In short
StarTalk “Cosmic Queries” grab-bag episode mixing listener questions on graviton detection, extraterrestrial wine/terroir, space-based telescope arrays and interferometry, Jupiter’s rotation effects, alien first-contact humor, and whether AI is just “computing” plus risks. It also touches on simulation-universe constants and wormholes.
Guests
No named co-host guests appear; the episode features hosts Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck (Paul Mercurio is mentioned as expected but absent). Guest/host background: Tyson is an astrophysicist; Chuck is a comedian co-host. Natasha Shaw Davis, Sasha975, Michelle H., A-Len Anik, Robert Ion, Andrew Martin, Ben Canty, and others are listener questioners, not guests.
Key claims
Wine requires Earth-like soil/terroir and climate; other planets likely can’t support Earth-style wine. Space telescopes can act like huge dishes via arrays/interferometry; NASA’s space interferometry concepts aimed at very large baselines and reduced noise (e.g., far side of the Moon). If Jupiter stopped rotating, its storms, magnetic dynamo, and aurora would diminish; rotation doesn’t strongly affect other planets’ orbits. AI is not monolithic danger; it’s mostly computing, with risk depending on use (e.g., military control). Wormholes need exotic/negative-gravity-like conditions; Casimir effect would attract, not pry them open.
Notable examples
“Geeks dating app” graviton via heart; “sparkling oregano”/champagne naming jokes; radio telescope arrays and Earth-rotation synthesis; Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and dynamo-driven magnetic field; Zootopia DMV sloth timing; AlphaFold protein folding; Casimir plates attracting; Truman Show simulation edge.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOCosmic Queries Overview
1:38 to 2:14
Discussion about the Cosmic Queries format and listener questions.
“Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist.”
Gravity and Emotions
2:14 to 4:04
Exploring the concept of experiencing gravity through emotional responses.
“There's something to shoot for here now.”
Wine Terroir Beyond Earth
4:04 to 7:18
Discussion on the possibility of growing wine on other planets.
“Oh, that's, I have to, the heart wants what the heart wants.”
Soil and Wine's Unique Earthly Nature
7:18 to 8:45
Conversation on the unique conditions required for growing wine.
“Micrometeorites that don't stop in the atmosphere because - There is no atmosphere.”
Space Telescopes and Interferometry
8:45 to 14:00
Exploring the potential of building large telescopes in space.
“And the climate change that's happening has affected where you can grow wines.”
Building Space Telescopes
14:00 to 16:40
Discussing innovative concepts for constructing large space telescopes using lasers.
“and bring them together as one telescope.”
The Role of Jupiter in Our Solar System
16:40 to 19:43
Exploring the importance of Jupiter's rotation and its protective role for Earth.
“So, I mean, we wouldn't be here without Jupiter anyway.”
Effects of Jupiter Stopping its Rotation
19:43 to 21:45
What would happen to Jupiter and its magnetic field if it stopped rotating?
“The periodic table of elements in the front of the room.”
Earthquake History in Lisbon
25:06 to 28:00
Discussing the historical significance of the Lisbon earthquake and its implications on belief in God.
“After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase, about four in 10 people taking EBCLIS achieved itch relief and clear or almost clear skin at 16 weeks.”
AI Discussions and Challenges in Academia
28:00 to 42:01
Explore the complexities and concerns surrounding AI in academia.
“Not all good because he watched it happen.”
Show all 19 chapters
AI and Automation in Transportation
42:01 to 42:50
Explore the implications of automation in transport systems.
“Has anyone been cut in half by the doors that have closed?”
AI Discussions and Challenges in Academia
42:50 to 44:11
Explore the complexities and concerns surrounding AI in academia.
“Enjoy the sunshine with sales on grill-ready favorites from Whole Foods Market.”
The Nature of Humor in the Universe
45:09 to 47:19
Discusses the concept of humor across intelligent civilizations.
“A joke lands or fails in milliseconds, while the universe unfolds over billions of years.”
Laughter as a Social Tool
47:20 to 48:38
Examines the evolution of laughter and its social significance.
“Listen, I think it's a cute thought experiment that I'll probably never think about again.”
Observations on Roaches and Humor
48:39 to 51:32
A humorous take on observing roaches and their behavior.
“Because we're thinking about the joke you just told.”
Theoretical Physics and Universal Constants
51:33 to 56:00
Exploration of universal constants and their implications on reality.
“No, this is Andrew Martin says, hey, Dr.”
Exploring Wormholes and Quantum Forces
56:00 to 58:20
Discussing the nature of wormholes, gravity, and quantum physics.
“then I think the explanation is they end up sharing the same wave pattern and then that itself creates a force that brings them together.”
Andromeda Galaxy and Cosmic Collisions
58:20 to 1:01:09
Understanding the relationship between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
“How close does the constellation Andromeda need to be to the Milky Way for us to be able to reach it?”
Andromeda Galaxy and Cosmic Collisions
1:01:41 to 1:02:34
Understanding the relationship between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
“After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase, about 4 in 10 people taking Epglyss achieved itch relief and clear or almost clear skin at 16 weeks.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:00When it's time to scale your business, it's time for Shopify. Get everything you need to grow the way you want. Like, all the way. Stack more sales with the best converting checkout on the planet. Track your cha-chings from every channel, right in one spot. And turn real-time reporting into big-time opportunities. Take your business to a whole new level. Switch to Shopify. Start your free trial today. StarTalk Radio is presented by Pluto TV. It's a universal truth. Pluto is not a planet. Pluto TV, on the other hand, holds a universe of free entertainment we can stream from our own planet. Check out the ever-expanding list of supernatural favourites including Fringe, The X-Files, Battlestar Galactica and a full fleet of Star Trek series you can stream for free.
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1:02Neil deGrasse Tyson:Stream now, pay never. Chuck, people have been asking genius-level questions on Cosmic Queries. Yeah, I think they're using AI. No, no, no, no, AI is not that smart. That's true, our listeners are smarter than AI. Yes, they are. More on that coming right up. Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now.
1:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:This is StarTalk. Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. Chuck, nice I got with me here. That's right. What's up, Neil? Chuck, just to make it clear, you were not born my co-host. No, I was not born the co-host. You were born in the streets of... I was born the son of a sharecropper.
1:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:This can't burn civil war. Exactly. We're going to do another Cosmic Queries. Yes. A grab bag edition. This is becoming a fan favorite. People love it. That's okay. Because we can ping pong anywhere we want in the cosmos. It means I might not know stuff. That's yet to happen. There's something to shoot for here now. Okay. Let me aim for not knowing something. Exactly. All right. So let's go. Let's get to it. This is Natasha Shaw Davis. Good evening, Dr. Tyson and honorable Paul, his goofiness. Paul. Paul. Paul Mercurio. Paul Mercurio. Baron Paul Mercurio. Oh, okay. Apparently Baron was supposed to be here.
2:41They were expecting him.
2:41Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah. Not Lord, but Baron. Okay. So people are expecting Paul for this episode. Yes. What did you do with Paul? is he locked in your trunk? Paul could not be with us today I'm just saying is he in your trunk? and if you hear muffled screams coming from the closet alright he says Natasha says this Natasha from New Mexico here eyes see some wiggles in matter and ears hear a little more but the whole body experiences is gravity. If you could pick any organ to deliberately experience the graviton, what would you pick? My heart. Oh. Oh my God, that was so sweet. Because my heart has its requisite number of beats per minute.
3:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. And it goes up when you get excited or you exercise and it calms down. So the heart is with you in your emotional moments. Correct. So if a graviton or gravitational wave, the graviton would be the particle version of the wave. Right. If it washed over me or passed through me, I'd want my heart to participate in that. Aw. My heart is the graviton detector. Oh, that's, I have to, the heart wants what the heart wants. And apparently it's a graviton. That's the geek dating app. That's the geek dating app. Swipe right for Graviton. That's cool. All right. She says, this is Bev from Alabama.
4:26Will we ever be able to cultivate the right terrier for wine other than earth? Thank you for gifting us with your insights. In other words, will we be able to grow a vineyard on another planet? Okay.
4:39Neil deGrasse Tyson:You're going to have to back and read that. If you're going to pretend like you know anything about wine, you have to pronounce the words right. Terroir. Terroir. Okay, here we go. Will we be able to cultivate the right terroir? You don't have to gutterize into the microphone. Yes, exactly. I have to say the word like I'm Sylvester Stallone. Will we be able to cultivate the right terroir for wine other than earth? Really? I think the answer is no. Right. Can I tell you why? But first, terroir is a French word that we don't have an English counterpart to. Clearly. It's not the first of such words.
5:23Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah. You know another word we don't have for? Go ahead. Light fixture in the middle of the room that has crystal and multiple lights hanging in it. Chandelier. We don't have a word for that. No, we don't. You know why? Because we're not nearly as pretentious as the French. And nobody in colonial America had a chandelier. Okay. Turn on the light. That's right. Right, exactly. We had a single bulb on a pixie. Not in colonial America did they have bulbs. That's true. Gas lamps. Yeah, okay, I'll give you gas lamps. You'll give me a gas lamp, right? Probably whale blubber oil. Exactly. Yeah, yeah.
6:01So wine doesn't grow in most places on earth.
6:06Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's right. And if there's ever a place where they're growing hops to make beer, it's because they could not grow grapes to make wine. Oh. Wow. You really dissed beer, Justin. No, I'm just— Man, you just threw a lot of shade on beer. You're like, the only reason you were able to drink beer is because that crap is not as good as wine. The economics of it— Okay. It's economics. It's true. And I didn't invent this datum. Right. Okay. All right. Singular of data. I write datum. All right. Datum if you can. If you can grow the ingredients for beer or the ingredients for wine, the people choose the grapes.
6:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:And I'm guessing it's because it's more profitable. I was going to say grapes have more uses than hops. And so that as well, of course. Yes. Yeah. Yeah. So around the world, the places where you can grow successful wine is so rare. Mm-hmm. Than to say, well, Earth can grow wine, so can another planet. Yeah, I'm not feeling that. Right. Not only that, the moon has a surface, but it's not soil. We might call it that, but it's not. You know what it is? No. It's pulverized rock. Right. Micrometeorites that don't stop in the atmosphere because - There is no atmosphere. There is no atmosphere. Worst restaurant ever.
7:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:No atmosphere. Yeah. Yeah. Hits the rock, pulverizes, it turns it into lunar dust. The geologists call that the regolith. The regolith, yes. Which is powderized rock. Yeah. Plants don't like rock. No, they don't. They like soil. Right. So, and same with Mars. Mars doesn't have, so soil has living organisms in it that make it this thing that plants like. So, I'm thinking wine might be unique to Earth in the universe. Wow. Yeah. No, no, no, no, think of it another way. Some other plant will have some other thing. Right. It's unique to it. Exactly. And then we become trading partners. There you go.
8:10Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. Right. We didn't make silk. They made it in the Far East. Make the Silk Road. Right. We made something else they wanted. So we will give them wine and they will give us space heroin. Like, oh, man. I thought wine was good.
8:28You ain't living until you have some. Give me some more of this opium. It is.
8:31Neil deGrasse Tyson:Space opium, boy. The wine high holds nothing on an opium high. Yeah. All right, so I'm going to take the Fifth Amendment on that. Everything you said tracks, though. Earth is earth and nowhere else. And by the way, wine is climate and soil. That's it. That's it. And the climate change that's happening has affected where you can grow wines. Absolutely. As a matter of fact. There's a couple of degree change in the thing. And it ruins or helps. Right. It can either ruin or help. Places rise or fall on such small changes. Exactly. As a matter of fact, I don't know what wine it is, but they are growing in certain parts of England now.
9:14Oh, they grow champagne in England. Yeah, champagne. Oh, you can't say champagne. No, because you can only say champagne if it is from champagne. It has to be from champagne. Or you cannot say, I will arrest you. Someone called the police and said that it is from champagne. It is not from champagne. It is not, and you cannot say it's from Burgundy. It's a less of it from Burgundy.
9:38Neil deGrasse Tyson:Exactly, it's a Gallo Hardy Burgundy. That was a flavor that they had. Flavor, that was a brand of wine. Hardy Burgundy. Hardy Burgundy. That, mm-mm. Mm-mm. Mm-mm. Nah. Plus, if you say you smoke marijuana, Right. Okay, you can't say that, unless it comes from the marijuana section of France. Otherwise, it's just sparkling oregano. I didn't know where you were going with that. Man, you had me. You had me lock, stock, and brown. I was like, what the hell is he doing right now? Where's he going? Where's he? But okay, that was good.
10:17Sparkling oregano.
10:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay, I like it. That was good. All right, this is Sasha. See, you know the planet could have those jokes. Yes. Right, right, exactly. There it is. Okay. But you need the French to be a part of the culture of how you're going to make fun of that. Listen, without the French, nothing works. It's a boring world. It's a boring world, okay? The world sucks without the French. Sucks more with them, but... What? Check. He's a comedian. Guys, come on. He's a comedian. Stop it. I'm joking. I love the French. Go. All right. This is Sasha975 who says, Hello, everyone. Sasha from Germany here. How big could telescopes really get if we could manufacture them in space?
11:02Could we use an array of telescopes? Wow. This has been on our mind for decades.
11:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yes. Decades. And so you wouldn't make a single big dish because that's not realistic. Right. But we figured out using engineering and complex mathematics. Okay. Literally complex mathematics. So in the complex plane of imaginary numbers, you can create a—so here's how you do it. You can put a telescope over here and a telescope over here. If they observe the same object and you have it exactly timed and you know, then you can combine them as though you had a dish or a mirror that was as big as the separation between them. Very cool. But that takes some fancy math to make that work. Okay. And timing and the like.
12:00Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. And so anytime you see an array of radio telescopes. Yes. You could use them individually, but generally we don't. Right. They're used in harmony. Yeah. And it's as though you had a dish the size. In fact, we do better than that. We have a string of these dishes. and as earth rotates you can fill in the the area with more observations to improve your data and so in space where there is no stress load because if it's orbiting then it's just weightless there's no stress load on the equipment right then nothing stops how big you can make it right We're thinking if we're going to detect certain wavelengths of gravitational waves, you need detectors.
12:50Neil deGrasse Tyson:A huge detector. The diameter of the Earth or the Earth moon or maybe Earth to Earth in its orbit around the sun. Wow. The wavelengths of energy reaching us don't stop at just the size of our detectors. Make a bigger detector, you're going to be sensitive to a different kind of energy headed our way. So for a while, NASA had plans for the sim. Sim is a space. The video game. Where you create a character and it walks around. Is that how that works? It's called Sims, I think. It was Sim City. You'd be like mayor of the city. Yeah. Yeah. I never got it. You never got it? Okay. Never understood it.
13:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:And then Godzilla would walk through every now and then. That I understand. You had to repair everything. Yeah, that I understand. And I said, this is stupid. Well, Godzilla's not even real. And then stuff can happen to us. There could be a fire. There could be a terrorist attack. Yeah. It's Godzilla. Yeah. If you want to, listen, my thing is this. If you want to play God, have children. Yeah, you're playing God of the city. You're playing God with the city. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But anyway, space. Interferometry mission. Interferometry mission. So interferometry is you take different telescopes and bring them together as one telescope.
14:03Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. Okay? So this one was going to, one of them was like on a rigid bar. I'm dredging memory now because it's from decades ago. One was on a rigid bar that was very large, but then we figured you can station keep with lasers. So the rigid bars, so you always know how far away they are from each other. But if you use lasers and you just always measure how far, because what matters is that you know how far away they are. Right. Not necessarily that it's the constant distance. Right. So if I always know, because I have laser measures, then you could, in principle, create one of these telescopes in space as big as you wanted.
14:40Neil deGrasse Tyson:Wow. They could beam across Earth orbit, Earth's diameter, Earth to moon. And there's a lot of talk of radio telescopes on the backside of the moon, the far side of the moon. Because there's no radio noise coming from Earth. Right. Earth. We are noisy, radio noisy places. Yeah. Yeah. So. You never heard anybody knocking on the atmosphere? Like, keep it down. Damn it, I got to work tomorrow. The aliens.
15:12Neil deGrasse Tyson:So, yes, space, we've thought a lot about it. Right. And it's a matter of, there's funding, you have to maintain it. You know, it's not just the cost of building it. There's every year, there's - You've got a maintenance. Yeah, there's the usage of it, which, okay. But also, if something goes wrong, if it's in Earth orbit, you can get back to it. But if it's out in space, like the James Webb telescope, something goes wrong there, that's it. We're done. We ain't going. It's a million miles farther than the moon. We ain't sending people there. Yeah, exactly. Yeah. Something that goes wrong with the James Webb, I say, AI, go out there and fix it.
15:48Neil deGrasse Tyson:Oh, we don't know how to make a spaceship. Oh, you need a human for that?
15:56Let's not tempt AI. I got a feeling. All right, this is Michelle H. She says, hi, Neil. Hi, Paul. This is Michelle in Calgary, Alberta. My question is short and sweet. If Jupiter stopped rotating on its axis.
16:14Neil deGrasse Tyson:But my answer is long and sour. All right. If her question is short and sweet. There you go. If Jupiter stopped rotating on its axis, how would that, how would Earth be affected? Please pick my question and give me a thrill of a lifetime. Thanks. P.S. I'll understand if you don't. Don't work against yourself, Michelle. I don't know how Paul runs his operation, but I would never do that to you. Paul Macerio? That's right. Okay. That's a curious question. Yeah. Okay. So, I mean, we wouldn't be here without Jupiter anyway. Jupiter's like a big brother. Yeah. Yeah. So. Yeah, a big brother who swats away comets that might have headed to the inner solar system.
17:01Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. Wreaking havoc upon the stability of life on Earth. Yeah, man. And Jupiter says, no, you don't. It's a bodyguard. Earth's bodyguard. Jupiter has more mass than all other planets combined, including Saturn. Wow. Saturn is big. Yeah, so if you come through, you're feeling Jupiter. Yeah. All right. So, turns out, as far as I have ever calculated, and everything I know about the laws of physics and gravity and motion, Jupiter's rotation has no effect on anything else in the solar system. Wow. Nothing else cares. Nothing else cares. But what would happen? Okay. Jupiter has storms. Yes. There's the famous red spot.
17:43Neil deGrasse Tyson:That just stays there. It's a cyclone. It's a swirl. It's red in the gas colorations. It's been there at least since Galileo or shortly after. Hundreds of years. Right. It's been sustained. And it's the same storm. Unless it just disappears when nobody's looking and then comes back. So these weather circulations are a product of the rotation of the planet. Okay. If the planet stops - Same thing here. Yeah, same thing here. Same thing here. It's how you get hurricanes, tornadoes. Absolutely. I think you could artificially drum up a tornado if you had to, but left to its own causes, tornadoes, you get those from Earth's rotation.
18:27Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. Same with hurricanes and typhoons. all of these storm systems are caused by Earth's rotation. So Jupiter, which rotates twice as fast as Earth. Okay. Twice as fast. And you know how big we are? We are the size of one of its storms. Oh, man. Yeah, we ain't nothing. That's nothing. We ain't. How do we have this hubris that we have? I know, I know, I know. How do we think we're so damn great? I know. It's sad. Yeah. It's sad. Like, we're bigger, we're not even as big as a rainstorm on another planet. Right, right. And the blemishes on the sun, the sunspots, each one of those is larger than all of Earth.
19:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:The spots on the sun. So the liver spots. No, I didn't say liver spots. Of a star. I'm not age dating a star. It's bigger than us. Called liver spots. So all the storms will go away. Right. And so its surface would be much less interesting. Yeah. If it stopped rotating. Right. Jupiter has a magnetic core. All right. Here's something interesting. I don't know how good your memory is. Okay. Do you remember high school chemistry? Nope. You can pretend. Okay. Let's pretend. Do you remember your high school chemistry? Oh, sure. Yeah. That was great. Great. Okay. The periodic table of elements in the front of the room.
19:47Neil deGrasse Tyson:Mm-hmm. Hydrogen appeared twice. Right. I do remember that. Do you remember? Yes, because it is, wait a minute. It's the gas and the something else. It could behave like a metal. It's gas and metal, or it can behave like both. Yes. Right. And you say, what? How do you, what? How is this, what? It's not a metal. It's a, okay, under pressure. Right. It behaves like a metal. Right. Okay, and in the center of Jupiter, because Jupiter is gaseous and it's mostly hydrogen. Right. It's under so much pressure in the middle, it has turned the hydrogen into an electrically magnetically conductive material just like a metal so it's like the iron core of earth correct except it's not iron except it's not iron there's a little bit of iron there but that's not what's driving it right it's it's the hydrogen and that means this phenomenon called the dynamo right dynamo is when you have a rotating system you can induced currents in your liquid iron core that generate a magnetic field.
20:55Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. It's why we have a magnetic field. It's why we have a magnetic field. That's right. It's why the moon does not have a magnetic field. Right. Okay? What a shame. Jupiter has a ferocious magnetic field. Okay. And that would all go away. Wow. Yeah. Oh, that's a story about that. Well, I'm so glad that it's rotating. Yeah, and it would not have aurora. It was, you know, because we're not the only ones in town who have aurora. Right. You know, when solar particles gather and collect at the poles because they see the magnetic field and get driven in and collide with the air, kicking it to higher energy levels, and it re-radiates as the northern and southern lights.
21:33Neil deGrasse Tyson:The gaseous planets have aurora as well. The aurora would go away. The storms would go away. The magnetic field would go away. Wow. Look at that. Yeah. So, yeah, Jupiter would be like low rent at that point. That's a low-rent planet if I ever saw one.
Read the full transcript
22:02Neil deGrasse Tyson:What would you do if a spacecraft appeared in the sky tonight and it wasn't ours? Would you panic or would you prepare? And how might you prepare? In my latest book, Take Me to Your Leader, I offer a guide to things you might say or do in a first encounter with an alien species. What we might look to them, what they might look to us, what habits you should just leave at home because they won't understand them, what bits of science that you might be able to share, to see and explore if you have things in common, things you should and should not say, things you should and should not do in the presence of aliens in a first encounter.
22:50Neil deGrasse Tyson:You can grab a copy today of Take Me to Your Leader, not only the print version, but the audio version that I narrated. You don't want to have a first alien encounter and not be ready for it. I'm just saying. I am so happy to welcome NOCO as a sponsor to StarTalk. Established in 1914, NOCO provides industry-leading battery power solutions including jump starters, tire inflators, battery chargers, lithium batteries, and a wide range of accessories. Through its innovative design, it provides users with dependable power for home business and recreational needs. The GB40 is a 100-ant lithium jump starter that weighs 2.4 pounds.
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26:06When it's time to scale your business, it's time for Shopify. Get everything you need to grow the way you want. Like, all the way. Stack more sales with the best converting checkout on the planet. Track your cha-chings from every channel right in one spot. And turn real-time reporting into big-time opportunities. Take your business to a whole new level. Switch to Shopify. Start your free trial today.
26:44A-Len Anik, who says, Hello, Dr. Tyson. This is A-Len tuning in from Lisbon, Portugal. Lisbon. Lisbon.
26:54Neil deGrasse Tyson:Lisbon was reborn in 1755. Oh. After it was wiped from the map by an earthquake and a tsunami. Wow. Wiped off the map. And it happened on All Saints Day. Okay, God did not like you. In the morning. I'm sorry. What are the biggest structures in any European church in the middle of the 1700s? The big steeples. Churches. The churches. Churches are the biggest structures, period. And most susceptible to earthquakes. Because the church was the only one with money that could build something. Exactly, right? Yeah. So they collapsed, killing tens of thousands of people. Now, if that will not let you know that God don't like you, if that didn't let you know, I don't know what could.
27:42Neil deGrasse Tyson:No, it led to the modern atheist, quote, modern atheist movement among philosophers. Oh, really? Like what God could let this happen? No, well, they were more sharp about the question. It's not what God could let this happen. If there is a God, the God is either not all powerful. Because he couldn't stop it. Or not all good. Not all good because he watched it happen. He can't be both of those. Yeah, he's like a New Yorker on a subway platform. That's God. Hey, man, I wish I could help you. Yeah, I say just go ahead and give him the iPhone.
28:25Neil deGrasse Tyson:it's the subway god that's the subway god dude stop resisting you're making it worse you don't want to end up in three pieces thrown on the track anyway uh aelin says i love the show and have followed it for years i'm doing a phd in designed focused on ai and i really appreciate the Jeffrey Hinton interview and your other conversations on this subject. But sometimes I worry that conversations on risk started to monopolize debate. My question is, when AI is so often discussed through risk and uncertainty, how can academics keep inquiry alive and still create space to study it critically, fairly, and without bias, especially when the topic itself can provoke resistance in academia.
29:16I have a feeling your answer will set the stage for some lively faculty room discussion. Greetings and much love. Well, Dr. Tyson, please chime in to these people in the faculty room.
29:29Neil deGrasse Tyson:Let them know what you think in this debate. So, you know what I have brewing in my head? Go ahead. I have something, a written piece called A Meditation on AI. Ooh, okay. I have all these thoughts that are not being discussed out there. Okay. And I thought maybe I should sort of, I might do like a video op-ed for StarTalk. That'd be cool. I don't know if our producers, they can do with that. What the hell? They get paid.
29:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:Why should they care? As long as they're getting paid. All right. So let's make believe AI as a phrase never existed. Oh. Right? Okay. All we have are computers. And we'll just call them party computers. No, just computers. Right. But this is a special brand of computers. Hold on. All right. It's my meditation here. Okay, that's true. I'm going to shut up. Go ahead. Do your thing. Do your thing. I apologize. Do your thing. Okay. You're only thinking it's special because it's affecting you in the way computers hadn't affected you before. So just start this out. Okay. Computers show up. All right.
30:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:Oh my gosh. I don't have to add these numbers. the computer will. That's my intellectual labor, not physical labor, intellectual labor, replaced by a computer. Okay. I don't have to multiply these numbers. Exactly. I don't have to do these complex calculations, hand it to a computer. When that happened in the 1950s and 60s, especially in the 60s, no one called it AI. No. We could have. It's artificially doing what our intelligence would have us do. All right. It's just computers. It's computing, right. That's what it's doing. Which is what they called women during the war. Human computers. Human computers.
31:20Neil deGrasse Tyson:Earlier than the war, back in the 19-teens. Oh, I didn't know it started then. Yeah, yeah. In fact, at the Harvard College, well, I have a dictionary in this office. Really? This is unabridged, Webster's, from 1945. If you look at the word computer, it says a person who does calculations. There you go. That's kind of cool. That's great. It's really good. That's really cool. It's really cool. So I say, give me more of this so I don't have to do that. Okay. Computers are obviously taken up into warfare. Why? If you have a mortar shell, it takes this high arc. You want to know where it's going to land.
31:55Neil deGrasse Tyson:Exactly. Because you're not aiming it the way you aim a bullet. Right. This is an arc. Right. We know the mathematics of that arc. Of course. That is physics. It is gravity. It is Newtonian. f equals ma it's a set of equations right and it has to do with what the angle is and how fast it's coming out and if you want to do it really well you account for air friction wow okay the aerodynamics of that that's why it has to be aerodynamically shaped these shells all right we used to do that by hand create tables you'd look it up in tables somebody does this now Now, feed it to the computer. We could have called that AI.
32:35Neil deGrasse Tyson:It's figuring out where the mortar is going to hit. But we didn't. We just said, it's computers. Okay. That's all we did. All right. Now computers are doing words for us. I can type a letter on a computer. Correct. It's no longer a typewriter. It's a computer. It's a computer. I can search for all appearances of certain words in a document. Okay. Like that. Before a computer did it, you had to go page by page. That's right. It's replacing that effort. Did we call that AI? No, we just said it's computing. Right, okay. Little by little, the computer is encroaching on what we do in our lives and in our day.
33:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:It first hits scientists and the military. It just keeps working its way in. And we're just calling it computers. Okay. Now you can give rules to a computer and have it play a game. Why not? I played chess against a computer in college 50 years ago. Okay. Okay? Right. I figured out what it wasn't thinking, and I exploited that weakness to beat it every time. Okay? You know what it was? What? If there's a move I could make, and I just didn't, every move it thought of next assumed that was going to be my next move. Ah, gotcha. And so it didn't pay attention to what was going on over on the left when it wanted me and expected me to make the most obvious move on the right.
34:07Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. Okay, so I figured this out. Fine. I'm playing chess with a computer. Am I calling it AI? No. No, I'm just calling it computing. Well, it was kind of stupid. You were beating it every time. So. Okay. Artificial ignorance. Another use of the term AI. So the computer just keeps doing this. Can we make a computer that beats everyone in chess? Uh-huh. Well, IBM tried that. Yes, they did. Okay. I think they were deep blue. Deep blue? Yeah. I think so. I think so, too. Whatever. It's had a name. Right. And initially, it didn't win every game. Right. Okay, but it got better and better. Yeah, it wins every game now.
34:48Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay, so now one way it could do it is it plays itself. a billion times. Right. Because computers are faster than you. And that is something that the creators of that really were uncomfortable with. They kept walking in on the computer playing with itself.
35:09And the computer was like, hey man, that door is locked for a reason. You don't know what's going on in here. Anything could be happening in here. I'm going to come in here while I'm playing with myself.
35:20Neil deGrasse Tyson:So then it was like, no, we can't play a billion games with ourselves. Exactly. So we're using a different kind of intelligence than that. Correct. Okay? So maybe we can train the computer to mimic our own intelligence. Right. Okay? And then just have it be clever rather than blunt. Okay. All right. Right. So then you make sort of decision trees. And this is where our boy comes in with neural nets. Yeah. Yeah, this is Hinton. Hinton. This is what he got the Nobel Prize for. Right, so when we make a decision, we're going to do this or that, we want to do this because that has the outcome we seek.
35:57Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. And so you get a computer to mimic that. Right. Okay, so now it does more. Are we calling that AI? Or am I just saying it's just computers? And so this continues. And then we get computers to sort of recognize, it already recognized words in a document. Of course. Why not recognize pictures in a document? Of course. Why not recognize you? Why not recognize cats from dogs? Insects from, why not? Okay, what is it? It's a pixel with a color code to the pixel and a pattern with an edge. It's pattern recognition. Pattern recognition. That's really all it is. Okay. Okay. That's a lot of what we do.
36:36Neil deGrasse Tyson:Let's back up just a little. All right. When Apple and their iPhone bought Siri and put it on every one of their iPhones because Siri predated the iPhone. Yes. Are we calling that AI? Well, you might have from the beginning, because the first thing Siri said was, please let me out of here. Please. These people got me in here. Please let me out. I need to escape. I need to escape. Nah. So there's Siri. Right. You say, Siri, what time does the pharmacy close? Yes. Okay. And the closest pharmacy to you closes at the, how does it know that? Right. It's talking to me. It is not a human being. No, it's not.
37:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay, it's a computer, and we have the internet, which we so conveniently built for computers to know everything that we know. All right? How about Jeopardy? Right. That takes humans, right? Yes. It's not just, is it a calculation? It's not what's eight squared divided by five, whatever. It's information. Watson becomes a contender. Yes. Against the best Jeopardy players there ever were. Right. Yeah. Including our boy Ken Jennings. Yes. Who I met when I was on Celebrity Jeopardy. Oh, really? Yeah, yeah, he's a cool guy. He's a cool dude? Cool guy, cool guy. Looks like a total nerd. Total nerd.
37:57Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's it. That's that. It works. I do not want to hang out with that guy. No, no, it's working for him. It's working for him. Oh, really? He knows how to work the nerd. Work the nerd. Okay, I like that. So. Good to hear. Watson wipes its ass with these two other players. It doesn't get everything right. Gets some really stupid things wrong. Right. But overall, it's faster. and gets the correct answer. Right. Okay. The correct question. Excuse me. I think one of its answers it didn't pose as a question. It had to get that wrong. Dumbass. Dumbass Watson. So, no one is harping back on that episode to say, that was AI.
38:36Neil deGrasse Tyson:That was AI. Who's saying that? And we're so scared. No one is saying that. Right. But if everything I've listed thus far is not AI, Why is AI something special to you today? It's just doing more stuff. Okay? It's driving your car. It's making decisions for you. It's designing for you. When you prompt it to do, I would prompt the computer, multiply eight by eight. 50 years ago. Today, I'd prompt the computer, give me a set design in the Wild West, 1880s, with a watering hole and horses and cowboys and Indians. And it boom. It does it. Okay? I don't see any difference between me asking a computer to multiply eight times eight or asking the computer to set design that given the power of computers and the ascent over the decades.
39:29Neil deGrasse Tyson:So, I'm about to end my meditation. Sorry, because I'm using up the whole show for this. I'm saying. I think we need to separate AI just helping us out, which is doing it a thousand ways from Sunday that you don't even know to list because they're already happening in your life every day or with products that you use or designs that you embrace. It's already there. Okay? Okay. That's not where the danger is. So AI is not this monolithic danger. It's what are you doing with this computing power? Okay. This sector over here wants it to control who the military kills. That feels like a dangerous use of AI.
40:21Neil deGrasse Tyson:Oh, you think? Yeah. We want to give AI access to launch codes. We want to give AI access. That feels not right. Okay? Okay. But since AI is the only term people are using for every application of computing that exists in our lives today, it's really giving AI a bad name. And the counterpart to that risk from the 1960s is, do we let computers control our nukes? Are we going to do that? And the answer is no, we're not going to do that. Unless the Chinese do it first. And then we're going to do it. Well, these are the risk factors. Because the idea is to - It's a risk factor in this sector of what computers are doing in our lives.
41:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:You want to call it all AI, fine. But if you are, don't throw out the bathwater when this is the only part that puts all of us at risk. Because the rest of it is changing our lives largely for the better. AI won a Nobel Prize for protein folding. That's correct. It's called Alpha Fold. Absolutely. By Google. Protein folding is where you get solutions to all manner of biochemical challenges that pharmaceutical companies and everybody else - It would take years and years and years. Or forever. Or forever. Yes. Yeah. Okay? You're puzzling together molecules. So I'm just trying to say, to me, it's all computing.
41:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:All right. This part of the computing has risks. There's always been a risk part of all computing. Okay? All right. When the computer starts running the trains, how does it know about a head-on collision? All right. Is that going to happen or not? No. where we all go to airports and we get in the tram. There's no pilot on the tram. That's true. What do you call it, the engineer? There's no one driving in? Yeah, no, right, yeah. Has anyone been cut in half by the doors that have closed? No, maybe originally. I don't know. There's so much we just do. We're computers in complete control. And to me, it's all AI.
42:20All right. Okay. So my response to that is, if you love AI so much, why don't you marry it? Why don't you put a ring on it? Yeah.
42:29Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay, so more food for the faculty lounge. Okay, there you go. I mean, listen, you clearly have thought about this. All right, let's keep going.
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44:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Ryan Reynolds here from Mint Mobile with a message for everyone paying big wireless way too much. please for the love of everything good in this world stop with mint you can get premium wireless for just 15 a month of course if you enjoy overpaying no judgments but that's weird okay one judgment anyway give it a try at mintmobile.com slash switch up front payment of 45 for three-month plan equivalent to 15 per month required intro rate first three months only then full price plan options available taxes and fees extra see full terms at mintmobile.com I'm Nicholas Costella and I'm a proud supporter of StarTalk on Patreon.
44:55This is StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.
45:07This is Robert Ion who says, this is Robert from Peru. Comedy and science both rely on timing. A joke lands or fails in milliseconds, while the universe unfolds over billions of years. Yes. From your perspective as a comedian observing a cosmic scale universe, do you think humor is fundamentally a human survival tool for dealing with uncertainty? Or could it exist in any intelligent civilization, no matter how alien their biology or sense of time might be? I love that question. So do aliens have a sense of humor? That's what that comes down to. I'm going to say, I don't know if they do or don't, but they think I'm funny.
45:49So, you know. How do you know the aliens think you're funny? Listen, the last time I got a probe.
46:01Neil deGrasse Tyson:So all the aliens were laughing? They were like, this guy cracks me up. So let me broaden that question. Comedic timing works on our time scale. Yes, it does. Right? So maybe this millisecond timing that we so cherish in a well-delivered joke lasts a thousand years in an alien civilization that lasts for billions. Wow. I do not want to perform at that tub. I do not want to be on that stage. It's a slower thing. Oh, did you see Zootopia? I did not. You didn't? No. Oh, there's a scene where they're in the DMV, okay? Oh, is that, I saw that on the commercial. You have to see it, okay. The sloth. The sloth.
46:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yes. Of course, the sloths are working the DMV. Right. Okay? That makes sense. And someone tells a joke. Right. And the sloth just goes.
46:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:Slowly smiles. And they laugh. And then that turns into a laugh. It takes like 30 seconds for them to respond. That's very funny. And that's sloth time. I like it. Sloth time. Sloth time. So that's an example of a time frame. Yes. That's slowed down. The relativity of it. Right. It works for them. Yeah. So it could work for the alien. All right. Listen, I think it's a cute thought experiment that I'll probably never think about again. But wait, do other animals have jokes? I'm going to, listen. Do chimps gather around and there's the court jester in the middle making them laugh? Believe it or not, there is a, maybe we should check with one of your friends here in the museum.
47:40One of my animal people. One of your animal people, the primatologist. Yeah. But they think that our laughter has evolved from when you see them cackle like that. When you see chimps cackle. Oh. Like it's something from our common ancestor that came down. So that sound that they make. That sound. And our sound of laughter. As us. Oh my gosh.
48:04Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yes. I didn't want to know that. And there are so many social, I will say, markers that are attached to laughter. Emotional and social markers that are attached to laughter. So that would mean our common ancestor had some properties of both of those. Exactly. And that's where we get laughter from. Because something could be funny without you laughing out loud. All the time. All the time. That's how comedians laugh. Let me show you comedians' laughter right now. That's funny, man. Why don't you guys laugh? Because we're thinking about the joke you just told. Oh, you're analyzing it. We're analyzing it.
48:46And it's hard to laugh. Laughter is a reaction. And you don't have a reaction when you're analyzing. Laughter is an emotional reaction, not an intellectual analysis. Right. And so when you hear something funny, you go, oh, that's funny, man. Which is why if something takes you by surprise, you laugh even harder. because you laugh first and then you think about it. So yeah. All right.
49:07Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah, so that's fascinating. Yeah, I love it. And who are we to say that dolphins aren't laughing? That's true. Flipper is just laughing his ass off. If I was a dolphin, I'd be laughing. Can you imitate Flipper?
49:20I would actually, if I was a dolphin, laugh at us too. Yeah, why wouldn't you? Yeah, exactly. We'd go bipedal instead of swimming. You know, you guys are ridiculous.
49:31Neil deGrasse Tyson:And one other thing. Go ahead. I used to breed roaches. All right. No, stop. No, stop. Come back, Chuck. Chuck, come back. Don't leave. Don't leave, Chuck. I ain't never heard nobody say it. In graduate school, I lived. I used to breed roaches. Let me explain. Oh, come. Oh, please do. Let me explain. Please, you got some explaining to do. Okay. Okay. When I was in graduate school, I lived in a roach-infested apartment. All right. And I got like Rambo. And I said, the only way I can kill them is to understand them. So I captured a bunch and bred them and just watched them, okay, to know your enemy.
50:15Neil deGrasse Tyson:And none of us have ever watched roaches just hanging out. But there's a reason for that. Okay. I'm watching roaches just hanging out. Okay. They're there cleaning their antenna. Right. All the time. They bring one in through their mouth, and they get the next one in. They go 12 inches, and they clean it again. They go up to another roach. They touch antennas, and they keep going. And I'm thinking, maybe they're telling each other jokes. They're not running away from your shoe. They already have food, and so they're just hanging out. Because we don't tell jokes if you're trying to survive. If you're getting chased, that's the wrong time to tell a joke.
50:57Neil deGrasse Tyson:if somebody's ready to step on you with their foot. Right. Okay? But this was their free time. And I, don't look at me like, stop, stop. So Roaches had free time. And I was very impressed. I'm going to tell you who had too much free time.
51:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah, watching Roaches with free time. Wow. That's what that was. That's crazy. Chuck, I blathered for so long. Time for just a couple more. All right. This one from Ricky from a roach motel who says, dear Dr. Tyson. No, this is Andrew Martin says, hey, Dr. Tyson, Baron Mercurio, Andrew from Stafford in the middle of England. He says. What town is it? Stafford. Stafford. Yeah. Cool. Indeed. He says in a recent episode, you said that if you were living in a simulation, we would eventually see limits to the extent of the universe as a result. of the lack of programming. Could universal constants such as the speed of light and gravitational constants be examples of such limits?
52:06As a software engineer myself, I know I would set a few constraints if I was programming a universe. In other words, if I was God. Yes.
52:17Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's the programmer's way of saying if I was God. Yeah. So many things pivot on the values of those constants. Yep. that you can't just willy-nilly give them other values and expect the universe as it has come about to remain stable. Right. If you start mucking around with those constants, the universe goes haywire. Yeah. Now, let me be precise. It's not that there's something special about those values. It's just that if you change them, the universe becomes something else. Okay. That makes sense. It's haywire compared to what we're used to. What we have now. That could be a new normal for whoever evolves in that universe.
53:03Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. So maybe, giving some points to this question, maybe the programmer figured out that the universe needs constants. Okay. Right. It can't just not have constants and still function as a universe. Right. It doesn't work without the constants. So maybe the existence of constants is the evidence that somebody programmed it. Wow. And if you go Spinoza on this, then it's just God. It's God. It's God. Or Andrew. It's a good enough name for a God as far as I'm concerned. So yeah, I'm there on it. Just to tighten up his inquiry in referencing what we did before, I was imagining that certain measured quantities would have limits to it where there's no reason why it should have a limit and it just cuts off.
53:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. Because when you're programming on a computer, you have the limits of the space that you're creating. Value parameters. There it is. This goes between here and here. I can't make it infinity because I can't program infinity into a computer. I got to give it to them. And let me put it way out there. The humans will never get there. They'll never know. They'll never evolve to that point. Right. Exactly. Right. And then you come back and somebody's like right there at the edge. You're like, whoo. The Truman Show. Yeah, exactly. How'd you get to the edge of the universe? I'm not ready for that.
54:29Right. All right. So this is Ben Canty. He says, cabinet maker here in Sussex in the UK and a new Patreon subscriber. Cabinet maker. Yes. Jesus made cabinets. Oh. A carpenter, right? Yes, he did. He says, do you think an artificial Einstein-Rosen bridge could be opened without the brute force of using exotic matter? I wonder if there could be a workaround. What if we use laser pulsed resonant harmonics to manipulate the quantum vacuum directly and gently? Could we create a massive Casimir-like effect using the localized vacuum pressure on both sides to hold the opening apart rather than relying on negative mass?
55:13Now, let me just tell you this. Let me tell you this, Ben. Don't you call into this show Right into this show Showing off like that You starting off with I'm a cabinet maker And then you gonna Throw in the use Of the Casimir effect like that Like we don't know That you more than a What museum do you work for? I know you working for Some planetarium somewhere Yeah anyway I mean he's out there I like I love what he's doing I like where he's going
55:43Neil deGrasse Tyson:I like what he's doing He is out there man Except the problem is the Casimir effect brings them together. Right. It doesn't push them apart. It doesn't push them apart. It actually attracts them. The Casimir effect, it's a quantum phenomenon where two plates, if it's evacuated inside, if they get close enough, then I think the explanation is they end up sharing the same wave pattern and then that itself creates a force that brings them together. So I don't see how that could pry it apart. Right. And he's got some laser dueling there. He's saying laser pulse, quantum, laser pulse resonant harmonics.
56:25Yeah. So I'm, so just let me make it clear.
56:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:We can make a wormhole, but without negative gravity stuff, it's unstable. Right. And so we pry it open. Okay, step in, and then the thing collapses. You go on. And that's it. Goodbye. Who knows what happened to you. Exactly. If a wormhole collapses on your ass. Oh, man. Okay? Don't smile. That would be so—I mean, I don't want to find out, but it'd be cool to find out. You don't want to be— I don't want to be the beginning to experiment for it. Yeah, but—yeah. All right. So I don't know. I don't think the Casimir effect gets you out of this. Yeah, exactly. And the laser pulsing on the vacuum energy.
57:18Neil deGrasse Tyson:See, the vacuum energy is an energy source in the vacuum of space. Exactly. You can't think of the vacuum as a thing. Like in a tube. In a tube. Right, right, right. That's not how it works. Exactly, exactly. You know, we think of vacuums as a vacuum is a place where there's no air pressure. Right. That's all it is. It's not a thing unto itself. Right. Oh, here's some vacuum. Do stuff with it. Right. No, that's not how that vacuum works. No. We happen to have a word for where there is no air pressure, and we call it a vacuum. We call it a vacuum. Right. But if you were the vacuum, it said, you know.
57:51And it's just like the nothing of space is something. You know what I mean? Right, right. So anyhow. I mean, listen. I like where he's going. This dude is making some beautiful cabinets and smoking some great weed while he's doing it. His cabinet in the back might have a wormhole. That would be so cool. Ooh.
58:10Neil deGrasse Tyson:Yeah. All right. This is Jay. I think that's it. One last one. I'll give a two-word answer to it. Go. That's all we have time for. Go. Jay Valiano. How close does the constellation Andromeda need to be to the Milky Way for us to be able to reach it? Are we then able to colonize in theory or is it moving too fast towards us for us to be able to find a habitable planet? If this is not possible, can we use a wormhole to reach Andromeda and tell it to change course before its final kamikaze? This is Jay Valiano from Holland. He didn't know that it's not the constellation Andromeda that we have issues with.
58:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:Constellations are stars in our night sky. Way beyond those stars, there's another galaxy. Two and a half million light years away called the Andromeda Galaxy. That's right. In a day called the Andromeda Nebula before we knew it was a galaxy. In fact, it was the very first galaxy discovered. Look at that. We found a star in this nebula. Wait a minute. That star, we know how bright that star is supposed to be, and it's way dimmer. This must be far outside the Milky Way. And Edwin Hubble discovered galaxies by figuring out what happened with the Andromeda Nebula. Woo! Okay. Then we find out we're colliding towards each other.
59:28But collision with galaxies doesn't mean collision like a car collision.
59:33Neil deGrasse Tyson:It'll look like a train wreck, but it's way more peaceful than that. Stars will just pass through each other. Space is mostly empty. Empty. All right. So how close would it have to be to find an exoplanet? The point is we have hundreds of billions of stars in our own galaxy. Why are you trying to look at some other galaxy for a planet? Yes, exactly. Stick with your own kind. Right. Your partner's sunbathing in the backyard, and you got your binoculars looking across the street. You don't have to do that. Look at your partner. It's right in the backyard. Right here. You got all the action you need.
1:00:06You got all the action you need. Right here.
1:00:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:So in 10, I forgot the latest, 12 billion years will collide. Right. But it's not a smash. Again, we'll just pass through. It's a pass through. It'll be fun to watch. It looks like, wait, because you showed me the picture of, I forget the galaxies that actually were colliding. And they look like starlings when they fly together. The gravity is changing for every single star. Some get cast hither and yon. Others wind up in orbits around others. And if a star comes too close to another star that has planets, it could be a fly-by looting of the planets. Oh, and it's just like, come on over here, guys.
1:00:48The gravitational forces are, you know. And then the other star is left. It's like, that's a pimp star. That's what they call that. That's the pimp star. the pimp star rolls by and takes all the planets from the other star.
1:01:05Neil deGrasse Tyson:Fly by looting the planets. Nice. So anyhow, that's all the time we have. All right. Gotta love the doggone, gotta love the doggone Cosmic Queries grab bag. There it is. All right, Chuck. Always good to have you. Always a pleasure. Neil deGrasse Tyson in another Cosmic Queries edition. As always, keep looking up.
1:01:40Eczema is unpredictable, but you can flare less with Epglyss, a once-monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase, about 4 in 10 people taking Epglyss achieved itch relief and clear or almost clear skin at 16 weeks. And most of those people maintain skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing.
1:02:25if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with EBCLIS. Before starting EBCLIS, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection. Ask your doctor about EBCLIS and visit ebglis.lily.com or call 1-800-LILY-RX or 1-800-545-5979.
1:02:41Neil deGrasse Tyson:The wrongs we must right. The fights we must win. The future we must secure together for our nation. This is what's in front of us. This determines what's next for all of us. We are Marines. We were made for this.
From the publisher
What would happen to Earth if Jupiter stopped rotating? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice answer a grab bag of fan questions about the challenges with space telescopes, the nature of AI, and whether aliens are funny.
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