Selects: When Mount St. Helens Blew Its Top

24:59so um harry truman will come back in this is harry r truman by the way everybody said his middle initial to differentiate him right he'll come back in later but so this mart the last thing that we that happened on the mountain march 25th in eight hours there's 24 4.0 or greater magnitude earthquakes and that brought everybody running um this whole thing was so perfectly planned that on the day of the eruption, there was the mineral and gem show in Yakima, like, I think, less than 100 miles away from Mount St. Helens. So anybody who had anything to do with geology just happened to be in the area or was purposefully in the area.

25:41And then on March 27th, it's just getting more and more and more. There was an actual eruption, right? Yeah. So this was, I mean, compared to what eventually ended up happening, you could call this sort of mini eruption, even though it sent, it made a big boom. Apparently it was a pretty cloudy day, so it wasn't super visible, but the ash column went up 6 ,500 feet into the air. That's nothing to sneeze at. And a new crater formed at the summit, which grew to about 1 ,600 feet wide. So it was a major thing. There was another one on the 28th, again, throwing ash into the air. and this is like basically from that point through the big one in mid-May, it was just constant warning, constant upheaval, mudslides, avalanches, craters growing, and like the mountain is saying like it's going to happen, people.

26:37This is not a false alarm. Until things calm down, and that's what you were talking about earlier, like things kind of settled down on – what was that like? May, around the 15th, basically. Yeah, around the 15th of May to where the people got antsy that were evacuated and said, hey, listen, we want to go back and check on our stuff. Yeah. And the governor eventually was like, all right, I think at the time, and I think Washington still is a little bit of one of those like not quite live free or die, but like, all right, listen, these people pay taxes. They want to go back to their homes. Sign a waiver that you're not going to sue us and let them go back there.

27:14And that's what they did. They did. There's footage of them signing waivers on the hood of a car with some obvious state lawyer in a three-piece suit handing people a pen and being like, sign here. It's really hilarious. But they did. Some people started to trickle in. And that's actually why there were, you know, I think we ended up with 57 casualties. 57 people died. And that was one reason why it was actually that high. Could have been less, but people were allowed to trickle back in. They still kept like a perimeter, but I think it was kind of porous. If you wanted to get through, you could get through.

27:55And there are stories in that minute-by-minute episode of people. There's this one backpacker who is probably hilarious at parties because he makes like a funny voice for the police when the police is talking, when he's recreating a conversation he had. Yeah, it was funny. He snuck through with friends. There are a lot of people on the mountain that otherwise might not have been had they kept it closed. But they did open it up a little bit, and it was because nothing had happened for a little while. And then about three days later, everything happened. You said S was getting real. This is when the S hit the fan.

28:29Yeah. Well, I mean, just prior to this, I guess let's back up one half second and let you know about what happened with David Johnson and Don Swanson. They had moved from their initial base at Coldwater 1, which was about, I think, eight or nine miles away, to their second station, which was called Coldwater 2, which is about five to six miles from the mountain. And notably, it was on the northeast side of the mountain, which turned out to be the wrong spot to be. But, you know, these guys knew what was going on. They know it's a dangerous job. And apparently they were swapping, taking shifts.

29:07And Don Swanson got the call from Johnston and he said, hey, listen, I've got tonight and tomorrow. If you come and relieve me the next day. And then on May 18th, 1980 is when Johnston was there when everything went boom. Yeah, and I think there have been other colleagues and grad students and everything around cold water, too. And Johnston sent him away. He's like, this is outside the red zone. It's still potentially dangerous. There's no reason for more than just one of us to be here at a time, so you guys go. So at 8.32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens, like, blew up. And there's, like, a typical idea that people have of a volcano going off, and most of the time, it's shooting, like, a huge thing of ash and magma straight into the air from its top.

29:54Yeah. But that is not what happened with Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens was a very specific and unusual type of eruption because it didn't go out of the top. It came out of the side, and it came out in what was known as a lateral blast eruption. Yeah, so, you know, like we said earlier, that pressure is building up a lot under the surface. There's a lot of moisture down there. Some of it was, like you mentioned, from that initial plate subduction. That's called magmatic water. Some of it is just regular old groundwater from rain and snow and everything because it is the mountains. That's called meteoric water.

30:32And all of that stuff is just heating up. It's got pressure from below because it's heating. It's got pressure from above because all of that weight of the rock is just pushing it down. Yeah. And all of this magma is just like boiling under there. And I know we talked about this before. I guess it was in one of the volcano episodes. But it's not allowed to turn to steam because there's no room for it. Like steam is expansive and it can't expand. So it's just this superheated beyond the boiling point level of liquid that's just distributed all throughout the upper half and notably sort of the north side of this mountain.

31:12Yeah, and that created that bulge that kept growing by about six feet a day. That was so scary. It is because, like, it's as violent as you can imagine that a bulge, something that could make a bulge on the side of a mountain would be. And so under other circumstances, a Plinian eruption where a volcano explodes out of the top like you typically think of, that pressure, that magma is going to basically force the top of the mountain open. And that's how it's going to explode. This is not what happened with Mount St. Helens. that kind of, I guess the hump was on one side. It was on the north flank, wasn't it?

31:53So it was on the north flank. And the thing that kicked off Mount St. Helens' eruption wasn't the volcano. It was actually an earthquake in the volcano. And that earthquake caused the largest landslide in recorded history on Earth. More than half of a square mile of Mount St. Helens suddenly vanished away. It just suddenly dropped off the side, the north side of the mountain. Yeah. And it's like you should really go check out the footage of this stuff. It's some of the most amazing like natural geologic disaster footage I've ever seen just to see this mountain. And then, you know, especially in the A &E thing to see people interviewed describing like seeing this with their eyeballs.

32:38It was just like it was incomprehensible what they were witnessing, like a mountain that large. and part of it just going away immediately. Yeah, and one of the reasons they were able to witness it and we have such great documentation is because at 8.32 a.m., a pair of geologists, husband and wife geologists, happened to be flying in a plane because they'd hired a plane to go look at Mount St. Helens because they'd heard that, you know, there's some stuff going on. And they happened to make one more pass right as the mountain, that earthquake dropped the side of the mountain. They were like right above it in a plane, as a matter of fact.

33:14Yeah. What's where's your quote? Should we read that? Yeah. This is Dorothy Stoffel in 2019. She said the whole north half of the mountain that we were flying just 500 feet above began churning and a mile long fracture shot across the mountain. Faster than our minds could absorb, the north half of the mountain just became like fluid and slid away. Amazing. I saw somebody else describe it as like a zipper opening along the mountain. Yeah. And, you know, there were amateur photographers around for some of this stuff. Some of these hikers, like that guy you mentioned that was telling the story in funny voices.

33:52Yeah. And volcano chasers, like they got some, like, one guy got like 22 pictures in a row, and this is when it eventually blew. The other guy got like six or eight pictures. There was a family camping with their two young daughters. Oh, man. And that guy, they were, you know, on the north side, you know, well below it, but, you know, within the range. And he was like, you know, speaking to how it didn't blow from the top, he said it looked like somebody shot a shotgun out of the side of this mountain pointed at us. So ash was raining down, but it was raining like at people and less down from the sky.

34:30Right, exactly. It wasn't going up and then coming back down. It was coming straight at you if you were anywhere north of the mountain. And the reason why the north of the mountain was so dangerous is because that's where that hump had been. That's also where the earthquake moved a good portion of the mountain, which meant that all that pressure that was keeping that pressurized, superheated water from boiling under the mountain was suddenly exposed. It was that pressure was gone. And so all of that incredibly hot water flash heated into steam. And when that happens, that expands. Like you said, the reason that one of the reasons steam can't exist in that situation is because it's too expansive.

35:12When it does have the chance to expand, it does so with incredible force. And that's what happened. And that's why Mount St. Helens blew out the side rather than the top because there had been a weakening in the pressure that allowed all that to just blow out. And blow out it did. Yeah. I mean, it was – if you look at it, it looks almost like a controlled demolition blast or something. It definitely doesn't look like any kind of volcano blast that you might think of in your head. It happened kind of all at once, and it was a 24 megaton blast, which I know everyone always tries to compare it to, like, Hiroshima.

35:52It was 1 ,600 times as powerful as the Hiroshima atomic bomb. Good Lord. But, I mean, that's what it would take to move 0.6 square cubic miles of mountain all of a sudden, too, you know? Yeah. And that blast, Chuck, that 24 megaton blast, it was described as like a fast-moving cloud of heat and stones moving at some points pretty close to the mountain, 300 miles an hour. Man. Heated to like 660 degrees Fahrenheit. I think that's like 380 degrees Celsius. Just blowing northward away from the mountain. And everything within eight miles of that, of the mountain, was in that blast zone. And if you'll recall correctly, David Johnston's Coldwater 2 camp was within about five miles.

36:49Yeah, he obviously didn't make it. They found, I think they found pieces of his trailer like a decade later. He had time to send out one signal, which was over his radio, So Vancouver, Vancouver, this is it. The only person to pick that up was a ham radio operator nearby. And they renamed that area Johnston Ridge in his honor. Obviously, Harry Truman perished along with those 16 cats. And he was close enough to where I saw that they said that he and everything around him was basically instantly vaporized. Like he wouldn't have felt anything. It would have happened. His death and vaporization would have happened in like less than a second.

37:33Yeah, I have the impression the same thing happened to David Johnston and also that that ham radio operator who was volunteering to kind of document it. He documented David Johnston getting covered up. He said the he said, gentlemen, the camper in the car that's sitting over to the south of me. He was talking about David Johnston is covered, is going to hit me, too. And that was Jerry Martin, that ham radio operator. And that was his last transmission. He was vaporized as well, essentially. Everything, everything north of the mountain within eight miles was just destroyed, just destroyed. Like entire hundred foot trees that were like 10, 12 feet in diameter, just completely flattened and also denuded of any bark on the way as well.

38:22And this was just a blast. that the landslide that was created from the earthquake that initially triggered the eruption, that had some incredible effects as well. Yeah, because what you've got, you know, beyond this avalanche happening is you've got all of a sudden all this heat happens in a place where there's a lot of snow. So that snow melts, all that glacier ice melts, and you have flooding and you have mudslides and you have a word that I had never even heard of before Ed included it in here, which was lahar, which sounds like just a mudslide on steroids. Yeah. Like a mudslide carrying ammunition with it.

39:03Right. And this is just raining down everywhere and like causing a path of destruction that hasn't been seen in like modern times in this country. Yeah, it was like it had so much power, Chuck, that Sly did, that one part of it was carrying chunks of rock as big as 558 feet or 170 meters across. Wow. That's as big as a 50-story building. It was moving rocks that size. Holy cow. Just fast as you can imagine down the mountain into the valleys. And I saw it described as if you were watching it from a ridge, as some people were, like far away, you would see the cloud or the debris starting to come at you.

39:45It would disappear into a valley, and then all of a sudden it would come up over the ridge and keep going. It was just filling valleys with rocks and debris. It's just – it's unimaginable trying to grasp what happened. And it's even crazier that some people are actually there watching this happen. Crazy. It is crazy. You want to take a break? Yeah, we'll take a break and talk a little bit more about the after effects right after this. learning stuff with joshua and charles stuff you should know hi kyle could you draw up a quick document with the basic business plan just one page as a google doc and send me the link thanks hey just finished drawing up that quick one page business plan for you here's the link but there was no link there was no business I'm not programmed Kyle to be able to do that yet.

40:45My name is Edmund Ratliff. I decided to create Kyle, my AI co-founder, after hearing a lot of stuff like this from OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. There's this betting pool for the first year that there's a one-person billion-dollar company, which would have been like unimaginable without AI and now will happen. I got to thinking, could I be that one person? I'd made AI agents before for my award-winning podcast, Shell Game. This season on Shell Game, I'm trying to build a real company with a real product run by fake people. Oh, hey, Evan. Good to have you join us. I found some really interesting data on adoption rates for AI agents and small to medium businesses.

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44:51Okay, and we're back. And as Chuck promised everyone, it's after effect time. Well, we talked a little bit about it. Obviously, Spirit Lake, which we mentioned at the beginning, which was at the base of the mountain, has very strange effects on bodies of water. It did two things. It made the lake larger, but it also made it shallower because it just flooded all this water down there and raised it such that the outlet was basically dammed up. And so the lake got a whole lot bigger, but it reduced its depth by about 80 feet. I think five years later, they built a spillway tunnel to control the depth of the lake.

45:30200 homes and cabins and about 200 miles of road and railways were completely obliterated. Yeah. I also saw that lake was now 200 feet higher in elevation than it had been before. As if, like, there was so much debris, it, like, raised the lake 200 feet, even though it also made it shallower. It's nuts. And I think it lowered the ultimate height of Mount St. Helens, right? Yeah. I can't remember. I think by, like, 600 meters or something like that, some ridiculous amount of height just blown off. And that was another thing, too, like, the after effects of it. But if you look at Mount St. Helens today, or especially like right afterward, it turned into like an amphitheater.

46:15Yeah. Like the north side was blown out and the other sides were kind of curved around. And what was neat is one of the huge after effects of Mount St. Helens, one of the more positive ones, is I saw it described as like a crash course for volcanologists and seismologists and everybody who are now just had this amazing natural laboratory to study in. and that the eruption, because it was a lateral blast, opened up like basically a cross section of the mountain that they could study now its past history from the inside out, which I thought was pretty neat. And a young Trey Anastasio said, one day I shall play at the base of that amphitheater.

46:52Oh, did he? And bore people with noodling on my guitar. Did he? They played there? No, I don't think so. I don't think there's anything there. I was just kidding. Oh, wow. That was just completely made up. Oh, yeah. I never will miss a chance to take a ticket fish. I'm with you. So ash is raining down and out. It literally darkened the skies. When this ash, if you were close enough to it, it would literally burn you alive. Yeah. If you're far away, it can just create a lot of problems. Everything from just equipment not working, electrical outages and blackouts and brownouts. Visibility is obviously terrible.

47:34As far as crops go, certain crops were wiped out by this ash and the toxic gases. Some of them did a little bit better because they just got a little bit of the ash in it. Ash will help promote rainfall and hold moisture in the ground better. So apparently wheat crops and apple crops fared pretty well. Yeah, that was surprising. Yeah. I also saw there was a lot of devastation. Any big game animal in the blast zone was, I said big game animal, by the way, was in the blast zone, was killed without question. But they were very surprised. Biologists who went in to investigate shortly afterward found there were like entire communities and ecosystems of smaller animals and plants, microbes, fungi, that had survived just fine and were among the first to recolonize and were part of the reason why Mount St.

48:26Helens' ecosystem started to rebound so quickly. I mean, that's what will happen, right? If the earth ever just burns up into a fiery ball, that'll just become a big mushroom field, right? Probably. And then the animals that lived underground will come above ground and say, it's our time, baby. I look forward to that day for some reason. What else happened? Oh, I saw that the ash cloud that blew finally out of the top. We should say that the lateral blast was followed by a plinian blast. And that shot, like, you know, that was the money volcano shot that everybody was looking for. A plume of ash and smoke rose 80 ,000 feet into the air.

49:10And it was moving so fast that it circled the globe in 15 days. Came back to square one in 15 days. And, of course, that was, like, affecting air traffic. Do you remember that Icelandic volcano that affected air traffic in Europe for, like, weeks? Weren't you stranded by that or something? No. Okay. I don't think so. Okay. Okay. Like they knew what to do in part because of how Mount St. Helens affected air travel. At the time, they were like, this is brand new to us. But it helped lay the groundwork for understanding what to look for, how to deal with that kind of stuff later on. Yeah. The other thing I wanted to point out, too, about Spirit Lake was if you look at footage of the lake and now these kind of rivers that were just happening.

49:56And it literally like rerouted, you know, the Columbia River and the Cowlitz River in sections. But it looks like it looks like a logging operation is happening. And like you could almost and may have been able to. Well, obviously, it would have been too dangerous, but it looks like you could have walked over these logs. They were so like packed and these were just trees, you know, an hour before. Yeah. If you could do that lumberjack log rolling thing. Yeah. You could have probably made it across the lake. You probably could have. But in that minute-by-minute episode, there was a pair of, like, high school sweethearts who'd been camping.

50:33Yeah. And they had a harrowing experience because they both got thrown into Spirit Lake. And the boyfriend was able to rescue the girlfriend. It's like the logs were starting to close in on them. He pulled her out from the lake, and they were hanging on to logs when they finally made it out and were rescued. That happened. Like, that happened to somebody. Yeah, they were in their car. Oh, is that how – that's how they got in the lake? They were in their car? Yeah, they said it just picked them up. And they were driving and then they were floating. And they said that they're – she said like my instinct was to get out of the car, but there was like nowhere to go.

51:08Right. Yeah, because there were trees everywhere floating around beside them, right? Yeah, and this is – these are just sort of – that's what's so cool about the special is it really brought in the human element of these people that were around there. Right. And they all survived because they were being interviewed, obviously. Dorothy Stoffel, who was the geologist that was flying with, I guess it was her husband, Keith? Or was that her brother? Her husband, Keith. Okay. They survived that plane flight. They got out of there. There were stories of people that literally, it was like from a movie, drove, you know, 110 miles an hour, like outrunning this ash debris slide coming at them.

51:51Right. Yeah. And some people didn't make it. There was one guy who was chronicled in that that was driving as fast as he can, and the blast just caught up with him and buried him in the ash. And he probably died pretty much instantly. But, like, again, that happened to people. There's very famous footage of a house just flowing down, like, a newly engorged mudslidey river. Yeah. Moving so fast that you probably could have towed water skiers from the house, essentially. It was moving that fast just down the river. So, I mean, again, it was one of the most documented volcanic eruptions of all time.

52:32So there's really amazing footage on there, or just on the Internet is what I mean. But that wasn't the last time that Mount St. Helens has erupted. I think it erupted a few times between 1980 and maybe 1996, I think. Yeah. And then the biggest one recently was between 2004 and 2008. Yeah, it started sort of getting a little more active again. This time, though, you know, one of the things that to the benefit of the surrounding area when a volcano blows like that is that pressure is released. And it's going to take a long time to build back up to that level again, kind of depending on how it reforms on top of it.

53:14But this time, apparently, there are more ways for this pressure to be released. So I think it's just sort of the pressure is being released a little more gradually since 2004. That's my impression, too. But they do say that, like, oh, no, like, it will happen again. Like things are – there is a new lava dome growing and the pressure is going to build up. And it could be in 1 ,000 years or it could be in 10 years. Yeah. We just don't know. No, but they are studying it. Like there's a lot of active research and study going on at Mount St. Helens now. Yeah. I believe, you know, the eruption was such a big deal that they've opened – the USGS opened a research station nearby.

53:58and also that 2004 activity basically ran from 2004 to 2008. Like you said, they've been studying the mountain closely. So there's amazing time-lapse footage of those four years. And it's astounding how fast and how big Mount St. Helens just grows from that eruption activity. It's called Time-lapse Images of Mount St. Helens Dome Growth. It's on YouTube. And I recommend checking that out as well. Yeah, I would just be careful when you Google dome growth. Right. Or bulge growth. Oh, boy. So, man, we are so juvenile sometimes, aren't we? Sure. And by we, I mean me. No, me too. But like we said, Mount St.

54:46Helens bounced back, Spirit Lake opened back up, and the Coldwater 2 station has been renamed after David Johnston. And there's an amazing memorial, too. I saw on some TripAdvisor post that somebody said it was like one of the best, like, not welcome center, but, you know, information centers that the person's ever been to. So I would like to go there someday. The cookies are unreal. Right. You got anything else? I got nothing else. All right. Well, go forth and research Mount St. Helens with an S. And you can start doing that by watching Dante's Peak. Since I said Dante's Peak, it's time for listener mail.

55:26This is following up on an email that you particularly liked from our spooktacular. Okay. Hey, guys. Thoroughly enjoying the most recent spooktacular, The Accents, Our Comedy Genius. Meagle, do you want to pop in and say hi? Hello. Perfect. I'm going to bring Meagle back every now and then, by the way. I just want to prepare you and the audience. Okay. I wanted to address a couple of 1800s diction issues that caused some puzzlement. When you guys talked about toilet, it's basically what Josh said. I've always thought of it as a refreshing, as freshening up in the bathroom, washing your face and hands when first waking up or going to bed.

56:02I double-checked with Merriam-Webster, though, and it's more generally dressing and grooming. Okay. That makes sense. Yeah, sure. On the other hand, the strangers in the beverage from the toll house is a lot more puzzling. Yeah, it is. I had no idea what it meant, and although Josh's guess that beverage meant the pub was clever, it doesn't really make sense. Just as a reminder, the sentence is talking about some men drinking tea in an inn and pausing to, quote, discover the sex and dates of arrival of the strangers, which floated in some numbers in the beverage, end quote. I think I found the answer, though, guys, in a dictionary of Scottish dialect.

56:40We love this stuff, by the way. Yeah, this is amazing. Tea leaves floating on the surface of your drink are considered omens that you'll meet someone new. So these tea leaves are called strangers. If you pick up a stranger and bite it, the toughness will tell you whether the new acquaintance will be male or female. Amazing. Amazing. I'm going to guess there's also a way to predict the date you meet this person, although I didn't see reference to that. So that's what the characters are doing, guys, using tea leaves to predict the future. By the way, other omens can also be strangers like unburned candlewicks or soot on grates.

57:12I've loved the show for years. Look forward to many more. That is a great email, Nat Jacobs. Fantastic sleuthing. Yep. And we are super grateful. Top to bottom, start to finish, wonderful email. Also, just put so nicely, too. Not like you big dummies. Yeah. Because I got it pretty wrong. It was a terrible guess. I think it was a bad guess. But, I mean, that was really hard. Like, that was obscure, you know? Very much. Anyway, I love knowing that now. That was one of my favorite emails. So thanks a lot, Nat. And if you want to be like Nat and get in touch with us in the best way possible, you can send us an email to stuffpodcasts at iheartradio.com.

57:54Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

58:10The more you listen to your kids, the closer you'll be. So we asked kids, what do you want your parents to hear? I feel sometimes that I'm not listened to. I would just want you to listen to me more often and evaluate situations with me and lead me towards success. Listening is a form of love. Find resources to help you support your kids and their emotional well-being at SoundItOutTogether.org. That's SoundItOutTogether.org. Brought to you by the Ad Council and Pivotal. Hi, Kyle. Could you draw up a quick document with the basic business plan? just one page as a Google Doc and send me the link.

58:46Thanks. Hey, just finished drawing up that quick one page business plan for you. Here's the link. But there was no link. There was no business plan. I hadn't programmed Kyle to be able to do that yet. I'm Evan Ratliff here with a story of entrepreneurship in the AI age. Listen as I attempt to build a real startup run by fake people. Check out the second season of my podcast, Shell Game, on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. Whether it is getting swatted or just hateful messages online, there is a lot of harm in even just reading the comments. That's cybersecurity expert Camille Stewart-Gloster on the Therapy for Black Girls podcast.

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