Cosmic Queries – Expanding Bubble Universes

21:57The name is Greek, but not me. As you mentioned before, space gets compressed near mass and time at faster speed slows down. This, I can imagine, but if space and time are connected, does that mean I would get smaller as I go faster? If so, I would be infinitely small at the speed of light. Would I then become light? Is maybe all light matter, but infinitely small and fast? My boy's got some angst. I'm telling you right now. So first of all, Satori, it's going to be okay.

22:41Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's number one. There was some panic in that question, wasn't there? Yeah. It's going to be all right, buddy. The world will be fine by the moment. The world's going to be all right. All right. So time slows down for you, as others would observe it. But you don't shrink. Right. Your dimensions will be measured to shrink front to back. So you'll get sort of thinner front to back as people measure your speed increasing. All right. They'll also measure your mass increase. They'll measure your time slowdown. We have three equations that tracks all three of those. Okay. All that happens in a black hole, you're going to shrink only because it's compressing you down to a smaller point in space.

23:23Neil deGrasse Tyson:So deal with it. I mean, there's not a way around that. And you're going to be stretched head to toe from tidal forces, but you're going to be squished shoulder to shoulder by the ever-shrinking fabric of space and time until you descend into that abyss as a stream of atoms. Have a nice day. There you go. Tell your kids that at bedtime. So, yeah, and Einstein concluded matter can never go at the speed of light because you have zero volume and infinite mass and time would stop. So if you're going to travel the speed of light, you have to have zero mass like a photon. Like a photon. Right. There you go.

24:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:And they have zero mass, they travel the speed of light, and they have zero time, which we talked about. Photon only knows time the moment it is manifested by something that it hits. Right. So the photon is created in an atom. Right. It is absorbed wherever it was headed instantly. Instantly. To it. To it. Right. To it. To it. Yes. Everybody else gets to see it. Exactly. Go its path. That's funny. What I love is every time I'm on the beach, I always pull my swim trunks down just a little bit so that whatever photons land on my ass, I'm like, sorry, you were born in the sun and you landed on my ass.

24:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:Stop it. In one instant. You did. That is so mean of you to the photon. No, I had similar thoughts, but not so crude. So my thesis data, my PhD thesis data, my thesis is right there. Okay. Pull it, can we see the black one? The black one right there. This one? Oh, God. Jesus. Yeah. Look at that. So a study of the abundance distributions along the minor axis of the galactic bulge. Okay? So this, it's single-sided. So don't think it is. Point is, the galactic bulge is best viewed from Chile. Oh. Okay. Well, anywhere in the Southern Hemisphere. And I went to Chile many times to get data for this thesis.

25:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:Here's the thing. The telescope is at the top of a mountain, which has a tiny coastal town called La Serena at the base of the mountain. La Serena has beaches. And the people would be laying out on the beach with bikinis on and things like that. and I would go to the mountain with detectors to see photons that left the center of the galaxy 30 ,000 years ago. Some miss Earth and continue into space. Others hit Earth, maybe the countryside. Some of them hit the buttocks of people on the beach, like your buttocks that you exposed. That's right. But some of them land on my detector, empowering me to deduce the nature of the galactic center.

26:28Neil deGrasse Tyson:So to me, those are noble photons. You gave your photons purpose. My photons gave their life for my black ass.

26:41Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. All right, here we go. I can hear the photons say, What is this? Where did I just land? I know. All right. Here we go. All right. This is Bodnar. Actually, just to be precise, if it were like high-energy photons, they were absorbed by your melanin. Oh, wow. Yeah. Well, they were lucky then. It would just grab it right out. Yeah, right out. Yes. Snatch it right out of there. Because that's what melanin is for. That's what it's for. Yeah. All right. This is Bodnar Marton Janus, who says, from Budapest. You can't possibly have pronounced any of that correctly. No, Bodnar Marton Janus. Because he's trying to add a little.

27:20I'm not trying to add anything to that. Okay. Okay. He says,

27:52could my supersonic spaceship speed beyond light speed? I'm a 13-year-old student aspiring to be an astro or theoretical physicist. Cool. Good for you. In Budapest. In Budapest, yes.

28:06Neil deGrasse Tyson:So didn't we do an explainer on slingshots? On slingshots. Yes. Yes. And it's really cool. But it's not what you think it is. No. No, no. You know why? Because everybody thinks of slingshot as this. the two prongs that you pull, put a projectile, you pull it back, and then you release it, and then the projectile just goes, taking all the energy of the recoil from the pullback, propelling it forward. But the way you explain slingshots, gravitational slingshots, it's not really a slingshot. It's not at all. It's not really a slingshot. So here's the problem. If you fall towards the black hole, but not in it, because you ain't getting out of the way, the acceleration of the spacecraft falling into the black hole is exactly canceled by you trying to climb out the other side.

28:56Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. So when you're done with this exercise, you're not traveling any faster or slower than you were before. The slingshot works because you come in from behind an orbiting planet. Mm-hmm. And you go, the planet pulls you in, and the act of pulling you in has you catch up with it in its orbit. Right, in its orbit. So there's an extra speed that's outside of the symmetrical fall in climb out of the gravity. Which is the planet itself dragging you along in its orbit. Correct. Right. And you just ate some of the orbital energy of the planet by, you stole it. You stole it. You stole it. By tagging on, you're a stowaway.

29:36Neil deGrasse Tyson:Gravitational stowaway. You're a gravitational stowaway. So that's not going to happen. Right. So A. B, if it's a supermassive black hole, you can easily fall into it and not be ripped apart. because the event horizon is so big that the tidal forces are not strong. So you get in, and now you're just falling inside of the black hole. You're falling within the event horizon of the black hole. And the closer you get to the center, that's when the tidal forces start messing you all up. Correct. But in the beginning, you're just like, oh, well, this ain't bad at all. Not bad at all. And it's because your height, if he's 13, maybe he's five feet tall, Your five feet relative to the radius of the black hole is small.

30:20Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. Whereas as you get closer to the center, your five feet, it could be only another five feet to the center of the black hole. So the tidal forces will become greatly magnified under those situations. Gotcha. Wow. So. But it's great to see a 13-year-old thinking like this. Yeah. Oh, yeah. How cool. Oh, yeah. How cool. Well, good luck to you, man. And, you know, invite us to your graduation. I mean, we're not coming, but invite us. Stop. I'm saying you're a Budapest. Ain't nobody who's paying that kind of money. We'll wish you well. But we'd like to know when you graduate. All right. But wait, wait, let me back up.

30:55Neil deGrasse Tyson:So if I'm near the speed of light and I do an actual slingshot maneuver. Right. Okay. Right. Around a planet, could I be slingshot to go faster than the light? The answer is no. No. Yeah. No, because you're not going the speed of light. Right. because you're made of material substance which can't go the speed of light. And you're not, it's not like the slingshot gives you all the energy and then you just keep it and keep going. You got to climb out of the fall that you would, the descent that you made, you have to now climb out of it. And that's exactly symmetric with it. So what would happen is, what happened was, let's say going 95 % the speed of light and you were to get a slingshot, what effect would it have?

31:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:It would add energy to your trajectory. and there's a point where adding energy is not simply increasing your speed. There are other ways to boost the energy of the system. He will end up going faster, but he won't catapult past the speed of light. That's the way to think about it. There you go. Okay. All right, here we go. This is Writer's Eye from Ohio. Writer as in W-R-I-T. Writer's Eye. E-Y-E. E-Y-E. So does the fact of us living in an expanding universe contradict the premise of living in the black hole. Since we know that black holes evaporate and there is a limit upon which all matter can be compacted, we wouldn't notice any intake of energy or matter from the waves it would cause.

32:25So not since the Big Bang has any more matter energy been introduced. Can we assume the universe in a black hole would not be expanding? hoping to get an answer lost in illiteracy in Ohio. That's very funny. Yeah.

32:44Neil deGrasse Tyson:So I don't have a good answer for that. If we were in a black hole and the black holes are eating things in its vicinity, you would see material coming in, just as he suggested. But not all black holes are actively eating. True. Quasars are galactic center phenomenon where a black hole is dining on stars and gases that have wandered too close, and it's emitting energy in the process. There's a distance within which quasars no longer are there. They shut off. We think they just completely ate everything in their environment. And so a black hole, it's not a requirement, it's not a prerequisite that a black hole is always eating things, and you would then see things coming in through your event horizon.

33:28Neil deGrasse Tyson:So don't use that as a reason for not embracing the possibility that we are in a black hole. Gotcha. So, yeah, and evaporation, supermassive black holes. Forget black holes the size of our universe. Supermassive black holes take 10 to the 100 years to evaporate. Yeah. So just don't hold your breath. A lot of time. Nothing to worry about. Right. So very cool. All right, but nice thought experiment. Here we go. This is Rabayaga, Robert Dudak from Flint, Michigan. He said, I read a paper validating the subliminal warp drive as a more realistic possibility than the Alcubere FTL drive. FTL says we're faster than light.

34:18Faster than light. Constant velocity physical warp drive solution. The one thing that was not even hinted at on the paper was how one might accelerate the warp bubble. I would appreciate any thoughts on acceleration and how fast the subluminal drive might eventually go hypothetically.

34:38Neil deGrasse Tyson:And thank you. Yeah, I've got to do some homework on that. A couple of things. A warp drive, there's no prerequisite that it goes faster than light. Right. You just warp space and you go. But if you can go faster than light, then why not? Right. Like, what are you doing? And if you were to go faster than light, this would be the only way you could do it because you would have to compress the space because you can't go faster through the space than light. You're stepping through basically the compressed space on the Alcubierre Drive. He was a Mexican physicist who came up with this. And so I don't know what the problem is because the Alcubierre Drive is a way to go faster than light, but there's nothing in principle preventing you from just dialing it down.

35:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:Just go slower. Exactly. Right? I mean, your car probably goes 130 miles an hour. Guys, take it easy. You know, this part of the galaxy is a speed trap. Red light cameras.

35:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:So I don't see that as a sticking point at all. Yeah. Yeah, you just dial it down. You just dial it down. Yeah. And by the way, even in Star Trek, they have warp one through nine. Yeah, but Warp Factor 1 is the speed of light. That is the speed of light. Right, but I don't ever hear them say warp. It's impulse power or something. Impulse power is less than light speed. Less than light, correct. So, all right, well, there you go. So you just fly on impulse, baby.

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40:11Hi, this is Tyrone Morgan from Hackensack, New Jersey. He says, hello, Dr. Tyson, Lord Nice, Tyrone Morgan from Hackensack, New Jersey. Love your show. And here are my inquiries. What if the graviton was not quantum? What if the space time that we live in is the gravitational field and black holes are the graviton in a higher dimension? Black holes having infinite mass at the singularity might be similar to photons having no mass in the electromagnetic field. Holy moly, bro. Man, people. Look at some people. Wow. What would a photon look like to someone whose space time was the electromagnetic field?

40:51I think it's very difficult to see the full picture when you're inside of it. Thank you for everyone for the science that you do, curiosity, the passion, and your discovery. I don't know if I can help this man. This is a wild question. He's got it bad. Yeah, man.

41:05Neil deGrasse Tyson:The graviton. Okay, so. The gravitational field and black holes in a higher dimension. Just watch. Just watch. So wild. So, there's electromagnetic force that is propagated by the photon. Right. Okay. They go hand in hand. Hand in hand. And a photon comes in waves as well. Of course. We have gravitation. Einstein said it's the curvature of space and time. But if it's going to be a force, and we're going to describe it in a quantum way, there ought to be a particle that propagates the gravitational field. Right. And we already have the wave that propagates it. We've seen that. That's called the, well, it's LIGO discovered.

41:47Neil deGrasse Tyson:LIGO discovered. Okay, so we got that. So what about the particle counterpart to the wave? We call that a graviton. Just like the photon is a particle counterpart to just the waves, light waves. Light waves. Light waves, okay? So we have a graviton is the particle counterpart to gravitational waves. But we don't know how to detect that. Right. Right, but it does make sense. Well, if you can turn all of gravitational physics into a quantum solution, then yeah, that makes sense. But if not, it could just confuse things. Yeah, I mean, I'm already confused, to be honest. Yeah, so I think it's kind of fanciful to think of black holes as the gravitons.

42:40Neil deGrasse Tyson:of, yeah, it doesn't feel right to me. Because black hole, we already have that described. It's not some mysterious thing that you're finding some other mysterious thing to say that it is. Yeah, right. And we want to avoid that anyway. You want to take this thing that we barely know and to use it to explain this other thing. There's something out that we don't know at all. Take this thing that we really don't understand and barely know and use it to describe it. This is what happens with consciousness. People are saying, let's take the weirdness of quantum physics that nobody understands and used to explain consciousness which nobody understands.

43:12Neil deGrasse Tyson:Exactly, right. Yeah, I mean, yeah, yeah. All right, well, listen, I like the way you think, though, man. You definitely smoking some good weed. Please send me some. This is Matt D from Oklahoma. He says, good day, Dr. Tyson, and a big high five to Lord and I. My name is Matt Dodd from Oklahoma, and I'm wondering about our bubble universe in the multiverse. If our universe is constantly expanding, Does that mean our bubble in the multiverse is growing over time? Who's to say another multiverse bubble would not merge with our own? What would it mean for our universe? And thanks for the inside. Yeah, I worry about that.

43:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah. Because quantum physics in the multiverse model is pumping out universes left and right. And each universe has slightly different laws of physics. Right. you don't want to just, hey, let's go visit the Johnsons over in the other universe if the charge on their electron is different from yours. Right, because now I just exploded. I turned to goo. Yeah, but you collapsed into a pile of goo. That's it. Damn, I knew I shouldn't have come. You bring something to test it with, like a gerbil or something. So now somebody, I don't know. That would be mean. Maybe not a gerbil. No, gerbils are fine.

44:27They ain't worth it. I'm not losing any sleep over a gerbil. Anyway, put that sucker in a habit trail, send him right through.

44:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:A habit trail. All right. But. The universe could be made of antimatter, for example. Right. That would be terrible. You toss a coin and the thing blows up. Right. That would be so cool. And then, of course, you meet yourself. But your other self, you know, you look as half of it is black and the other half is white. It's like an episode from Star Trek. The anti-matter guy. That was very cool. They'll have a goatee. Yes, exactly. And a black hat. And that's the evil man. Somebody, I don't know where I saw this or heard, because I don't think I read it, saying that is there a possibility that dark energy or dark matter is another bubble universe colliding with ours, and that's why it doesn't interact.

45:30It's just passing through.

45:31Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah, I'm a fan of that kind of thinking. Oh, okay. Yeah, because even though it involves a higher dimension, it's kind of simpler than other explanations. It makes sense, too. Yeah. It's like, yeah, this thing is just passing through us, but it doesn't interact. Like a sphere passing through. Two dimensions. Two dimensions, right. It's a dot, then a circle that gets bigger and bigger, then it gets smaller and smaller again, then it disappears from your universe. So, yeah, I'm partial to those explanations, even while knowing they're probably not correct. Right. Fun to think about. All right, this is Sweet Heat 223 from Dallas, Texas.

46:11Sweet what? Sweet Heat 223. Better known as Sterling from Dallas, Texas. Sterling, all right. He says, hi, Dr. Tyson and Chuck Nice.

46:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:So Sterling was not a cool enough badass name. Yeah, he had to go with Sweet Heat. Or she. Sweet Heat. All right. Sterling, that's a boy name. Sterling's a boy name? Yeah. Okay, so Sterling from Dallas, Texas. He said, if we could travel via warp drive, is it possible that speed to bypass the spaghettification process when entering a black hole to reach its singularity? So could you warp into a black hole and then bypass the singularity because you're going so much faster than the speed of light itself? So you've warped through the black hole. So technically, you don't need an escape velocity to get out of the black hole because you're warping through it.

47:12It's a wild proposition. Are these two black holes? No. Just you. It's you in the black hole.

47:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah. Hmm. I'm not feeling it. Yeah, not feeling it. It's an intriguing idea. It is. And like, can you bypass? Can you bypass? The rules. The whole rules. Yeah, yeah. No spaghetification. Right, right, right. None of the super gravity. There are black holes that you can fall in and not go to the center. Right. Like rotating black holes. And there are other configurations you can imagine. But, yeah, no, I'm not feeling it. Okay. All right. Yeah. Chuck, got a few more minutes. Minutes. Okay, let's see what we can do. Okay. This is Patrick Laverdeer, who says, In video games, when you walk into a complex area, the frame rate drops because the system is rendering more data.

48:04If our universe were a simulation, could gravity be doing something similar? Slowing down time because the cosmic engine is processing more information? I like that. Wow. I like that. He's saying the more complex areas of our universe require more computing power.

48:26Neil deGrasse Tyson:and as a result, everything slows down. This is the argument either for or against that we're in a simulation. Because the simulator doesn't have to simulate the whole universe. No. Only the universe that you are seeing at the time. Correct. That's it. For example, if we are in a simulation, are they simulating every molecule within the Earth if no one is looking inside the Earth? But now you start digging, so it's in their interest to simulate ahead of you without having to waste computing power on the whole earth. Right. And so that's just an intriguing scenario. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, it makes sense.

49:03If you are in a simulation, why would you waste all the computing power necessary to create the stuff that's never even being seen? That's correct. You know? Right. All right. So this is Meruahki-Geruahki. Meruah? Meruahki? Meruahki? I don't know.

49:27who says, hello everyone, I was wondering if black holes accelerate things beyond the speed of light once inside them, does that mean those things are going backwards in time? So the gravitational pull is so strong once you are past that event horizon, could you then go faster than the speed of light since light can't escape?

49:51Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah, what happens is you start gaining mass. Right. And rather than gaining speed. Right. That's how that happens. That's how that happens. Okay. Right, right, right. And so, no, you don't just keep getting faster and faster. No, no. Okay. And as you gain more mass, it's harder to accelerate you. Right. So, yeah. Oh, well. That's another thing. But what a great question, man. I like that. I like that. All right. Femke Se Naive from Belgium. Okay. He says, I was wondering, would it be possible to say if we reach a black hole with conventional space travel, even if it took thousands of years, to send a quantum AI computer or quantum robot a bit like they did in Interstellar?

50:38Ultimately, sacrificing itself to send us the data and solve the quantum gravity theory. Could quantum computers handle this information and send it to a spaceship in the vicinity, or would the information forever be stuck in the black hole? that can answer your own question. Pretty sure you answered your own question, buddy. Yeah, yeah, yeah.

50:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:I'm going with the, it's stuck in the background. It ain't coming out. It ain't coming out. It ain't coming out. Yeah. Yeah. There's the Hawking radiation, but it pulls it out as a strip tease, right? One molecule, one atom here, one particle there. Right. And then you have to reassemble it later. You would have to find that, you would have to put that information back together once it all evaporates. Exactly, exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, well. I'd time for one last question. All right. This is Martin from Denmark. Martine from Denmark, who says, hello, Dr. Tyson. Lord, nice. Martin from Denmark here.

51:29I think there's something undiscovered around the perception of time and the speed of light. If we humans were to travel at the speed of light, we say no matter the distance, it will feel like an instant when arriving at the destination. But since we also discovered that we can accelerate particles faster than the speed of light, when did we discover that? What the hell, Martin? Martin, did you get a Nobel Prize that nobody heard about? Because damn, bro, what you talking about? And he says, how will we perceive that?

52:01Neil deGrasse Tyson:Like yesterday or thanks for a great show? Okay, so no, we have not accelerated particles faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. Right. but the speed of light is slower in mediums in media right media plural of medium media it's slower in water glass air and especially diamond right where it gets bounced around and then comes out when it's cut correctly when it's cut correctly you're going to cut it it's just a way it refracts so it looks like the diamond has a certain radiance to it right yeah and it's refraction yeah that's exactly dispersion on the way out so cost you a lot of money for a little bit of praise.

52:41Neil deGrasse Tyson:I stopped buying diamonds years ago. And why are you forcing upon others your own marriage experience? Just warning. For those considering times a lot. If you're considering, just warning. I'm telling you. Keep it zirconia, man. Don't make the mistake. Don't make the mistake. Them diamonds are expensive, buddy. Let me tell you something. They throw them all like it was no big deal. They don't put them on every time. I'm like, oh my God, look at this. This man went out and spent all this money. They just throw him on like there's nothing to it. Okay? Get them suricons. Save yourself some money.

53:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Take it from a pro. I forgot what the question was. Okay. All right. So you can't make them fast in the speed of light. But two points. If you could, the particles would go backwards in time. Right. according to the according to the mathematics right so in Einstein's equations you can go up to the speed of light but you cannot attain it but nothing stops you from existing on the other side of the speed of light and then going faster than that right and if you do that you would live backwards in time and what's that called tachyon tachyon that's right tachyos from the Greek meaning fast like a tachometer right you've heard of tachometer it's on your car exactly it's the Well, my car doesn't have it anymore because I have an electric car, so there's nothing to tech.

54:10I'm just saying.

54:14Okay.

54:16Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah, so then it would be moving backwards through time. And you could then send yourself a signal. Using your tachyons. Using tachyons before you knew to send yourself a signal. Wow. Yeah. Trippy. So, yeah, it's a fun particle. Someone decided to move all the way into the other side of the equations and follow them through. And that's one of the conclusions. We've never found tachyons in the actual universe. Oh, well. It's kind of cool. So tachyons then, if they did exist, they would be moving. We could only intersect them at the point which they meet our reality going in opposite directions.

54:57Neil deGrasse Tyson:Correct. That's the only time we can see them. It's a perceptive point you're making. Yeah. You can't see them in the future. You can't see them in the future. You can't see them in the past. You're going to see them as it's going backwards through time and we're going forward through time. And boom, that's when you see the technique. In that instant. That's great. Oh, that's wild. Yeah. I like it. Well, thanks for that, Martin from Denmark. Yeah. Very cool. Oh, I think we're done here. All right, that was fun. Man, we're just knocking these out. We love the grab bags. They keep coming in. Well, listen, as long as you keep sending them, we'll keep doing it.

55:27Neil deGrasse Tyson:There it is. Another installment of StarTalk Cosmic Queries Grab Bag Edition. Neil deGrasse Tyson, you're a personal astrophysicist. Chuck, Lord Nice in the house. Yes, always a pleasure. As always, keep looking up.

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