Cosmic Queries – The Fractal Universe with Charles Liu

24:59i always had trouble with the theory of multiverses my brain can't make peace with the concept i was listening to an explainer where dr tyson mentioned that multiverses came out of math equations he goes on to say i'll play devil's advocate here could the multiverses come from apophenia of the result of the math equations giving it a meaning that isn't really there did you say apophenia yes apophenia what a great word it's the best i never because i've never seen it before okay i'm pretty sure apophenia uh sang with prince right yeah back up Apollonia. Apollonia 6. Oh, oh, oh, oh, okay. Okay. Apophenia.

25:43Gary, I'm going to try to spell it, see if I remember. It's A-P-O-P-H-E-N-I-A, right? Correct, yes. Apophenia. Okay, that is basically we humans trying to make patterns out of nothing. All right. We, for example, see a rock formation and say, oh, that's a face. No, no, no. That's called something else. That's called pareidolia. That's called pareidolia. Okay. Yes. But pareidolia is a kind of way where we try to make patterns. All right. So if you see a face on Mars or something. So apophenia, because apophenia is not just pictures, right? Pareidolia is only visual. Apophenia is like, for example, okay, I have been playing craps for three hours and I won three times in a row.

26:32I'm on a hot streak. Everybody's got to join me now because the chances are that I'm going to win again. That kind of thing.

26:38Neil deGrasse Tyson:Says the person who never took statistics. Yeah. But you see, we humans have that apophenic idea. Or here's another one. It's a more general thing. Like imagine, okay, every time Kevin Bacon releases a new movie, the stock market goes up. so every time he buys a every time you um want to invest wait till kevin bacon releases a movie so that's not pareidolia that's that's a whole other effort to create patterns and order in the universe correct there's nothing to do with images got it pareidolia specifically is about images is a subset has of apophenia at all kinds of different things so i learned something yeah Isn't that cool?

27:21So so the idea here now is, yes, well, let's see. We are looking at the equations like a picture or like a bunch of patterns. And then we say, oh, you know what? I think that this mathematical equation implies that because you saw it there because you see patterns where they aren't there. All right. That that's a very interesting point. the answer i think canadian sir meister okay is probably not it is not apophenia and the reason is the equations don't present that kind of um pattern for you to make inferences from what it does is it's open-ended when you have a wave function equation or with a bunch of dimensions and so forth.

28:07It just doesn't tell you that you have to get an answer that only exists by itself. And that's it. You can create a family of solutions which do not have a specific end point or an only this is the correct answer situation. That's why multiverse is mathematically accepted. You kind of glossed over something there, Chuck, because you kind of just made an assumption that we know what the wave function collapse is and the, you know, the many worlds theory. And I'm so sorry. You kind of just put all of that in one thing. I am thinking so, yeah, I'm so wrapped up having written the handy quantum physics answer book that sometimes I gloss over the details.

28:54So thank you, Chuck, for pointing that out to me, right? Ordinarily, when we think of quantum physics, there is an uncertainty in the universe until we actually experience it, or in the quantum speak, we measure it, right? The idea is that measurement, not necessarily with a ruler or with a yardstick or something like that. The measurement is an observation of something which then confirms the universe is like that, that thing that we saw. But before something is measured, we actually don't have a mathematical certainty that that's what it is. And so the extension into this many worlds interpretation, which is the opposite of that, everything becomes concrete interpretation.

29:38That's called the Copenhagen. You mentioned the Copenhagen interpretation, right, Chuck? This multiverse - He said many worlds. He said many worlds. Right. This many worlds interpretation suggests that if I measure it and I get this universe, what if somebody else measures it and gets this other universe? All of a sudden you have two different universes and then somebody else does it or that I measure it in a different time stream or that I have no real constraints on how the thing is measured and who measures it and where it gets measured. So with that, that's the freedom that the mathematical equations currently allow.

30:14And therefore, many worlds is mathematically acceptable, not because we've seen a pattern in it that may or may not exist, but because the equations themselves are open-ended, shall we say.

30:25Neil deGrasse Tyson:Great point, Chuck. Well, I would add nuance to that, Chuck. Now I'm calling you Chuck. Charles, where if you think there's a pattern going on in nature, and there really isn't, but that's just our brain bias installing it that way, the universe has no such brain bias. Our math doesn't have a brain bias. Nature is the ultimate judge, jury, and executioner, not your absence of knowledge of statistical math, right? So we're not going to look at equations and come up with some pattern because our brain likes patterns just because we have the power to do so. The equation won't let you do that if it's not in the equation to be had.

31:10Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's all I'm trying to say. You make a good point. We talk about basketball players having a hot hand, right? They've made three shots in a row. Quick, give him the ball so he'll shoot more. That's not exactly what we're talking about here because basketball shooting is not a random process, right? It's not a thing that happens randomly. Sometimes someone does have a hot hand because the combination of their training and their brains and the game situation is such that they are locked in to take a shot. That's not the apophenia we're talking about. This is a random thing. If you're rolling dice, for example.

31:42Okay, pick that. Score seven three times in a row.

31:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:I agree halfway with you with the basketball shots, but you can pick a pure example of the apophenia and stick it in my sentence and then that's how i would say it i i am cool with that yeah yes but what they have done what they have done is let's say my shooting percentage is uh 35 from the field in basketball right a 35 shooting percentage depending on how many shots you took will tell you how many occasions you would have a certain number of successful shots in a row all right do you have five occasions where you have three in a row whatever okay now now you're playing in a game and that game you're shooting 50 okay so you have a hotter hand in that game than you did in the previous game and so you will have longer sequences of where you'll make the shot but i'm going to assert that at the end of the day what is your shooting percentage that your shots in a row that you made will be consistent with that shooting percentage It's not going to go statistically off what you expect from the shooting percentage they would have earned in the first place.

32:54Neil deGrasse Tyson:But to your point, it is possible for someone to have a really good game, at which point they're drawing from a higher shooting percentage than other games they've played. In which case, their whole game, they have a hot hand. Probably because the defender is biting it today. Yeah, so just to summarize, the urge to think there's a pattern unfolding is, and thanks for that new word, Chuck, and our fellow from Montreal. Give me that word again. What's it called? Apophenia. Apophenia. So we all know that we suffer from apophenia. I didn't know we had a word for it. I don't think math is susceptible to apophenia.

33:39Neil deGrasse Tyson:I just want to put my concluding comment on that. Fair enough. And the way that the multiverse works, right, we interpret the equations of quantum physics, not in our human sort of limitation that we're susceptible to apophenia, but rather the mathematical equations are sufficiently open-ended that it allows for the many worlds interpretation, whether or not we humans are actually staring at the equations themselves. Nice. All right. Chuck, you're up next. Okay. This is Brian O 'Brien. Really? Yes. Really? His initials are Bob. Oh, cool. Oh, okay. And you shall now be known as Bob, sir. There you go.

34:27What happens when spin frequencies are so fast that the wavelength produced would be shorter than Planck's constant? Does causality reverse?

34:46Okay. Let me first clarify. I believe Brian O 'Brien is asking about a wavelength shorter than Planck's length, not Planck's constant. Constant. Yeah, definitely, sure. Because Planck's constant is a unit of angular momentum. And from Planck's constant, you can draw things like Planck length, Planck time, Planck mass. So since wavelength is what he's talking about, he's thinking about the Planck length, which is, as the name suggests, figured out by a guy named Max Planck about 120-ish years ago. And this length is about 10 to the minus 35 meters. Okay, so many, many, many, many, many times smaller than the diameter of a proton.

35:50And it is conceived of as sort of the physical limit beyond which things like quantum mechanics and general relativity don't work. Okay. I got you. Right. The math of— It's not that something can't get smaller. It says that all this stuff, nothing works past that. Well said. Yes. No, no, no, no.

36:15Neil deGrasse Tyson:More precise. No, no, no, no. Go ahead. Go ahead. Go ahead. Because whatever happens past that, we have no freaking idea. No idea. Okay. All right. We're at the limits of our own theoretical understanding of how the universe works when you're inside the Planck length. Right. So there is nothing especially magical about the Planck length itself except that our theoretical physics structure doesn't explain what happens before it. Okay. So a lot of what people are trying to do to figure out the origins of the universe, the Big Bang and so forth, is talking about that era. It's often called the Planck time or the Planck era, when the universe itself had a diameter of smaller than that Planck length.

36:59that there's a lot of really creative mathematical and physical thought processes going on to try to explain it because our existing quantum mechanics and general relativity do not apply very well in those smaller sizes. So in that case, Brian O 'Brien, I love saying that. Brian O 'Brien. I mean, what a guy. Okay. I would say that, Brian, that you would not necessarily have time go backwards, But we don't know. It is a boundary of our knowledge of physics, of what would happen if something went smaller, if the wavelength became reduced compared to, say, the Planck length.

37:36Neil deGrasse Tyson:I prefer to call it a horizon beyond which we don't know. Boundary sounds like it is a boundary, but it's really a horizon of our knowledge, a perimeter of our ignorance. I love that phrase. Neil, you used that in an article decades ago. No. Yeah, decades. It was decades ago, yeah. Yeah, yeah. 2009 was when that first showed up. The perimeter of our ignorance. Perimeter of our ignorance. But let me add a nuance to this, okay? He was just talking about the frequency of something being faster than, or was it a wavelength? The idea that the frequency was so fast that the wavelength becomes small.

38:13Yeah, tiny, tiny. Right, right.

38:15Neil deGrasse Tyson:But there are other interesting limits. For example, how fast can a pulsar spin, okay? And there's a limit. There's a limit. It can't spin faster than its equator moving at the speed of light. Oh, look at that. It can't. Right. Yeah. OK, so other stuff, exotic, general relativistic things begin to happen so that that never happens. And so but I don't think that I thought initially that's what it was getting at. But it's another interesting limitation brought upon us by deep laws of physics, preventing you from entering a realm that you'd otherwise think, let's just go there. But no, you can't.

39:00That's right. The laws of physics that we use break down at limits like that. Right. Yeah. Wow. It's very cool. Yeah. So good thinking, Brian. Maybe you can help us figure it out. Thank you.

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40:38Hey, this is Kevin the Sommelier, and I support StarTalk on Patreon. You're listening to StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.

40:52Neil deGrasse Tyson:Gary, you're next up. All right. This question is from Prince. Oh, what? No way. Way. Who performed with Apophenia 6, right? Oh, yes. Just get your purple on. Okay. Hello, Dr. Tyson and Supreme Overlord Nice, new Patreon member and huge fan of the show for educating me every day a little bit more on my daily commute to work. You're welcome. I'm so glad you enjoy what we do. May you never live closer to work so that you'll always have time to hear this show.

41:26Oh, that's wonderful. My question is this. Considering what we know about the history and expansion of the universe when galaxies were much closer together, and I love this question, Is it possible that intelligent civilization and intelligent civilization once became capable of interstellar travel and anticipating the universe's continued expansion deliberately ceded life on planets across the universe to preserve and extend its civilization?

41:56Neil deGrasse Tyson:Oh, it's a good movie. Charles, I want to slip this in. You said long ago, and I didn't know because I didn't follow Star Trek into Next Generation. The Next Generation, Season 6, Episode 20, The Chase. Did that answer your question?

42:16Geek in chief. Indeed it did, but it also created so many more.

42:22Neil deGrasse Tyson:So Charles, we only grant you a quota for how many times in one StarTalk episode you can out-geek me, okay? Sorry. And you're nearing your quota. Sorry. Right. So you said that they came up with the reason why almost all aliens they encounter are humanoid. That's right. Is this related? Are those common facts here? So catch us up with that. Sure. The classic problem with Star Trek is that all the aliens, well, with very few exceptions, have one head, two arms, two legs and a torso. Right. Why do we all look so similar? You know, some have antennas, some have blue skin. But, you know, what what up with that?

43:01And so finally, the ridges on the forehead, just little details.

43:08Neil deGrasse Tyson:Right. And the more the more messed up they look, that's when, you know, it's a black actor playing them.

43:17The more awesome they look. OK, that's awesome. There you go. But the story really does come down to this episode was the writer's homage to that idea. Why do we all look so similar? And the idea was that there were four races, the Cardassians, the Romulans, the Klingons, and the humans that found some archaeological evidence that there was some really secret, amazing information on some planet somewhere. and so they were all racing chasing this information to get to that uh information and the information turned out not to be a super weapon not to be some incredible technological advance but it was just a little video message that's saying yeah billions of years ago we seeded all of your planets because we wanted to have a legacy that extended beyond our extinction so i look like you you look like me thanks guys and that was it and they but they thought it was going to be like it's incredible weapon that they would be able to use to give them supremacy over

44:22Neil deGrasse Tyson:the entire galaxy right oracle or even god right yeah right and so that was it and so uh some of the uh the representatives from the different races were like that's it come on what a waste but then there was another deeper conversation saying wow so we're related after all huh perhaps you know, we could talk about that. And the fact they looked even as different as they did from one another is completely consistent with evolution creating variation. Yes. Once you have the basic plan of the head, arms, torso, and legs. Right. But let me just say that as cool as the storyline is and that this idea is, it's not necessary.

45:05Right? If you think about it, evolution doesn't need billions of years to create incredible diversity. So, for example, monkeys, which do have two arms and two legs, but they also have a prehensile tail. They and we as humans evolved together until what, 10, 20 million years ago, something like that. So separation was within only a few million years. It didn't require billions of years.

45:37Neil deGrasse Tyson:Good point. If you go back 100 million years ago, we don't even need to be mammals, right? We are descended from the same common ancestors as the dinosaurs. And then millions of years later, as mammals developed, we had the same common ancestors, whales. And then beyond that, then things like chimps and monkeys and things like that from there. So the seeding is actually not necessary. All that had to happen was that we would wind up in an environment where evolution by natural selection can go on, and we can have all the variety and all the commonality that we would like. Yeah, but I will say that in addition to what you just said, because that was beautiful, I think there is a deeper meaning that they were trying to show humanity, which has been borne out biologically, is that we have more variation inside of the same groups of who we are than we do between groups that we call different.

46:42proving that there can actually be no such thing as race. And so the unity of Homo sapiens is so tight that the cosmetic differences that we share are meaningless when you look at our DNA profile as a species. Yeah. You have spoken genetically correctly.

47:10Neil deGrasse Tyson:That's a genetically correct statement. It's just that true racists don't care about biology. They don't care what color your skin is. That's all. I can't tell you that. By the way, I do a joke about that, and I say proving that God loves a race war because all the little differences that we share all show up on the outside for the most part. But, yeah, that's a great line. It makes no difference because racists don't care about biology. They don't learn science. That's a great line. You think they're applying science? Wait, wait, Sean, so do we answer the question, though, which was when the universe was smaller, galaxies were closer together.

47:51Neil deGrasse Tyson:My mild rebuttal to that was when the galaxies were significantly closer together, the universe was much, much younger, and there might not have been time to have created all the heavy elements to make the planets, to make the life that would then evolve. That's right. And then go from galaxy to galaxy. So you're up against a different time constraint if you want interesting things to happen in the early universe. Well, there's a size constraint as well. Yes. And that's a great point, Neil. And we should address that point. The entire Star Trek story all happened within one small portion of one galaxy, the Milky Way.

48:29Okay. So if we're talking about an interstellar species, that's within a single galaxy. An intergalactic species seeding stuff is even less likely. Although there is certainly the possibility that four and a half billion years, assuming that a galaxy forms right near the beginning of the universe's history, would be enough. And that would still give nine or so billion years for the universe to expand even larger. At that point, you would wind up having a further distance to travel in co-moving coordinates. But at the same time, that's already way beyond what the technology of, say, Star Trek stories is already referring to.

49:10So how old is our galaxy, the Milky Way guy? Our solar system is about four and a half billion years old. How old is our galaxy? We think, based on the best evidence that we have, it's about 10 billion years old. Only 10.

49:23Neil deGrasse Tyson:Not even 12? You would give us only 10? We think we were formed around what we call cosmic noon, all right? Which is when most of the galaxies we see the universe currently are likely to have formed, which was about 10 billion years ago, plus or minus, like I said, one to two billion years. Cosmic noon at the OK Corral. Yeah. Which galaxy is going to be? One quick follow-up based on that. So we see stellar nurseries. So stars are still being formed. Absolutely. Do we see galaxies still being formed? Yes. Oh. Yes. I'm sorry. Oh, not at all. Charles, not really, Charles. Yes, really. Not in any big way.

50:06Neil deGrasse Tyson:Define big. No, I got you. Do you want to define big? In any given night, pick a thousand galaxies of random. Okay. I would bet you 999.9 of those thousand galaxies were born 10 billion years ago. you might be close to that answer but you have built in a selection bias you're choosing the galaxies in the sky right now right what are galaxies they're essentially large glomerations of matter that we are familiar with things like stars planets interstellar gas and things like that bound together gravitationally by an even larger blob of dark matter okay so So for a long time, we thought that because galaxies were only things that we sort of saw out there, just as Neil is describing right now, they had to form a single way, the way that our Milky Way galaxy formed, that a lot of stuff came together and it kind of condensed and it settled into a disk and swirled around and such.

51:05we now understand that there are pieces of galaxies still coming together as we speak today things that we wouldn't recognize looking out there as galaxy unless we looked very very carefully these things might only have a few hundred a few thousand a few million stars but they've got the dark matter they've got the material and they are slowly but surely converging into a single thing which billions of years from now, we would recognize as something resembling the Milky Way galaxy. So to this day, galaxies are forming. However, okay, if that's how you're going to

51:42Neil deGrasse Tyson:describe it, I'm with you. But those bits and pieces have been around since the beginning of the universe. Not always. We think they probably have, but some of them may have been formed by the tidal tails of other galaxies that have collided and ripped them off from their original bodies so if they are forming from the collision of two other galaxies it's detritus it's that's what i'm saying how where are you getting the whole you know where's the galaxy come from what At that point, what you're looking at is a garbage patch in the Pacific Ocean. That's really what you're looking at. Some pieces of galaxies surely came from primordial histories.

52:34And other pieces of galaxies came from things that were cast off from other galaxies.

52:40Neil deGrasse Tyson:That at one time were primordial. That's what I'm saying. This is the same as us being formed as stars, right? We're formed of material that was ejected from other stars as they died, combined with hydrogen atoms that have been traveling through the universe since the beginning of the universe. So it's a mixture of old and new stars, galaxies, all of it. God, that is wow. Isn't that awesome? Damn. Oh, wow. That was that's some that's some crazy, man. That's wild. OK, I love it. That's cool. That's cool, man. Thank you, Prince. Hey, Prince. Prince. Look at that. From beyond the grave. Still making StarTalk interesting.

53:25Let's go crazy.

53:27Neil deGrasse Tyson:So, guys, we've got time for like two more questions if we're efficient in answering them. So who's up next? All right. This is Rachel Cecil who says, hello, Dr. Tyson, Lou, and whatever comedic nobility is joining you. All right. You know what, Rachel? I'm going to skip your question now. No, stop. I don't know what the hell your problem is. Hey, hey, hey. No, here we go. She says, my name is Rachel Cecil, a high school astronomy teacher hailing from Chicago. I recently had a question. Teacher in the house. Teacher in the house. Teacher, we love you. I recently had a question from a student that stumped me.

54:07I told them I'd get back to them after I checked with my personal astrophysicist. Oh. How do we know that the movement of galaxies are caused by the expansion of space and not just their own movement through space itself? A superb question. The answer is the physics. You see, in order to push a galaxy at the speeds that we observe them to be moving, it would require an enormous amount of force, rockets, energy, the stuff that is moving that much stuff out there requires a propulsion, a thrust that there is no way any physical system could ever produce. So we can only conclude that the reason that they're moving away from us and so fast is because they are embedded in something that's growing and the galaxies are just along for the ride.

55:07I got a better answer than that. Oh, snap. What?

55:12Neil deGrasse Tyson:Don't get competitive. Here we go. So watch this. You ready? So Hubble in 1920, late 1920s, he discovers what was then interpreted as the expanding universe because all these galaxies had speeds headed away from us. Okay. And a galaxy twice as far away was receding twice as fast, three times as far away, three times as fast. This is the signature of some kind of an explosion. That's what explosions look like if you're in the middle of it and you're looking out. And so that forced people to think something's going on here. So now let's fast forward to modern times. There are galaxy clusters out there.

55:59Neil deGrasse Tyson:If you look at all the galaxies in the cluster and measure their speeds, they're all moving away from us. All of them. And on top of that motion, they have movement among themselves. that's what's amazing about it this beehive of galaxies has motion in and among themselves separate and distinct from their physical body motion of the cluster in the expanding universe and because we can distinguish those two kinds of speeds we can say comfortably that galaxies do move through space while they're orbiting their center of their mass of their galaxy cluster But the whole cluster is susceptible to this expansion of the universe.

56:43Neil deGrasse Tyson:Are we good here, Charles? Yes. Yeah. So let me just, I'm trying to, I just want to make sure I get what you're saying, though. Yeah. From that, would we infer that they're moving in a medium? The medium is space-time. That's it. Is that the thing? Correct. They're embedded in the medium. And the medium is stretching. Right. Space-time does not have to have density. It doesn't have to have material. but the medium is space-time. It's space-time itself. Oh, yeah. Well done. All right. Very nice. All right. There you go. Last question. Bring it up. All right. Here we go. Edward Tooten. Hello, Dr.

57:20Tyson, Chuck Nice, and Dr. Charles Liu. Eddie Tooten here from Florence, South Carolina. I've got a question that's been messing with my head.

57:29Neil deGrasse Tyson:Those are the best kind. Not always. If dark energy continues accelerating the expansion of the universe until distant galaxies disappear beyond our cosmic horizon, could a civilization in the far future eventually have no observable evidence that those galaxies or even the Big Bang, as we understand it, ever existed? If so, could a scientifically advanced civilization develop a completely wrong picture of the universe simply because it was born too late? I'd love to hear all three of your thoughts on this. Thanks and keep looking up. Charles, let's answer simultaneously. Ready? Okay. Yes. Yes.

58:12Neil deGrasse Tyson:So I'm going to come in the back door of that because I lose sleep over this. So just to be clear, if all the galaxies recede beyond our horizon, there is no information about the origin of the universe. Everything we would know and love about what we think of the universe is just the stars in our backyard comprising the Milky Way. It would be like before Hubble discovered that there were other galaxies. When Einstein came up with relativity, the universe was the stars in the night sky. All right? Just wrap your head around that. That's how far we've come. So now, and I want your backup on this, Charles, if you want to add to it.

58:47Neil deGrasse Tyson:Sure. So, I lose sleep wondering, is there some chapter of the book of the universe that has been removed that we don't even know was there simply because of when we were born into this universe? And here we are touching parts of the elephant, not seeing the elephant for itself. Is there some piece of the universe which, if it were still attached, it would be obvious what dark matter and dark energy were? But here we are in the dark, basking in our ignorance. Charles, take it from there. You know what? You're absolutely right, and I'm totally okay with it. Well, I'm not. I'm not okay with it. This is the thing, right?

59:38And Mr. Tootin, this is exactly the philosophical context that we all live in. You are absolutely right. And Neil is absolutely right. It is almost certain that folks in that kind of a universe could not learn fundamental cosmologies as we do now. And it's almost certain that there are parts of the universe or histories of the universe that we do not know and we don't have contact with. And therefore, we are in ignorance. But so what? That's okay. We will someday learn those things if we can. And if we can't, there are still all kinds of amazing things left to learn. Even though all other galaxies would recede away in your scenario, we would still have the Milky Way.

1:00:22We would still have hundreds of billions of stars, hundreds of billions of planets, amazing things happening, evolution by natural selection, billions of years of changing history of all kinds of amazing things to discover. nothing would prevent us from enjoying that universe that we could access while we were there

1:00:45Neil deGrasse Tyson:Charles you sound like you sound like a pastor who's saying be grateful for what you have well I mean I don't want to be too Panglossian but I do want to say that it is healthy for us to wonder what do we not know or what can we never know while at the same time going hey check out the stuff that we can know and do know. This is awesome. Right. So I would, I would not lose sleep over it, but rather I would go to sleep dreaming about all the awesomeness that exists because of it. Chuck, you are the most disgustingly optimistic person I have ever met. I celebrate Charles positivity. I think that's just a brilliant way to look at that.

1:01:29And to Neil's point, if there's a chapter or slash page missing from the universe's storybook, does that then sort of nod at a simulation once again? Oh, I do not think it needs to. Yeah, it's not a prerequisite for it. It's not necessary, but it is sufficient. Yeah. Hey, listen, if I simulated a universe for you idiots, I would definitely pull out the page. Damn, Chuck. And I would thank you for it, Chuck. Thank you. Oh, man, we're just some little aliens ant farm, aren't we, after all? I know, right, right.

1:02:09Neil deGrasse Tyson:All right, we've got to land this plane. Oh, man. Charles Lou. Charles, I was checking you've got a whole other book coming out. Yes, I do. And October. Yes, that's right. And it is on superheroes? It is on supernatural science. What? Nice. The real science of superheroes, mythic creatures, and the sci-fi universe. Whoa. When do I get one? Yeah. I believe it drops in October. The story is very simple. October 2026. October 2026. So, Charles, that's going to sell a billion copies. Yeah, man. Good for you. I hope so. Thank you. I love science fiction. I love stories of the supernatural and superheroes.

1:02:56And I just want people to like revel in the coolness of the combination of human imagination and what the real universe has to offer. It's just great stuff. There you go. Very cool. Hey, if you want to give me a couple cases, I'll put them in the trunk of my car and make pretend I'm bootlegging them at Comic-Con for you. Thank you. Thank you.

1:03:16Neil deGrasse Tyson:All right. Well, Charles, always good to have you on here as our Geek and Chief. Always happy to be here. Really appreciate it. Lord Nice, you know we love you. Always a pleasure. And Gary. yes thanks for putting this together yet another episode oh no the nod goes to Lane Unsworth in our LA office ah Lane in our LA office Lane Unsworth Lane is the best on the case alright Neil deGrasse Tyson here as always is bidding you to keep looking up

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