Building 'The World's Alternative Investment Marketplace' with Lawrence Calcano

1 May 2026 · 59 min · 27 chapters

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In short

How iCapital, founded in 2013, built “the world’s alternative investment marketplace” by using end-to-end technology to help advisors access alternatives (alts, structured products, annuities) and manage illiquidity education, onboarding, subscriptions, capital calls, reporting, and workflow automation.

Guest

Lawrence Calcano, CEO and chairman of iCapital (since 2013). Background: economics/theater at Holy Cross; MBA at Dartmouth’s Tuck. Early career at Morgan Stanley (mortgage finance; structured products like Ginnie Mae/Fannie Mae securities, CMOs). Later at Goldman Sachs, co-led Global Technology Banking Group; led East Coast Tech Group during the Netscape/Internet IPO era and dot-com boom/bust.

Key claims

Alternatives access is “advisor-first” (B2B2C), and technology is essential because alts are a “highly manual process.” Illiquidity is misunderstood—wrappers with redemption gates (e.g., “5% gate”) don’t make underlying assets liquid; investors should match duration. International demand is growing; iCapital has $65B in non-U.S. allocations.

Notable examples

Internet adoption projections vs valuation hype; 2022 rate shock and confusion around real estate lockups (e.g., BREATH); AI pilots generating fund sub-docs and helping advisors/clients describe interests via marketplace toggles.

Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.

Chapters

Tap a time to open that second in VO

Introducing Lawrence Calcano

2:32 to 3:04

Get to know Lawrence Calcano and his background in fintech.

“This week on the podcast, wow, another great conversation.”

Lawrence's Early Career Journey

3:04 to 4:21

Lawrence shares his diverse educational and career background.

“I've been looking forward to this for a while.”

The Decision Between Theater and Finance

4:21 to 5:30

Calcano discusses his early career choices between acting and finance.

“And I played a young Texas millionaire who was engaged to a wealthy British woman.”

Insights from Morgan Stanley to Business School

5:30 to 7:37

Lawrence reflects on his experience at Morgan Stanley and business school.

“And then I put in one application to business school.”

Cultural Differences: Morgan Stanley vs. Goldman Sachs

7:37 to 8:18

A comparison of the corporate cultures at Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs.

“I'm going to think about all the different things I can do.”

Navigating the Dot-Com Boom and Bust

8:18 to 10:59

Learning from the dot-com boom and its impact on capital markets.

“They're such large and yet such different firms.”

Lessons on Technology Adoption

10:59 to 14:01

Calcano discusses the importance of adapting to technological changes.

“And, you know, it was all happening so quickly.”

The Role of Technology in Alternative Investments

14:01 to 18:46

Learn about the importance of technology in the alternative investment landscape and how it supports independent advisors.

“We're spending a lot of money on it as are lots of companies but I think you've got to be willing to sort of adopt or run the risk of dying.”

Navigating Illiquidity in Investments

21:32 to 28:00

Understand the challenges of illiquidity in alternative investments and how iCapital addresses them.

“See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures.”

Understanding Semi-Liquid Investments

28:00 to 29:25

Learn about the concept of semi-liquid investments and their implications.

“don't even know what that means, semi-liquid.”
Show all 27 chapters

The Demand for Alternative Investments

29:25 to 30:22

Explore the growing demand for alternative investments and the challenges faced by advisors.

“So let's talk a little bit about the demand for this product.”

International Interest in Alternatives

30:22 to 31:29

Discover the similarities and differences in the demand for alternatives internationally.

“We have brought both those types of products in partnerships with some managers into the market as well as partnerships with the infrastructure players.”

Tech Stack for Alternative Investments

31:29 to 32:59

Understand the technology solutions available for building investment portfolios.

“that drive advisors to introduce these products to clients, potential for incremental return, portfolio diversification, et cetera, are the same types of things that drive international interest as well.”

Industry Collaboration and Data Management

32:59 to 34:21

Learn about the need for collaboration in the financial industry and data management challenges.

“And so being able to help advisors think about how the products should be structured, how could they address client needs is a really important part of what we're doing.”

Wealth Allocation and Market Potential

34:21 to 35:26

Examine the potential for wealth allocation to alternative investments.

“So it's funny, you mentioned disruptive.”

Acquisitions and Company Culture

35:26 to 36:47

Explore the importance of company culture in integrating acquisitions and driving success.

“So let's stay with technology and innovation.”

Capital Raises and Growth Strategy

36:47 to 37:51

Gain insights into capital raises and the strategy for growth in the alternative investment space.

“And I would say as time has evolved, I was always very focused on culture from the very start when we were a couple of people.”

Public vs Private Company Considerations

37:51 to 40:02

Discuss the implications of going public for firms and how it affects operations.

“We're about to close our acquisition of Hexure.”

The Evolution of Alternative Investments

44:16 to 47:28

Explore how alternative investments have changed over the years.

“He is the chairman and chief executive officer of iCapital, where he has been helping to build the firm since 2013.”

Understanding Private Markets' Importance

47:28 to 50:26

Learn why private markets are crucial for building diverse portfolios.

“Look, I think what's happened, which is a good thing, is clients have access to more products to potentially meet their needs.”

The Role of AI in Alternative Investments

50:26 to 53:04

Discuss how AI is transforming the alternative investment landscape.

“How has that moved from just straight up credit to private infrastructure, private equity, private real estate?”

Navigating Current Market Challenges

53:04 to 56:04

Understand the strategies for navigating challenges in the market today.

“What are the most meaningful near-term applications of artificial intelligence within the alternative space?”

Understanding the Landscape of Private Investments

56:04 to 56:54

Explore how transparency and education in private investments can enhance client experiences.

“But I think being out in front of clients, helping them understand the landscape and what's going on has been a big part of how we've spent a lot of time.”

The Future of Asset Management and Technology

56:54 to 58:08

Discuss the potential impact of blockchain, AI, and tokenization on asset management.

“I think that's probably how we'll play the public space in partnership and in concert with people who are experts in that area.”

The Role of Financial Advisors in a Tech-Driven Market

58:08 to 1:00:16

Learn about the evolving relationship between financial advisors and technology in enhancing client experiences.

“So I think there is significant application of those technologies that will be meaningful.”

Mentorship and Learning in Finance

1:00:16 to 1:03:05

Gain insights into the importance of mentorship and in-office experiences in developing a successful finance career.

“I'm overwhelmed with work reading right now between what we're doing in our business and client stuff.”

Patience and Perspective in Investing

1:03:05 to 1:04:54

Discover the significance of patience and perspective in building a successful investment career.

“Although I do love those Fridays from home.”
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Transcript

Automatic transcript. May contain errors.

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2:52I found this informative and really quite interesting. And I think you will also, with no further ado, my discussion with iCapital CEO, Lawrence Calcano. Thanks, Barry. It's great to be here. It's great to have you. I've been looking forward to this for a while. Before we get into your time with iCapital, I want to sort of work back through your career, starting with you get a bachelor's from Holy Cross and an MBA from Dartmouth. Talk, what was the original career plan? Boy, I don't know that I had one coming out of the gate. My dad was raised in an orphanage. His dad had died when he was two.

3:33And so he was in an orphanage until he was 18. He went into the Army, and then he came out, and he had to sort of put himself through school. And so he didn't have a regular sort of path that would sort of lead him to say to me as a teenager, here's the way to do it. And so he was learning and I was learning a little bit. I was a hockey player and I did get recruited to Holy Cross to play hockey. And when I was there, I was an economics major and a theater minor. I spent a lot of time doing theater there as well. And then I went off to Morgan Stanley. And that was a really interesting decision because I was in a professional play and had sort of been asked to be in a second play.

4:16And I had a little bit of a career crisis, if you will, early on. What was the first play? It was called The Murder Room. It was a James Sharkey slapstick play. And I played a young Texas millionaire who was engaged to a wealthy British woman. And the play takes place at her father's manor in the UK. It was full of sight gags and jokes and so forth. On Broadway or off Broadway? Off Broadway. Anyway, it was a lot of fun. I was offered a role as Pater in The Diary of Anne Frank as a follow-up. And I had also at that point gotten an offer to go to Morgan Stanley. and I was sort of in an early trade-off mode and ultimately figured I needed to eat.

4:59I had a lot of student loans and I decided to go off into the world of finance. So you spend a few years at Morgan Stanley. What were you focused on while you were there? I was at Mortgage Finance. So we were both helping S &Ls raise capital, do M &A and also structuring some of the new products like some of the Ginnie Mae Securities, Fannie Mae Securities, Remix, CMOs, things like that. a lot of the structured type investments. This is late 80s, early 90s? This is late 80s. Yeah, 85 to 88. And then I put in one application to business school. A good friend of mine who was an analyst before me left and went off to talk.

5:39I visited him. I had an offer to stay on it at Morgan as an associate, but decided that after my weekend at Tuck, that would be a good thing for me to kind of stop, reassess, figure out what I wanted to do, and I went off to talk. So I have to ask this obvious question. There's a whole industry helping students figure out which is the right schools for them, their first school, their safety schools, their reach. It's a whole side industry. You apply to one MBA school. I applied to one MBA school. And part of the reason for that is I had accepted the job to become an associate, and I went off to the visit, as I mentioned, and I just had this sort of feeling like I was making the wrong decision.

6:24I just staying was the, I loved Morgan. It was a fantastic firm, but I just had this sort of sense that maybe that wasn't sort of the right thing to do. And going off to business school for two years would be the right decision. And I loved it. I mean, it was an incredible two years time on the board of talk. Okay, but why just apply to one school? If you're deciding, hey, this path isn't exactly how I want to get an MBA. If you're applying to Dartmouth, you could apply to Stern, to Columbia, to wherever. Yeah. Why only one school? You know, I just was sort of wrapped with it. You know, I went up there.

7:03It's a small school. When I was there, there were 160 or so in the class, is very focused on team, you know, study groups and teamwork and so forth. And I, it's hard to say, I just felt really like it was the right place for me. And, you know, I wasn't too worried about it. If I didn't get in, I was going to become an associate at Morgan Stanley. So it wasn't like I had, you know, it was putting all your eggs in one basket, so to speak. Really interesting. How did you end up at Goldman Sachs? Was that at, while you were in business school or afterwards? Yeah. So when I went to business school, I sort of said to myself, I'm going to think about all the different things I can do.

7:41And after about, you know, two months, I said to myself, you know what, I really did like finance a lot and I want to go back there. And so I applied for summer internships and had a few offers. More than one? I did. I applied to all the summer internships and obviously coming out of Morgan Stanley was pretty helpful to my candidacy. I ended up getting an offer to be a summer associate at Goldman, which I took and was fortunate and pleased to have an offer to come back on post-graduation, which I did and spent obviously a long time there and, you know, had a very, very good experience there. So I'm really curious.

8:18They're such large and yet such different firms. What was the culture differences like? What did you learn from each? Yeah. So, so they are different. And, and both, By the way, there are a lot of different ways to skin the cat, right? Goldman had a very team-oriented culture, and I think Morgan Stanley does too, but Goldman, it's sort of right there in front of you. They've got 14 business principles, the first of which is our clients come first. By the way, you think about what are the things you learn early on in your career. There were several things from that experience that really stuck with me.

8:55Starting with business principle number one, your client's interests always come first. And then secondly, broadly, just the importance of working as a team. And my wife used to make fun of me because I would be in the office early. And if there were a party or some social event, I was always the last to leave. And she would say to me, dude, you don't have to actually be there till the end. But it was just, I loved it so much. And I just thought that camaraderie was so, it was powerful, smart from a business perspective. But mostly as a person, it was just fun. I mean, it was really fun being in that group of folks.

9:34So you end up co-leading Goldman's Global Technology Banking Group. Was your focus on tech and financial technology deliberate or did that just evolve organically over time? It just evolved. I was a generalist in corporate finance. It was then called global finance, actually. And my Morgan Stanley friends used to make fun of me and call it intergalactic finance. But it was global finance. And I did that as a generalist for a couple of years. And then I was asked to start the East Coast Tech Group, which I did. This is mid to late 90s? This is early 90s. I was a third year associate. And I did it and it was great.

10:14It was sort of late 92, early 93. And, you know, we started to win some business. And as you recall, the internet started to really kick in with Netscape's IPO in 95. And we went from having a really good business to being on fire and drinking from a fire hose, given all that was going on with the internet. Really, really fascinating. So you're there right through the dot-com boom and bust, probably the most transformative technology of the last 30 years, at least before AI. What did that teach you about how capital markets operate, the way investors behave? That had to be a wildly instructive era.

10:59It was wildly instructive. And, you know, it was all happening so quickly. And as you recall, people were trying to figure out how do we even value these companies, you know? But there was one thing. We had a great team of folks, the research team, the salespeople, the bankers. We all worked really well together. And we would go out and we'd sort of make presentations to potential clients. And we'd always talk about where we saw the market going apart from valuation. So what did we think the adoption was going to look like? And we had these what then was viewed as wild assumptions about Internet adoption.

11:39At the time, people were afraid to put their card numbers in a computer to buy anything. Right. But what what happened was for a while, technology, the valuations sort of kept pace and at times exceeded the the sort of hysteria, if you will. But even though the valuations came back at the end of sort of middle one, the Internet valuations came down, middle to the Comtech valuations came down. the reality of what was happening was even wilder if you will than what our projections suggested i.e the adoption rate of the internet and how it would fundamentally change people's lives the way they bought things where they reviewed things where they communicated with each other it was so powerful and you know we saw that wave you saw the communications equipment wave now we're obviously looking at a different wave and and for me there are several like massive lessons there One of which is you're never safe.

12:40When I started, the big technology companies were called DEC and Wang. You remember those companies? Oh, sure. Probably most of your - Wang Computer Associates. Not Wang who owned Computer Associates, Wang Computers. Wang Computers, not Charles Wang. That's right. So those companies all got replaced first by client server. Then a lot of the client server companies got displaced with the internet. and now you're seeing another interesting potential risk of displacement. And I think one of the big things is you cannot be afraid of new changes in technology waves. You've got to adopt it. You can't, by the way, some companies, if you remember back when Amazon was growing and many of the borders, the bookstores, the music stores, et cetera, hope is not a strategy, right?

13:33You can't hope this is going to go away. You've got to adopt it, even if it means you've got to change your business. Even if it means your business model has got to sort of change and maybe your margins aren't going to be the same as what they were, you've got to adopt a new technology. Now, the one thing I would say is this always takes a little longer than people think. You know, it's not like you snap your fingers. The hype is always ahead of the reality. I think there's a little of that right now. but AI is a massively important trend. We're spending a lot of money on it as are lots of companies but I think you've got to be willing to sort of adopt or run the risk of dying.

14:14You know, if there's any lesson to be drawn from Elon Musk and Tesla it's either or maybe the lesson comes from Amazon and Jeff Bezos that your margin is my opportunity And if you don't pivot hard, they're going to come along and eat your lunch. It happens so regularly. Yeah. The cycle never stops turning. So at what point did you decide, hey, I could do a lot with this technology and various platforms? What led you to move from Goldman to helping to build and lead iCapital? Well, the real story is I left in 07, and with one of my former partners, we were going to start a technology buyout fund.

15:04You may remember there were some events in 07 and 08 that were not too pleasant. Don't really recall. Something like the GFC. Everything's kind of blurry. Oh, that. Yeah, it reminds me of the Leslie Nielsen joke in Airplane, I picked a bad month to stop sniffing glue. So it was a little of that. We went off to start a private equity fund in the middle of the GFC. so you should have started a distressed asset fund probably we weren't smart enough to figure that out so anyway so we put that in pause and you know actually it was a little bit of an unplanned cleansing in a sense that I coached my kids football teams and lacrosse teams and you know I worked kind of from home and it was actually very exciting did a few entrepreneurial things but then with a great group of folks We looked at what was happening in the independent space, a space you obviously know quite well.

15:56We saw a lot of firms, a lot of advisors sort of going off and starting their own firms. And that trend was significant. There were hundreds of billions or early trillions of dollars that were now being managed by these independent RIAs. And one of the things that we looked at was almost by definition, the firms who were leaving were the firms with the largest asset bases and generally speaking, the largest clients. And those clients typically invested in alts. And so as we thought about it, we thought - Meaning like family offices, ultra high net worth. Yeah. Like think about some of your clients and what types of products they're interested in buying.

16:39So when you leave, the wire houses did a phenomenal job and still do of providing outstanding products, support services. They do a great job. And so when somebody leaves to be independent, they don't have a platform. So we felt like we could create a platform to help advisors have access to alts in the right way. And it's different because at that moment in time, there was no technology. Investing in alts was a highly manual process. To a large degree, for a lot of firms, it still is. It doesn't seem like the various funds all play well together. Yeah, I think there's a big, and we'll come back to this experience point, but we felt like firms that were independent really needed a technology chassis.

17:29They needed access to product. They needed education, diligence, and they needed a technology platform. We felt like we could build that end-to-end, not just the diligence or not just fund sales or whatever. It was the whole end-to-end solution. And we started to build that out, and we realized that it was something that clients really needed. The other really interesting thing that we found out along the way, and I would say this was not a pivot as much as an expansion, we had assumed that the wire houses had absolutely everything they need because they knew every manager in the world. They had close relationships.

18:06What they didn't really have at the time was much technology. They had a lot of people who were doing a great job serving advisors, but they didn't have technology. And so we felt like we could offer them a full technology platform. And we basically sort of rethought our role, if you will, in the ecosystem to be one where, you know, we were going to serve advisors wherever and however they choose to, however they chose to practice. We wanted to be able to serve them end to end. And that's allowed us, I think, to be able to serve advisors at the wirehouses, advisors who are RIAs or at IBDs and really help create a great experience for them and for their clients.

18:47Coming up, we continue our conversation with Lawrence Calcano, CEO and chairman of iCapital, discussing how he built the firm out to a trillion dollar platform. I'm Barry Ritholtz. You're listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio.

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19:53So there's a lot of noise about AI, but time's too tight for more promises. So let's talk about results. At IBM, we work with our employees to integrate technology right into the systems they need. Now, a global workforce of 300 ,000 can use AI to fill their HR questions, resolving 94 % of common questions. Not noise, proof of how we can help companies get smarter by putting AI where it actually pays off, deep in the work that moves the business. Let's create smarter business. IBM. Support for the show comes from Public. Public is an investing platform that offers access to stocks, options, bonds, and crypto.

20:30And they've also integrated AI with tools that can assist investors in building customized portfolios. One of these tools is called Generated Assets. It allows you to turn your ideas into investable indexes. So let's say you're interested in something specific like biotech companies with high R &D spend, small cap stocks with improving operating margins, or the S &P 500 minus high debt companies. Chances are there isn't an ETF that fits your exact criteria. But on public, you just type in a prompt and their AI screens thousands of stocks and build a one-of-a-kind index. You can even backtest it against the S &P 500.

21:06Then you can invest in a few clicks. Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash market. Add paid for by Public Holdings. Brokered services by Public Investing, member FINRA SIPC. Advisory services by Public Advisors, SEC registered advisor. Crypto services by ZeroHash. Sample prompts are for illustrative purposes only, not investment advice. All investing involves risk of loss. See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures. I'm Barry Ritholtz. You're listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio. My extra special guest this week is Lawrence Calcano.

21:46He is the chairman and chief executive officer of iCapital, where he has been helping to build the firm since 2013. They now service over a trillion dollars in client assets on behalf of advisors and other professionals. So how should a traditional 60-40 investor, thinking about some allocation to private equity or private credit, how do they access your platform? Is it directly through their advisor? Tell us what the process is like. Yeah, it's really – it's very much an advisor business. We are very focused on helping financial advisors serve their clients. It's not a B2C model. It's a B2B to C model.

22:34And so really all the clients at iCapital are advisors and or obviously the GPs that are trying to reach those advisors. And so for financial advisors, if they're large, we can build a whole white label capability for them. So they can, in effect, have an operating system to run their alts, structured investments, or annuities business, as well as the data aggregation that they have to do for clients with information that's everywhere. for advisors that are maybe a little smaller that don't have sort of a persistent need, they can come to our marketplace and see a menu of hundreds of funds where they can avail themselves of those funds for their clients.

23:15Really, really interesting. So I like the description of iCapital as the world's alternative investment marketplace for advisors and wealth managers. When you joined in 2013, what problem were you trying to solve? Yeah, we were trying to help the advisors who had left, as I mentioned, left their homes to start off their new businesses. And we felt like we could actually create for them an investment platform to allow them to be able to service their clients, you know, consistent with how they had previously served them. So the part of the problem we've seen with alternatives over the years, they all seem to be a slightly different widget.

24:01They don't all fit on a platform easily, especially you have to onboard the assets and align the capital with it. You have to go through subscription documents and capital calls and custodian and performance reporting and then all the analytics. They all seem to be a little different and it's a big lift. How have you addressed this issue at iCapital? So we think technology is essential to actually creating an experience that allows you to deal with all of those things effectively and in a way that will be encouraging to you to do the business with your clients where it makes sense. So everything from what happens before you make any decisions.

24:45Education, maybe you as an advisor on the asset class, maybe education for your client, the tools to help you build a portfolio, research to help you learn about funds. And then once you've worked with the client and develop a portfolio perspective, tools to help you subscribe, and then automation to help you manage all the things that happen post-investment, capital calls, distribution, redemptions, transfers, reporting, et cetera, and help create an experience that as an advisor will give you time back to serve the client and spend time with the client. We feel very strongly about going through advisors because we feel like there's so much about a client that an advisor will know that a platform will never really be able to know.

25:33What is their real feeling towards illiquidity? I think one of the issues the industry is dealing with today is the question of illiquidity and people's expectations about that. Advisors have a better perspective and a deeper perspective on how a client really feels about that. So we want to make sure we're partnered with advisors in bringing the solution to the market. So I'm glad you brought that up because every time there's some issue with illiquidity, it seems that people don't seem to really understand what a lockup means. It should be fairly self-explanatory. We saw this a couple of years ago with BREAT, where which part of seven-year lockup was confusing to you?

26:14It's always, and I know what happened in 2022, the Fed raised rates and people thought, hey, let's get out of illiquid real estate before the marks reflect the reality of pricing relative to rates. But that's not how private investments work. How How do you educate investors and their advisors as to what illiquidity means? So, look, I think it is a journey. There's no one answer to that question. By the way, we spend a ton of time and energy on education, and as do most of the GPs in our system. When you look at the documents around some of these funds, it isn't on page 98 in small print. The sort of liquidity rules, if you will, are on the front page, right?

27:05So it's – I think the reality is people want to hear what they want to hear, right? These are illiquid securities, illiquid investments. Whether they're wrapped as a 3C7 private fund, which are clearly illiquid, or they're wrapped in an evergreen wrapper, you know, registered fund, the underlying investments are still illiquid. Now, some are shorter duration than others. Private credit is shorter duration than private equity or real estate. But the fact is that private credit investment is still an illiquid investment. The problem I think is when they get wrapped in a wrapper that says you can sell up to or redeem up to 5%, it confuses people.

27:57It confuses people, and I think when the industry uses terms like semi-liquid, it's really—I don't even know what that means, semi-liquid. I always think of that 5 % gate as the widows and orphans clause. If somebody is suddenly no longer a suitable investor for this due to the person who made the investment passed away, now the wife and kids can get out of it. It shouldn't be, oh, I could sell 5 % a quarter for as long as I want. People should make these investments because they think they're going to provide medium to long-term positive impact in their portfolio. If you're buying it to get return this quarter or next quarter, it's probably not the right investment.

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28:44I'm not a financial advisor, but you need to buy these things with the right duration in your mind, and that's not a short one. The products do provide what I think of as liquidity features, opportunities if things change in your life to potentially either redeem all of it if there's not a big Q or redeem up to 5 % if you need to. I think that's a flexibility and a liquidity feature in the wrapper, but it doesn't mean that the product is liquid. And people should invest thinking that these products are going to solve an investment need they have that's medium to long term, not short term. So let's talk a little bit about the demand for this product.

29:28We've seen, at least on the institutional side, flows into alts now exceeding a trillion dollars a year. As that scales, what do you think are some of the challenges and bottlenecks for advisors to allocate more to privates? So I think education is still a very important issue for advisors. And if you think about where we are, a lot of the advisors in the mix have been doing it for a while. There are still a lot of advisors who haven't really gotten into these products yet. And so they're going to need more education, point one. Point two, how they invest is probably going to be different. So, for example, a lot of advisors use models with respect to their liquid portfolios.

30:15We believe that models will be a very important way in which people invest in alternatives. And that might mean models of just alternatives that get married to an otherwise liquid portfolio or models that include both liquid and illiquid investments together. We have brought both those types of products in partnerships with some managers into the market as well as partnerships with the infrastructure players. But I think models will represent an important way in which advisors allocate client assets to alternatives. So I've been hearing more and more about interest overseas in a global alternative platform.

30:55What do you think is driving the demand internationally versus what's driving the demand here? is the same thing or is it a sort of different approach? I think it's the same thing. The adoption's a little bit behind the US adoption. On our platform, in the alt space, we have over$65 billion of alternatives allocated from investors who live outside of the United States. Half of our 20 offices are outside the United States. We think it's a really important growth area for the market and our business. But I think a lot of the same things that drive advisors to introduce these products to clients, potential for incremental return, portfolio diversification, et cetera, are the same types of things that drive international interest as well.

31:42So let's talk a little bit about end-to-end technology. I know this is more than just a menu of alternative funds. Tell us a little bit about your whole tech stack and what it provides for any of your clients? So I think a lot of, you know, a lot of what people want help with out of the gate is just how do you build these portfolios? And we talked about education, but how do you build the portfolio? How do you construct portfolios that help match what an advisor's, what a client's goals and objectives are? So we've built technology to do that, which include all structured investments, annuities, along with all the liquid products that they might need.

32:23And then the ability, you know, one of the things we've tried to do as an organization is not only build an end-to-end solution out for alts, but do the same thing for structured investments, because those are important products for advisors and clients, as well as annuities and insurance. And what's happening in the market today, which I think is a really interesting and ongoing trend, is people are sort of looking at the different types of wrappers, they could be ETF wrappers, insurance wrappers, et cetera, wrapped around things like hedge funds or private equity funds, credit funds, et cetera.

32:59And so being able to help advisors think about how the products should be structured, how could they address client needs is a really important part of what we're doing. And then as I mentioned earlier, just being able to automate the whole workflow is really critical. I'll make one other point as it relates to tech, And that is, I think one of the issues for the industry is around data management. When you think about, we live in an ecosystem. When we first started the company, people used to say to me, oh, you guys are so disruptive. And I would always sort of very politely correct them and say, we're not trying to be disruptive.

33:37We're trying to be enabling. You know, there are a lot of infrastructure players out there that we're trying to help sort of achieve their goals. We're not trying to, like Amazon did to borders. We're not trying to push them out of business. We're trying to enable them to participate. And I think one of the things that has to happen now in the industry is all the different big constituents have to work together to help support clients. That means administrators, transfer agents, custodians, firms like iCapital, advisors, GPs. We all work together. And I think if we can get all of our systems to be better connected, things like tokenization and blockchain will help with that.

34:16it'll end up paying huge dividends for the advisor and for the end client. So it's funny, you mentioned disruptive. In 2013, there was nothing to disrupt. It was just a series of private offerings and nothing really, no umbrella, no platform that really pulled everything together. That's right. It was really a greenfield, which is why I say we're sort of enabling not disruptive. And the truth is that, you know, we're still scratching the surface. I mean, you know, BCG does a report every year and they look at global wealth. So last year, late in December, they put out a report that said there's$153 trillion in wealth owned by individuals.

35:02Okay. That's a huge number. It rivals the size of the institutional market. So there is a massive number of dollars that today, you know, in the U.S., I think the estimates are something like 2%, 2.5 % allocated to alts. Outside the United States, it's even less. There's a significant amount of wealth that is going to be looking to build even more sophisticated portfolios. So tools, technology, AI, tokenization, all of these things have to evolve to create a great experience for advisors and clients to make the best decisions they can in the asset allocation world. Really interesting. So let's stay with technology and innovation.

35:44You guys have built a number of fairly innovative technologies. You've bought, you've partnered. What is the calculus like? How do you decide whether you're going to buy something, build something, or just partner with a provider in the space to build out the platform? It's a combination of things. It's time to market. It's culture. Everything that we have purchased, we've made 24 acquisitions. Everything that we've purchased, we've integrated. And to me, that's really important because if the goal is to provide an integrated solution for advisors and GPs, if you don't integrate the things you buy, you're not really doing that, point one.

36:25And point two, if the people who join aren't integrated, then it doesn't work either, right? It's not just about technology. It's actually more about the people. And so spending a lot of time on culture and trying to figure out how do you bring things together, how do you create what I often refer to as one-eye capital is really critical. And I would say as time has evolved, I was always very focused on culture from the very start when we were a couple of people. It's even more important than ever, and it probably continues to occupy a very significant percentage of my time in trying to get people working together, put people in the right seats for them to be successful, and creating simple ideas that people can rally around.

37:17I mentioned this earlier, clients come first. What is it we need to do to help our clients succeed? And everything we do, we have to do together. Those two things are really unifying to our culture. So you guys did a big capital raise in 2025 that valued you at a pretty substantial multi-billion dollar level. What are you looking at for further raises? How are you deploying that sort of capital? Is it just build, build, build then eventually you become the biggest player in the space? So we've made, we've announced a couple of acquisitions since then. We're about to close our acquisition of Hexure.

37:57Hexure provides an e-app for annuities. So as I mentioned before, kind of the complete verticals. So that helps us complete our annuities vertical. So M &A will continue to be, you know, important sort of use of cash. And we continue to sort of actively look at what's out there. We continue to grow organically, but the model is self-financing. So we don't need outside capital to run our business. I'm a believer, though, when you think about, we talked about the duration of these assets. When we talk to financial advisors, financial advisors have to know that we're financed to be around for a long time.

38:34And so we've tried to finance ourselves in a way that our partners can look at us and say, they're going to be here to support me. And so a lot of it is just making sure we have a strong balance sheet to support our clients. It's always interesting when we see these big private entities go public in the alternative and private space. How do you think about that? How do you think about, you know, the Blackstones and Carlisles of the world and Apollos and whoever else? Well, look, I think going public allows firms to have access to capital, to have growth, leverage their growth, provide sort of secondary markets, if you will, for employees and other investors.

39:21You know, I think, you know, for us, we spend very little time actually thinking about that other than wanting to make sure we run the company with the discipline of a public company. We get our quarterly reports turned around, our monthly reports by the second day of every month, quarterly reports by the third day of the new quarter. And we turn the year-end results in a fast period of time as well. And so, you know, public – the process of being public creates some disciplines that we want to make sure we have. But it's not – you know, it's not something we're that focused on. There's two sides to every coin.

40:05You know, when you go public and the stock is going up, everyone's really excited and everyone's really happy. When you go public and you have massive corrections, which we live through pretty regularly, I'd say, and the stock goes down. Now, you've got to deal with the opposite of motivation. There's concern and so forth. And so you've got to make sure your employees aren't staring at the, I was going to say Quotron, but only you and I would know what that means. You know, it's so funny. I had a buddy whose firm got bought by Yahoo in 96, and he was telling me in 99, people just refreshing the screen console.

40:43That's all they did. It's so, I think there's an element to it that's super unproductive. So that's why we're in no rush to do that. You know, we want to make sure, as I said, we have a strong balance sheet, strong capital structure. You know, equity is an important part of our compensation for everybody. You know, 100 % of the employees have stock at iCapital. To me, that's a big cultural point in terms of bringing people together. But you need to, if you're going to provide that as part of someone's compensation, there needs to be some opportunity for people to get some liquidity. So over our history, we've provided for such opportunities for people to get a little liquidity.

41:20And as long as we stay private, we'll continue to try to find a way. It's limited, of course, but we try to find a way for people to get some liquidity from their equity holdings. Really interesting. Coming up, we continue our conversation with Lawrence Calcano, CEO and chairman of iCapital, discussing how he built the firm out to a trillion-dollar platform. I'm Barry Ritholtz. You're listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio.

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44:07I'm Barry Ritholtz. You're listening to Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio. My extra special guest this week is Lawrence Calcano. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of iCapital, where he has been helping to build the firm since 2013. They now service over a trillion dollars in client assets on behalf of advisors and other professionals. So let's talk about what's going on today. Obviously, alts have been very hot for the past 10 years or so, increasingly so. They've been in the news for other reasons the past few months. But let's talk about the underlying structural shift before we get to any of the noisy stuff that's going on.

44:54How are advisors and individuals changing the way they access alternative structured investments, annuities, any of the products on your platform? Sure. So I think for the – if I can maybe make some divisions by wealth, the wealthier clients have tended to buy the private funds. Perhaps they'll invest either directly if they can make a$20 million investment or if not, if they're a million, five million or whatever, they usually come through a vehicle that we'll set up for them to access. And then we aggregate that capital and we look like one large investor to the institution, to the GP. So the wealthier clients tend to invest through those private vehicles across the board.

45:40And we think from a platform perspective, the way you've got to build these portfolios, if you have a credit and equity portfolio, debt and equity portfolio, and you want to build them or rebalance them, you can do that with a few mouse clicks, right? With all, if you target an allocation, it's 10 or 15 or 20%, you've got to build that. So it's really important. It takes time, in other words. It takes time. You need to make sure that you have sort of persistent access to quality product across all the strategies. So equity, credit, real estate, infrastructure, et cetera, hedge funds. And so our platform tries to provide that.

46:19but that wealthy individual will probably use private funds to build it. For the accredited investor, they'll probably use the registered funds to be able to build that and they will either buy individual registered funds or they might buy registered funds wrapped together. That's something that we're seeing a lot of the market do today where they'll wrap three or four or five different funds together to give people an exposure to maybe it's equity, Maybe it's a growth-oriented product where there's sort of a buyout, a growth, a venture kind of component. Or maybe it's an income-oriented product where you've got credit and real estate.

47:00Or maybe it's multi-asset where you've got all of that sort of wrapped together. We think there's lots of different ways. Every individual has a different set of needs and objectives. And so we think it's really important that there's a lot of flexibility in the system so people can allocate precisely what's important to a given client. So what you're describing sounds fundamentally different from how portfolios used to be constructed. How significant are these changes compared to, I won't even mention the 90s, but the 2010s? Look, I think what's happened, which is a good thing, is clients have access to more products to potentially meet their needs.

47:40It doesn't mean these products, by the way, are right for everybody. They're probably not right for a lot of people. But for those that have the ability to make these investments, the willingness to tolerate the illiquidity we talked about before, these products provide more opportunities to build the right portfolio. You think about the public markets, I mean, you spend a lot of time thinking about them. I know, you know, there are probably 150 ,000 private companies with sort of EBITDA or revenues greater than$100 million. And there are 5 ,000, 4 ,000 public companies. There are – the private markets are so much larger than the public markets.

48:24As you know, the public markets are increasingly dominated by a small number of stocks. And so accessing the private markets gives you access to a much broader set of possible investments. Again, not right for everybody, but for those who are looking to build more involved portfolios, there's an opportunity that the private markets enable you to pursue that you just don't get by buying just stocks and bonds. So that's one compelling reason. You can access companies you wouldn't get otherwise. What are some of the – sell us on the other reasons. Why else should an investor or an advisor who is alt-curious, why should they explore this space?

49:08Well, look, I'm decidedly not trying to sell anybody on anything, to be clear. But I think it's like anything else in life. We're all better off when we have some more choices. Now, by the way, there's a way in which those choices can be bucketed to make it easier for you to go through that decision-making process. But I think if you have more choices to build a portfolio where you're seeking longer-dated returns, you're seeking more portfolio diversification, these products provide you with more flexibility to create a diverse portfolio, potentially have a higher-returning portfolio. But ultimately, every person has got to make a decision that they can live with the products.

49:53So during the 2010s, we had 0 % interest rate, ZERP and QE and all that fun Fed stuff. And I think that's where private credit really caught the attention of a lot of investors and a lot of advisors. What do you mean my bond portfolio is yielding 3 % when, all right, you're trading off a little liquidity and you get 5%, 6%, 7%, 8 %? That's pretty attractive relative to the alternatives. Okay, you got to deal with the K-1, which nobody likes, but still your accountant will deal with it for double the yield you're getting in traditional treasuries or corporates. How has that moved from just straight up credit to private infrastructure, private equity, private real estate?

50:46It seems like that whole world has opened up dramatically. It has. And I would say that a lot of the private credit investments you could look at are floating rate. And so they still can provide opportunities for excess return, real alpha, because of the way they float. In fact, it was interesting in the early part of the century coming out of COVID, this decade, you had people, to your point, very actively buying private credit. And then when interest rates went up to like 5%, some people were earning like 10 % to 12 % on their private credit investments. And so they were then looking not about private credit versus public credit.

51:29They were looking at private credit at 10 % or 12 % versus private equity. and it being shorter duration, was that the right mix for them? And then right now we're seeing a lot more people focusing on equity as well. But you definitely had a period of time where private credit was very, very attractive. And I think where we sit today, I think a lot of people are very anxious to understand what the underlying credit quality is in these products. And I think there's certainly disruptive forces from AI that we've talked about, the industry talks about every single day. It's not clear to me that the existing portfolios are really in bad shape.

52:17I actually think the portfolios are likely in better shape than people think. I've spent a lot of time trying to talk to various managers of both equity and credit as to what they're seeing in terms of adoption. And while everybody is working on how to implement AI, it's not like existing software vendors are seeing their businesses dry up. That's not happening. And a lot of those are the borrowers of these private credit assets. So we'll need to get more information over the next several quarters on where we are with private credit. But my guess is the portfolios are in a lot better shape than people think.

52:55So we could talk about navigating some of the headlines, but you mentioned AI, and now I'm legally obligated to ask you a question. What are the most meaningful near-term applications of artificial intelligence within the alternative space? Is it administration and workflow? Is it identifying better or less great funds? Is it all of the back office? How is iCapital using AI in your business? We're actually, we have pilots going on across what we do. So if you take our tech stack, there are really two ways to think about it. One of which is the tech we use to empower clients and the technology that clients engage with.

53:42And the second is the technology we use to run our business. And there are big applications in both. And to give a couple of applications, when a manager comes to iCapital to raise a fund, we sort of build a sub-doc. AI can build that sub-doc for us very, very quickly. When a client comes to the site and wants to, they come to our marketplace and they want to describe to us what they're interested in and they hit toggles, et cetera. They go through a few steps to kind of inform us what they're interested in. AI can do that really, really quickly. There are a number of ways. The way we collect data.

54:22One of the services we provide to clients is we help advisors aggregate client data because a client might have held away data in lots of different places that you want to aggregate so you can present a holistic picture to your client. How we get that data, how we retrieve the data, how we extract data from documents, and then how we reassemble AI can help drive a lot of that. So the applications of AI are sort of significant across our entire platform. Really, really interesting. And we've been dancing around some of the negative headlines. How are you helping advisors navigate that these days?

55:03For the most part, it's a relatively small handful of companies. Everybody knows their names. but the cockroach theory has people waiting for the next GFC to unroll. We haven't really seen much like that. Well, I think this is such a smaller magnitude than the GFC. I don't think that we're anywhere near those types of concerns. You know, we're big believers in communications. I made a point earlier about how the ecosystem needs to work together. It really needs to work together now in terms of helping people understand what's happening. I think, generally speaking, that the industry, and when I say the industry, I mean the asset management industry, has to be even more transparent today than ever before.

55:51And I think, by the way, that's a good thing going forward. I think the alternative asset managers probably need to be more disclosive, more transparent to clients over time. But I think being out in front of clients, helping them understand the landscape and what's going on has been a big part of how we've spent a lot of time. And one of the things we're doing now is trying to organize the industry to get people on the GP side working together. I talked about transparency, getting information, educational material, not promotional material, but educational material to try to help create, again, a better and deeper level of understanding about these products.

56:35So I've been hearing a little bit about convergence lately between public and private markets. Yep. You're known as dealing with the private side. Do you ever see a day where private and public both ends up on your platform completely, full wallet share, et cetera? I think for us, we're really focused on helping people have very successful journeys with their private investments, their structured notes, annuities, et cetera. And so I think the way in which we will interact with the public markets will be more around these model portfolios I talked about and collaborating and partnering with the GPs and other sort of more of the public company, people who either provide models or have public investments and helping to create these model packages for investors to be able to invest holistically in a portfolio.

57:31I think that's probably how we'll play the public space in partnership and in concert with people who are experts in that area. Makes a lot of sense. Last question before our speed round. Given all these major technological shifts, what do you think is going to help redefine asset management going forward? We talked about – you mentioned tokenization. We hear about blockchain, AI, data analytics. What's the next big thing? By the way, I think the next big thing is the deep implementation of those technologies. We're still scratching the surface. Tokenization hasn't even hit private markets in any meaningful way yet.

58:12AI, same. So I think there is significant application of those technologies that will be meaningful. And I think really for the financial advisors, this reminds me to 10 years ago when all the robos were coming out. And there was this big debate, robo advisors versus human advisors. And I always thought that was a false choice. I always thought the best answer for clients was a great financial advisor who leveraged technology to create an incredible experience for their clients. And I think the same is true today. The best financial advisors are going to not be afraid of technology. They're going to adopt it and they're going to embrace it to create an incredible client experience.

58:56And that's sort of how I think the market will evolve in a constructive and positive way. All right. So let's jump into our speed round. These are really just quick answers so people kind of get a flavor of who you are, starting with who are your mentors who helped shape your career? Boy, I had a lot of mentors growing up, you know, and I think I always try to watch people and see what they did. There were several senior people at Goldman Sachs that I learned things from. I remember the head of investment banking once told me when I was like a young associate, he said the loneliest job on the planet is the CEO's job.

59:34So if you want to be a successful investment banker, make a friend of the CEO and be a sounding board and you'll have a good career. That was pretty good advice. But I remember the other piece of advice I got from another senior partner in banking was you always have to be intellectually honest. And a lot of people are afraid to be intellectually honest because they're calculating what's happening in the room versus being true to what you think and saying it and not being afraid to do that. And I've tried to really do that in all the things that I've done as I've grown in my career. Really interesting.

1:00:15What are you reading these days? What are some of your favorite books? I'm overwhelmed with work reading right now between what we're doing in our business and client stuff. I'm reading a lot of stuff on AI that sort of, if I were to admit the honest thing is I keep reading new AI books about AI and technology, AI in general. There are a lot of incredibly positive things about AI. There are a lot of risks with AI. And a couple of the books I've read recently were really focusing on the risks around unemployment, around control and governance. and when you get to natural intelligence, when AI reaches sort of human intelligence, what happens then?

1:01:03So there's a really exciting and bright side and there's really a dark side that's gonna need a lot of governance to protect all of us. A lot of guardrails. So if you don't have time to read, you have time to listen to podcasts or watch anything? What are you streaming? One of the, so that I'm married 33 years. And honestly, my wife and I are just binge watching a series of shows. We've gone through the whole Yellowstone saga, you know, the prequels. Did you get to Landman yet? Finished Landman, love Landman. Looking forward to watching the Peaky Blinders movie, which we haven't seen. But probably, you know, when I get home, when I'm sort of, when I put the work down, my wife and I tend to watch shows together.

1:01:44That sounds fun. Our final two questions. What sort of advice would you give to a recent college grad interested in a career in alternatives or investing? I would say, you know, the world owes you nothing. This is, by the way, what I say, I have several kids, you know, who have graduated college. And what I said to them, and I'd say to anyone at iCapital generally, the world owes you nothing. And what you get in this life is a function of what you work for. And I think that people need to be flexible. They need to have an open attitude. and that to me, at a given level of intelligence, that's what attitude makes the difference.

1:02:29It's funny, we all went through this work from home during COVID and now some people wanna continue to work remotely. And when you asked about mentors, a lot of the mentorship that I got, probably a lot of people got, was just being in the office, watching people, listening to people. How do they act? How do they treat other people? How do they behave in meetings? That's stuff that's super valuable, the osmosis learning. You don't get when you're sitting in your apartment on a Zoom screen. Zoom screen is one-dimensional. Life is multidimensional. And so I'm a huge, some people in the company love this, some people don't, but I'm a huge work from the office person because I believe that that multidimensional experience is much more powerful And it's better for every individual from a learning perspective.

1:03:21Yeah, I couldn't agree more. Although I do love those Fridays from home. No doubt. And final question, what do you know about the world of alternatives and investing and technology today? Might have been useful back in the mid-1980s when you were first getting started. I think probably I'll generalize that a little bit is patience. um you know i was sort of young and just you know hard charging and so forth and and and as a lot of us are um but you just you have to be patient you know it's funny i i we sponsor golfers and and i i watch golf i love golf and you see people they bogey holes uh john rom won the masters a few years ago he double bogeyed the first hole i remember i was standing there watching it and i I was like, it's over.

1:04:13It wasn't over. It was one hole. And it reminds me, my youngest daughter graduated Dartmouth a few years ago, and Roger Federer was the speaker. I recall that speech, and it was really amazing coming from him. It was an amazing speech. And one of the things he said is, in his career, he's won, and I may get the numbers slightly off, 80 % of his matches and 54 % of his points. and his point was, it's just the point. Right. You know, and I think that's a huge lesson. It's just the point. It happened. You lost it. You won it. You lost it. You move on. I think that's great advice and advice I wish I had had when I was younger.

1:04:56Lawrence, this has been absolutely fabulous. Thank you for being so generous with your time. We have been speaking with Lawrence Calcano, CEO and chairman of iCapital. If you enjoy this conversation, Well, check out any of the 650 we've done over the past 12 years. You can find those at iTunes, Apple, Spotify, Bloomberg, wherever you get your favorite podcasts. I would be remiss if I didn't thank the crack team that helps put these conversations together each week. Alexis Noriega is my video producer. Sean Russo is my researcher. Anna Luke is my podcast producer. I'm Barry Ritholtz. You've been watching Masters in Business on Bloomberg Radio.

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1:07:254certain.

From the publisher

Barry speaks with Lawrence Calcano, chairman and CEO of iCapital about how he helped build the company into one of the globe's leading platforms for alternative investments for wealth managers, advisors, bankers and other financial professionals.

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