Cosmic Queries – LIGO, Light, & Lycanthropy

22:32Neil deGrasse Tyson:I love it. Yeah. About red shifting. What makes the light red shift when traveling great distances? And do Do we know that we're directing all the red shifted light or is our current equipment not good enough to detect light from, for example, 50 to 100 billion light years away? Okay. So that's a very common question that confabulates two. Is that the right word? Confabulates? Yeah. Conflates. Conflates. That's the word. That conflates two different things going on. The red shift is only a speed thing. Okay? Okay. Forget distance for the moment. Just for the moment. Okay? If you are approaching someone and you are emitting light, and a light you can think of as waves.

23:22Neil deGrasse Tyson:Let's think of it as a wave. So I begin to emit a wave of light of a certain wavelength. But as I'm emitting the light, I'm getting closer to you while I'm emitting that light. so the wavelength that finally comes out of me is shorter than the wavelength would be if i just were stationary so if something comes towards you all the light shifts to smaller wavelengths and if something's moving away from you you're stretching out the wave yeah i start emitting the wave and i finish emitting the wave it got stretched because now i'm i've increased my distance. So it's a speed, and the faster I'm moving, the longer is that shift in its wavelength, either towards you or away from you.

24:09Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. We call it a red shift because we're kind of stuck with just a visible part of the spectrum in the history of this exercise. And whatever features in the spectrum you saw, if the object was moving away from you, those features shifted to the red side of the spectrum. so we called it a red shift and these are like the fingerprints of elements that are in the light you know hydrogen and carbon and nitrogen they're called spectral lines it's they're the fingerprints of these elements they're all shifted every single one of them by the same amount we call that a red shift if it's moving towards you they all shift the other way call it a blue shift now another little confusing fact, all the colors of the rainbow, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

25:02Neil deGrasse Tyson:So really it's a violet shift. Oh, right. Cause we're going to the other end. Okay. There's indigo and violet beyond the blue, right? So technically, if you're going to say one side is a red shift, we should call the other side a violet shift, but we don't. We just say blue shift. You famously demoted Pluto. Maybe you can change. Why do I bring up Pluto right now? Maybe you can change blue shift to violet shift. Oh, you're respecting the power that I wield. Yeah, no, respecting the power that you wield. I thought you were trying to pick a fight. Yeah, yeah, yeah. No, no, no. So as an educator, I want to minimize confusion.

25:35Neil deGrasse Tyson:So ideally, it would be a violet shift. But so now, what's interesting, these features can shift so much, they go beyond the red and come out at the other side. and then they're like infrared or microwaves or even radio waves. And if they keep shifting, they're shifting away from the red. It's a matter of semantics to say it's a redshift. It's not like a line like that. Yeah, it's just the red was where, when we first discovered it, it happened to be headed. Right. But we know of other branches of the spectrum beyond that. and we can say that it's infrared shifted or microwave shifted or radio shifted, but we don't.

26:20Neil deGrasse Tyson:We still say red shifted. Okay. Turns out in the expanding universe, the farther away you are, the faster galaxies are receding from us. The farther away you are, the faster, okay. It's the signature of an explosion. Yep. That's why we didn't pull Big Bang out of our ass. we that is what an explosion looks like although it is something I can picture a scientist saying after like a particularly good poop you know what I mean like he called it a big bang and then someone heard that and was like that's a good name for this theory we're working on we know exactly where the word big bang came from though there was a physicist astrophysicist named Fred Hoyle he hated the idea of a big bang it was on a radio show I think it was And he pejoratively says, these people who believe in the Big Bang, say, hey, that's a good idea.

27:15Neil deGrasse Tyson:It'll stick. He imagined the universe was eternally static. Right. Well, not static, but was always the same. It didn't have a beginning. So he was in the other camp. But the point is, the universe is expanding. So when we look at the spectra of galaxies, they're all redshifted because they're moving away from us. Right, right, right. And because the amount of the redshift correlates with how far away the galaxy is, because if you're farther away, you're redshifted even faster. It's why we get to say the higher your redshift is, the farther away you are. And then also then— But that's just a fact.

27:54You sort of like then never see a blueshift as a result? So if a galaxy is close enough, we might be falling into each other as we currently are with Andromeda.

28:07Neil deGrasse Tyson:That has a blue shift. But on a large enough scale where the expansion of the universe dominates, every galaxy is redshifted. All right. Every galaxy is redshifted. So what else you got? So from William Warren in Abington, Maryland, we have, I have epilepsy. That sounds very British. Yeah. Abington. I've never heard of it. Okay. But now we know. So they write, I have epilepsy and a neuropaste device implanted in my brain to help control seizures. I've heard claims even from medical professionals that seizures can be more common during full moons. You might see where this is going. Scientifically, is there any plausible mechanism by which cosmic events like the moon could influence neurological activity in the human brain?

28:51More broadly, what do you think about the idea that the universe can influence human experiences in ways that feel meaningful but may not have a measurable physical cause? How do you personally separate scientific reality from perceived cosmic connection? Wow. Yes.

29:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:Wow. Okay. So in some municipalities, I will get to the epilepsy in a minute, but let's start simple. In some municipalities, there's slightly more babies born during full moon than other phases. Really? Okay. And so people say, oh, is it the extra gravity or is it the this? And people want to just - Put meaning into it. Keep it all onto the cosmos. And right, they want the cosmos to deliver meaning into their lives. It turns out the gestation period of the human female is almost exactly equal to 10 cycles of the moon. If you gave birth during a full moon, you got pregnant during a full moon. Right, right.

29:55Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay? Yeah. I just want to put— The math. The math. Let's do the math here. No one debates the beauty of a full moon on a romantic night. So that easily explains the slightly higher birth rate during a full moon. That's it. I mean, that's how— That's kind of all I can give you. Okay. That's kind of all I can give you because, because, now you're going to take, keep a list, keep a mental list. You ready? Okay. The phase of the moon has nothing to do with its gravity. The moon's gravity on Earth is the same no matter what the phase of the moon is. A, B, the tidal forces exacted by the moon on Earth itself is unrelated to the phase of the moon.

30:51Neil deGrasse Tyson:You might say, well, how about the famously high tides during? Oh, the full moon. Full moon. Yeah. Okay. Those high tides are not because of the moon. They're because. I thought it really. The sun also raises tides on Earth. They're about a third the strength, or its effect on the waters is about one third that of the moon. And so, but on full moon, the sun lines up with Earth and the moon. Okay? So they're both acting. They both act together. They can do it. And what you're seeing is the sun's tides added to what was otherwise be a constant moon tide throughout the month. So it's the sun's fault that the full moon has higher tides than other phases of the moon.

31:44Now, see, that needs a rebranding because I really— Of course. No one knows that. Nobody knows that.

31:50Neil deGrasse Tyson:Nobody knows it. Nobody knows that. So you're not getting extra tidal force from the moon. You're not getting extra gravity. Gravity is just a matter of how close you are. So is the strength of the tidal force as well. But it's a distance thing. It's not what phase you're in. So now, the moon's orbit around the Earth is not a perfect circle. Sometimes it's a little closer. Sometimes it's a little farther. When it's a little closer, the gravity will be a little higher. The tidal forces will be a little higher. But that has nothing to do with the phase. That's all I'm saying. It could be that with a half moon or a crescent moon.

32:24Neil deGrasse Tyson:But nobody talks about that. So let me keep going. Okay, so now people say, I feel a little crazy under the full moon. Where do you think we get the term lunatic? Oh, yeah. Okay? Yeah, yeah. That's the luna moon, okay? And werewolves, if you're going to turn it into a werewolf. You're going to do it on a full moon. On a full moon. You never see a human turning into a werewolf on a night where there's a full moon, but it's cloudy. No. If it's overcast. Anticlimactic for the story. Yeah, it's like, show me the cloudy sky. It's not cinematic. It's not cinematic. It's not cinematic. So then, so if they really need to see the moon to turn into a werewolf, because that's always how it is, right?

33:04Neil deGrasse Tyson:They see it, and then they turn into the werewolf. That means it's the light from the moon that might be affecting them. Yeah. However, the light from the moon, and I did this experiment in an eighth grade science fair project. Okay. I got a spectrum of the sun and a spectrum of the moon and showed that they're identical. Why? because the moon is reflected light from the sun. If you turn into a werewolf under moonlight, you should turn into a werewolf every waking moment of the daytime. Daylight, right. Yes. So the light, it's just sunlight. And also, if you live in any city, the light of the street lamp you walked under is typically brighter than the light of the full moon that's in the sky, even if they're in the sky at the same time.

33:54Neil deGrasse Tyson:Of course, as you walk away from the street lamp, it gets much dimmer. But right around where the street lamp is, the street lamp is brighter than the full moon. No one is talking about the effects of street lamps on your emotional state. On werewolves. Or on werewolves or anything. Right. It comes down to how big is the human ego to suggest that the universe gives a rat's ass about you, your social life, your mental health, or your love life. Because rats are not blaming the cosmos for whatever they do specifically. So if there are studies to show that there are more neurology events, let's call it that, neurological events in the world during a full moon and then other phases, I don't know of them.

34:44Neil deGrasse Tyson:and I'd like to see them, I can tell you that people are so primed to think of the full moon as a force on us that if someone has a seizure and it's not the full moon, are they going to report that? You had a seizure and it was a crescent moon. Oh my God, who gets told that? Right, right, right, no. But if you happen to have a seizure and there's a full moon, everybody's going to hear about that. Again, it's cinematic. You know, yeah. Everybody's going to hear about that. So I remain unconvinced by such claims, especially since to the untrained eye, the moon will look full for about four days.

35:27Neil deGrasse Tyson:Two days on each side of the eye. To a trained astrophysicist's eye and an amateur astronomer's eye, we know if you're 12 hours out of full moon, we'll know. But the untrained eye, they'll give you two days. So that's four days out of 30. That psychologically you think you're in a full moon. Correct. Right. Correct. So that's one out of, call it three days, one out of 10 days. That means 10 % of your seizures, if they're random, will occur under a full moon, and that's when everybody talks about it. This talk about tidal forces and things. Do you realize tides are equally as high during new moon as they are during full moon?

36:05Neil deGrasse Tyson:No. During new moon, the Earth, moon, and sun also line up, but you can't see the new moon. It's like a sliver, like a nothing, yeah. Or you can't even see it. In Islamic cultures, the term new moon refers to, especially during Ramadan, the first sighting of the new crescent moon. They call that new moon. But astronomically, new moon is not far enough to the side yet to even see a crescent. And it's there. No one sees that phase of the moon. So yet, the tidal forces are just as high. Plus, if you didn't want to explain your higher birth rates that way, you'd have to say, okay, did you give birth in stirrups facing an open window where the full moon happened to be in the sky at the time?

36:51Neil deGrasse Tyson:So that the gravity will yank the baby out. And suppose you weren't. Suppose the moon was behind you. It's going to keep the baby in? Just think this through. Think it through. Right. The baby also can't see the moon.

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40:00Neil deGrasse Tyson:This is StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.

40:13Well, we have another question from Gregory Kay in Ottawa, Canada. Okay, a lot of Canadian questions today. It's a question about LIGO. My dad used to talk and argue with other people about gravitational waves. And then—

40:29Neil deGrasse Tyson:Did you just have arguments about gravitational? I love it. I mean, this is a man after your own heart. I love arguments over dinner about science. Yeah. And then he celebrated when LIGO, L-I-G-O, am I saying that right? LIGO? LIGO. LIGO detected the merging black holes. Now, what I don't understand and what makes me doubt is that they haven't confirmed the merger with a telescope detecting the same event. How do they even know it's not some gravity waves cult conspiracy? So there's a lot in there. Very good. So indeed, we did the calculation and we said, how often might two black holes collide in the universe?

41:09Neil deGrasse Tyson:There's a lot of galaxies in the universe. You can ask, how often would that happen in our own galaxy? I don't know the number, but let me make up a number that might happen only once in a million years. Well, you wouldn't build an experiment on the hope that something will happen now that happens only once in a million years. But suppose you have a billion galaxies. Yeah, that makes my head hurt. Okay. So something can happen once in a million years. Right. But if you have a billion galaxies. Then it's, yeah, the probability is higher. Then somebody's doing it all the time. Right. Okay? Not everyone at the same, you're doing it and then you're doing it and then you're doing it.

41:49Somewhere it's happening.

41:51Neil deGrasse Tyson:Somewhere it's happening. It's a rare event that then would come to you frequently, which is fun to say that, right? This event is rare, except it's common. Okay. Armed with that calculation, they turned on the telescope. Within days of that, they made their first discovery. And we can characterize the masses of black holes and what they would look like. And so we knew these two black holes were around 30 times the mass of the sun. They collide, sent out a ripple through the fabric of space-time, traveling at the speed of light. And it is a signal coming from a galaxy far, far away. For billions of years, it washed over space-time until it arrived at Earth, until it arrived at that detector, and they measured it.

42:43Neil deGrasse Tyson:Now, black holes don't emit light. two black holes don't emit light. They collide, they don't emit light. So you're not gonna see this with any telescope that uses light. But you will see it with a telescope that uses gravitational waves. So that person, what's the person's name? This was Gregory in Canada. So Gregory in Canada wanted verification from a regular telescope. But it can't happen. But we built a new telescope that verified itself. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory. Acronymed as? LIGO. LIGO. Okay, so now, using the same telescope, we've discovered two colliding pulsars.

43:38Neil deGrasse Tyson:They emit light, they collide, they're not as massive as the black holes, so their LIGO signature is not as strong. But once we discovered what their masses were, we told other telescopes, look for this in this part of the sky. We found, and then they turn on the telescopes, and there it is. And there they, okay. So colliding pulsars showed up in everybody's telescope. And that's where we learned that pulsars might be the source of all the world's gold. It's very high level, high mass nuclear fusion going on. Gold, platinum, iridium, silver, this sort of thing. All comes from these collisions.

44:21Neil deGrasse Tyson:We think most of that in the universe comes from colliding pulsars. And nothing's coming out of a colliding black hole. They're just boring. I love me the wiggle that they send us. But yeah, no. Otherwise, look elsewhere if you want some action. Right. So I've been giving long answers. Should I try some short answers? Do you want to try that, Gucci? Yeah, let's do it. I mean, I find them good. You like them? Okay, all right. I find them fascinating. If I can follow them, I think that's a good sign. Let's try one that's short. Okay. Just so you can, and then you can pass judgment. Okay, go. Yeah, let me see.

44:58So James Hudson from Alabama asks, we often talk about mysteries that may take centuries to unravel, but which cosmic questions feel close enough to touch the ones you believe we might actually answer within the next 30 years.

45:12Neil deGrasse Tyson:Okay. So I'm going to give a cop-out answer and then I'll give a real answer. My cop-out answer is I don't think about questions yet to be answered. Oh. I think about questions yet to be asked. Ooh. Okay. As our knowledge grows. Yeah. I say as the area of our knowledge grows, so too does the perimeter of our ignorance. So I want to know the question I have yet to think to ask because there's a new vista we have yet to arrive at that'll show us the universe in ways we don't yet know how to question. So that's the real answer I want to give that question. Questions like, why are two colliding black holes so boring?

46:00Why don't they make gold like colliding?

46:03Neil deGrasse Tyson:If you know to ask that question, it doesn't count in my list. It has to be a question you don't know to ask yet. Right. Gosh. See, for example, before black holes were developed, you wouldn't even know to ask that question. You're asking questions about other stuff black holes do, not even about the black hole. And you feel like there's things always on the precipice of being discovered. To put me in a new place to ask a new question I don't even know to ask right now. That's the answer I want to give them. But let's get back to normal philosophy here. I want to know if there was ever life on Mars or if there was ever life anywhere else in our backyard.

46:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:The moons of Jupiter, other planets, the solar systems, especially Mars. I want to learn that before I die. And if I lead a healthy life and wear a seatbelt and don't smoke, I should live another 30 years. And I'm looking forward to that. You have a recent book on aliens. Thanks for giving it a shout out. Yeah. No, it's a good read. And I wonder, like a personal question for you is, what if you find out that there's life on Mars and that life is like really uninteresting? No, no. It would be interesting to a biologist no matter what. Okay. Microbial life, you're not having a conversation. Like single cell.

47:22Yeah, yeah.

47:22Neil deGrasse Tyson:You're not having a conversation with it. No. That's not coming up to you and saying, take me to your leader. Right. Okay? But it's another way of being alive. Right. And that is immense. Can I speak for biologists in this way? I'm pretty sure I got them covered here. That would be immensely fascinating. Does it have DNA? Is DNA, as complex as that molecule is, is it inevitable in any imprint of life the universe sees? If it has DNA, is there any DNA in common with DNA on Earth? You wouldn't expect it to have any DNA in common at all because it's from another planet. But if it does have DNA in common, could that mean life began on Mars and moved to Earth?

48:10Mm-hmm.

48:11Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's called panspermia, where an asteroid hits, it kicks life, stowaway life on a rock, on an asteroid, on a meteor that moves from planet to planet. It arrives on Earth, already homemade life on Mars, which would mean everyone on Earth would be a descendant of Martians. That would be wild. Also... Some people, perhaps more so than others, perhaps. Also, that's called panspermia. Yeah, a guy came up with that word. I'm gonna... For sure. I'm gonna not say anything further. Let that one go. I think we're gonna let that one go. We have other battles to fight here. But, or, suppose it was life and had no DNA at all.

48:53Yeah.

48:54Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's more interesting. Right, like you look into the microscope and it's just squigglies and you don't, it's like, doesn't look like anything that we know. That would be transformative to biology. Meeting aliens asking me to take them to their leader would be transformative to our culture. Oh yeah, totally. It would be so fun. It would be so fun. And I'm so not taking them to our leaders. I'm taking them to brunch. To brunch? I like to. You know what I mean? Let's have some mimosas. Let's talk about how you guys live. Oh yeah. Okay, if you invite me to join you with that. Yeah, of course. Totally brunch first.

49:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:And then we go to the National Academy of Sciences. Okay. Yes, natural second place. All right. Okay. So one more I think we have time for. All right. Here we go. Okay. So we have one from Donatus from Lithuania. Oh, Donatus. I love them. All right. Well, I love time travel movies. I suspect time travel is impossible. I lean toward loop quantum gravity where time is emergent, not a fundamental highway. common travel theories often ignore how gravity affects subatomic particles versus macro objects. In Bell's rocket paradox, it's argued the string breaks because the rocket rotates in the time dimension.

50:09But if a rocket is just a vast cloud of subatomic particles, can a macro object truly rotate into time as a single unit? Or is our perception of time just the sum of quantum interactions making the fourth dimension an illusion?

50:30Neil deGrasse Tyson:Well. I mean, that's. You had that question too. You were thinking that this morning. I think this question comes up for me every day. All the time. Every day. I'm intrigued by emergent ideas on the landscape, the cosmological landscape, that time or our perception of time could be emergent. What does that mean, emergent? It's like, you know, people think of maybe consciousness is emergent in the sense that the fundamental structure of the universe does not allow for it. But once you start doing things in the universe, there's a time reference that is very helpful to you. And so it comes out of what was otherwise fundamental within the universe itself.

51:19Neil deGrasse Tyson:And so I don't have a problem with that. But it feels so science fiction-y, I don't, I'm more comfortable seeing it in a science fiction setting rather than think it's actually going on in our own universe. I don't know how helpful I can be in reacting to that. You know who we really need for that is Brian Greene. He could totally get in there. He's our physicist at large up at Columbia University. I like time. Einstein once said that time is defined to make motion look simple. Because motion becomes very easy to see and interpret. It was here earlier and it's here later. Right. And there's a timeline.

52:05Neil deGrasse Tyson:And I'm just angered that as a dimension of our existence, we are prisoners of the present. Yeah. And you don't think there's like a scenario. Like do you agree that it's impossible? It's intriguing ideas right now. I can't weigh in on what is more likely. There's no evidence for any of this. No. But it's intriguing. And you always need intriguing ideas on the edges just to keep you, to destabilize your comfort level with what is known. Because only when you're uncomfortable with what is known do true discoveries occur. Because as we established earlier, it's possible that you're little laws of physics.

52:50Don't talk about little laws of physics. Wrong. Kidding, they're not. Or they can be expanded upon. They can be expanded upon. There it is.

53:00Neil deGrasse Tyson:I think we ran out of time. No, one last question and I'll answer it in three sentences. Okay, Andor Klomp from Scheiden, the Netherlands. Netherlands, yes. If the universe tends to generate more complex ways of processing information, Would creating official intelligence beyond ourselves be unnatural or exactly what nature has been doing all along? I love it. At what point does protecting humanity become holding back the next layer of consciousness? Oh, I'm loving that. People feeling all philosophical about the universe. I would say that whatever we do, since we are of this universe, is natural.

53:42Neil deGrasse Tyson:If we create an artificial intelligence, it's natural. Nature creates a beaver, a beaver creates a dam. We should not allow the dam just because it was created and nature would not have done it all by itself. Nature needed the dam. Nature needs us to create artificial intelligence. I'm cool with that. People see cities as, oh, this is unnatural. We're humans and we built the city. Deal with it. If you're a bee, you build a beehive. If you're a termite, you build a termite mound. I'm a person. I build the city. Chill out. And so I don't think we're getting ahead of ourselves. It's just, let me call it a natural evolution of what it is to have a brain, a curious brain that wants to keep that engine moving into what are the powers and expressions that our brain can offer.

54:33Neil deGrasse Tyson:So I'm all in. I love that. It's a little bit like athletes that we thought like in the 1920s, you could only run a mile at this. It's impossible to break that record. The formative mile was like this barrier. Right. It was a psychological barrier, it turned out. And then we break it and then we break it. Because you know who broke the mile? Who broke the mile? Roger Bannister. That was, okay. Now, once he did that, people broke the formative mile all the time. Oh, my gosh. So it was a psychological barrier, not a barrier created by the laws of physics. So we perhaps are our own worst enemy in this regard.

55:11Neil deGrasse Tyson:So fortunately, there are people who live among us who are not constrained by these limits of imagination foisted upon them by others. And Neil, I think you're one of them. Oh, well, thank you. Nagin, always good to have you. So good to be here. All right, all right. This has been another installment. Of Cosmic Queries Grab Bag Edition. This one was big on the philosophy. Yeah, a lot of big ideas. Yeah, a lot of big ideas. Small ideas matter too, but big ideas, you need those. And remind me of your handle? You can find me at Nagin Farsad on all the things. Nagin Farsad, F-A-R-S-A-D. That's right.

55:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:You got it. You got it. We'll look for you there. And your podcast? Is Fake the Nation. Subscribe. Fake the Nation. It's a fun time. And your book is still one of my favorites. It's How to Make White People Laugh. I just laughed just thinking of that title. Really good. All right, Nagin, we'll keep up with you there. This has been another installment of StarTalk Cosmic Queries. Until next time, keep looking up.

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