In short
The “testosterone collapse” in men, argued to be driven by endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals and modern chronic stress, not normal aging; includes practical steps to raise testosterone naturally.
Guest backgrounds
No guests mentioned; episode appears to be solo with host Darin Olien.
Key claims
Testosterone has declined since the late 1980s (~1%/year; cited generational 20–30% drop). One-in-five young men have clinically low testosterone. Low testosterone is linked to higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Main causes: BPA, phthalates, atrazine, PFAS (“forever chemicals”), PCBs, and other pesticides disrupting testosterone synthesis (STAR protein/LH signaling; aromatase activation). Chronic stress shifts cholesterol/hormone production toward cortisol. Sleep deprivation reduces testosterone (cited JAMA: 5 hours/night for a week lowers testosterone 10–15%). Statins may lower testosterone by blocking cholesterol synthesis.
Notable examples
plastic containers/receipts/canned food linings; phthalate “fresh plastic” odors; atrazine “chemical feminization” in frogs; microplastics found in testicular tissue; RO water filtration; avoid plastic food contact; morning sunlight; zinc/vitamin D/magnesium; heavy lifting, 7–9 hours sleep.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOUnderstanding the Testosterone Collapse
0:39 to 4:19
Darin introduces the topic of declining testosterone levels and its implications.
“I want to talk about something that isn't talked about enough, keeping our cells healthy.”
Statistics on Testosterone Decline
4:19 to 7:17
Exploring statistics and research on the decline of testosterone levels since the 1980s.
“Since the late 1980s, testosterone levels in men have been declining at approximately 1 % per year, not because of aging.”
The Misconceptions of Testosterone Decline
7:17 to 9:12
Darin discusses common misconceptions about the reasons for declining testosterone levels.
“Today, we're pulling back the curtain on one of the greatest severely underreported public health crises of our time.”
Environmental Factors Affecting Testosterone
9:12 to 11:19
The role of environmental chemicals and modern lifestyle on testosterone production.
“One of the most rigorous peer-reviewed journals in medicine, covering 11 prospective cohort studies and more than 24 ,000 men found that low testosterone is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality.”
Endocrine Disruptors and Their Impact
11:19 to 14:00
Discussion on endocrine disruptors like BPA and phthalates affecting testosterone levels.
“And I mean, I'll get into the deliberate side of things.”
Chemical Impacts on Testosterone Levels
14:00 to 18:10
Learn about various chemicals like phthalates and glyphosate that may lower testosterone levels.
“heard me talk about before, are even worse potentially.”
Chemical Impacts on Testosterone Levels
18:12 to 19:34
Learn about various chemicals like phthalates and glyphosate that may lower testosterone levels.
“the company Body at Shakeology, my baby, who I helped to formulate way back in 2006.”
Chemical Impacts on Testosterone Levels
19:48 to 19:59
Learn about various chemicals like phthalates and glyphosate that may lower testosterone levels.
“D-A-R-I-N, the letter O, the number 1, body, B-O-D-I, to get 15 % off.”
The Importance of Sleep for Testosterone
20:01 to 22:30
Understand how critical sleep is for testosterone production in men.
“All steroid hormones, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, DHEA, progesterone are all synthesized from the same material, cholesterol.”
Lifestyle Changes to Support Testosterone
22:33 to 28:04
Explore lifestyle recommendations that can naturally boost testosterone levels.
“So if you're running out to peptides and to your doctor to give hormone replacement, you're not doing this step, better sleep.”
Show all 12 chapters
Natural Ways to Boost Testosterone Levels
28:04 to 29:10
Learn about natural methods to enhance testosterone production through lifestyle changes and supplements.
“it's stimulates the pituit amazing and the luteinizing hormone this is important this helps the signaling process of testosterone production tonka ali around 200 milligrams This is not medical advice.”
Empowerment and Natural Health
29:11 to 29:59
Discover the importance of taking control of your health and testosterone naturally without medical interventions.
“But you can increase your testosterone by changing your habits today.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:03Darin Olien:Welcome to Super Life with me, Darin Olien, a podcast where we explore, discover, and share solutions that promote a healthier life and a better world. Together, we'll ignite possibilities, inspire change, and build sovereignty, creating a roadmap towards a super life for you and for all. Get ready to start living your super life.
0:33Darin Olien:I'd like to take a quick break from this episode to thank our sponsor, Fatty15. That's right. I want to talk about something that isn't talked about enough, keeping our cells healthy. Here's what I'm doing now to prioritize cellular health, supplementing with this new exciting research, and it's called Fatty15. Fatty 15 has three times more cellular benefit than omega-3s or fish oil. This is dietary odd chain saturated fatty acids, OCFAs. There are present trace levels in dietary fat, some fish, and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of this OCFS. we realized through the research that higher circulating concentrations of this is extremely good for us.
1:29Darin Olien:It is called pentadonic chaotic acid or C15. Omega-3 fish oils and algae oils often go bad before they're even in the bottle. That's right, they're susceptible to oxygen and sunlight and the supplements can't even help to improve our health usually. But fatty 15 or C15 naturally protects against damaging oxidation both in the bottle and in your body. If you want to get a little more science-y about it, studies show that C15 works by strengthening our cells, improving our mitochondria function, and protecting us against damage from free radicals on a very deep level. The result, better long-term metabolic liver and heart health functioning.
2:19Darin Olien:It ends up many of us are massively deficient in C15, which results in weaker and weaker cells that makes us have less energy. And we quit working earlier. We're seeking to find that energy. Where is it? All of this makes us age faster and faster. and the science around this is so fascinating. We sleep poorly, we feel sluggish, and we're all looking to feel better and have more energy. Does it sound familiar? Fatty 15 is science-backed, award-winning, vegan-friendly, and pure C15 supplement. That's it. By replenishing ourselves with this newly discovered C15, the nutrient of fatty 15 effectively repairs our cells and restores our long-term health.
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4:14This is the testosterone collapse. What's really behind it? How to fight back. In this episode, I want to talk to the men and I also want to talk to the women who love men you know who live with them who watch them and wonder why sometimes things seem off they don't have the energy because something is off measurably biologically even generationally and almost nobody in the mainstream medicine is telling us the truth about it and it is here. Here is what we know. Since the late 1980s, testosterone levels in men have been declining at approximately 1 % per year, not because of aging. Controlled studies comparing men of the exact same age a 40-year-old man today versus a 40-year-old man in 1987 show that the man today has dramatically lower testosterone.
5:20Not a little lower, significantly lower. A 2007 study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism from Massachusetts called the Massachusetts Male Aging Study found that a 65 year old man in 2002 had testosterone levels roughly 15 % lower than a 65 year old man in 1987. Compound that across the full arc of the decline since the 1980s and we're looking at a 20 to 30 % generational drop. Some researchers believe it's even higher. And again I have all this research in the show notes. Global sperm count has dropped more than 51 percent, not in one country. We're talking globally.
6:17A 2022 meta-analysis from researchers at Mount Sinai Hebrew University and the University of Copenhagen, covering 57 ,000 men across 53 countries, found that the rate of decline is actually accelerating. Let me make that concrete for you. Today, one in five young men have clinically low testosterone. That's one in five. This is a condition that was almost exclusively associated to elderly men. Now, it's in our young men. It's a condition that exists in our teenagers. And the medical establishment primary response has been to prescribe testosterone replacement therapy. Again, the medical system, not even remotely looking at the cause.
7:16But why don't you ask, why is this happening? Doesn't that make sense? I'm Darren O 'Lean. Welcome to the Solo Super Life podcast. Today, we're pulling back the curtain on one of the greatest severely underreported public health crises of our time. This is the testosterone collapse. This is also systemic of endocrine disruption, PCOS in women, but today I'm focused on the testosterone. And once you understand what actually is causing it, you're going to be furious, but you're actually going to be able to do something about it yourself. So here's the fatal convenience at the center of this crisis.
8:02We've been told that the declining testosterone is a natural consequence of aging. This is what they hide behind. And the modern sedentary life of stress, as if these are just inevitable trade-offs of living in the 21st century. But that framing isn't entirely true. It's in fact wrong. It's not aging per se. The data is age controlled and it shows the decline. It is not just stress. Men in previous generations worked their asses off. Physical labor, survived wars, raised large families and maintained testosterone levels that dwarf what we're seeing in 20 year old men today. something environmental is certainly happening something systemic globally worldwide something that began intensifying around the 1980s and has not slowed down and is actually accelerating and here's why this matters beyond the libido beyond gym performance beyond the things we've been trained to associate with testosterone, and certainly all of those that do exist, but a 2024 meta-analysis published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
9:32One of the most rigorous peer-reviewed journals in medicine, covering 11 prospective cohort studies and more than 24 ,000 men found that low testosterone is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality. Men with testosterone below 213 nanograms per deciliter had a statistically higher risk of dying from anything, from any cause. Men with very low testosterone below 153 nanograms per deciliter had increased risk of dying specifically from cardiovascular disease, which by the way, is still the leading cause of death. So this is not just performance. This is not about masculinity per se.
10:31This is about our survival. Testosterone is a fundamental biological signal that drives metabolic health, cardiovascular function, bone density, immune function, mood stability, cognitive clarity, and so much more. When you collapse testosterone across an entire generation of men, you don't just create a population of men feeling tired with low drive. You create a population of men who are biologically more vulnerable to every major chronic disease. And we are doing it right now. It's happening right now. And maybe deliberately, unknowingly, and that scale. And I mean, I'll get into the deliberate side of things.
11:23So let's start at the most important driver that you have never heard of or discussed at your doctor's office. This is what you've heard me talk about before, the endocrine disrupting chemicals that we're swimming in, that I wrote a book about. Your body produces testosterone through a tightly regulated cascade that runs from your brain to your testes. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone. That signals the pituitary to release the luteinizing hormone, LH. That travels to the Leydig cells in the testes. You don't need to remember all this, but I'm just telling you that the cells specifically designed to make testosterone, and it's important to understand this, that triggers the conversion of cholesterol into the progestinolone.
12:26And then through a series of enzyme reactions, it turns into testosterone. It's an elegant, very sensitive, finely tuned system, and it is being chemically jammed. in many ways one you may have heard of bpa bisphenol a it is found in plastic plastic food containers thermal receipts on paper canned food linings water bottles you know i've been telling you get rid of that plastic water bottle get rid of that that tea bag it's this it's a synthetic estrogen. So it binds directly to these androgen receptors in these Leydig cells that your body needs to convert into testosterone. So it is a steroidal genetic acute regulatory protein called STAR protein interfering with the LH signaling, disrupting this mechanism.
13:35That is literally the gatekeeper for cholesterol entering the mitochondria to begin testosterone synthesis. So no STAR protein signaling this pathway, no testosterone. Bisphenol A disrupts that entire signaling pathway. You get how important this is? Phthalates, which you've heard me talk about before, are even worse potentially. They are plasticizers added to everything, making it flexible. The more flexible of plastic, the more phthalates exist. The food packaging, vinyl flooring, children's toys, medical tubing. That's right. Cosmetics, shampoos, fragrances. When you smell that fresh plastic scent in a new car or a shower curtain, that is the horrible smell of phthalates off-gassing into the air you breathe.
14:41They are absorbed through the skin, inhaled, eaten if your food is in contact. Phthalates specifically target the same pathway, the S-T-A-R protein mechanism, the same as BPA. This then reduces its expression, choking off this first step in testosterone synthesis. A 2014 Endocrine Society study found that men with higher urinary phthalate metabolites had measurably lower testosterone. And the research conducted, and the researchers concluded, that this could be contributing to the population-level testosterone decline. Also, a 2024 study in Nature's scientific reports confirmed the mixture effect combining the endocrine disrupting exposure was associated with reductions in both testosterone and the free androgen index.
15:48So it seems like there's almost a direct correlation, but that's to be determined. But it looks very suspicious. Then there's this pesticide. glyphosate's getting a lot of press but you know the one called astrazine it is the most commonly used herbicide in the united states applied to corn sugar cane and and where golf courses so astrazine doesn't just disrupt testosterone it activates aromatase the enzyme that converts to study directly into estrogen. That's when the frogs that were exposed to astrazine levels found in normal tap water in the agricultural areas became chemically feminized. The researchers who published those findings, Dr.
16:48Tyrone Hayes at UC Berkeley, spent years Years trying to figure out the findings that recognized while the manufacturer Syngenta ran a documented campaign to discredit him. But the science was clear. PFAS. This is another one. Pre and poly floral alkalized substances. PFAS, the forever chemicals, the nonstick cookware, the water resistant clothing, the food packaging, fire foam, dental floss in our water, on our clothing. this accumulates in the body, causing disruption in the endocrine system. A 2025 Lancet series confirmed that PFAS exposure is associated with the reproductive harm, hormone disruption, and male fertility damage.
17:39This chemical load, BPA, phthalates, astrazine, PFAS, PCBs, more pesticides, all of that has existed for a long period of time and meaningful levels since the 1950s. By the 1980s, it had saturated the food supply, the water supply, the personal care market, and built this environment. And testosterone has been declining ever since. This is not a coincidence. This is a mechanism.
18:11Darin Olien:I'd like to take a moment to mention my amazing sponsors, the company Body at Shakeology, my baby, who I helped to formulate way back in 2006. Most people think of a protein shake as a quick fix, but Shakeology, because I know, was built with a completely different intention. It's superfoods. It's nutrient density. It's a superfood nutrition shake where quality actually comes first. I know this firsthand. When you talk about the quality story, we're talking about a refusal to take shortcuts. While most of the industry uses generic blends to cut costs, every single ingredient in Shakeology literally is individually researched, vetted, and sourced from global partners all over the world who meet the strictest standards of purity and sustainability.
19:06Darin Olien:We're talking about seven layers of testing. These are not just words. This is actual. From the raw ingredients to the finished bag to ensure that what's on the label is exactly what's in your glass. There are no artificial sweeteners, no fake flavors, no compromises. It's measurable quality that evolves with science. Experience the difference for yourself. I still drink this every single day. Head to Shakeology.com and use the promo code Darren O, D-A-R-I-N-O, 1, body, B-O-D-I, for 15 % off your order. That's Darren, D-A-R-I-N, the letter O, the number 1, body, B-O-D-I, to get 15 % off. I can't wait for you to try it.
19:58Now let's talk about something that doesn't get enough exposure. All steroid hormones, cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, DHEA, progesterone are all synthesized from the same material, cholesterol. The first step converts cholesterol into progestinolone and the master precursor. Your body then chooses the hormones to make depending on what you think. Now under stress, your body demands cortisol. And that's because it's the survival hormone. Testosterone is the long-term investment to build muscle, protect the bone, produce offspring. But when your body has to choose between survival today with your cortisol and investing in tomorrow, survival wins every time.
20:53The result, your body's pregnant alone, pools. It gets redirected towards cortisol production. And all of this stuff, a cascade happens. And there's where the modern life becomes uniquely destructed. Our ancestors experienced acute stress, a threat, a resolution, and a recovery. Cortisol spiked and then dropped. Testosterone recovered. Modern stress is chronic. It never resolves. The financial anxiety, the deadline pressure, the social comparison of social media, the threat, the 24-hour news cycles, threat, threat, threat, threat, cortisol, cortisol, cortisol, toxic exposures, and the threat goes on both psychologically, mentally, and biologically.
21:45Okay, so now we're shifting into some knowledge that you can take in. Because here is something that should be required and the knowledge of every man over 30. 70 to 80 % of your daily testosterone is produced during sleep. Not gentle sleep, deep, deep sleep. REM sleep. And specifically, the testosterone surge happens in the early morning hours, coordinated by your circadian clock, tied to the architecture of your sleep stages. When you don't sleep enough, you don't make enough testosterone. Did you hear that? When you don't sleep enough, you don't make enough testosterone. So if you're running out to peptides and to your doctor to give hormone replacement, you're not doing this step, better sleep.
22:44And some more recommendations I'm gonna add, do not get an endogenous testosterone support yet because it's simple. The data is striking. A study published in the Journal of American Medical Association found that restricting sleep to just five hours per night for one week in young, healthy men reduced testosterone levels by 10 % to 15 % in just a week. These were not elderly men. These were young, healthy men. sleep deprivation increases cortisol destroys testosterone so there's also other factors light pollution mask wear a mask artificial light at night suppresses melatonin melatonin needs to be there for deep sleep so testosterone synthesis also begins with healthy cortisol cortisol containing whole foods abundance of avocados coconut products coconut cream these are good cacao butter which is also uniquely a different saturated fat is fantastic nuts seeds legumes tahini zinc is critical it directs the enzymatic process of testosterone synthesis so get your zinc vitamin d production it's a pro-hormonal steroid activator so your vitamin d levels are very important mitochondria inflammation there is just a huge list which i'll save you from right now so get rid of the microplastics we already know there's a 2023 study showing that the environmental microplastics found in the tissue for the first time all 23 testicular samples tested contain microplastics and this is almost in every Oregon at this point you must lower your microplastic exposure statins if you're on statins work with a doctor a functional medicine doctor to get off of them the most prescribed drug class in the united states taken by one in four americans over 40 works in some ways but it blocks cholesterol synthesis so that cholesterol is the substrate for this testosterone so multiple studies have documented that statins the statin use is associated with lower testosterone levels so You're trading one to have this other manifest.
25:28This is not conspiracy. This is a well-documented pharmacological side effect. So work with a credible doctor who can understand this. Here's some protocol for your sovereignty, for your men, for your testosterone naturally. Filter your water. RO filter. I use AquaTrue. They'll give you a hell of a discount if you use them off my super life.com. You get off of this stuff, filter your water, use a glass or a stainless steel and control your destiny with water. Eliminate plastics and food in contact. Okay. wrappers containers especially hot soups in plastic containers all of this stuff clean up your daily routine if you haven't checked out my book fatal conveniences i have a ton of that in there so you can get rid of the fragrances get rid of the bees the phthalates all of that stuff eat organic whenever possible wash your fruit and veg this is incredible this is necessary This is absolute way to increase sunlight first, sun in the morning light.
26:50Get your body, get the photons on your skin, 20 to 30 minutes of no sunglasses, light exposure supplement, like I said, with vitamin D3. Magnesium is very important. It helps to free the bound testosterone and increase the bioavailability levels in testosterone. Omega-3s, incredibly important. EPA, DHA, algae-based, chia, flax, all of this stuff. Iodine helps the thyroid function avoid these exposures. There's also these other little things that I love. pine pollen extracts from credible sources. I'll have to find that for you guys later. I use pine pollen as a natural testosterone mechanism. It helps to support the androgens, also rich in amino acids, B vitamins, antioxidants.
27:52I love it. Protects the the cells the mitochondria cells in the testes as well very supplement tonka ali is a great one it's stimulates the pituit amazing and the luteinizing hormone this is important this helps the signaling process of testosterone production tonka ali around 200 milligrams This is not medical advice. 200 milligrams daily of standardized extract can do wonders. Ashwagandha is a great company that does KSM66. Ashwagandha is a great adaptogen. So it adapts, it helps the HPA access, and this can help increase the testosterone levels as well. So these are the big ones. There's other ones that you can look up, nettle, all these other things.
28:49But the other things that you can do is lift heavy. Lift heavy things consistently at least three times a week. Sleep seven to nine hours a day. So weight training, morning light, all of this cold exposure, even if you want to just do your face, these things are powerful. Okay? That was a lot. But you can increase your testosterone by changing your habits today. And then your testosterone levels will go up. Mine are at great levels at 55 years old. Still strong. Still kicking ass. Zero hormone replacement. Zero peptides in my life. But I love the plants. I love the herbs. I love the common sense.
29:37Share and like this with other men in your life. so that we can increase the testosterone in our bodies naturally and avoid this crap that's in our life. We have a lot of control, so take it back. Take back your sovereignty. Increase your testosterone. Boom!
From the publisher
What if one of the most important health crises affecting men today wasn't being caused by aging, but by the environment we live in?
In this eye-opening solo episode, Darin Olien investigates the alarming decline in testosterone levels, fertility, and reproductive health among men worldwide. Drawing on decades of research, epidemiological studies, environmental science, endocrinology, and public health data, Darin examines the growing evidence connecting endocrine-disrupting chemicals, microplastics, sleep deprivation, chronic stress, poor lifestyle habits, and environmental toxins to declining testosterone levels across generations.
From BPA, phthalates, atrazine, PFAS, and microplastics to sleep quality, circadian rhythms, cholesterol metabolism, cortisol regulation, and natural testosterone-supporting strategies, this episode explores what may be one of the most underreported public health issues of our time—and what men can do to take control of their health today.
What You'll Learn
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Why testosterone levels have been declining for decades
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The startling research on global sperm count decline
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How endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with hormone production
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Why BPA and phthalates may disrupt testosterone synthesis
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The role of atrazine, PFAS, and environmental toxins
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How chronic stress diverts resources away from testosterone production
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Why sleep may be the most important testosterone intervention
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The connection between cholesterol and hormone production
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How microplastics are being found throughout the human body
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The surprising relationship between statins and testosterone levels
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Natural lifestyle strategies that support healthy hormone production
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Practical steps to reduce environmental exposure and improve health
Chapters
00:00:00 – Welcome to SuperLife
00:00:33 – Sponsor: Fatty15 and cellular health
00:04:17 – The testosterone collapse explained
00:04:51 – Testosterone levels have been declining for decades
00:06:03 – Global sperm count decline and accelerating trends
00:07:02 – Why treating symptoms misses the root cause
00:07:27 – The hidden public health crisis
00:08:03 – Why low testosterone isn't just about aging
00:09:12 – Why hormone health affects longevity
00:09:53 – Low testosterone and increased mortality risk
00:10:35 – Testosterone's role in metabolism and cardiovascular health
00:11:27 – Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and hormone disruption
00:12:44 – BPA and its effects on testosterone production
00:13:59 – Phthalates and their impact on hormone pathways
00:16:00 – Glyphosate, atrazine, and pesticide exposure
00:17:07 – PFAS and reproductive health concerns
00:17:55 – Environmental toxins and population-wide effects
00:18:11 – Sponsor: Shakeology
00:20:02 – Cholesterol and hormone production
00:20:53 – Chronic stress and cortisol dominance
00:21:45 – Actionable solutions begin
00:21:56 – Why sleep is essential for testosterone production
00:23:07 – How sleep deprivation rapidly lowers testosterone
00:23:21 – Light pollution and circadian disruption
00:23:41 – Foods and nutrients needed for hormone health
00:24:23 – Microplastics and testicular tissue
00:24:53 – Statins and unintended hormonal consequences
00:25:39 – A practical testosterone sovereignty protocol
00:25:48 – Water filtration and reducing toxic exposure
00:26:13 – Eliminating plastics and fragrance chemicals
00:26:35 – Why organic food matters
00:26:45 – Sunlight and vitamin D
00:27:05 – Magnesium, omega-3s, and iodine
00:27:26 – Pine pollen and natural androgen support
00:28:01 – Tongkat Ali and ashwagandha
00:28:48 – Strength training and lifestyle interventions
00:29:10 – Habits that naturally support testosterone
00:29:27 – Darin's approach to healthy aging
00:29:37 – Plants, herbs, and common sense
00:29:51 – Reclaiming your health and sovereignty
00:30:00 – Final thoughts and closing message
Thank You to Our Sponsors
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Fatty15: Get an additional 15% off their 90-day subscription Starter Kit by going to fatty15.com/DARIN and using code DARIN at checkout.
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Shakeology: Get 15% off with code DARINO1BODI at Shakeology.com.
Join the SuperLife Patreon:
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Join now for only $7.49/month at https://patreon.com/darinolien
Find More from Darin Olien:
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Website: darinolien.com
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Instagram: @darinolien
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Book: Fatal Conveniences
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Platform & Products: superlife.com
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New Show: Roadmap to Happiness
Key Takeaway
"The testosterone crisis may be about far more than aging. It may be a reflection of the modern environment itself—one increasingly saturated with endocrine-disrupting chemicals, chronic stress, poor sleep, circadian disruption, and toxic exposures. While many of these forces feel outside our control, the encouraging reality is that many of the most powerful interventions remain accessible: improving sleep, reducing toxic load, eating whole foods, getting sunlight, managing stress, exercising regularly, and reclaiming responsibility for our health. The goal isn't fear. The goal is awareness—and action."
Bibliography/Sources:
The Decline — Primary Research
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Levine, H., Jørgensen, N., Martino-Andrade, A., et al. (2022). Temporal trends in sperm count: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Human Reproduction Update, 29(2), 157–176.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac035
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Lokeshwar, S. D., Patel, P., Fantus, R. J., et al. (2021). Decline in testosterone levels in men aged 15–40: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2016. World Journal of Urology, 39(2), 447–452.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03227-1
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Spital Clinic. (2026, March). Declining testosterone levels by generation.
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Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., O'Donnell, A. B., Kupelian, V., & McKinlay, J. B. (2007). A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 196–202.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1375
Low Testosterone — Mortality & Disease Risk
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Muraleedharan, V., Marsh, H., Kapoor, D., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H. (2013). Testosterone deficiency is associated with increased risk of mortality and testosterone replacement improves survival in men with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology, 169(6), 725–733.
https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0321
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Shores, M. M., et al. (2006). Low testosterone associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(15), 1660–1665.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/410754
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Yeap, B. B., Marriott, R. J., Dwivedi, G., et al. (2024). Associations of testosterone and related hormones with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and incident cardiovascular disease in men. Annals of Internal Medicine.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M23-2781
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
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Associations between endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure and fertility outcomes: A decade of human epidemiological evidence. (2024). PubMed Central (PMC12299029).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12299029/
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Hayes, T. B., Haston, K., Tsui, M., et al. (2002). Herbicides: Feminization of male frogs in the wild. Nature, 419, 895–896.
https://doi.org/10.1038/419895a
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Mechanisms of testicular disruption from exposure to BPA and phthalates. (2020). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 471.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7074154/
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Meeker, J. D., Calafat, A. M., & Hauser, R. (2014). Urinary phthalate metabolites and their biotransformation products: Predictors and temporal variability among men and women. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140814124330.htm
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Zhao, Q., et al. (2023). Male reproductive toxicity of microplastics: Head and tail of the sperm. Science of the Total Environment, 872, 162181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162181
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Zhong, B., et al. (2024). Mixed EDC exposure associated with reductions in testosterone and free androgen index. Scientific Reports.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76972-z
Cortisol, Stress & the HPG Axis
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Bielohuby, M., et al. (2012). Swiss military cadets prolonged stress study. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
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Preprints.org. (2025). Sleep deprivation: A modifiable cause.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202505.0580.v1
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SiPhox Health. (n.d.). Summary of Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism data.
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Viau, V. (2002). Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 14(6), 506–513.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x
Sleep & Testosterone
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Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (2011). Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA, 305(21), 2173–2174.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1029127
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Reiter, R. J., et al. (2021). Melatonin and male reproductive health: Relationship to oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and Leydig cell protection. Endocrine.
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Tan, D. X., Hardeland, R., Manchester, L. C., et al. (2023). Melatonin as a pleiotropic antioxidant hormone. Journal of Pineal Research.
Nutrition — Zinc, Vitamin D, Cholesterol
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Corona, G., et al. (2010). Statin therapy and testosterone levels in men: A systematic review. The Journal of Sexual Medicine.
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Daniell, H. W. (2002). Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids. The Journal of Pain, 3(5), 377–384.
https://doi.org/10.1054/jpai.2002.126790
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Pilz, S., Frisch, S., Koertke, H., et al. (2011). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 43(3), 223–225.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269854
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Prasad, A. S., Mantzoros, C. S., Beck, F. W., Hess, J. W., & Brewer, G. J. (1996). Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition, 12(5), 344–348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(96)80058-X
Natural Testosterone Support — Botanical Evidence
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Pine pollen impacts testosterone-related symptoms in men. (2024). ACMCR Case Reports, 14(5), 1–9.
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Chinnappan, S. M., George, A., et al. (2021). Effect of Eurycoma longifolia standardised extract Physta on testosterone levels in ageing males: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study. Food & Nutrition Research, 65.
https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v65.5647
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Lazarev, A., & Bezuglov, E. (2021). Testosterone boosters intake in athletes: Current evidence and further directions. Endocrines, 2(2), 109–120.
https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines2020011
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Leisegang, K., et al. (2022). Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) improves serum total testosterone in men. Food & Nutrition Research.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36013514/
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Leitão, A. E., et al. (2021). 6-month double-blind RCT: Eurycoma longifolia 200mg + concurrent training. Maturitas.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.005
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Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., et al. (2019). An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha extract. Medicine, 98(37), e17186.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017186
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Pandit, S., Biswas, S., Jana, U., De, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., & Biswas, T. K. (2016). Clinical evaluation of purified shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia, 48(5), 570–575.
https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12482
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Saden-Krehula, M., Tajic, M., & Kolbah, D. (1971). Testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione in the pollen of Scotch pine Pinus sylvestris L. Experientia, 27(1), 108–109.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02137731
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Wankhede, S., Langade, D., Joshi, K., et al. (2015). Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 43.
