Brad Jacobs - Think Big and Move Fast - [Invest Like the Best, EP.352]

22:48It likes to have easy to understand stories. Typical sell-side analyst, for example, covers 32 stocks. So they don't have the luxury of time to really go deep studying stuff. We divided the company up into one company that was primarily LTL, which is XPO. Another company that was primarily brokerage, truck brokers, non-asset, which is RXO. And a third company, which we were talking about before, which is the supply chain business, was GXO. And now each of those companies gets EBITDA multiples of 11, 12, 13 times. That's a big change. So we unleashed the value from getting multiple expansion by dividing the company up into smaller companies.

23:24So the multiple you get from Wall Street matters because it goes back to what we were talking about a few minutes ago, where you have your cost of capital, what you can raise money at. And to put it in more simple terms, what multiple you can raise money at. And then you have businesses that you can buy, acquisitions that you can do at a lower multiple. So there has to be a spread. And when you look at all the ways that you create value, and there's dozens and dozens of levers in the business plan, that often is the most important lever. Sometimes it's one of the top three, but the differential, the disagio between the delta between what you can raise capital at, what the market will give you money at, and where you can deploy it at in acquisitions, that's a big value creator.

24:00So you need to pay attention to that. In that value creation mechanism, the relationship with capital markets and with Wall Street specifically is obviously very important. how do you as a CEO manage that relationship well? What have you learned about interfacing with Wall Street in the most constructive way possible? I have a lot of friends who are portfolio managers and analysts, and it's very easy. They want to make money. It's as simple as that. They've never bought my stock because I'm handsome or I have a full set of hair, anything like that. They bought my stock and supported me because we created Alpha and we outdid the competition and we were a great investment, made a lot of money for investors.

24:34And I think if the investment community understands what you're doing and you're truthful with them and you tell them, as we were talking about before, the good things and the bad things going on, because it's always both. And you can't be one of these management teams like everything is sunny, everything is great, everything you want. That's baloney. It's not like that. If you confide in your shareholders of what's worrying you and what the challenges are, at the same time, what the opportunities are and what your vision is, and you consistently post up good numbers consistent with what you forecasted, and they should be ambitious ones, then you'll get a following.

25:04I'm lucky and humbled that I have a pretty big following, but I have no illusions of why that is. The reason I have a big following is I've made a lot of money for investors. They get bonuses. Have you made any major mistakes dealing with capital markets? I've made major mistakes in everything, including the capital markets. Absolutely. So sometimes I've raised too much money and then I didn't have a use for it right away. And then it was dilutive. Sometimes I didn't raise enough money. I had these fantastic opportunities and I didn't have the capital. And when you do acquisitions in particular, You need to have the money.

25:33You can't credibly go to a seller and say, hey, let's sign a deal and I'll go raise the money. Even if you can raise the money, things change. Geopolitical events happen, market correction, all kinds of stuff happen. And so sellers want to make sure your money goes. Sometimes they haven't capitalized the business enough. And I think in my next ventures, I will err on the side of raising more capital rather than less capital. I've lost so many opportunities over the years because I didn't have enough money on the balance sheet. Can you tell the story of the large buyback that you did with XPO on the opposite side of the capital allocation ledger from acquisitions?

26:02So that was another example of opportunism where we had something fall in our lap that we weren't expecting and wasn't in our plan. And that came in the form of this crazy short seller report back in 2018. I don't remember the guy's name. It blanked it out. But this report came out. Just pure nonsense. We were doing this. We were doing that. And he was very sophisticated in the sense that he knew all the right buzzwords to say, and we researched him afterwards. He says pretty much the same thing about every company that does a short seller on the word processor, that just gets the bots to repeat it and then sell the stock and to get various media outlets to write the story.

26:39And it's a near certainty that when he comes out with that report, the stock's going to go down. It's almost 100 % certain. And they lever up quite a bit. They use derivatives. and if the stock had gone up like 20 cents, he probably would have gone bankrupt. But the stock's not gonna go up 20 cents. It came down, in our case, it came down like 26 % the first day, big drop. And it was interesting because the day it happened, just as it happened, just by coincidence, I had Adam Carr and Matt Adams in my office, who were the two top guys running a little over a billion dollar position at the time in XPO, visiting my office.

27:10And I was in the room and someone walked into the room and passed me a paper, a screenshot actually, of what had just gone on. If the stock is down 20-something percent and some short seller is making up all this crazy stuff about it. And so in real time, we talked about it because every situation, there's a play. Every situation, there's a way to make money. If you stay cool and you're smart and you keep an open mind and don't take it too personally, you'll find ways to capitalize on that situation. In this case, we said, okay, look, the stock is down a lot, but for no reason. It's not like our numbers got worse.

27:43It's not like we did a pre-announcement and we're going to miss by a mile earnings. It's not because there was some big lawsuit that was very vicious or the government regulator. There was no reality to this. It was just a bunch of silliness. And so temporarily, the stock was dislocated. So you said, what's the right move here? The right move was really obvious. Let's go buy back our stock. And Orbis bought, I think they bought over a billion dollars of stock and we bought about$2 billion of our stock back. And I remember talking to the bankers when we were mobilizing to do this. And they said, nobody's ever done this before in terms of the percentage of market cap and buyback in a short period of time.

28:15It would be blazing new ground, new territory here. And I said, so what? That's an interesting data point, but the fact of the matter is we're definitely going to make money on this trade. We take$2 billion and buy our stock. It was already on the low side, but after it had fallen down like this, it was ridiculously cheap by any measurement. So I said, let's do it. So we bought it back. And two years later, the stock was three times what the price was when we bought it. We made $6 billion on that trade. So it was a very advantageous thing for us to have done. There's a great Winston Churchill quote, which is always more audacity.

28:45What do you think of that quote? I don't know. You don't want to have audacity just for the sake of audacity. You don't want to be reckless. You want to be disciplined. You want to be rational. You want to be logical. But you need to be bold too. You need to be creative. It's a balance like most things in life. You want to have one ounce of daringness and one ounce of cautiousness. Balance those two out and come up with really good moves, good strategies, good tactics. How do you think about setting your own scope of ambition? Because when I was talking to your colleague before we started and asked them to describe you in two words or two phrases, one of them was related to the scope of ambition.

29:21And the second one was related to the pace of execution. We'll talk about both. But starting with scope of ambition, it does seem as though that's been a common theme in your various entrepreneurial stories that maybe you're just wired to click the ambition dial a couple of points higher than most people are. So I'm curious how intentional that is and also whether you think more people should think that way. Well, it's funny to say that because I wasn't part of that conversation because it showed up earlier than I did here. But that's what I would have said. I would have answered it, think big and move fast.

29:51I don't think I invented that phrase, but that's a very good phrase that describes my team. That's our culture is to think big and execute fast because things don't get better over time. Law of physics, entropy sinks in. I think it's important to think in very big scales because often you're not going to accomplish 100 % of what you are achieving. If you're not thinking huge to begin with, you're not going to accomplish anything big. And life goes by fast. I'm 67 years old. I feel like I'm 37, but technically speaking, I'm 67 as I am. That's my biological age. If I live to, I don't know what, 87, that's 20 years.

30:22You take 20 years and you multiply that times 365 days, it's only about 7 ,000 some odd days. That's not a lot of days. And your last one or 2 ,000 days, I don't know, usually aren't your best days. I have 5 ,000 great days left here. I want to accomplish something really important every single one of those 5 ,000 great days. And so I think time is important to utilize properly. Time is not something to waste with frivolous things. So the goal of the CEO is to get the whole management team to collectively to buy into a big vision, big goal, very clearly thought out, very clearly envisioned what that is.

30:58and then for everybody to sign up for what are they going to do in order to help materialize that goal. So thinking big, but then you got to get a team. You can't just think big. You've got to get a team together to get mobilized to materialize that big goal you've put out. And that's not unique, by the way. There's plenty of other companies that think big and move fast, but we've been consistently thinking big and very big. And we've been consistently executing with discipline on that big vision. What are the keys to moving fast at scale? You always hear that pace is the advantage of the startup, right?

31:31They can move a lot faster than the incumbent, but you're trying to do this at scale. So what's specifically about moving fast, even when there's lots of people and lots of companies and lots of stuff going on, what have you found unlocks speed for you and your teams? The most important thing in order to unlock speed is have people on the management team who are comfortable with moving fast, but moving fast in a disciplined way. Use this analogy. You have a car driving down the highway as fast as it responsibly can. The hubcaps may be shaking a little bit, but they're not going to fall off. You don't want to drive so fast that you're going to have self-created problems.

32:06You can't be reckless. You need to be disciplined. You need to be professional. But you want to move fast. Jack Welch was a big proponent of speed. He was always emphasizing throughout the whole organization, you got to move fast. Things get worse, not better. Particularly with deals, by the way. When I do M &A, I do them very, very fast. I can get a deal done in two weeks. Whereas I've gazumped, I've interfered, I've preempted many sell-side processes where a bank has a book and a data room and a whole schedule of here's the first round, here's the management meetings, here's the second round, and everyone gets their consultants and they better spend all this time and money doing all this due diligence.

32:40I know what I'm looking for. I don't need a lot of that due diligence. I need to meet with the people. I need the basic fundamental paperwork, obviously. But I don't need to know why SG &A is an eighth of a percent higher than it was in the forecast and hire a consultant to write a report on that nonsense. And then you just take the report and no one ever does anything with it afterwards. I need to meet with the people. If I can meet with the top dozen or so people in a company and I can spend an hour, hour and a half with each one of those people, I know everything I need to know about that company.

33:07Do you have favorite questions to ask in those processes of those people? It'll change. It'll change from company to company because what's pertinent is different from company to company. So there are some things that are the same, things about how they make money? What's the game here? What is different about their company than the next guy? What's their advantages? What are their disadvantages? What are the opportunities? If they were CEO, had they been CEO, what would they have done differently? What if I buy this company, should I change because it's not optimal? What if I buy this company that I should definitely not change because it's really good and it's working really well?

33:38And my list of questions are brief because I want to hear what the answers are. And then based on listening carefully to those answers, follow-up questions. I'm much more interested in what they want to set the agenda than what I want to set the agenda because they know the business. I'm just learning the business. They've been living the business maybe for 10 or 20 years. What is your favorite part about post-acquisition integration? Speed. Getting to the point where you no longer can tell that this is a company we bought three months ago versus the company that we home grew or 10 years ago we bought it and it's been with us for a decade.

34:14You get the same look and feel, the same brand, the same IT, the same culture, the same excitement. They're using all the same internal social media because I always like to communicate a lot through our internal social media. It just is identical in every way. Now, I shouldn't say in every way because every branch, every location, every district, every region does have its own flavor. It has its own personality because you have cultural differences in different parts of the country or in different countries. But the general blood and guts of the businesses is the same. And for me, that's the goal.

34:46The goal is to get to the point where you have fully integrated this business on every level into the rest of the company and it's part of the family. How do you do the cultural component of that, especially if the culture leans most different from the culture that you've been running? Listening and demonstrating sincere respectfulness. So this is probably my most important learning in integration is not to come into an acquisition thinking I know it all and And getting up there on stage and telling everyone, okay, and giving them a long speech of here's what we're going to do. No, what I want to do is I want to come in with a very open, receptive mind to say, look, we've just paid millions and millions, in some case billions of dollars for this business.

35:26Obviously, we think it's valuable. And these are the people who are going to make this company work. And I look at those people as an extremely valuable source of information about the company that we just spent all that money to buy. And I often find, and I write about this in the book, that I often find that employees at all levels, whether they're frontline, middle management, senior management, have never been asked, what's your best idea to improve the company? Tell me everything that you would do if you had my job. And when you ask them that, and then shut up and just listen carefully to what they're saying, write it down.

35:59It's an amazing experience. Sometimes you ask those questions, and then for 45 minutes, all the people you're interviewing just are piling on and interrupting each other because it's just such an exciting experience to say how they could improve the business. It's unleashing these perspectives, this knowledge, this information about the business that you don't get otherwise. I find a lot of companies, many companies, in fact, the majority of companies, they have this valuable thing there in terms of this repressed information that's not unleashed. And if you can go in there and figure out ways to unleash this information flow and get these feedback loops going and recognize people for contributing to this improvement plan, wow, you can create tremendous opportunities, tremendous, and make a lot of money for everybody.

36:43Are there most common sources of bloat that you've seen in companies that you've acquired? Oh yeah, I've seen lots of bloat. I should caveat that. I've seen two types of travesties. One is where a company just has way too much expense, just bureaucracy and red tape and And people aren't really triplicates of every division. Well, they say, so how do you contribute to the value of the company? And there's this long pause. They're really not. They're just on some tangent that just wasn't managed properly, just grew up like a weed. But I also see companies that are underinvested, that haven't put enough money into the business, and they've lost opportunity to grow the business as a result of not investing in the business.

37:22And both of those, too much bloat, or actually just bloat, and too skinniness in the overhead. Both of those things are bad things. You want to find, like most things in life, you want to find that middle path. You want to find that good harmony. Can you tell me about Ludwig Jesselsen? I would love to. So Ludwig Jesselsen, you see a big smile comes in my face. So Ludwig Jesselsen, may he rest in peace, he died in 1993. Ludwig Jesselsen was the head of Philip Brothers, which was, before there were hedge funds, the word didn't exist back then, but he was the largest hedge fund. I would call him a hedge fund because they were a commodity trader.

37:52They traded oil, they traded metals, and a global business. And Mr. Jesselsen, I never heard anyone call him Ludwig. Mr. Jesselson, I was called, sometimes Mr. J. Mr. Jesselson was an amazing individual. And he was my first big business mentor. And anytime I met someone in my business career who was older than I was and was very successful, I tried to glom onto them. And I tried to just pick their brain and just ask them, so how'd you get so successful? How did you accomplish all this? What are your secrets? What did you achieve? And I found that every time I did that, they're very generous with doing that.

38:26Mr. Jessalyn was my first big business mentor. And he was a customer of mine, Philip Brothers, because I had Amarax, which is an oil brokerage firm, and Philip Brothers is a big trading firm. So I was getting oil from them and matching them together with Exxon and Shell and BP and Texaco and Gulf and all the different major oil companies and independent refiners. And I started doing a lot of business with them because we came out of nowhere. And suddenly, we were, after a relatively short period of time, we were doing billions of dollars of brokerage volume. And Philip Brothers was a big player.

38:55So naturally, our paths crossed. One day, I got a call from his secretary saying, Mr. Jessson, we'd like to have lunch with you. I said, wow, that's a big break. I'm in. Tell me when. So I went in and this became one of many lunches. I went to New York to his office. And during those lunches, I paid attention. I just zeroed in on everything he said, everything he did, his nuance, his face, everything. And I just asked him lots of questions. And he was very generous with sharing his insights on stuff. And I learned a lot about business. I learned a lot about life. He was a very religious person, much more religious than I am.

39:27And he believed in principles. He believed in certain basic concepts. And in Judaism, he was Jewish, Orthodox Jew. It was a lot about morality. It was about ethics. It was about right and wrong and about certain things are not gray. They're either black or they're right. Murder's out. Murder's not good. He saw life in terms of honesty. He saw life in terms of people who he could trade with, who would be reliable trading partners. And people who were, in Yiddish, they call it Ghanifs, thieves. And he tried not to do business with the Ghanifs. And when he had a trading partner that was honest, that was ethical, he did a lot of business with them.

40:02Because back then, remember, there was no email. There wasn't even the fax machine. There was telexes and twixes that barely worked. And so your word really was your bond. And you needed to trade with people that were going to perform. Because if you bought a cargo of oil for someone,$23, and then the market went up to$25, you didn't want a partner that said, I'm not honoring that deal. There's nothing in writing. So you needed people who would honor their work, had integrity. He placed a very high value on integrity and dealing with people. And he put a lot of emphasis on dealing with people who would perform what they said they were going to perform.

40:36If you could have a five-hour session around a nice fall fire with Mr. J and two or three other people, who would you pick? Who would you add to that conversation? I was fortunate to hang around with his family a lot of times on Shabbat. But unfortunately, on Shabbat, you can't talk business. So I couldn't talk business. But that's okay. We talk about life. But I had many lunches with him and his son, Michael, who's a good friend of mine now. And I spent a lot of time with his wife, Mrs. Jesselson, Erica Jesselson. There's an amazing story. She came out of the Holocaust. And before the Holocaust, she had dozens and dozens of...

41:09She had a pretty big family, the Pappenheim family in Austria and Vienna. She had dozens and dozens of cousins. and after the Holocaust, she had a handful. And there's a large majority of her family die. And that really formed her worldview that, wow, evil in the world exists. And it can have very serious consequences if it's not addressed right away. I spent a lot of time with Mr. Jessalyn and his family. I was very fortunate to do so. Pretty wonderful. If you think about the process of employing technology in your businesses, what lessons have you learned there? Because you said before you're not a technologist, but you use a lot of technology.

41:40I imagine that today AI is probably on the front of your mind. in some way, shape, or form if you're a user of technology. How do you approach problems like this? Okay, there's a toolkit out there in the world that keeps getting better. It's pretty cool. I get to use that stuff. When do you know how to be an early adopter, a late adopter, quasi-technology business? The Adams vs. Bits question for you in particular seems very interesting. So one of the things I learned from Mr. Jesselson, and I write about this in the book, is you can mess up a lot of things if you get the major trend right. And if you get the major trend wrong, you can do a lot of things right and you're not going to make a lot of money.

42:11So getting the made your trend right is very important in any business. You can't be on the wrong side of the trend. The biggest trend of them all is technology. So in the book, I have a 2 million year synopsis. I think it's a really interesting chronology of technology and inventions starting from over 2 million years ago when cavemen started using pebbles for tools and then invention of fire a little time later. And then when I say a little time later, like a half a million years later, and then the invention of shelters, another half a million or more years later. And then all the inventions that accelerated in time leading up to today where we are in this very AI-centered world.

42:49Technology is critical to get right. You cannot be in a business where technology is going to disrupt you and technology is going to diminish the value of the service or the product that you're providing. And on the other hand, you must be in a business where technology is your ally, is your friend, is wind to your back. And all my businesses, fortunately, we've been on the right side of technology. On technology, if you look at today, the three companies that I chair, I'm no longer CEO, but that I chair. Technology is all over the place. You look at XPO, the third person I hired at XPO back in 2011 was a guy called Mario Harik.

43:23Mario Harik had an advanced degree at MIT in machine learning and AI. And I loved him the first second I met him. And I said, okay, I'm going to hire this guy because like me, he talks fast and thinks fast. And we were just completely gotten what my vision was of automating brokerage. My original hypothesis for brokerage back in 2011 was, this is going to get automated eventually. You're not going to have people in rooms talking on phones. You're going to have computers talking to computers, and we got to get ahead of the curve on that. He understood that immediately. And I hired him very quickly, and he was my CIO for a number of years.

43:54Then he became chief customer officer, did a great job there. And then he ran LTL, and today he's CEO of the whole company. And he's doing a fantastic job. This morning, the stock was up 12%. They announced earnings, and they did a great job. It's a good quarter. So technology has been a big part of the culture of XPO, largely due to Mario and my support of that right from the get-go. And if you look at the companies we spun off, RxO. So RxO is a very tech-forward brokerage company. So they're matching together shippers and deliverers, trucks and shippers, and doing it in an automated way. When we started that business, 0 % was done automated.

44:30Today, 97%, almost 100%, 97 % is either generated or fulfilled electronically. So it's complete transformation of a business using technology. If you look at the third company that I chair, GXO Logistics. So GXO is the largest pure play warehouse company. It's got over 200 million square feet of warehouses with about a thousand warehouses in dozens of countries. And it's probably the most tech forward warehouses you'll ever see. Not you'll ever see. In the future, they'll all be automated like that. But you will be able to see today. There's warehouses that are large warehouses that a competitor may be running and having hundreds of people running it.

45:13And GXO is running it with 15 people. And everything's well engineered and well designed using state-of-the-art technology. And it has a big joint venture with Nestle over in Europe of the warehouse of the future, which now is the warehouse of today. So I'm just giving you a few examples of utilizing technology, but I could give you hundreds of examples because that's a mindset that's in every company I've run is how do we use technology and capitalize on the trends? How do we make technology our friend, not our enemy? In your entire history of studying trends and making sure you don't miss the big ones, what is the fool's gold that you've seen?

45:48When does it seem sometime there might be a trend and what might be the reasons that something that initially appears to be the next big thing, in fact, is not? I gave you one very graphic example of something I thought was a trend, and I wrongly thought it was a trend, and I ended up losing a lot of money on it. Back in, I want to say around 1999 or so, there was this Transportation Equity Act for the 21st century. It was called T21. And the idea was to repair all the bridges and the tunnels and the roads and all the decaying infrastructure across the United States. And the government was going going to spend$600 billion to do that.

46:22And I thought that was a trend. I said, wow, I got to get in on this trend. We're going to see a lot of... By the way,$600 billion back in 1999 was a lot of money. Today, that would... I don't know how many headlines it would even get. It's not trillions, but back then it was the equivalent of today,$200. And I said, we need to get in this game. And I went out and I bought a lot of barricade companies and cone rentals and striping and all those things that are orange on the highway of doing reconstruction, bridges and tunnels. and I said, I'm going to be like the big corporate rental guy, this burgeoning trend of the government refixing all the roads around the country, the infrastructure.

46:54And of course, as governments often do, they didn't spend the$600 billion. They spent a much smaller fraction of it and it didn't go to companies like United Rentals for the large part. So it just didn't work. I ended up getting out of the business because it turned out to be a lousy business and I resold it for a half a billion dollar loss. So sometimes you spot a trend and get all excited about it and act on it, it's not a real trend. That's an example of that. You got to be careful that you don't have false trends. When I was reading the tech chronology in your book, it gave me flashbacks to reading Ray Kurzweil's work back in my 20s or something.

47:26The singularity is near. What do you think of that notion? Surely anyone that looks at this, if you put it on a visual chart, you see this very Kurzweilian exponential growth. What do you think about this notion of the singularity? So you'll notice the very beginning of the book, I have the acknowledgement section. And usually in the acknowledgement section, you thank your manager and your publicist and your publisher and your wife and God, whatever. And they're pretty much all the same. And I say, I don't want to waste the reader's time, do some boring thing. I tried not to put anything silly in the book.

47:57I tried to be snappy. I tried to make it substantive and respect the reader's time because people are busy and they're doing me the privilege of reading the book. I want to give them something in return, something that's worth reading. So in the acknowledgement section, I picked about 15 or 20 people that have been my mentors, that have been my teachers, that have been my friends that I learned stuff from, just people that I've really benefited a lot, gained some wisdom, gained some insight that I wouldn't have had otherwise. And that's what I put. I put the person's name and then in one sentence, what did I learn from them?

48:26What's one of the most important things I learned from them? One of the acknowledgements actually is Ray Kurzweil because Kurzweil wrote a book in, I would say 2006, 2006 or so, called The Singularity is Near. And its premise was that technology is advancing at ever-increasing speeds, it's accelerating, and humans are not evolving as fast as machines, as technology, as software and hardware. And ultimately, we're going to keep using that technology that we're creating. Technology is a tool that we're creating, just going back to the stone tools I talked about a few minutes ago, just like fire, just like the wheel, just like the telegraph, just like all the tools that we've invented over the years.

49:05This technology that we've been creating is becoming more and more integrated with us. and we're using it to enhance our senses. We're using it to enhance our cognitive functioning. We're using it now to enhance our feelings, our relationships. So many things that AI is generating, our writing are now generative AI. And his hypothesis was, and still is, that we're merging with technology. And just as 99.9 % of all the species that have ever existed on the planet have gone extinct, humans, we're gonna go extinct someday too. He thinks we're gonna go extinct not too long from now. He thinks we're going to go extinct in the next decades, not the next centuries or millennia.

49:43And he thinks the next species will be a combination of humans and machines, humans and technology that will be so different that you have to call it another species. And I don't know about the timing on that, but directionally, it makes a lot of sense. When you're evaluating how to deploy a new technology, let's just take AI. It's the one of the day for sure. Inside of a business, what are the tactics of doing that? Is it pushed down to your team? Is there a normal way that you run this process in some regular interval to say, are we using the technology of the day efficiently enough? How do you actually do it?

50:17Especially because your businesses have been so real world heavy, CapEx heavy, asset intensive. This is not a bunch of software flying around. So the exact opposite of what you would originally think. I don't say, okay, here's all this technology. How can we use it? It's the exact reverse. I ask all my employees and I have formal ways to do that. through questionnaires, through emails, and we also do town halls, a big campaign to ask all of our employees, if you had a wishlist and there was no financial impediment, just an initial exercise, don't worry about what it costs, and you could design any technology you would want to have, what would make your job easier?

50:57You could do your job faster if you had it. What would you be able to please the customer more if you had it? What are customers asking you for? What are ways that instead of something taking 10 minutes can be done in 10 seconds and fantasize. Fantasize your perfect technology, your ideal world of technology. And then you get all these ideas come in. Then the tech people who have to be very tightly integrated with the commercial people, otherwise they're creating stuff that there's no application for. They're very much involved in this process. They then take it together with the FP &A, with the financial people, and look at each one of these ideas and say, okay, what would be the financial impact?

51:33Supposing we did this, Suppose we automated this function, for example. How much more money would that save? And we could pass along some of that to the customer and keep some of that for ourselves and we grow margin here. And then what would it cost? And how much time would it take? What would the timetable look like on that? What would be the investment in that? And then it all comes down to ROIC, which is the basic thing of businesses. ROIC, you're deploying capital and getting money back. And then they stack rank all those. And now we've got the beginning of a business plan for our tech group.

52:01Here's what we asked all of our employees, what's the fantasticest tech you can imagine? And now we've gone into detail of what it would cost and what the return would be and timing for it. And we've stack ranked them. And now we have our plan. And then we track that plan. We execute that plan based on a timescale. We assign responsibilities to people. Now we have a checklist and we have weekly and monthly meetings where we color code our progress on that, of how likely are we to hit the goal by that date that we initially said. Is it green? Is it yellow? Is it red? And then we attention direct based on that.

52:36And we don't just do with employees. We ask all of our customers and our vendors. We say, what could we do in technology that would make you love us more, that would make you want to do more business with us, that would make your life easier, that would delight you? And then we do the same exact process I just described. Get that all down, maybe we have hundreds or thousands of ideas, and then we stack rank them based on ROIC. You seem to love problems. Yes, I do. And by the way, you mentioned Mr. Jesselson before. One of the things I learned from Mr. Jesselson is that problems are your friend.

53:08Problems are your opportunities. Problem solving problems, that's the way you make money. So if there's no problems to solve, you're not going to make any money. Shareholder value comes from identifying problems, running towards the problems, solving the problems. Talk to me about thought experiments and the role of thought experiments in your life. I haven't had a lot of time for a lot of hobbies because I've been very busy. building great companies, leading teams, and just running fast. I haven't had a lot of time for a huge amount of hobbies. So a little time I've had, my biggest hobby is meditation.

53:37So I meditate twice a day and I've been doing this since I've been 16 years old. Holy cow. 51 years. I've missed almost no days. I've done it almost every morning and every afternoon. And I've tried lots of different forms of meditation and I've mashed them all together and made my own personal meditation that works for me. And one of those approaches to meditation are thought experiments. Thought experiments actually is not a phrase I made up. It comes from Albert Einstein, actually. Albert Einstein had a German word that I can't pronounce. It's phonetically something like Gedanken experiment, which translates to thought experiment.

54:05In fact, using a thought experiment is how Einstein discovered relativity because he pictured himself, he imagined himself, did a thought experiment of riding a beam of light and pictured what that would be. And he saw the relationship between time and space and all became clear to him. So thought experiments are picturing things intentionally in your mind. And I try to do things that are numinous, meaning I try to do things that are novel, that are different, that are inspiring, that take me out of my comfort zone, that give me a perspective that's not normal, so to speak. Because if I just have normal perceptions, I'm going to achieve normal results.

54:38And I want to achieve super normal results. I want to lead teams that create a huge amount of alpha. In order to do that, I've got to have people think differently. I have to have people think out of the box, thinking in a different way than ordinary thinking. So thought experiments for me helped me do that. So sometimes I think in terms of different perspectives on space, either very big, bigger than the universe, an infinite number of universes, a multiverse. Sometimes I shrink my awareness down to tiny spaces, like I'm inside an atom, even on the quark level, there's elementary particles. Sometimes I do that not just with space, I do it with time.

55:09I go back in time, maybe decades and memories from my childhood or growing up, smells or sights or sensations or faces or places. Sometimes I go back thousands of years or millions of years, and I picture what would have been in the past. I'm just giving you a few examples of different ways of thinking. And that's time, that's space. I apply similar ways of looking at sensory activity, feelings, emotions, and some of the best emotions in life, like love, and figure out ways to amplify those emotions. And I have a lot of fun with that. 16 is very early to start meditating. Maharishi Mashi Yogi, I saw a poster of.

55:44I was at Northfield Mount Hermit School. I was a junior. I was 16. I saw a poster of this man with a beard, and there was a saying under the poster that said, life is bliss. So that's interesting. That's a different... You don't really think about life being bliss. That's not like a normal saying. It was a free lecture. So I went to lecture, and there was this red-headed woman, Janice Old, what I think her name was. I still remember to this day. And she seemed to have something interesting about her, a certain calmness and glow about her. And I learned TM. I learned TM, and I did it for decades.

56:11And I hung around with Maharishi when I was a student, when I was younger. And then eventually I left the TM movement and I started studying other types of meditation and I built on that foundation. What was he like to be with? What was the affect? He was a very interesting guy and a person who was complex, had a lot of different things about him that were opposites. On the one hand, he was a very humble man, a lot of humility and a lot of sensitivity and a lot of caringness, a lot of love and very kind, hearted person, generous. And in another angle, he had a lot of big plans himself and a lot of big things.

56:43And you were either on the bus or off the bus. And if you were not helping him with that, you were off the bus. But he was a very bright person, extremely intelligent, very charismatic. He was able to charm thousands, actually millions of people to follow him. I liked following him. I liked being part of a group that was different, that was learning new things, that was experimenting with, he called it consciousness as a field of all possibilities. I thought that was a really cool saying. He knew a lot about meditation. He had studied meditation deeply in India, had met many different gurus that he had met with, and he had formulated it that was something that was easy for Westerners to do.

57:20So he was very brilliant with meditation techniques. What formative experience comes most easily to mind prior to age 16? For me, it was education. For me, I was lucky, I was privileged to be able to go to summer enrichment camps instead of normal camps like most kids go to. My mother put us into geeky, nerdy camps that were for the sciences and for the arts and were educational, basically extensions of the school year. And there was one at Moses Brown School in Providence, and there was one that was called the Governor's School for the Gifted. I participated in these summer programs that I learned that there's a lot of people who are a lot smarter and gifted than I am.

57:57I learned it was really nice to be around. It was very enlivening to be around people who are smarter than me, people more talented than I was. Because when you're in your own school, Maybe you're the top student in that class or the top one or two students in the class. You think you're really smart. When you go to school for the gifted, you realize suddenly you're in the lower quartile, not in the top one or two students in your class. And I found that very enriching. In fact, they were called enrichment camps. And I remember the excitement of being in a group of really bright people, maybe 20, 30 people in a class and a very talented teacher up in front.

58:28And that teacher bringing out a lively conversation. For me, that was a learning of an electric experience, how to run an electric meeting, which fast forward to today is the title of one of the chapters of my book is how to run an electric meeting. And one of the keys to that is to make sure that people in the room have the right people in the room. Yeah, you're doing my job for me. You got to tell us about the electric meetings. What are the components? So our meetings in all three of those companies are different, very different than the typical boring meeting that most companies have. Most companies have a meeting where someone's up there and they've got a PowerPoint or they've got a speech they've prepared and people are sort of semi-listening to the speech.

59:06Torture. Going back to what I was saying before, when you get my age, you only have 5 ,000 to 7 ,000 days left. You want to have every minute of that something exciting, something valuable, something rewarding. And that's not the kind of way I want to spend my days going forward. The way we get those meetings very exciting and very valuable and productive is to first have the right people in the meeting. People who are very honest, who are very intelligent, who are very hardworking, who are very collaborative. And people understand respectfulness. People understand how to listen and how to be open and receptive to other people's ideas, to what other people's perspectives are.

59:40And people who can think dialectically, meaning thinking from different perspectives on the same problem. Not rigid thinkers. Not black and white dichotomous thinkers. Not people who think, I've got it all figured out and anyone who disagrees with me is wrong. and I'm never going to change my mind because you don't get anywhere with that. So you want to have an atmosphere where people are encouraged to disagree, but disagree respectfully. And if you can create a safe zone for people to lean in and disagree with each other in a nice way, where the person who's being disagreed with doesn't feel bad because you're not attacking that person, you're debating that idea.

1:00:14You're very different. You're not labeling the person or denigrating or demeaning the person and there's no bullying or any of that kind of stuff. There's passion in those meetings. There's energy in those meetings, but it's the energy of ideas. It's the energy of a shared purpose between all the people in that meeting that we want to get to the right decisions on these things. And we want to then, as leaders of the company, go back to the field and mobilize large numbers of people to create a ton of alpha. That's a fantastic meeting. The way you run an electric meeting is the leader doesn't set the agenda for the meeting.

1:00:44The people set the agenda for the meeting. So what I do is I send out what would normally be the PowerPoint presentation of the agenda for the meeting ahead of time. And people expected to read that. And then I have everybody, we have an app, and everybody has to fill out the app and put in their biggest takeaways that they learned from reading that and from being in the business on related subjects. And secondly, they have to put in, okay, now we've read what our challenges are, what our opportunities are, what our goals are. What do you think are questions that are worth going around the room once we meet in person?

1:01:16It's a good use of everyone's time. That's going to help us achieve goals of creating value for shareholders, for delighting customers, for improving their employee engagement and so forth. And then we take all those. We eliminate the dupes because often you get a lot of dupes on the good takeaways and the good questions. And we send them back and everyone rates each one of those takeaways and each one of those questions on a scale of one to 10 in terms of the importance of the value that they think discussing that in the group would add. And now we've got our agenda. We start with the ones that have the highest rankings and we go down until class is over.

1:01:50I'm joking class, until the meeting is over. And that becomes an inclusive, democratic way to set the agenda that people really buy into. They really pay attention to what's going on in the meeting because they set the agenda. This is what they wanted to talk about. And that's a rule of the meeting is that there are no devices on. There are no side conversations. There are no distractions here. You have to pay attention. If you have the privilege of being invited to this meeting, you're concentrating on the one person who's speaking at a time, and you're giving that person your 100 % attention.

1:02:21Your eyes are right on that person. Your ears are listening right to moving from that person's mouth. And you're feeling what they're feeling, and you get really in tune with the person. And it's such an exhilarating experience for the speaker and for the people who are listening, for the person speaking. Imagine how validating that is, Patrick, that you're in a meeting, you got 20 of your colleagues, of your peers there. And everyone is just looking right at you and really genuinely interested in what you have to say. It just builds up your confidence. It also gets you in the flow, gets you in the zone.

1:02:52And you also feel a certain inspiration and motivation to say important things because you've got all these people paying attention to what you're saying. So it gets you really in the zone. And then all the people are listening and it cultivates a flexible mindset, which is so critical in leadership and business, where you're constantly re-evaluating your hypotheses based on new evidence, new information. And that's what those meetings are like. And people really want to be in those meetings. Who's the best leader you've ever experienced? I've had the fortune to have lots of great leaders in the company that I've led.

1:03:24If I had a point to the best leader, I'd have to say three, because by definition, I thought they were the greatest leaders in the company because I promoted them to be CEO of the three companies. These are the people I felt that were most qualified, most suited to lead over 100 ,000 people. And they're very different. So you look at Mario Harik for XPO, you look at Malcolm Wilson for GXO, look at Drew Wilkerson for RXO. On the surface, very different ages, different backgrounds, different cultures, different accents. One's from Lebanon, one's from England, one's from South Carolina. They look very different from each other.

1:04:00But when you dig down to the things that matter, not the superficial stuff, but the more important things, they're identical. These are people who are honest to the bone. That's critical for a leader. You won't get tens of thousands of people to follow you if you're a BS artist. People are smart. People are smart. They may be making $20 an hour. They're still smart. People can know if a leader is telling them the truth or if they're giving them baloney. They can smell it. It's like the people are programmed for that. So these people have integrity. These people are hardworking. These people are not people you have to check on them and prod them.

1:04:30These are the people who are all in, lean in and all in and really take a lot of pride in doing a really good job. These are people who are collegial. These are people who get along with other people. These are people who are collaborative. These are people who are not arrogant. These are people who are humble. These are people who understand that we come and go in a few decades. We're not that important. We're just a little tiny flick and a flash and the whole universe is huge universe. And people don't take themselves too seriously. These are people who have, on the one hand, enormous amount of self-confidence, enormous amount of self-confidence that a leader has to have.

1:05:02At the same time, even though it's an opposite trait, don't overemphasize to themselves how important they are because we're not that important in the end. So they have humbleness. And so these people have the qualities. These three people are great leaders. They have the qualities that I've just been articulating. They really embody them. They don't have to be tutored and mentored and get a coach to get them to be more honest, get them to be more collaborative and get them to be harder working and so forth. This is what they're made of. This is their DNA. What, if anything, about business are you interested in that you feel like you haven't yet figured out?

1:05:30What I'd like to figure out more is something that I've figured out a lot but haven't gotten to the end zone yet, which is how do I motivate and deal with people who aren't thinking clearly, who are victims of their own faulty way of thinking, of their biases, their prejudices, their cognitive distortions, their schema in life, the prison that they have to interpret all the things that are happening in life. and sometimes you see people who have some significant weaknesses in the way they're thinking. And I would really like to figure out a way to better communicate with those people, to be able to mentor those people, coach those people, to just unthink their stinking thinking, as they say.

1:06:06That's something I would like to really get better at. I'm not bad at it, actually. I'm good at it. I'm good at identifying that. I'm good at being empathetic and helping people, but I'm not proficient at it. I'm not perfect at it. And I would like to get better at it. A related question is the key to getting the most out of someone. Everyone has something to offer. it varies person to person, both in type and degree. What is the best way to get the most out of people? In business, how about paying them well? How about paying them a lot of money if they perform? There are two things there, paying them a lot of money, but if and only if they perform.

1:06:38So most people come to work, they don't want to make money. That's the purpose. They're coming in, not because they want to hang out. Although if you have a fantastic company, that is a motivation to come in because they like the people they work with, maybe as much as the people they live with. But that's not the main reason why a person is coming in. The main reason a person's coming in is because they want to make a lot of money for themselves and actually for the people they love. In most cases, it's for the people they love. It's for their spouse and their kids and whatever else they donate to and whatever's important in their life.

1:07:05They want to give back and they want to support people. They want to get the self-esteem from enabling other people to live a comfortable life. And so if you can provide them with an opportunity to make a lot more money than they're going to make across the street, but tie it to performance, tie it to them actually executing on the things that will help us materialize our big vision. People will create miracles. People will do things they didn't even know they were capable of doing. What do you want now? You're someone that has done a lot of thinking big, a lot of moving fast, had a lot of success as a result of those two things across a lot of industries.

1:07:38You strike me as someone that is not going to stop or slow down. So what do you want? What do you still want? I have a big, long list of things to do. My wife and I actually have a bucket list. She keeps a little book where we have our date nights and every time we come up with a place we want to go, it's something we want to do. She puts it down there. We're not going to get through 5 % of that list because there's just not enough days left. But my main goal right now is to continue what I've been doing, which is to start companies from scratch and make them into big multi-billion dollar companies and make the shareholders a lot of money and make the employees real happy and make the employees a lot of money.

1:08:11Also, I want to have a money tree organization where everyone who's touching that organization is getting their fair share of gold. And for me, I get a lot of satisfaction out of that. It's something that really turns me on. I really enjoy doing that. I like the creativity of getting a big idea that starts off by definition abstract. It's all in your mind. You're just picturing something in your mind. I want to create this large industry leader. I want to create this gargantuan company that's going to be respected in the industry and customers are going to love and so forth. And that shareholders are going to want to invest in it.

1:08:40and then making that concrete, and then materializing that abstract vision with precision. For me, I really enjoy doing that. It's a creative process for me. It's the same process that a musician has or an artist has, where you first got to conceive of something, and then you actually make that happen. One thing that you have to do well by definition, given you've started all these companies and all these industries, is know when to leave. How do you know when a chapter is done? I was talking to James Gorman the other day, who's the retiring CEO of Morgan Stanley. And I was telling James, don't quit.

1:09:10He's stepping down as CEO and he's going to become executive chairman. And I have a great relationship with him and I have a great relationship with his bank. And he said, I really don't want to see you go. You're still in your 50s. You're still young. And he said, no, I feel it's time to go. I feel it's the right time to go. Everything is well and wisely put. I've got good succession plan in place. I think I can leave holding my head high and feel real good what accomplished. And I understand that because I've left many companies over the years. I've left five companies over the years that I've built up to very large companies.

1:09:37and it was time to move on. There comes a point in time when it's time to move on. It doesn't feel the same. You look forward the next few years and you say, what do I want to accomplish? And is that aligned with what the company is going to do? And if it's not perfectly aligned and you don't have your heart 100 % into that, you should leave. You should leave and move on. And if you feel the slightest bit bored as a leader, it's time to move on. Because if you're doing your job right, you're not going to be bored for one second. You're going to go through every day, you're going to have a to-do list, and you're not going to get through a quarter of your to-do list every day.

1:10:07Your to-do list is too short. And when you get to the point when there's some type of a been there, done that mentality, then it's time to move on. I'd love to do a really quick tour of the businesses and something surprising about the business that you learned building them that people might not appreciate, maybe starting all the way back with oil business and your couple adventures there. For the first 10 years of my business career from ages 23 to 33, I was in the oil business. And I loved the oil business. It was this global business that back then in 1979 to 1989, there was no internet, there was no email.

1:10:40Futures Exchange were just starting towards the end of that. And information was hidden, particularly information about pricing. So you could go to an OPEC country and sign a contract for$23 a barrel, and they only set the price every three months or so when they would meet in Vienna or they meet in Geneva. In the meantime, the spot market is like$33 a barrel, for example, and you could resell it for$10 back-to-back with no risk. If the price happened to go down, you just don't lift the cargo. You minimize the amount of lifting you have. So this was a wonderful business to be in because of the information immaturity, the lack of free flow of information.

1:11:13You would find out the pricing of oil. You weren't in the game. if you weren't in the business all day long, buy a snail mail newsletter you would get from McGraw-Hill Platts Oil Grant, it was called. And that's how people discovered price. Now you discover it every second. It's up on the screen with futures and you see it every tick. So that was a big opportunity to make a lot of money. I could no way make the kind of money I made back then today doing the same thing because that just doesn't exist. The pricing is transparent and where the oil is, where it has to go is transparent. And we did a lot of processing deals.

1:11:43We did a lot of deals where we would rent, to quote unquote, the refinery from Shell Rotterdam or BPN. And we would then get the oil, charter a ship, bring it to that refinery, pay them a couple of dollars or whatever to process it. And then we would sell what came out of that. And people said, wow, that's a real risky business. And we were like, really, it was almost no risk. It was a little risk, but almost no risk because we understood each component of that. And today, everybody understands that. That's not unique proprietary information. But the time was really great. The next business I went into was waste management.

1:12:14And this was, I started a business in 1989 and took a public in 1992 called United Waste Systems. And the strategy there was real simple. It was to go into these tertiary markets, not even secondary markets, but go into the upper peninsula of Michigan or Appalachia or West Virginia, Kentucky, and go down to rural Mississippi and buy up the landfill capacity, and then buy the hauling companies, the collection companies that were coming, that was called tipping at those landfills, and build up scale and build up a density so that you could run the business. You could run one truck instead of 10 trucks and pick up the same amount of garbage the same amount of time.

1:12:49Obviously, the margins would increase quite a bit as a result of doing that. And we use technology to do route optimization, which now everybody does. Back then, that was revolutionary. And that business, we outperformed the S &P 500 from 1992 to when I sold it to what's now called waste management for$2.5 billion by 5.6x. So if you bought one share of the S &P and one share of United Waste, you would have made 5.6 times more money on the United Waste one. What I learned from that was that the trend is important. Again, we would not be able to make that kind of money today in the waste business.

1:13:19We had a trend going on where right around that time, the EPA was outlawing these dumps, which were unsanitary and were polluting the environment and really should be outlawed. And the amount of landfills decreased East by a large amount. And the remaining landfills, which then cost about four or$5 million to build up, made a lot of money because they were the survivors. So we capitalized on that. And then after that was United Rentals that ran for 10 years. United Rentals was based on one simple premise. The premise was there was a lot of construction equipment that was being owned by construction companies and by end users that was only used like a few months, a few weeks, sometimes a few days out of the year.

1:13:59We said, this is nuts. This is absolutely crazy. It makes absolutely no commercial sense. And then you had to have a maintenance team. It's almost like the Uber and Airbnb insight before them. In a way, in a different industry. Yeah, absolutely. It was a form of sharing, of crowd sharing. And at the time, about 15 % of construction equipment in North America was rented, 85 % was owned. We said, that's going to flip. There'll come a point in time where there'll be more equipment rented for short periods of time and utilized over the course of the year by sharing it with many different users than is owned all year long.

1:14:32And of course, that turned out. So we had a tremendous amount of organic growth and we had a tremendous amount of M &A opportunity as well. We bought well over 200 companies in the industry and we bought them at multiples lower than what we were trading at. So we created a lot of alpha. The first Monday at seven o 'clock in the morning, we showed up after we bought a deal just by the accretion in the deal. They're all creative deals. The other thing I took away from United Waste was that was my first exposure to public markets. Everything I did in the oil industry was private. The waste business was the first time I had a public currency.

1:14:59And I remember when we IPO'd it with the two banks that then at that time were the two leading banks in environmental services, there was Payne Weber and there was Alex Brown. Of course, now Alex Brown's part of Deutsche Bank and Payne Weber's part of UBS. But at the time, I went to two conferences and I saw Jim Groninger, It was an investment banker speaking for Payne Weber. And I saw Tammy Preston, who was the investment banker for this field, for Alex Brown. These were the two big shot bankers. I said, I want to use these bankers. I want to work with the people who are actually doing the most amount of business in the area, who understand the business well.

1:15:28And so I did. And I formed good relationships with them. I took their advice. We took it public pretty quickly. Then I said, after we sold United Ways for$2.5 billion, I want to build on the skill set that we've developed, that we've honed, of doing M &A, of doing integration, of running a business in a standardized way. I was in the town next over from Dan Tully, who was the CEO of Merrill Lynch at the time, fantastic man, may he rest in peace. And Dan, this is in the old days when you could meet with the banker and the analyst in the same room. So Dan set up and his son, who's also named Dan, set up a series of meetings, I'd say about a dozen meetings with different parts of Merrill Lynch that had ideas of what should be the next industry that I should consolidate.

1:16:09Where are their M &A opportunities? And we looked at healthcare, we looked at financial services, we looked at education, and we looked at equipment rentals. So that got me into United Rentals. And United Rentals was a big win, obviously. United Rentals, I started at, the company was$3.50 a share. I haven't checked it today, but recently the stock has been$435. It's over a hundred bagger. United Rentals was a durable business that we created. And then XPO, I started in 2011 and it was a similar business plan. It was a business to consolidate an industry that was still fragmented. And that's what I did.

1:16:40I looked at over 2 ,000 acquisition opportunities and I bought 18 companies. And we tightly integrated those 18 companies. And if you look at those companies that we bought, before we bought them, they were doing roughly about a billion dollars in EBITDA collectively, pro forma. You look at them today, they're doing something like$2.5 billion EBITDA. So we and my management teams that succeeded me have improved those businesses, have made those businesses more profitable. And that's the other component. You can't just buy stuff. You have to buy stuff and then integrate them and optimize them. And that's a very important part of the value creation opportunity.

1:17:14That's what I learned at XPill Logistics is to, I just honed the skills and just built on the skills that we had done in the previous company. What, having listened to this, would still surprise people about you? I was talking to one of my investors the other day and he said he's learned more about me in the last three months because I've been on interviews and different forums. I've been opening up a little bit about my personal life. I've usually kept my personal life and my approach just out of it and just tried to just institutionalize myself and just be a corporate CEO and just do a real good job and deliver the numbers and get results and people will appreciate that and do it.

1:17:44So I've been interviewed a bunch of times the last few months and I've taken questions like the good questions you've been asking me and I've been answering them. So I don't know what surprised people about me. I really don't. I think I saw somewhere that you would consider something like accounting as an area that you might go check out, but then decided against it. And I'm always just so interested by why you might pass on something. Is that a real example? Did I have that right? And if so, why did you just head not to do it? Over the last year, I've looked at over 500 opportunities, mostly M &A opportunities, industries that we could consolidate, businesses we could do a lot of acquisitions in.

1:18:16And I've rejected the vast majority of them. I'm down to a very short list. And accounting was one of the ones I looked at. And I got to be careful because every business I have has accountants. I don't want to say anything that annoys my auditors, but I think there's a real existential risk to accounting. I think AI in five years, 10 years, 15 years, I don't know the timeframe, could do everything that accountants do right now, particularly the ones that are just doing individuals, personal income taxes, for example. I think that's very mechanical. And anything that's mechanical and just process and can be formulaic, AI is going to rip that out and just do it for cheaper or for free even.

1:18:50So I don't want to get into a business where technology trends are going to be my enemy. I want to get into a business where technology trends are going to be my friend. I want to get into something where AI is going to help us grow margins, help us grow the business. Is there anything else about software versus physical technology in the software sense of incredible software businesses obviously have been built, but software can get disrupted by other software fairly easily, whereas disrupting United Rental or something, I guess it's possible, but it's not going to be done by a programmer in his closet.

1:19:20I like to be in businesses that you can touch and kick and there's nothing physical there to it. That's not necessarily better. It's just me. That's what I like. I gravitate towards things like that. I like to be in businesses where the metaverse is not going to replace it. So there's certain things like your house. Eventually, even if all day long you're wearing goggles or a contact lens or somehow you're in the metaverse for a large part of your time, you're probably going to still sleep in a bed and you're probably going to still take a real shower with a real shower and you're going to brush your teeth with a real toothbrush.

1:19:47There's other things that will be replaced, will be placed by AI and it's no longer going to be. And I want to make sure I'm in the first category, not in the second category. I love the idea of think big and move fast. I interpret it almost as a challenge. That's something I can take and go do, try to do more of each of those two things. Is there any other way that you would frame a challenge to those listening to live what obviously has been a very full life? The book is called How to Make a Few Billion Dollars. It's a little bit of a misnomer because it's not just about how to make money. It is.

1:20:19It's designed particularly with aspiring CEOs in mind, but that's not the only purpose of the book. The purpose of the book also is to help people achieve whatever they want to achieve in their personal life, in their business life, in relationships, but anything important, something that's big. Life goes by real fast and you can just dilly-dally through it and just die. Or you can do real fun stuff and real exciting things and you can change the world if you want to change the world. You can help other people if you want to help other people. You can learn things that are really important to learn.

1:20:50You can explore the arts and the science. I mean, there's so many things that are amazing in life. Life is a wonderful opportunity. We have a privilege. The biggest privilege we have is just being alive, being a living, breathing organism that has cognitive functioning and has sensory activity, that has purpose and a meaning and has feelings and can know what love is and have relationships with people. This is not what most things have, but we don't have it for a long period of time. We have it just for a few decades and it goes by fast. As you get older, it goes by faster and faster. I remember when I was a kid, summer seemed like forever.

1:21:24Today, summer seems like it goes by in a week. I think the book is to help people dream big, have people get out of their ruts of thinking and explore bigger, newer, important ways and increase their desire, increase their goals, and to help them at least show them what's worked for me. Some of those things will resonate and will be applicable and will help people and they can use those same techniques. But hopefully, even the ones that don't will give them examples and ideas and illustrations of things that they can customize for themselves. I'm not a perfect genius and know the answers to everything.

1:21:58I have some things that are proprietary and idiosyncratic to how I've built these beautiful businesses that I put in the book. One thing I learned from writing this book is I have a few dozen, maybe 100 unique ideas, and I put them all in the book. I don't have another book in me. This is my only book. I'm not writing another book, at least that's not my plan because I don't think I could come up with another hundred things that are unique and special and different. But I did put down in that book every single thing that I think at least was responsible for the success that my teams and I have had.

1:22:28How did you get the book done so fast? Concentration, just really focusing on that. And this is just the way we've done everything in business is having a clear vision of what we're trying to achieve and then laser focus on that. So we talked earlier about the acknowledgement section where I listed various mentors and friends and people I've met that I've learned important things, life-changing things. And one of them I mentioned is Louis DeJoy. One of the people is now the Postmaster General of the United States. And I got to know Louis pretty well because I bought his company and he was on my board of directors for a while before he went into government service.

1:22:58And what I learned from Louis was laser focus on the things that matter and avoid distractions. He would say that over and over again. So let's, oh, that's a distraction. When he was running a meeting, there was an agenda and it was something that came in that was just not helpful to what we're trying to achieve. He would say, no, let's refocus. Let's stay focused on the points. And when we was running a warehouse, he would have everybody focused on the KPIs, the key performance indicators, the metrics, the measurements of success that mattered and just kept coming down to that. And I watched him how he would run the business.

1:23:28He had these video conferences with all the managers at the different warehouses and he got into great detail of what they were doing. And he would always bring the conversation back to the 10 or so KPIs. How are we doing on this? How are we doing on this per hour? How are we doing on this number? How are we doing on this productivity? How are we doing on employee engagement? How are we doing on customer satisfaction? How are we doing on defect? Focus, focus, focus on the things that matter. The thing that gives me joy is something that's happened today, which is I've done 400 of these. I've not met someone quite like you.

1:23:55You do this interesting combination of almost like John Collison's endless curiosity and optimism and energy with Frank Slootman's intensity or something like that. Some really interesting combination that I haven't encountered. And I've done a lot of these and I've met a lot of people. And so I've just really enjoyed your affect. It's really cool. The book is fantastic. I have one final question for you, and I ask everyone the same question. What is the kindest thing that anyone's ever done for you? That's an easy question for me to answer. I don't need any time to come up with the answer. It was the president of Banque Paribas was a gentleman called Christian Weyer, W-E-Y-E-R, Christian Weyer.

1:24:30And he's still alive. He's 101 years old, French, but living in Geneva. And Christian did two things for me. And the second one is the most kind. The first one was very helpful for me in business. He gave me a billion dollars line of credit from Bank Paribot to go do oil trading. So he had confidence in me. He believed in me and I didn't let him down. Really appreciated that. But the second thing was even kinder. He introduced me to my wife. We've been together now for almost 40 years. Fantastic. Brad, thank you so much for your time. Thank you, sir. If you enjoyed this episode, check out joincolossus.com.

1:25:02There you'll find every episode of this podcast complete with transcripts, show notes, and resources to keep learning. You can also sign up for our newsletter, Colossus Weekly, where we condense episodes to the big ideas, quotations, and more, as well as share the best content we find on the internet every week.

1:25:40Thank you.