia came to clear houses. When the government fails, the people come together. This is a staging area that we have. An Arizona vigilante conspiracist group, Veterans on Patrol, came to organize supplies.
16:07But according to law enforcement, they created chaos and did more harm than good. Look at this car. Sheriff Griffin in North Carolina says many of these disaster tourists spread conspiracies and misinformation to help their videos go viral. The misinformation took a bad situation and actually complicated a bad situation. But Sheriff, they're coming in because they think the government isn't doing anything. So what I would say for all of these outside folks that are really wanting to help, they need to get their information from official sources and not from TikTok or Facebook or whatever the flavor of the day is with social media.
16:57What was some of the misinformation that was being spread? That there were people that were still stranded, that there were bodies floating in the river, that FEMA was rationing supplies and seizing supplies. None of that was true. FEMA, the Federal Agency on the Ground in Natural Disasters, is a main target of these outside groups. During Helene, FEMA rescuers had to back away for a few days when there were fears that militias were coming to hunt them. Also, a wild rumor spread that the government actually created Hurricane Helene using weather monitoring towers as a weather weapon. Now this is a directed energy weapon utilized to manipulate the weather.
17:50These are weapons of mass destruction. So basically the rumor was that, you know, the government controls the weather and that this was a direct attack on the area. Is this usual now in disasters? One, that there are these false rumors, conspiracies being spread, and two, that outside groups sort of stream in and make it more difficult for law enforcement. So what I'm afraid of is, from what I've seen, this will be the new normal.
18:29How China tries to exploit natural disasters in the U.S. Taking narratives that portray the U.S. government as being ineffective and boosting those narratives. At 60MinuteSovertime.com The Second World War is the largest event in human history. A 20-part series with Tom Hanks. No part of the globe was untouched. No life unchanged. Experience the ultimate account of World War II. Every single person had a story. These are the stories that make us who we are. Listen to World War II with Tom Hanks on Apple, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts. Why have I asked my electrician I found on Angie.com to bury my pet hamster Nibbles in our yard for me?
19:19Because I was so moved by how carefully he buried my electrical wires. I knew I could trust him to bury my sweet Nibbles after his untimely end. Huh, Nibbles. Gone too soon. May he scurry in peace. Hey, sorry about your pet, but I just wire stuff. Nibbles would have loved you like a brother. Connecting homeowners with skilled pros for over 30 years. Angie, the one you trust to find the ones you trust. Find pros for all your home projects at Angie.com. As a woman entrepreneur, you know that every connection counts, whether it's with your customers, your team, or your community. Spectrum Business is here to help you build those connections stronger and faster.
19:54Imagine running your business with fast, reliable, fiber-powered internet so you can stay connected to customers, employees, and vendors without having to worry. We know flexibility matters. That's why select Spectrum Business packages come with a three-year price guarantee so you can focus on running your business. Plus, enjoy savings on internet, phone, TV, and mobile services when you bundle, all with a 30-day money-back guarantee and no long-term contracts. With Spectrum Business, you get more than just internet. You get support with 100 % U.S.-based customer service, real people who understand small business, ready 24-7 to help you stay up and running.
20:29Join millions of business owners like you across America who trust Spectrum Business for reliability, speed, and support. Visit spectrum.com slash business today to get started. Restrictions apply. Service is not available in all areas. Once in a while, we get to travel so far off the beaten track, there's hardly a track at all. That was the case last year when we went to the mountains of western Columbia. There's some 2 ,000 species of birds in that South American country, more than anywhere else on Earth. Partly because of its diverse geography, but also surprisingly because of war. Decades of fighting among the Colombian government, left-wing guerrillas, right-wing paramilitaries, and narco-traffickers made some areas so dangerous few people could go there, preserving the bird's habitat.
21:17But since 2016, when Colombia's government signed a peace deal with the FARC, the largest left-wing guerrilla group, it's gotten safer to travel. And all those species of birds in untouched forests have become an important part of a growing ecotourism industry. It brings in millions of dollars to Colombia's economy, and bird watchers, birders as they're known, are flocking there, hoping to catch even a fleeting glimpse of species you can't find anywhere else on Earth. On the western slope of the Andes Mountains, in an area with few roads in or out, lies Tatama National Park, a vast stretch of lush rainforest punctuated by powerful rivers.
22:05Delicate flowers blossom in the rain-soaked forest, and the sound of birds fills the humid air. This is one of the wettest places on Earth. We set off before dawn in a four-wheel drive vehicle through untouched forest. Hidden in the lush vegetation were all kinds of birds, some shy, others curious. Their colors as vivid as their names. The blue-gray tanager. The cinnamon flycatcher. The purple-throated wood star. Okay, check it out. Check it out, this one, mate. Diego Calderon Franco knows them all. He's one of Colombia's most famous birding guides. Go above the light. Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
22:54The violet-tailed sylph, this is the female. This little one right there. The little one, actually. Oh, that's the sylph. Oh, look at that. Look at the tail. That tail is so beautiful. Diego's enthusiasm is infectious. And this is the star here, this thing. Velvet, purple, coronet. There you are. Wow, this color is incredible. Nearby, we spotted some drama between two hummingbirds. Is that a family? One of them is just sitting there on a branch. The others seem to be darting about. Actually, they are both Empress Brilliance males. So there are actually probably two males fighting a little bit about territory.
23:30Hummingbirds, you know, they look cute, but they are real warriors. They will fight for resources. Really? Hummingbirds do? All day long. All day long. The pink right underneath the throat is incredible. Birding may sound dull to some, but in the forest, there's always something to watch out for. Whoa. Watch out. This is dangerous. Diego has studied the species here so closely, he does their calls the way some people hum music. Something like that, that I can... That's a ram? That would be like a wood ram in the forest. There is one here where we are that is called the munchique wood ram that lives in the highlands.
24:10And it's like... But it's much happier. It has a different tone, so it's more like...
24:19Much of a, yeah, cooler vibe. You've said that being a bird guide in Colombia is like being an explorer during the Victorian age. It is. How so? It is because all these explorers from the Victorian age, they were circumnavigating the globe and exploring and finding new species everywhere. And because our troubled past, you can still, you know, be in Colombia, look at an isolated mountain range, and you might find a new species for birth for science. Are there still bird species out there that haven't been discovered? Absolutely. We tend to think that we have explored it all, that we know every corner of the planet, and it's not the case.
24:56This area was a no-go area for a long time. Indeed. The fact that there were illegal armed groups in this area, you know, like for so long, prevented just people coming and slashing and burning the habitats. No one could disturb the birds, but no one could go see them really either. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. More than 450 ,000 people were killed, most of them unarmed civilians, during decades of fighting between armed groups and government forces in Colombia. 50 ,000 people were kidnapped. Diego Calderon Franco was one of them. In 2004, as a graduate student, he and two colleagues were on an expedition in the mountains of northern Colombia when they were seized by the FARC, Colombia's largest Marxist guerrilla group.
25:42And they didn't believe that we were bird watchers, you know, like that we were biologists. While Diego and his colleagues were held hostage in this remote hideaway and others, birders around the world called for his release. And like 99 % of all the other kidnappings in Colombia, it became monetary. It became like, okay, let's ask for a ransom to your families. I was 88 days, three months up there. How did you stay sane? Birds, I would say. You were being held prisoner. But we could see and hear nature. He scribbled notes about what he saw on these scraps of cigarette paper. I remember I saw for the first time one bird that is called Slaty Brossfinch, and I even made a little drawing and a little note like, wow, this is my first Slaty Brossfinch kidnapped up there in the Perihal Mountains.
26:31His father finally scraped together about$30 ,000 to free him, and three years after his release, Diego started a business leading birding tours. This was one of his favorite places to stay, a farm at the entrance to Tatama National Park. It's owned by Michelle Tapasco and her family. She says they moved here in the 1990s to escape violence by right-wing militias in eastern Colombia. Not realizing the left-wing FARC was active here. After we got here, we realized that it was the flip side of the coin.
27:11The guerrilla strike started.
Read the full transcript
27:16There were a lot of confrontations near here between the military, the police, and the guerrillas. In 2008, she says, the FARC kidnapped and killed her partner. She had five daughters to support and thought about leaving, but decided to stay and build a business providing lodging for the occasional visitor. When you started this business, did some people tell you, oh, this is never going to work? Oh. Oh, in fact, they would tell me I was crazy. No one would give me a single peso for my project. Now, thanks to birders, she's fixed the place up and rebranded it as the Montezuma Rainforest Eco Lodge.
27:57Much of the food for guests is grown on the premises. And Michelle makes sure there's plenty of nourishment for Tatama's hard-working hummingbirds. Colombia is home to more than 160 species, of these fast-moving flyers. These guys are the very only group of birds in the world that can fly not only forward, normal, but up, down, and backwards. How fast are they moving their wings? How fast, you think? How many times per second? Per second? Ten? Eighty times per second. You cannot wrap this idea on your brain. Ten years ago, the Colombian government reached a peace agreement with the FARC, and nearly 10 ,000 fighters gave up their guns.
28:41But for peace to work, they needed new ways to make a living. So Diego decided to introduce his former captors to birding, thinking some of them might make good forest guides. What was it like to go birding with people who had been in FARC, who had been combatants? We totally forgot who we were. They weren't thinking, oh, this is the guy we kidnapped, you know, 15 years ago. Birds connect you so much. And I think that's why they have this healing power. Marcos Guevara was once a FARC guerrilla. Now he's a photographer. Diego helped him get his first job. When he joined us at Tatama, he captured this video of a green and black fruit eater building a nest.
29:21Did you know anything about birding before you met Diego? No, I didn't know anything at all. That was really my introduction to birds. Diego gave us the chance to attend workshops and training sessions. Birdwatching became a doorway for us, not just into conservation and preservation, but also as a way to generate income for ourselves. Colombia still has plenty of problems. While we were busy birding, bombs went off in Cali, and a presidential candidate was assassinated in Bogota. Eight days ago, 20 people were killed in an explosion officials blamed on a faction of the FARC that refused to disarm.
30:06Peace here remains fragile, but more tourists are coming than ever before. At Michelle's Lodge, we ran into Gary George and Joseph Brooks of Los Angeles. We bonded over a large bird that surprised us one morning. Look at that. Oh, my God. Look at that huge thing. Yeah. Do you see this? It's right there. Oh, that's a vulture, the black vulture. Like many serious birders, they have what's called a life list, a count of how many of the roughly 11 ,000 species of birds in the world they've seen or heard. Some people collect salt and pepper shakers, but we collect bird sightings, so we go around the world to do that.
30:45How many birds have you seen? We're very close to 8 ,000. 8 ,000. So you've seen the majority of birds? We've seen the majority of the birds. Like four-fifths of the world's birds. If you didn't notice, those tattoos on Brooke's arms are some of his feathered favorites. He says there's about 50 birds tattooed all over his body. This is a satin bowerbird from Australia. This is a red-crowned crane we saw in Japan death in the snow. On this trip, they were searching for the ever-elusive Chami antpitta. In two prior trips here, they'd never gotten a glimpse of one. But this time, they finally heard its call.
31:24Let's try. And then it darted right past them, so fast our camera couldn't catch it. It's like finding a jewel, like a prize. And being in that moment, everything else goes away. You're not worrying about anything else in your life. You're only present in that moment. Oh, great. Most birds don't have it as good as those here at Tatama National Park. Worldwide, 60 % of bird species are declining in population, victims of logging, agricultural expansion, and economic development. At Montezuma Lodge, Michelle Tapasco told us she's working to buy more land to preserve for the birds. And now her daughters are pursuing careers in biology, forestry, birding, and conservation.
32:13When you think about it, I mean, did the birds save you? Yes. They have given me everything I have, everything I am, everything my daughters are today. Two of your daughters got married. Are they married to birders? I never thought of birds as matchmakers, but it seems like here maybe they are. I believe so. On our last day birding, we got to glimpse a species that only lives in this part of the Andes Mountains, the gold ring tanager. That's the birth of this place. That's what birders come to see. This type of bird is like a keystone for dispersing of seeds. You know, they will chew on the berries, they will travel away from the parental plants, and they will defecate, and then they plant those seeds.
33:04A little later, we got an even better look. The tanager may not be the most colorful bird in these forests, but just seeing it did feel like an accomplishment. We knew we'd probably never have the chance to see it again. Oh, wow. That's great. Now you belong to a higher cult of mortals for you have seen the cold ring tanager.
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34:51Join millions of business owners like you across America who trust Spectrum Business for reliability, speed, and support. Visit spectrum.com slash business today to get started. Restrictions apply. Service is not available in all areas. In 15th century France, the medieval town of Grasse had a problem. It reeked of dead animals from its booming leather trade. Then came a clever idea to mask the stench. a pair of gloves infused with the scent of local flowers. It sparked a new industry. Flowers were planted, techniques invented, and what began as a cover-up grew into an art form, establishing grass as the perfume capital of the world.
35:33In 1921, when Coco Chanel wanted to create a signature scent for her fashion house, she went to this town in the south of France, where fields once bloomed in abundance, but have faded over the decades. Now a revival is underway, and that's where our story begins tonight, in grass, where flowers for the world's most famous perfume have been grown and gathered for more than 100 years. This is the rose centifolia, nicknamed the Mayrose because it blooms in spring. Cultivated in row after pink row, it is a flower worthy of a serenade. piano notes play over speakers farmers say the vibrations help the buds bloom evenly
36:2512 of these roses go into a bottle of Chanel No. 5 but the real star is this tiny white flower jasmine it opens at night and is harvested as the sun comes up 1 ,000 jasmine flowers go into a bottle of No. 5 giving it the floral scent that has sat on grandmother's dressers for generations. We all have a great nose. I don't know about that. At Chanel's annual jasmine harvest, we met Olivier Polge, where he spends many of his working days in the fields of grass sourcing flowers. He is Chanel's master perfumer. In the fragrance world, he's known simply as a nose. What should I call you? A perfumer?
37:09A nose? I prefer perfumer because people always think that my nose is very special. Is it not? And I don't smell things that you don't. The work of perfumer is not to smell things that nobody smells, but it is to identify the scents. His job is to create new fragrances for Chanel and make sure the classics smell as they always have. It is part art, part science. A sommelier of scent, Polj can detect thousands of smells with a sniff. Do you have a favorite smell? I love the scent of iris. Violet, powder, slightly woody. I have to tell you, I was very self-conscious getting ready this morning, putting my perfume on, thinking you were going to smell it immediately and judge it.
37:57Did you when we met? No, but you forgot that we are surrounded with such strong scents of flowers. This is overpowering. Phew, OK, good. According to Chanel, five bottles of No. 5 are sold somewhere in the world every minute, fitting since it's named after Coco Chanel's lucky number. The iconic designer came to Grasse during its golden age, searching for the world's finest and most expensive perfume ingredients. But over the decades, farms began to shut down as the French Riviera became a luxe real estate market, and cheaper flowers were grown abroad in places such as India and Egypt. Would Chanel No.
38:395 really smell that differently if you sourced the jasmine from elsewhere? Yes, it would definitely have an impact. Far from me, the idea to say one is better than the other, but you have to recognize their differences. So what exactly does it smell like? Well, this is admittedly tough to convey on TV since we're doing the smelling. This is the jasmine from grass. Okay. Oh, wow. Grass jasmine is grassy and fruity with a note of green tea, delicate like the flower itself. In the early 1900s, grass had about 12 ,000 acres of flower fields. Today, only 124 acres remain. And where nearly 2 ,000 tons of jasmine were once harvested each year, now there are fewer than 15, grown mostly by one family.
39:32Since the 1800s, for six generations, the Mules have farmed this land. What has it been like to watch the decline here in Kras? It's very sad. It was a pity to see this evolution, but we couldn't do anything about it. It's how it went. So we had to hang in there for many years. Joseph Mule is the 87-year-old patriarch. How often are you in the fields? Every morning, 7 a.m. Is he still the boss? Oui. Yes. He'll always be the boss. Joseph's daughter, Colette, runs the office. Her husband, Fabrice, oversees the fields. Who's done the most picking here? We all picked Jasmine. We had to help. In my case, it was my grandparents.
40:25And they would tell us, if you wish to go and swim in the sea, first you have to help us pick flowers. So every morning... No fun, pick first. That's exactly what we did. They say their jasmine has a distinct scent, because like grapes used in wine, it matters where it's grown. Here in the hills, where the Mediterranean meets the Southern Alps, in a cool climate and rich soil. You can't put Burgundy in a bottle of Bordeaux because people will tell you, no, that's not Bordeaux. For the fragrances we do here for Chanel, it's exactly the same thing. That's why in 1987, Chanel offered the Moules a deal to grow and sell flowers exclusively to them, the first time a luxury brand partnered directly with grass farmers.
41:17They say even the birds smell good here in Grasse. Thank you very much. I think so. It's the kind of partnership Grass Mayor Jérôme Viau says helped revive the region. A lot of people thought the perfume industry here was over. Yes, a lot of people say it's the end of the perfume. Why did you think you could make a difference? Because we have the knowledge and we have the weather and we have everything to get success. So we think it's possible and we are working on it every day. Since taking office in 2014, the mayor has filled the streets with thousands of pink umbrellas, a tribute to the rose, and a picture-perfect backdrop for the two million tourists who visit Gras each year.
42:04He also helped designate Gras a United Nations cultural heritage site, recognizing its centuries-old perfume-making traditions. and he blocked development on 170 acres of land so that new flower fields can be cultivated. A lot of mayors want the development to come to their town. What was your fear with that development? We want development, but we want to choose our development. You wanted to be specific to the perfume industry. Definitely, yes. Is there a renaissance in the perfume business underway right now? I think so. You saw it. We did. It's hard to miss. Over the past decade, major luxury houses have invested in grass by tying their brand to its reputation.
42:51Lancôme built what looks like a Barbie dream house on a farm where it grows roses for its fragrances. Downtown, an abandoned perfumery became a workshop for Louis Vuitton. And Christian Dior's former estate was restored, preserving the gardens that inspired the designer's first scent. It's nice to smell. Everywhere I go, I put my nose. You do? I smell everything. Honorine Blanc is a master nose for one of the world's largest fragrance companies, creating perfumes for brands such as Valentino and Gucci. Yes, and smell it. Spachouli. People don't realize how much work there is behind creating a fragrance.
43:33Sometimes I need 20 ,000 trials. 20 ,000 is how long it's taken you sometimes? How do you know when it's right? I would say there's two ways. Your clients, they stop. This is practical. Or it's instinct. It's like music. As part of the grass revival, her company, DSM Firminich, opened Villa Botanica five years ago, a private retreat for its top perfumers to discover new smells, the good... It's very clean. ...and the bad. What can you do with this? It smells like feet. There's an undiscovered world of scent out there still? I believe so. I think there are plenty of new odors to discover, plenty of new plants to discover.
44:20For a perfumer, it's heaven. Does Gras still hold the same significance that it did to the perfume industry? Yes, and I think even more than ever. You know why? Because we're going back to authenticity. What does that mean when you're talking about perfume authenticity? For me, when I come to Grice, it's a place where I can slow down and smell the value of an ingredient. Because, you know, everything is speed, speed, speed, speed. Today, fine fragrance is a more than$20 billion a year industry, largely built on synthetics bottled in a lab. Blanc says man-made scents are essential to modern perfumery.
45:00You create perfection by balancing notes that are unpleasant with notes that are pleasant. If your apple is too perfect, you say, oh my god, it's not organic, it's not natural. So the imperfection and this off note are very important for your fragrance. So it's kind of like baking, you have to put a little bit of salt in the cake mix. Chanel also uses synthetic scents created in a lab. We can't tell you exactly what's in a bottle of No. 5. Olivier Polge told us the secret formula is kept in a safe in Paris. I've heard that Chanel No. 5 has more than 80 separate scents. Yes. How many of those roughly are from Grasse?
45:46The most important are from Grasse. Which brings us back to the jasmine. Starting at dawn, when the jasmine flowers are at their most fragrant, each one is picked by hand, too delicate for machines. The harvest ends before the midday heat can damage the petals, which are kept covered in wet cloth to stay cool. Workers line up to weigh what they've picked. 4 ,000 jasmine flowers equal just one pound. The blooms are then rushed to an on-site factory where their fragrance is extracted using a 150-year-old technique developed in grass. You have to work really fast. Because what happens when they get brown?
46:31The smell changes? Yes. It smells like a bad fruit, like a ripe fruit. Crate after crate of jasmine is layered into this vat and steeped overnight like tea. Then the flowers are removed. They leave behind withered petals and a liquid that cools into a thick wax. It took 35 million jasmine flowers to get this 22-pound tub. The wax is turned back into a liquid. Oh, wow, so strong. And filtered again into the most concentrated form of jasmine. So this will be sent up to our factory near Paris, and a few drops will go in each bottle of number five. Does the jasmine today smell like the jasmine originally used in number five?
47:21I think so. I think this is why we are very careful in maintaining the way we harvest the jasmine, the way we extract the jasmine, and we do it exactly as it was at the beginning.
47:41The last minute of 60 minutes. This summer, we'll see many celebrations marking the 250th anniversary of American independence, but historian Jill Lepore is reflecting on another breakthrough in 1776. Our very system of law is founded on what I think of as the philosophy of amendment, the idea that we can always make things better. We amend state constitutions all the time, mostly by referendums on Election Day. But I worry that at this point we've all but forgotten that the federal constitution can be amended too. That hasn't even really happened in any meaningful way since 1971, when the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18.
48:30It was in 1776, even before the United States declared independence, that written constitutions were invented in the states where the people said, we govern ourselves. And they did that by writing down the rules and making sure that we, their descendants, could change those rules. Some people might say, oh, the U.S. Constitution doesn't need to be amended because it's perfect. But you'd have to concede that the U.S. Constitution is being amended all the time, not by the people, but by the Supreme Court. Is that what Americans want? I think the 250th anniversary of the first constitutions in the United States, those state constitutions from 1776, is an excellent time to ask that question.
49:18I'm Anderson Cooper. We'll be back next week with another edition of 60 Minutes. Are you really buying a car online on AutoTrader right now? Really? I can get super specific with dealer listings and see cars based on my budget. You can really have it delivered. Or pick it up. Mommy, look! I think your kid is walking up the slide. Really? AutoTrader, buy your car online. Really? This is the sound of captivity. This is the sound of rescue. And this is the sound of freedom. Give Armenia's captive bears a second chance by supporting International Animal Rescue. Call 508-826-1083 or search The Great Bear Rescue to learn more.
From the publisher
Often following natural disasters, conspiracists, militias, and white supremacist groups sweep in to hard-hit communities offering help. But they’ve been called “disaster tourists,” out to soften their image, gain followers and sow doubt in the government. Correspondent Lesley Stahl speaks with law enforcement and a self-proclaimed white nationalist to explore whether this is becoming “the new normal".
From the dense jungle in the mountains of western Colombia, correspondent Anderson Cooper reports on how decades of armed conflict between the Colombian government and left-wing guerrillas, right-wing paramilitaries, and narco-traffickers created “no-go” areas where rare species of birds flourish.
Correspondent Cecilia Vega reports from Grasse in the south of France where flowers for the world’s most famous perfume have been grown and gathered for more than one hundred years. In the early 1900s, Grasse was home to more than 10,000 acres of flower fields; today it’s just over 100.