Home Depot’s Sales Fall Short on Lackluster Housing Recovery

19 May 2026 · 26 min · 11 chapters

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In short

The episode is a Bloomberg Intelligence discussion that links housing and tech/AI investment themes, then broadens into money and currency history. First, it recaps Home Depot’s results: a “relatively neutral” quarter focused on stability, with demand “in line” with a year ago, a slight miss on same-store sales, but maintaining its four-year same-store sales guide (initially calling for 0–2% growth). The key claim is that the missing “next catalyst” is housing staying frozen because elevated mortgage rates (near 6.7% after a “five handle”) and weaker consumer confidence are delaying purchases. It notes homebuilders’ reliance on incentives like mortgage rate buy-downs to move inventory.

Guests

Drew Redding (U.S. home building analyst) and Caroline Hyde (tech co-anchor), plus Riley Griffin (Bloomberg News tech reporter) on Meta’s Louisiana data center, and Brendan Greeley (currency/history expert; author of The Almighty Dollar) on the dollar, stablecoins, and offshore dollars. Notable examples include Meta building a ~$200B data center in rural Louisiana (10 natural gas plants; ~4,000 acres) and the dollar’s evolution from silver coins to regulated bank deposits, with stablecoins likened to “invented banks” needing FDIC-style oversight.

Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.

Chapters

Tap a time to open that second in VO

Analyzing Home Depot's Sales Results

1:48 to 4:37

A deep dive into Home Depot's recent performance amidst economic challenges.

“So let's get a deeper read on what's going on there and check in with Drew Redding, our U.S.”

The Impact of AI on Jobs and Technology

6:13 to 14:02

Discussion on the effects of AI in the workforce and technology industry.

“See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures.”

The Impact of AI on Jobs and Technology

14:28 to 14:38

Discussion on the effects of AI in the workforce and technology industry.

Meta's Massive Data Center Project

15:57 to 17:46

Insights into Meta's $200 billion data center project in Louisiana.

“You know how much we love these big take stories on the Bloomberg Terminal.”

Local Impact and Community Responses

17:47 to 21:40

Discussion of the local agricultural community's views on Meta's project.

“So tell us a little bit more about what people told you when you went down to Louisiana and checked in with the locals there, those who would be directly affected by this.”

The History of the Dollar

23:46 to 27:31

Exploration of the complex history and evolution of the U.S. dollar.

“We buy insurance for peace of mind, yet the very policies we trust can deliver the biggest financial shocks.”

Transformation of Currency Over Time

27:32 to 28:00

Discussion on how the dollar has evolved from silver coins to bank deposits.

The Evolution of the Dollar

28:00 to 29:50

Learn how the dollar transformed from silver coins to modern bank deposits.

“So early in the 1600s, Shakespeare used the word dollar in his plays.”

Decentralized Finance and Stablecoins

29:50 to 31:40

Explore the implications of stablecoins in today's financial landscape.

“OK, so regulation was key here and making a lot of mistakes and kind of addressing those mistakes was key in how the dollar system grew up.”

The Cost of Money Production

31:40 to 33:36

Understand the economic factors influencing the production of currency.

“And I think if you did that, they'd lose a lot of their appeal because it's no fun running a bank because it's very well regulated for obvious reasons.”
Show all 11 chapters

The Role of the U.S. Dollar in Global Trade

33:36 to 34:58

Discover how the U.S. dollar maintains its dominance in international markets.

“I want to switch gears and talk a little bit about currencies used in commodities and international systems.”
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Transcript

Automatic transcript. May contain errors.

0:00Scarlet Fu:Is your multi-entity management creating more confusion than clarity? You need the Intuit ERP. Intuit Enterprise Suite. It's the AI-native ERP solution that's powerful, painless, and proven. Learn more at intuit.com slash ERP. Being a small business owner isn't just a career, it's a calling. Chase for Business knows how much heart and effort go into building something of your own. Manage all your business finances, from banking to payments to credit cards, all in one place with Chase's digital tools. Plus, access online resources designed to help your business thrive. Learn more at chase.com slash business.

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1:48Scarlet Fu:All right. Vildata mentioned Home Depot. So let's get a deeper read on what's going on there and check in with Drew Redding, our U.S. home building analyst, to recap Home Depot's results. And And I mean, Drew, this company is just, no matter what, tethered to rising borrowing costs and consumer sentiment. And both of those are kind of working against it right now. Yeah, so it was a relatively neutral quarter for Home Depot. I think the theme is really stability. You know, they mentioned that during the call that demand is relatively in line with where it was a year ago. They did have a slight miss on same store sales.

2:25But I think what investors will latch on to and get a little bit of comfort with is the fact that they maintained their four-year same-store sales guide. Now, when they initially came out with that, it was calling for growth of zero to 2%. So I do think that they left themselves with a little bit of wiggle room to see how the rest of the year plays out. But to your point, we mentioned stability. That is the case. But what the company is missing is kind of that next catalyst. And it's really housing that continues to remain frozen due to elevated rates. were back up near 6.7%. And that's after getting to a five handle earlier in the year.

3:00And then, as you mentioned, consumer confidence. You know, we've heard this pretty much across the housing ecosystem. And it's that consumers are worried about the outlook for the economy, the outlook for employment, and they're just pausing on these big purchasing decisions. What's your world, Drew, your world of home building and all that kind of adjacent stuff? Let's assume rates are hire for longer. How does your world adapt? I mean, it just seems like if I'm a buyer, I'm a seller, I got it at some point I got to throw in the towel and say, hey, it's been a number of years here. This seems to be the new world here in real estate.

3:34Yeah, it does seem like the level of demand that we're at right now is kind of a floor. We've been bouncing along a 4 million unit annualized rate in the housing market for a couple of years now. The new home market has been relatively stable for a couple of years now. So, you know, there is a certain level of churn that's going to happen regardless of where rates are. Things happen. People get married, they have kids, they need to move. But to your point, I mean, there's still 70 % of mortgage holders out there with a rate at 5 % or below. So without any forced selling activity, there's not a lot of urgency in the market.

4:09Now, from the homebuilders' perspective, what this means is that they're going to continue to have to lean on incentives. That story has been well-documented now that they've been very aggressive in their use of mortgage rate buy-downs to kind of make the math work a little bit better for their buyers. You know, coming into the year, I think there was some hope that, you know, rates were going to come down, they'd be able to take their foot off the gas pedal a little bit. But it looks like at least over the next couple of quarters, they're going to have to continue to offer those concessions to move inventory.

4:36Scarlet Fu:Stay with us. More from Bloomberg Intelligence coming up after this. If your finance team spends more time finding data than using it, if there's one entity here and one here and one here and one here. If scaling your business feels like starting over, you need the Intuit ERP. Intuit Enterprise Suite is the AI-native ERP solution that's powerful, painless, and proven. Learn more at intuit.com slash ERP. Support for the show comes from Public. Public is an investing platform that offers access to stocks, options, bonds, and crypto. And they've also integrated AI with tools that can assist investors in building customized portfolios.

5:16One of these tools is called Generated Assets. It allows you to turn your ideas into investable indexes. So let's say you're interested in something specific like biotech companies with high R &D spend, small cap stocks with improving operating margins, or the S &P 500 minus high debt companies. Chances are there isn't an ETF that fits your exact criteria. But on public, you just type in a prompt and their AI screens thousands of stocks and build a one-of-a-kind index. You can even backtest it against the S &P 500. Then you can invest in a few clicks. Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio.

5:55That's public.com slash market.

6:10All investing involves risk of loss. See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures.

6:16Scarlet Fu:Being a small business owner isn't just a career, it's a calling. Chase for Business knows how much heart and effort go into building something of your own. That's why they make business growth their priority. The Chase team takes the time to understand your mission, where you are now, and where you want to go. Their broad range of solutions is designed with you in mind, so you can bring your ideas to life. From banking to payment acceptance to credit cards, you can conveniently manage all your business finances all in one place with their digital tools. Looking for tips and advice? Their online resources are always available to give you the solutions you need to help your business thrive.

6:53Scarlet Fu:See how your business can get stronger and go farther with Chase for Business. Learn more at chase.com slash business. Chase for Business, make more of what's yours. The Chase mobile app is available for select mobile devices. Message and data rates may apply. JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. Member FDIC. Copyright 2026. JPMorgan Chase and Company. You're listening to the Bloomberg Intelligence Podcast. Catch us live weekdays at 10 a.m. Eastern. On Apple CarPlay and Android Auto with the Bloomberg Business App. Listen on demand wherever you get your podcasts. Or watch us live on YouTube. Let's talk a little technology.

7:32You can do that with Caroline Hyde. tech co-anchor she joins us live here in our studio meta cutting some jobs i'm trying to read through the story here my personal opinion is ai is a job destroyer not a job creator i'm going to stick with that one for until somebody proves me wrong what's going on in meta well interestingly to prove to the point the one optimistic note i might on that last view of yours Because MIT recognized a few years ago that if you look back over 60 years, about, I think it's even 40 years, only 60 % of the jobs that currently are existing today didn't exist then. Ah, okay.

8:10So there is hope that we find ingenuity in our lower value human capital. Language matters, folks. That was a good one. Which matters. I'm afraid a CEO who's going to talk out about eradicating jobs, up to 8 ,000 of them over at Standard Chartered and calling it lower value human capital. That's going to hurt for the people out there, I've got to say. But by the by, I'm not in PR. I'm in a different type of communications. But the communications that we're getting from Meta is that tomorrow folks are staying home. If you're working in North America, you sit at home because you're going to learn as to whether you're one of the 10 % who are losing your job.

8:43That's about 8 ,000 people. But before, ahead of that, they're actually reassigning 7 ,000 people to more AI-focused work. So it's sort of a reassignment of the resources that they've got right now, saying that new jobs are going to be related to AI. So here's your new types of roles that you're going to be seeing more broadly, Paul. You're seeing people perhaps moving from the area of social media where they've lent into. And of course, we've known that they've been moving the more hardware-related and augmented virtual reality play. And it's going more into augmented reality glasses, but into more apps and focus on artificial intelligence weaving itself throughout Meta's business model.

9:21So the chief people officer is just saying this is going to be a flatter ecosystem. This is going to be smaller teams. They think it's going to be higher value, more enjoyable work. We'll see what the talent think about that.

9:31Scarlet Fu:Yeah, absolutely. And I believe that there's this whole push towards smaller teams anyway across tech land. Everyone's singing the praises of this idea of keeping things really focused and concentrated. said what that some teams will just be one person if you're an engineer that's not really a team speaking to a young fellow over the weekend 29 years old works in a very big tech company he manages i think a team of like five or six people he says his people with ai now this is in the last six months are much more productive not 10 more not 20 more three times five times 10 times more productive on some of their output metrics it's just crazy it's amazing he says and And I said, OK, I get it.

10:08I get it. Maybe if you're a solo engineer, maybe your team is AI. And I'm just saying that as a young investment banker, for the first three or four years of my job, that can all be done by AI. Yes, you own high value human capital. Don't tell me that.

10:22Scarlet Fu:But having done that, you know how the process works, too. If you haven't done that before, like you're not able to go in there. Hey, make me a high yield pitch book for company XYZ credit rating blank. Boom. Two seconds later, it's out. Then how do you go through it and fact check it? No, then it's correct. Fact check. Like that, make me a pitch book for a high yield deal will take me two or three days. Now it's minutes. Yeah, well, the formatting will certainly be taken care of by AI. That's the most painful part of those pitch books. Caroline, while we have you, I got to ask you about Google creating an AI cloud business with Blackstone.

10:53Is this a joint venture of some sort? It is. And actually Blackstone is putting in most of the money, $5 billion in equity. You leverage that up. It's going to be 25 billion perhaps. We're talking 500 megawatts of compute in the next few years. That's, what is it? One gigawatt is about three quarters of a million homes in terms of energy. So this is a lot of compute. But this is as they really focus in on their TPUs. This is their tensor processing unit. This is their chip that has suddenly made their AI so much more powerful and really impressed the market with vertical integration. Now, Google builds cloud.

11:21They build data centers, but that's expensive. It's nice to get a partner on side to be able to do that heavy lifting for you, not to put it on your balance sheet as they're expanding out their Google cloud offering. And they're setting up basically a new NeoCloud. So watch the shares, the likes of CoreWeave, of Nebius, of these other NeoClouds out there, because it's getting competitive out there, folks. But Alphabet, are they turning to Blackstone because they need Blackstone as a funding source or what? It's a cool deal for Blackstone. I'm wondering why Alphabet's doing it. Yeah, I think it is the money side of things.

11:52Alphabet's already announced that they're going to be, what is it, all told, these four players, whether it's Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft are spending up to$750 billion,$725 billion. three quarters of a trillion, let's call it, in 2026. Yes, people have actually applauded Sunil Pichai's decision to up its capital expenditure plans, but it's still a lot of money. It's still a lot of debt that they've got to issue. And so it's nice to know that perhaps the financing of even greater expansion is being taken on by some other players. This is just up, you know, managing to scale even further how much their TPUs and their chips are doing the work.

12:28I mean, I have to say, it's a big move ahead of NVIDIA's numbers tomorrow because just think all these other neoclouds, they use NVIDIA GPUs. Stay with us. More from Bloomberg Intelligence coming up after this. Support for the show comes from Public. Lately, it feels like there are two types of investing platforms. Some are traditional brokerages that haven't changed much in decades, and others feel less like investing and more like a game. Public is positioned differently. It's an investing platform for people who are serious about building their wealth. On Public, you can build a portfolio of stocks, options, bonds, crypto without all the bugs or the confetti.

13:06Retirement accounts, yep. High yield cash, yes again. They even have direct indexing. Public has modern design, powerful tools, and customer support that actually helps. Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash market. Add paid for by Public Holdings. Brokered services by Public Investing, member FINRA SIPC. advisory services by public advisors, SEC registered advisor, crypto services by zero hash. All investing involves risk of loss. See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures.

13:40Scarlet Fu:Being a small business owner isn't just a career, it's a calling. Chase for Business knows how much heart and effort go into building something of your own. That's why they make business growth their priority. The Chase team takes the time to understand your mission, where you are now, and where you want to go. Their broad range of solutions is designed with you in mind so you can bring your ideas to life. From banking to payment acceptance to credit cards, you can conveniently manage all your business finances all in one place with their digital tools. Looking for tips and advice? Their online resources are always available to give you the solutions you need to help your business thrive.

14:17Scarlet Fu:See how your business can get stronger and go farther with Chase for Business. Learn more at chase.com slash business. Chase for Business. Make more of what's yours. The Chase mobile app is available for select mobile devices. Message and data rates may apply. JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. Member FDIC. Copyright 2026. JPMorgan Chase and Company. Here's a paradox. We buy insurance for peace of mind, yet the very policies we trust can deliver the biggest financial shocks. Across America, millions of claims are denied every year, not because people did anything wrong, but because policies quietly excluded the things that happened.

14:54The psychology of trust tells us we assume the contract is fair, but in insurance, the information gap is massive. The insurer knows every detail of what's covered. The policyholder rarely does. That's where My Policy Advocate comes in. For just 27 cents a day, their platform reads your policies and shows you in plain language where you're vulnerable. They're not selling insurance. They don't do that. It's about transparency, giving ordinary people the same understanding insurance companies have had for decades. because when you know what's really in your policy, you can plan, protect, and avoid surprises.

15:28Before you trust your policy to protect you, let My Policy Advocate tell you what it really says. Visit MyPolicyAdvocate.com today. Peace of mind starts with knowing the truth. MyPolicyAdvocate.com You're listening to the Bloomberg Intelligence Podcast. Catch us live weekdays at 10 a.m. Eastern on Apple CarPlay and Android Auto with the Bloomberg Business App. Listen on demand wherever you get your podcasts or watch us live on YouTube. All right. You know how much we love these big take stories on the Bloomberg Terminal. They're really, really compelling stories. The reporters take a ton of time, a ton of resources to get to the really big details.

16:08And this one's a good one, particularly if you're a fan of this AI story and all the money that's being spent. Met is doing a data center down in Louisiana, like 200. Oh, it's just going to be a big thing. 200 billion dollars, something crazy down there. And our next guest has an awesome story on this. Riley Griffin, tech reporter for Bloomberg News. Of course, you know, she peaked when she graduated from Duke University. Riley, thanks so much for joining us here. Talk to us about Mark Zuckerberg and Meta. They're building this huge facility down in Louisiana. Talk to us about that. Yeah, I mean, the scale of this facility is truly unfathomable, Paul.

16:45I spent weeks going to and from Richland Parish, Louisiana. That's in the northeast corner of the state. It's the Delta region, and it's one that has long-faced economic hardship. Farming right now in the U.S. is a difficult task, particularly if you're farming cotton, as this region does. And Meta is planting a$200 billion data center there. What that looks like is nearly 4 ,000 acres. President Donald Trump has said it will be Manhattan-sized. They are building 10 new natural gas plants just for this data center alone. That's about the energy consumption of New York City on a winter day. And one of the largest private capital deals ever assembled is funding its development.

17:28And that's all before we get to the$200 billion. So it's just a massive, massive project in a very small farming community, which makes for tensions and growing pains. But also, unlike a lot of American cities and suburbs that are pushing back against data centers, this is a community that is cautiously optimistic that it will prove to be an economic lifeline.

17:56Scarlet Fu:So tell us a little bit more about what people told you when you went down to Louisiana and checked in with the locals there, those who would be directly affected by this. Yeah. You know, before I went to Richland Parish, I didn't realize how much of an agriculture story this would be. I spent time with more than 100 people in the region and again and again hearing just how hard it has been to grow cotton, corn, soybean. You know, it really landed with me. These are folks who are losing hundreds of dollars on every acre that they plant. Subsidies aren't making up half of that. There are a lot of bankruptcies.

18:34Small farms don't even exist anymore. and um you know as one person dustin morris who who runs a soybean and corn farm in the parish told me you know the the promise of the land has been broken for a lot of folks they've held land in their family for generations they don't even know how long back they've they've been in the parish and um they're just unable to break even right now so enter meta after years of that You know, a lot of people are trying to get in on the land rush. For now, one family has been the primary beneficiary, but it is a textbook boomtown. Seventy five hundred workers have descended on a community of just twenty thousand that comes with its own challenges.

19:21But folks are optimistic that meta long term will provide some of the economic opportunity that has been lost over the last century. And what I think we're all learning, Raleigh, about data centers is what is one of the gating issues is access to power. Do they have access to power down in rural Louisiana? Well, Louisiana is an oil and gas state. So Energy Louisiana, the utility that is working with Meta on this, has told Meta, use all you want, we'll make more. They are saying that energy won't be the constraint. And they're going to build these 10 new natural gas plants really to serve this one data center.

19:59Six of those are going to be in Richland Parish, just to put that in perspective. So I think Meta has really benefited from picking a place where regulatory hurdles to getting that kind of, you know, fossil fuel generation has been a real boon. And we're seeing that across the board, right, with these mega data centers, hyperscalers, companies like Meta. they're not looking to Northern Virginia anymore. They're looking to the South. They're looking to rural regions where land is abundant. They can get lots of energy. And there are politicians who are willing to clear the red tape. And that's a big part of this story is thinking about Louisiana politicians at the national level, at the local level, at the state level, who really heard Meta and its demands and said, we will do everything it takes.

20:52As one person said, We will move heaven and earth to make this happen for you.

20:57Scarlet Fu:Wow, that is some pretty strong, a pretty strong stance there. What surprised you the most, Riley, as you were doing the reporting for this in terms of I know the scale was something that, you know, kind of blows all our minds. But what took you by surprise? Yeah, I again, coming back to the state of American agriculture, that's not a sector I've actually covered. I've spent many years covering health care and now I cover tech. But to learn more about ag, it feels like you can't tell this story about rural Louisiana without telling a story of agriculture. So that really stuck with me. And just thinking about the long term questions.

Read the full transcript

21:36This is a story at its beginning. The data center isn't opening until 2028. So more to come. Stay with us. More from Bloomberg Intelligence coming up after this. Support for the show comes from Public. Public. Lately, it feels like there are two types of investing platforms. Some are traditional brokerages that haven't changed much in decades, and others feel less like investing and more like a game. Public is positioned differently. It's an investing platform for people who are serious about building their wealth. On Public, you can build a portfolio of stocks, options, bonds, crypto without all the bugs or the confetti.

22:11Retirement accounts, yep. High yield cash, Yes, again. They even have direct indexing. Public has modern design, powerful tools, and customer support that actually helps. Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash market.

22:43public.com slash disclosures.

22:45Scarlet Fu:Small businesses are the pulse of every community. They bring people together, create opportunities, and drive growth. With a widespread presence in communities across the country, Chase for Business supports small business owners at a local level. That makes it possible for you to connect, learn from each other, and grow together. There's a real commitment to seeing small businesses succeed. The Chase for Business team has knowledge and expertise that span a wide range of financial areas. They can help you make more informed decisions as you navigate the complexities of running your business.

23:16Scarlet Fu:They'll help your business grow with individual guidance and convenient digital tools all in one place. With that guidance and your determination, you can take your business farther and help build a brighter future for your community. Learn more at chase.com slash business. Chase for business. Make more of what's yours. The Chase mobile app is available for select mobile devices. Message and data rates may apply. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A., member FDIC. Copyright 2026, J.P. Morgan Chase and Company. Here's a paradox. We buy insurance for peace of mind, yet the very policies we trust can deliver the biggest financial shocks.

23:53Across America, millions of claims are denied every year, not because people did anything wrong, but because policies quietly excluded the things that happened. The psychology of trust tells us we assume the contract is fair, but in insurance, the information gap is massive. The insurer knows every detail of what's covered. The policyholder rarely does. That's where My Policy Advocate comes in. For just 27 cents a day, their platform reads your policies and shows you in plain language where you're vulnerable. They're not selling insurance. They don't do that. It's about transparency, giving ordinary people the same understanding insurance companies have had for decades.

24:29Because when you know what's really in your policy, you can plan, protect, and avoid surprises. Before you trust your policy to protect you, let My Policy Advocate tell you what it really says. Visit MyPolicyAdvocate.com today. Peace of mind starts with knowing the truth. MyPolicyAdvocate.com. You're listening to the Bloomberg Intelligence Podcast. Catch us live weekdays at 10 a.m. Eastern on Apple CarPlay and Android Auto with the Bloomberg Business App. Listen on demand wherever you get your podcasts or watch us live on YouTube.

25:03Scarlet Fu:We want to continue on with Bloomberg Intelligence, and we have a great guest right now. Let's talk about currencies, because people conflate a currency with a country that issues it, right? Like the U.S. dollar equals the U.S. and vice versa. But if you look at the history of the dollar, it tells us otherwise. Our friend Brendan Greeley has devoted years to studying this and based his PhD dissertation on it as well. He joins us now. And full disclosure, Brendan used to work at Bloomberg as a reporter for Businessweek and as an anchor on Bloomberg Television, hosting surveillance with Tom Keen and myself.

25:34Scarlet Fu:So welcome back, Brendan. Thank you. It's so great to be here. I have one correction to make. Unfortunately, when I arrived at school, they told me your book, your popular trade press book about the history of the dollar cannot be your dissertation. So I have a completely different dissertation. Oh my gosh. It's too approachable. Wow. Okay. Yeah. No, you didn't need it to be much more obscure in your dissertation. Well, let's talk about your book then. It's called the almighty dollar and about 500 years of the world's most powerful money. The U.S. is about to celebrate its 250th anniversary this July.

26:04Scarlet Fu:But how does the history of the dollar go back 500 years? So I had to figure out how to write about the dollar. I had to figure out where to start. So I thought I would start in 1971. Nixon closes the gold window. And then I sort of like keep pulling that thread. And I end up in 1913 with the Fed. And then you end up with what I've been thinking of as a 1776 problem, which is that we learn in school to assume that countries have monetary sovereignty, that they have control over their own currencies. The problem with that is when you get to 1776, the United States declares political sovereignty, but it chooses as its currency a Spanish coin made of Mexican silver with a German name.

26:40I didn't know that. And so we can talk through like where that came from and how we got there. But for me, the most important part of this story is that at its founding, the United States did not have control over the dollar. It was very clear when you look at the correspondence from the founding Fathers, what they thought a dollar was. They saw it as a silver coin. Alexander Hamilton called this coin the ancient dollar. And I wanted to actually title the book The Ancient Dollar. And my editor was like, do you intend to sell any books? So and, you know, Thomas Jefferson said it's important when we choose a currency to choose one that the people are already familiar with.

27:13So I think of monetary sovereignty now, sort of after doing the work on this book, as something that has to be won with a lot of work very slowly over time. And it's constantly in danger of eroding. So the story of the dollar is not the story of America. It's not the story of the Federal Reserve. It's not the story of the United States Treasury. It has its own history. So I ended up, you know, literally at the bottom of a Czech silver mine, looking at 400, 500 year old chisel marks to understand sort of the origins of this currency that is much older and much powerful than much more powerful than the dollar that we know of when did that come into existence really define what we know of okay i don't know when did what we use now the u.s dollar well okay so so this silver coin i'll give you like a brief potted history i think we can do this in like one radio minute okay which is that there was this silver mine in a place called jachim's tall uh in in bohemia uh they produced only very high quality large silver coins those were very useful for trade those those coins became known as jachim's taller from jachim's tall and that got shortened to taller and then in dutch dollar and then in In English, it became dollar.

28:18This is all in the 16th century, right? So early in the 1600s, Shakespeare used the word dollar in his plays. In the Scottish play and in The Tempest, there are mentions of the dollar. So it was clear that that was a coin that was familiar in English well before the founding of the United States. So when you actually get to the Constitution and what we think of as the actual United States, not just the colonies, there was about a 60 year period to take this silver coin and turn it into what we think of now as a dollar which is bank money okay so what we think of now as a dollar it sits on the ledger of a bank of a commercial bank it's a bank deposit or bank note uh that that's printed by the fed but increasingly nobody uses cash so we're really just talking about bank deposits so the united states had to win sovereignty over that very slowly and there's this long history of panics in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

29:10And after each panic, there's new regulation. So Panic of 1837 introduces comptrollers of the currency at the state level. It introduces reserve requirements. You have to hold silver in the bank. You know, 1861, there's, or 1862, there's new legislation during the Civil War introduces backing bank notes with treasuries, right? We had to figure that out. 1907, we have the Federal Reserve, which provides cash in an emergency. 1932, after that bank panic, we finally get national deposit insurance. That's huge. No other country, no other currency zone nearly the size of ours has unified deposit insurance.

29:44Only America has that. And so to answer your question, I think it was by 1932 that we had stable, regulated banks. Gotcha.

29:52Scarlet Fu:OK, so regulation was key here and making a lot of mistakes and kind of addressing those mistakes was key in how the dollar system grew up. Where does that leave us now when we talk about things like stable coins or, you know, cryptocurrency? How do you think about the dollar's role in a decentralized financial system where regulation is is less robust, if even there? I think for me, the key to thinking about crypto is that it's not new. It's not that novel. I think of crypto as finances if the past never happened. When you look at the various kinds of crypto, there's Bitcoin. That's basically a commodity.

30:28We know how that fits into the financial system. It's a commodity. You think about most coins, they're essentially equities. Stablecoins, to your point, are a really interesting case because, as you know, they're pegged one-to-one to the dollar. But to me, it just looks like a bank. So right now, we have decentralized money. Commercial banks, when they make a loan, when you take out a mortgage, they are not getting that money from somewhere else. They're marking that up on their balance sheet. Brand new deposits for you. A stablecoin provider has the same fiduciary responsibility as a bank. When you deposit, they've got to buy assets.

31:03Those assets have to have meaning. We have to know that they have the assets they say they have. Every time I hear somebody in crypto say, we've got the first private decentralized money, my answer is, my dude, you just invented a bank. We know how those work.

31:16Scarlet Fu:Except they're not regulated like a bank. That's exactly right. And so what I worry about, to my point earlier about monetary sovereignty, it's won slowly and painfully over time. And it's constantly in danger of being eroded. And what I see when I look at stablecoins is these are bank dollars that are slowly slipping out of the regulatory control that we built up over the course of a century. Like, we know how finance works. We know how banks blow up. And I know that the Bloomberg audience right now are shaking their fists in anger at the radio. I do think that like the basic bulwark of FDIC, Comptroller, Federal Reserve that we built up to protect banks needs to be extended full force to stable coins.

31:49And I think if you did that, they'd lose a lot of their appeal because it's no fun running a bank because it's very well regulated for obvious reasons. Big money versus small money. What is that? Well, there's this sort of theory of coins, you know, physical coins that points out that small coins are much more. No, no, actual coins. Jingle, jingle. Yeah, that actually that points out that small coins are much more expensive per unit of value to produce because each coin had to be hammered out. It's an industrial process. I've seen that.

32:19Scarlet Fu:That's why we're not printing or minting the penny anymore. Yeah, absolutely right. Like money is a product. Somebody's got to produce it. Money doesn't happen by magic. And so the big coins are cheaper per unit of cost to produce. And what we found sort of historically is that mints, almost all mints were privately run, would much rather make the big coins. So you have this constant demand for small coins to settle small retail transactions. Right. These are these are not it's not as if the small coins are units of the big coin. They're completely different economies. So when we look at the economies of Renaissance Italy, Florence, Genoa, Venice, they all had a big silver coin for international trade and small coins.

32:58And the exchange rate fluctuates between the two of them because small coins are for local purchases. And you've got to manage inflation in a slightly different way than you do with a big coin. So I think that's still true now. Banks are like mints. They produce our money. banks, for the exact same reasons, would rather deal with big loans, big deposits, big transfers, than small loans, small deposits, small transfers. And so I think we've replicated that system with banks. And when you look at the problems with banking in America, or rather the challenges of getting people into the financial system, it's the exact same problem.

33:27Banks don't want to handle small depositors. They don't want to make small business loans because the back office costs are higher. This is a problem that would be very familiar to a Mint.

33:36Scarlet Fu:I want to switch gears and talk a little bit about currencies used in commodities and international systems. We talk a lot about this petrodollar because oil, which we talk about constantly, given how much it's risen, is priced in U.S. dollars and how other central banks are kind of beholden to the U.S. because everything is priced in dollars and how they want commodities to be priced in other currencies, for instance. Is that doable, given where we sit? Is this something that the U.S. controls or is it all way beyond our control? I think so. I've been splitting hairs on this one. I think it is within our control, but beyond our regulation.

34:07And what I mean by that is when we think of the offshore dollar system, what we think of as the euro dollar system, this is just foreign banks producing their own dollars, manufacturing their own dollars using new loans, denominated in dollars. OK, so the Fed doesn't have any oversight, the Treasury, the comptroller, nobody. We can't look at what's happening. But the Fed does step in, as we know, 2008, 2020, with these swap lines, with foreign central banks. To me, that says the U.S. dollar is unique in that since the 60s, we've been willing to tolerate in the United States some level of offshore activity.

34:41It's very useful to the United States to have these offshore dollars. And in return, we provide this service. Is it sustainable? It seems to be so far when we look at measures of euro dollar growth, of offshore dollar growth, that line is still going up and to the right. There are 14 trillion euro dollars, offshore dollars. There are 19 trillion domestic dollars. They're comparable in scale and they're still growing. So offshore banks seem to think it's sustainable. This is the Bloomberg Intelligence Podcast, available on Apple, Spotify and anywhere else you get your podcasts. Listen live each weekday, 10 a.m.

35:19to noon Eastern on Bloomberg.com, the iHeartRadio app, TuneIn and the Bloomberg Business app. You can also watch us live every weekday on YouTube and always on the Bloomberg Terminal.

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From the publisher

Watch Paul and Scarlet LIVE every day on YouTube: http://bit.ly/3vTiACF.

Bloomberg Intelligence hosted by Paul Sweeney and Scarlet Fu

-Drew Reading, Bloomberg Intelligence U.S Homebuilding Analyst, discusses Home Depot earnings. Sales at Home Depot locations open at least a year rose 0.6% during the three months ended May 3, slightly below analysts' estimates. Home Depot's business has been hit by elevated interest rates and high housing prices, leading Americans to take on smaller projects instead of extensive remodels.

-Caroline Hyde, BTech Co-Anchor, discusses top tech stories. Meta Platforms is reassigning workers to new jobs related to artificial intelligence as part of a broad corporate restructuring. Alphabet's Google agreed to create an artificial intelligence cloud business with Blackstone Inc.

-Riley Griffin, Bloomberg Tech Reporter, discusses the Bloomberg Big Take story: “Meta’s $200 Billion Data Center Rises From the Bayou.” Meta’s $50 billion "Project Sucre" data center is rapidly transforming Richland Parish, Louisiana—one of the nation's poorest regions—into a massive construction hub the size of Manhattan.

-Brendan Greeley, Author of  "The Almighty Dollar: 500 Years of the World's Most Powerful Money" and contributing editor at the Financial Times, discusses his new book. In THE ALMIGHTY DOLLAR, Financial Times journalist and Princeton financial historian Brendan Greeley argues that the dollar is not fundamentally a U.S. creation or a state-controlled currency.

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