Made in America

0:00This message comes from NPR sponsor Charles Schwab. Financial decisions can be tricky. Your biases can lead you astray. Financial Decoder, an original podcast from Charles Schwab, can help. Download the latest episode and subscribe at schwab.com slash financial decoder. This is Planet Money from NPR. Maria doesn't speak any English. No, casi no. Not a word, she says. No, no, no, nada, nada, nada. But she does know some. Like sizes. She knows sizes.

0:39She knows label, ticket, all words related to her job. Manager.

0:48Okay, the boss. You just call him mister. The boss is a girl. It's a missus. Missus over here. Missus over there, she says. You got to call. Your boss is Mr. or Mrs., she says. And I'm like, this is all English, Maria. Oh, Mr., Mrs. Mrs. Maria is a garment worker in the U.S., one of not that many left. She's originally from Puebla, Mexico. Sweet potato city, she says, proud, nodding her head and making a little fist to herself when she says it. Maria is only 73 years old, but she has the presence of both a much older, comforting grandma, and somehow also like this easily delighted kid. She has those little grandma sandals on and a little white flower tucked behind her ear.

1:42Whenever Maria sees a flower, she picks it up, puts it in her hair. You've been doing this since you're a little girl. Makes her happy. A little flower in her hair. Maria has been in the U.S. almost 30 years, and she has done the exact same job the entire time. She's a trimmer at a garment factory in Los Angeles. Half of what is left of the garment manufacturing industry in the U.S. is in Los Angeles. And when I ask Maria what a trimmer does in a U.S. garment factory, Maria reaches for my shirt.

2:25She tucks her hand under the bottom of my shirt, at the hem, the back of her warm fingers on my bare stomach, the way only a grandma can do. That was so cute. She taps all the places on my top where a piece of thread would be left behind when a hem or a seam or a stitch ends. The side of my stomach at the side seam, my shoulder where a sleeve was sewn on, the back of my neck where the tag was sewn on. And when she's tapping me like this, it feels like something my grandma's sister would do, actually. Like this blessing.

3:05And when I tell Maria, she looks at me like, I understand. Maria's job is to cut off all the leftover thread. That's what a trimmer does all day, crouched over. Just snip, snip, snip, snip, snipping loose threads. And as we're talking, Maria notices a little spot at the hem of my shirt where a tiny piece of thread was left over. Like half a centimeter. And she goes, I guess the trimmer working on this was in a rush. But then again, they're all in a rush.

3:43Hello and welcome to Planet Money. I'm Sarah Gonzalez. The shirt I'm wearing this day with Maria, made in Vietnam. My pants, made in Bangladesh. My bra? Made in China. But the clothes that Maria works on are made in the U.S., in Los Angeles, California. And a lot of people love the idea of making things like clothes in America. One of the Trump administration's goals is to bring manufacturing in general back to the U.S. But what people might picture when they think of a made-in-America future might be different from the made-in-America we have now. Today on the show, why does a garment industry in the U.S.

4:23even exist still? What does it look like and can it grow? Is this a job that people want or even know how to do?

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5:23Others say it's a magic beanstalk, scaling with efficiency. Odoo, exactly what a business needs. Sign up today at odoo.com. When you start out as a garment worker, you often start out as a trimmer, like Maria. Then you might get trained on a sewing machine. But Maria never moved on to a machine. She likes being a trimmer, but really she just likes having a job. She's liked every job she's ever had, she says. Because you get money, yeah. When she first started out trimming, she was not the best. She'd nick the clothes, leave a little hole, but she'd show up with a little needle and thread set, hand sew it real quick.

6:07You couldn't even tell the hole was there, she says. And her boss loved that she could patch things up, actually.

6:18So much intelligence, he told her. But what the garment industry really prizes is speed. Speed more than anything else. And in the beginning, Maria was not so fast.

6:38She didn't know how to move the scissors, she says, so she'd do like 100 pieces of clothing a day.

6:49The boss would be like, friend, friend, faster, faster. And she did get fast. Ya me aventaba 600 piezas, 700 piezas, 800 piezas. Okay, so when you first started, you were doing like 100 pieces a day, and now you're 700, 800 pieces. 800 piezas en un día? Descansado. Es cansado. 800 pieces a day is a lot. It's a lot. Okay, mira, compré este. I brought Maria a garment that was made in the U.S. so we could talk about the work that goes into it. It's a purple sports bra from a fancy, pricey American brand. The nice, thick cardboard tag says, made in the USA. It's sold for$62. And it's good quality, definitely.

7:34You can feel it in the fabric. But all Maria sees is the amount of loose threads that she would need to trim on a piece like this. There's not much, she says.

7:47Okay, so you want something like this. This is an easy job for you.

7:55Oh, this is like potato chips? Like a piece of cake, you know? You can really make money doing the trimming on a bra like this, she says. If you want to earn money, you have to do it fast. Why? Why? Why does she have to work fast to get money? Maria gets paid by the piece, meaning the faster she works, the more pieces she does, the more money she makes. It's called piece rate pay, and it is very common in this industry. This is why Maria likes a nice, simple garment. Jeans? No. Oh, you don't like working on jeans? No, that's not. A button-up shirt? Oh, the worst. The buttons, the buttons take a while.

8:39You have to trim all the loose thread. You don't make much money when there's buttons involved. Ooh, it costs. Leftover button thread just really slows you down. You get paid by the quantity you produce, right? The number of garments you get through. And the pay? Well, when Maria started out as a trimmer in 1994, the pay was... Había de tres centavos, de cuatro centavos. Tres centavos, three cents to five cents. Three to five cents per piece. That's the pay she started at. Maria would do 100 pieces a day, make$5, and she'd walk out happy, she says, feeling great about her$5 a day. Today? Ahorita ya lo pagan a 15 centavos y a 16 centavos.

9:27Ahorita, 15 cents today? Sí. Today, Maria makes 15 to 16 cents per piece. And that can be okay pay if she gets a nice, easy sports bra. But if she gets, I don't know, a jacket, a jacket with buttons, working as fast as you possibly can, sometimes you do not get close to making minimum wage. Many times in her career, Maria has taken bundles of garments home, stayed up till 2, 3 in the morning, just trimming, trimming, trimming more and more pieces, trying to earn enough money to pay her bills.

10:04It's so weird that they're like, yeah, sure, take the clothes. Here, I'm a big brand. Like, take the clothes home and work on it at home. I'm like, what if you get the clothes dirty at your house? Oh, no, no, no, no, no. She's like, oh, no, no, no. You do not get the clothes dirty.

10:20And many workers who get paid by the piece will do this. Their whole families will work on the clothes together. Now, sometimes when Maria gets a bundle of really time-consuming garments, she will ask for more pay. Again, she doesn't speak English, but she makes gestures to the boss, she says, and gets by just fine. She'll be like, mister, come, come, look, look how much trimming this garment needs.

10:49He'll be like, okay, you want an extra cent? No, two cents, she'll say. And she's gotten it. But that would get her like an extra$10 for the day. Now, piece rate pay varies depending on what you're doing. The trimming is considered the finishing touches before a garment gets ironed and sent out to a store or brand. The person on the iron in L.A. might get 50 cents per garment. It's more dangerous. The person who folds the clothes and packs it up, 20 cents. The person who sewed on the sleeves, did the bottom hem, maybe 12 cents. Well, actually, that's better. When I started an industry over 30 years ago, we laughed and called it a penny a pocket because that's what they were paid.

11:31for every pocket they would put on. In the U.S.? In the U.S. Lynn Bureti is the head of the Department of Design and Merchandising at Oklahoma State University. But back in the 90s, Lynn actually also helped figure out what garment workers, working for U.S. brands, would be paid. Like, she'd watch them on the assembly line, sewing on a pocket, sewing on a seam. Say you've got an 18-inch seam that you have to make. They pick up the two pieces, put it together, put it through the machine, cut the thread at the end, and lay it down. 18-inch seam takes X amount of seconds to make. I would keep track of that cycle and write down the cycle, watching their movements, et cetera.

12:12So you're standing there with a stopwatch, like, okay, she did that in 30 seconds. Oh, yeah. Now 35 seconds. Yes, and I'm marking that down right in front. Yes, it was very awkward. You didn't do it all the time. You did it to set the piece rate and to set the cost of the garment. So your job was to determine how many cents to pay or to charge per piece? I gave the data to the people. I gave the data to the people. We're blaming you, Lynn. We're blaming you. I know. I feel so terrible now. But, you know, this is just something that you're taught. This is one of the main ways the garment industry in the U.S.

12:44and globally has always paid. Pennies on the piece. This is a longstanding tradition, at least since the Industrial Revolution. Piece rate pay was meant to incentivize workers to work harder. So the people working harder and producing more would make more money than the people who were working slower. And everyone thought, that's a fair system, right? But Lynn has some regrets about this now. And she says piece rate pay means workers often wreck their bodies working as fast as they can. When you sew, you have one foot on a pedal, and so your weight tends to be on your other leg. Doing that for eight hours a day, 40 hours a week perhaps, or more, that can cause issues.

13:24We spoke to workers who have gotten burned, scarred, need surgery on their shoulder. Doing the same arm repetitions every single day. And you do hundreds of these units. Okay, wait, let me show you. So this is my garment that I bought. Okay. I show Lynn the purple sports bra. There's like a little keyhole right here. Oh, that's nice. Yeah. Let me see the shoulders. When I showed this garment to Maria, she could really only tell me about the part she does, the trimming. But Lynn can tell us how many people worked on a garment like this and how much they each got paid. Okay, so you've got a front and a back.

14:05You've got the band along the bottom. And then you've got the piping pieces on the armhole in the neckline. It's a very basic bra. This is not a structured bra. There are no cups, no liner pads, no holes for the liners, no wire, nothing like that. And still, Lynn says, it could have taken 13 different people to make it, each doing a different step. Just to sew the bra. I'm not talking about any of the prep work, like laying out the fabric, cutting out the fabric, bundling the pieces. Would like a generous estimate be like every single person who touched this piece got no more than 30 cents for what they did or 40 cents?

14:4740 cents is probably too high. 40 cents is too high. Okay. So we'll go with 30 cents. Oh, 30 cents times 13 people would mean that potentially, theoretically, workers were paid$3.90 to make this bra. Yeah. Which was selling for$62. Correct. And this is like made in America. Mm-hmm. So this is like as good as it gets. Yep. This is as good as it gets? Well, in terms of people actually being paid. Yeah. Basically, as good as it gets in terms of pay. Now, some countries like Canada, Japan, Belgium actually do pay garment workers more than the U.S. does. But generally, in countries that make most of our clothes, workers would make way, way less than$3.90 total to make a bra like this.

15:42Oh, pennies. It could be 50 cents in other countries. So why don't they do it somewhere else? Is it because they want to be a brand that says we use American labor? That's worth money. Absolutely. Do you think that your average consumer of this product thinks, oh, wait, that's what American labor is? It's like someone getting paid 18 cents to 30 cents to work on this? No, absolutely not. I think we have the image of a well-run factory that's air-conditioned where people get nice breaks and go home to their families at night. And it's just not that. I've seen worse factories in America than I have seen overseas.

16:23Most of the garment factories left in the U.S., over 76 percent of them, are small operations with fewer than 10 workers. You'd walk by some of these and never even know there was a garment factory there. In New York City, a factory could be on top of a restaurant in Little Italy. In Los Angeles, it could be on a residential street, looking like any other single-story house on the block. There aren't that many factories or that many domestic garment workers. In 1990, there were like 900 ,000 apparel manufacturing jobs in the U.S. Today, there are 82 ,000. The U.S. lost most of its garment industry in the 90s when brands and retailers started sourcing more and more products overseas and paying other countries to make more and more clothes.

17:06And when that happened, the U.S. kind of stopped investing in the factories that were left, stopped innovating. So walking into some of these factories today can feel like going back in time. It's tiny, subcontracted, overcrowded factories with these juky machines. This is Aisha Berenblatt. Her work running a nonprofit called Remake has taken her inside garment factories all over the U.S. and abroad. Come look at the factories in South A. Not just in China, in Cambodia, in Bangladesh. Some of these are state-of-the-art facilities, innovative, you know, with robotics and AI and using clean technology.

17:46We don't have that. We have some. Not many. The governments in a lot of the countries where our clothes are made today actually subsidize those state-of-the-art fancy factories. And unless the U.S. were to do the same, Aisha says she cannot imagine that there would be the right incentives for anyone to invest in more U.S. factories. This is an aging workforce. You know, who is going to do the skill development that's needed without investment in workforce, without investment in R &D, in technology, in actual factory development and patients? It's not as though these jobs are just going to come back.

18:24Can I just say that? These jobs are not going to we're not going to make iPhones in America and we're not going to make all our clothes. We don't know how to. Like, let's just put that out there. Yeah, the U.S. outsourced a lot of its garment-making expertise a long time ago. Other countries got really good at making clothes. Not just sewing clothes, but like the pattern-making, fitting, making a bra. Not a simple sports bra like our purple bra, but like a legit, structured, support bra with cups in the whole thing. Aisha says, the U.S. doesn't really know how to make those bras. No, look in your closet and see where most of your bras come from.

19:02Sri Lanka. Probably. It's hard. You know, it's a technical garment. I mean, the wire, the clasp, the sizing, the different kind of material. Yeah, there's like a whole like rounded, molded part. Yeah. Different countries have become experts at different things. One country might be really great at making cheap pearl buttons for our clothes. Another great at working with silk. The U.S. is apparently not known for its silk work. You really want to go to where silk production originated for good silk work. So China. The U.S. got better at other things like services. And economists generally believe in this way of specialization that every country should leverage the resources available to them and only do the things that they are good at.

19:50But there is a garment manufacturing industry in the U.S., right? That's what Maria does. And if you're wondering why there is any industry left at all when clothes can be made cheaper, sometimes even better abroad, here's why. Some U.S. brands like to have factories nearby for things like prototyping and making samples. They just want a few pieces right away. Why have it made all the way in China? And then there are clothes for the niche customer, like consumers who really want clothes that aren't shipped from across the world because they really care about emissions, for example. Specialized clothes for people with physical disabilities.

20:32The U.S. makes a decent amount of that. And here's another big reason. Basically, all of the clothes for the U.S. military have to, by law, under the very amendment, be made in the U.S. The fabric, the fiber, top to bottom, made in the USA. because the U.S. military doesn't ever want to have to rely on a particular country in case we ever, like, go to war with that country or something. This is the part of the garment industry that the U.S. government does prop up. And there is a perception, right, that made in America must mean better labor conditions maybe, better pay, good for the environment even.

21:09Why do you think that, Sarah? That's not true. That's absolutely not true. Aisha's nonprofit does these reports where they basically grade brands on labor issues like pay and worker well-being and environmental issues like the raw materials brands use and where their clothes get discarded. There's this perception that somehow if I'm paying more or if it's a luxury item, then the workers are paid better. And, you know, time and time again, you know, there have been scandals with sweatshops in Italy and they have been high end brands, luxury brands. There's math out there, something like 20 cents for a$20 T-shirt.

21:49But the same holds true for a$120 T-shirt. A$20 t-shirt, a$120 t-shirt. The workers likely got 20 cents to work on it either way. Aisha says you generally cannot buy your way into better wages for workers. There has been an effort in California, where Maria and half of all U.S. garment workers are, to raise the pay. But the thing about making clothes is it has historically gone somewhere else where you can pay workers less. That's after the break.

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