Sunday Pick: How to think critically about history — and why it matters (w/ David Ikard)

0:00You have the vision for your business. You have the plan. And you just got handed a huge opportunity. But is your business connectivity reliable enough to make a move? Spectrum Business delivers fast, reliable internet, phone, TV, and mobile services. So you're always connected when it matters most. Get connectivity packages built for your business with savings that keep your budget in check. And with fast, reliable internet and 100 % U.S.-based customer support, you'll stay connected and ready to bring your vision to life. Learn more at spectrum.com slash business. Restrictions apply. Services not available in all areas.

0:35Enjoy the sunshine with sales on grill ready favorites from Whole Foods Market. Take cookouts to sizzling new heights with their marinated salmon and made in house marinated beef and chicken. Entertain with low price 365 brand chips and dips like hummus and guacamole. And sweeten every party with brown butter chocolate chip cookies. Remember to pack the cooler with probiotic sodas, sparkling waters and more. Summer savings await you at Whole Foods Market. This episode is sponsored by Peloton. Good design has a way of solving problems you didn't know you had, like the mental overhead of planning a workout.

1:13Deciding what to do, how many reps, whether your form is right, it's friction that pulls you out of the experience before you've even started. The Peloton Cross-Training Tread Plus, powered by Peloton IQ, builds a workout roadmap that's completely yours so you can stop overthinking and just move. It handles rep counting and form correction in real time and builds weekly plans around the instructors who match your mood, vibe, and personality. The only thing you have to think about is how good it feels to let go. And when you're ready to shift from a run to strength work, one spin of the swivel screen takes you there without losing momentum.

1:48The best solutions don't add complexity. They remove it. Let yourself run, lift, fail, try, and go. Explore the new Peloton Cross Training Tread Plus at OnePeloton.com.

2:05Hey, TED Talks Daily listeners, I'm Elise Hu. Today we have an episode of another podcast from the TED Audio Collective, handpicked by us for you. This time it's How to Be a Better Human, hosted by comedian Chris Duffy. We shared this conversation on the feed a few years ago, but I think it's so good, we wanted to share it again. February is Black History Month in the United States, and to mark the start of the month, we want to consider why acknowledging and learning from history is so essential. How do we know the history we learn is accurate? Have you ever recalled a story only to have someone point out, that's not how it went?

2:43And what happens when what we misrepresent are our historical narratives? David Ickard is a professor of African-American and Diaspora Studies at Vanderbilt University. In this episode from 2022, Ickard talks with host Chris Duffy about the societal and personal dangers of inaccurate narratives and uncovers the real story of one of history's most iconic figures. If you want to hear more insights like this, listen to How to Be a Better Human wherever you get your podcasts. And just a little shameless plug before the conversation, Chris Duffy is out with a new book called Humor Me, How Laughing Can Make You More Present, Creative, Connected, and Happy.

3:24If you are interested in hearing more from Chris about this book and how he has learned to keep laughing through it all, mark your calendars for February 18th. That is when I will be speaking with him in front of a live TED audience for our first TED Talks Daily Book Club interview of the year. To learn more and RSVP, which we hope you do, visit go.ted.com slash membership. Okay, now on to Chris's conversation with Ickard.

3:59You're listening to How to Be a Better Human. I'm your host, Chris Duffy. Growing up, I remember learning a pretty standard, by-the-book explanation of American history, which means that now, as an adult, I'm frequently surprised to find out that the stories I thought I knew I actually had all wrong. For example, I always thought that the story of Rosa Parks was of an older woman who decided that she'd had enough, and she refused to give up her seat at the front of a bus to a white man because she was tired after a long day of work. But as today's guest, Professor David Eichert, explains in his talk at TEDx Nashville, that is not how things actually happened.

4:36Here's a clip. I am the proud father of two beautiful children. When Elijah was in the fourth grade, he came to me, came home from school, bubbling over with excitement about what he had learned that day about African-American history. Now, I'm an African-American cultural studies professor. And so, as you can imagine, African-American culture is kind of serious around my home. So I was very proud that my son was excited about what he had learned that day in school. So I said, well, what'd you learn? He said, I learned about Rosa Parks. I said, OK, what did you learn about Rosa Parks? He said, I learned that Rosa Parks was this frail old black woman in the 1950s in Montgomery, Alabama.

5:28And she sat down on this bus and she had tired feet. and when the bus driver told her to give up her seat to a white patron, she refused because she had tired feet and it had been a long day and she was tired of oppression and she didn't give up her seat and she marched with Martin Luther King and she believed in nonviolence. And I guess he must have looked at my face and saw that I was a little less than impressed by his history lesson. And so he stopped and he's like, dad, what's wrong? What did I get wrong? I said, son, you didn't get anything wrong, but I think your teacher got a whole lot of things wrong.

6:12He said, what? I said, yes. Rosa Parks was only 42 years old. Yeah, you're shocked, right? Never heard that. Rosa Parks was only 42 years old. She had only worked six hours that day and she was a seamstress and her feet were just fine. The only thing that she was tired of was she was tired of inequality. She was tired of oppression. And my son said, well, why would my teacher, you know, tell me this thing? You know, this is confusing for me because he loved this teacher. And she was a good teacher, a youngish, you know, 20-something white woman, really, really smart, pushed him. So I liked her as well.

6:55But he was confused. Why would she tell me this? He said, he said, Dad, tell me more. Tell me more. Tell me more about Rosa Parks. And I said, son, I'll do you I'll do you one better. He was like, what? I said, I'm going to buy her autobiography and I'm gonna let you read it yourself. That is for sure how you know your dad is a professor when he has you reading the primary sources. But in all seriousness, listening to Dr. Eichard correct the record about Rosa Parks, It makes me wonder what other moments from history I've been taking for granted. What are the historical details that we might be getting wrong?

7:29And why is it so important to question those narratives and get them right? Those are the questions that we're going to be diving into in this episode, right after this break.

7:52of planning a workout. Deciding what to do, how many reps, whether your form is right, it's friction that pulls you out of the experience before you've even started. The Peloton Cross Training Tread Plus, powered by Peloton IQ, builds a workout roadmap that's completely yours so you can stop overthinking and just move. It handles rep counting and form correction in real time and builds weekly plans around the instructors who match your mood, vibe, and personality. The only thing you have to think about is how good it feels to let go And when you're ready to shift from a run to strength work, one spin of the swivel screen takes you there without losing momentum.

8:28The best solutions don't add complexity. They remove it. Let yourself run, lift, fail, try and go. Explore the new Peloton Cross Training Tread Plus at OnePeloton.com. You have the vision for your business. You have the plan. And you just got handed a huge opportunity. But is your business connectivity reliable enough to make a move? Spectrum Business delivers fast, reliable internet, phone, TV, and mobile services, so you're always connected when it matters most. Get connectivity packages built for your business with savings that keep your budget in check. And with fast, reliable internet and 100 % U.S.-based customer support, you'll stay connected and ready to bring your vision to life.

9:10Learn more at spectrum.com slash business. Restrictions apply. Services not available in all areas.

9:24And we're back. My name is David Eichert. I am professor of African-American Diaspora studies at Vanderbilt University and the proud father of Elijah Eichert, 19, and Octavia Eichert, 15. So, Professor Eichert, thank you so much for being here. In your TEDx talk, you broke down how the story of Rosa Parks that many people learn, right, that there was this tired old woman who didn't want to give up her seat after a long day at work, that that's actually a fiction. That's a misrepresentation of who Rosa Parks was. Right. A complete fiction. And I mean, I think in some ways it reflects on our current moment, right up to the current moment, where there are two interesting things that I'm dealing with as an academic right now that speaks to this particular dynamic of history as this kind of constructed reality, as opposed to this kind of fixed, you know, factual, empirical.

10:20Right. Our ability to be able to delve into the intricacies and the not so flattering aspects of American genocide and violence and the ways in which we've engaged in certain forms of apartheid ourselves and and oppression and what what have you. And so we're at this interesting moment in which there's a desire by one youthful part of our population to hear the truth and deal and grapple with it. And then another part of our society, in many cases, an older aspect of our society that is terrified of what those truth will reveal and how they will impact this myth of American inclusivity and upward mobility and the American dream.

11:07So it's an interesting time to kind of have this very conversation about whitewashing history. So starting with that, the fact that there's this whitewash narrative that has been taught for decades and continues to be taught in many places, the idea that there are students, white students, but students of all races who are pushing for more inclusive education, for more accurate education. That seems like one very concrete thing that people can be doing to try and get a more accurate understanding of history and challenge some of these myths. What are other things that listeners could do to try and challenge some of these aspects of the histories that were taught that aren't actually factual?

11:47We really depend on the younger generations to hold our feet to the fire about what we say we want to be as a country, what we say we want to be as a global community in our best light. So I see this primarily as a moment in which, you know, those old heads like myself, we're going to have to support. Sometimes it's not even about having to take a stand, but really support those younger generations of folks who are not afraid and who are trying to, like, make this thing a reality. We like the anonymity of kind of staying on the sidelines of controversial issues because we don't want the stress and the strain.

12:31But what often that means is you tacitly support the status quo. So this is obviously right in your wheelhouse because, you know, so many of your books and so much of your writing is about this too, right? In Lovable Racists and Blinded by the Whites, right? You talk about and you take apart the desire on the part of many white people to avoid talking about race or to believe that we live in a post-racial America. And I think that kind of what you just said seems to hit at the heart of what you've written about in a lot of these books, that it's not necessarily that you're against it, but that by wanting to do nothing, by feeling like the work has already been done, that is actually worse.

13:09it feels like a lot of why re-evaluating history and re-evaluating the narratives that we've been taught can be painful is because there are these truths that we cling to, the stories that we've told ourselves that we want to be true. And it can be very painful to have the rug pulled out and to all of a sudden have to see the world, to have the scales fall from your eyes. So I'm curious, in your opinion as a historian, as a professional here, how do we get a sense of an accurate history? Like what needs to be at the core of our understanding of historical events so that we know we are telling the right narratives and to avoid having that clinging on to something where the rug's going to get pulled down from under us?

13:49You know, we had began the conversation by pointing out that history is in fact a construction of perspectives that are kind of weaved together. It's socially constructed. So I think we're at a moment now where we're, And I think it's very important that we're starting to consider like, well, what what was the experience of women during the Civil War? What was the experience of black folks doing the American Revolution? What what how did those folks who were on the margins, the queer folks to transfer? How did they figure into this? Because we know all of these folks were there and all of them play a role in that history.

14:30And now the challenge is to recover that. It's interesting because I hadn't ever thought of it this way before we had this conversation just now. But it's funny, you know, when sometimes something small will happen with me and my wife and then we'll be out at a dinner with someone else and we'll try and tell the story. And I'll tell my version and she'll go, no, no, that's not what happened. And we'll both be like, no, come on. Exactly. And when you think about it, right, like we're telling the story of a guy we drove past on the street who's wearing a costume. And we can't even agree on the smallest of the facts on that.

15:03When you think about how history is really the idea that there's one definitive narrative, that is something I'd never thought about before, that it's really right. Each person sees it in their own way and brings a new piece. Absolutely. And we never can. Right. We never can fully get back to that moment where like because we exist as subjective beings, everything that we see is filtered through an interpretive lens. Right. Whether I'm a Christian or Muslim, whether I'm straight or queer, whether I'm like rich or poor, all of that informs what we see and what we do not see. So maybe then I'm asking the wrong question in the first place when I'm saying, how can we get to a more accurate history?

15:43Maybe it's like, how can we complicate the historical stories? I think so. I think that's yeah. Yes. And I think that's right. I think that and I think that's also the scary part of it, because there is a political utility to history. Right. I mean, if you come to the South, if you spend any time in the South, you'll see hotels that are plantation this and plantation that. and old south and dixie this and dixie that and the only and and it's a clear kind of nostalgia for the past right where things were so you know simpler and more wholesome and whatever and in order for that narrative to be sold and celebrated and commodified you have to sanitize all of the lynchings and all of the violence and all the sexual assault and all of the the bloodiness that came with that culture.

16:38And so there's a need to romanticize it, not because that had anything to do with the actual history, but because we use those notions to help us feel good about ourselves, right? So we need them because we need that version of the past for this version of our romanticized present. It seems like we simplify things. you know, and I say this as a white person, I think often a lot of the historical misinformation or whitewashing happens because white people are trying to avoid discomfort or acknowledging historical mistakes and present day mistakes too. But it does seem like there's a sense in which sometimes we can go one way and say like, no, it was all good back then.

17:22We don't want to hear about the problems. And then there's this other way where we say like that person was all bad and they were just an evil person in history. And we don't see like, well, you know, there were positive changes that came out of this horrible event as well. And that's difficult, right? That's a lot harder than just being like, they were good, they were bad, done, let's move on. So it's not a balance to be like, oh, let's balance it here. No, the scales have been so warped. But what we really need to do is, and we see this in TV, right? We see, well, we're going to get this side of the political issue and that, and we're like, but that doesn't really get us at the truth, or at least the truth of the moment, which is that this is such an imbalanced thing that we don't have to go like, hey, what about straight people's rights?

18:09Yeah. Right. That's what we learn about. Why isn't there a straight history month? We don't need that. The rest of the months are straight history. Exactly. Exactly. Right. Yeah. It's I mean, it's the same impulse. It's interesting because a lot of your writing and your earlier books have to do with kind of like Obama era white liberalism and this idea that we're white people wanting to believe that we're we're in this post-racial era. And interestingly, that has kind of flipped to the other side of the aisle. Not that it's not still happening with liberals, but when you hear people push against some movement like Black Lives Matter by saying all lives matter, right?

18:42Like it's the same thing that you're saying right now, where it's like that side is getting pushed so much. We don't need to repush that side. That is not correcting the scale, right? We're trying to fix an injustice, not just reiterate. Absolutely. There's a perfect cartoon that illustrates this where there's somebody with a water hose who's holding down a house that's not on fire. And then there's a house that's on fire that's not getting any water at all. And the caption is all houses matter. So you're giving water to the house that's not on fire while you're watching the other one burn. And I think that's exactly right.

19:20You know, and I think that's how we've engaged. That's how we, you know, we avoid dealing with the hard stuff, right? That's a way to deflect. That's a way to obscure. That's a way to try to get us away from what's at the core. But at the end of the day, as James Baldwin would say, that type of obfuscation also hurts white people. That type of whitewashing also means that they're not in touch, not only with the reality of marginalized people, but with their own reality. We are going to have so much more conversation with Dr. David Eichert in just one moment. But first, we're going to take a short break.

20:00We'll be right back.

20:12didn't know you had, like the mental overhead of planning a workout. Deciding what to do, how many reps, whether your form is right, it's friction that pulls you out of the experience before you've even started. The Peloton Cross-Training Tread Plus, powered by Peloton IQ, builds a workout roadmap that's completely yours so you can stop overthinking and just move. It handles rep counting and form correction in real time and builds weekly plans around the instructors who match your mood, vibe, and personality. The only thing you have to think about is how good it feels to let go. And when you're ready to shift from a run to strength work, one spin of the swivel screen takes you there without losing momentum.

20:51The best solutions don't add complexity. They remove it. Let yourself run, lift, fail, try, and go. Explore the new Peloton Cross Training Tread Plus at OnePeloton.com.

21:07You just got handed a huge opportunity, but is your business connectivity reliable enough to make a move? Spectrum Business delivers fast, reliable internet, phone, TV, and mobile services, so you're always connected when it matters most. Get connectivity packages built for your business with savings that keep your budget in check. And with fast, reliable internet and 100 % U.S.-based customer support, you'll stay connected and ready to bring your vision to life. Learn more at spectrum.com slash business. Restrictions apply. Service is not available in all areas. Enjoy the sunshine with sales on grill-ready favorites from Whole Foods Market.

21:45Take cookouts to sizzling new heights with their marinated salmon and made-in-house marinated beef and chicken. Entertain with low-priced 365 brand chips and dips like hummus and guacamole. And sweeten every party with brown butter chocolate chip cookies. Remember to pack the cooler with probiotic sodas, sparkling waters, and more. Summer savings await you at Whole Foods Market.

22:12and we are back. So thinking in practical terms, what are some of the best resources that you've found and you would recommend to parents trying to talk to their kids about this stuff, to parents trying to educate themselves, to people who don't have kids trying to educate themselves? What are some of the resources you found that you feel like are the most helpful around this? One of the things I, you know, when I was talking about in my TED talk was that Rosa Parks contrary to all of these prevailing myths about her, actually wrote an autobiography dispelling the very myths that were not only alive after she passed on, but were very much alive while she was alive, right?

22:53And that's why she wrote the autobiography. It's called Rosa Parks, My Story. So what I would employ parents to do is to start doing their own homework because there's a lot of resources out there that, you know, help to like demystify some of these things about the civil rights movement or children books about the civil rights movement, children's books about Rosa Parks and many, you know, many other figures that oftentimes either don't get taught in school or get taught in a way that is actually twisted and misinformed. It feels like a big piece, too, that can shift things a little bit is rather than having someone else digest the information for you to look for the primary source.

23:39Right. So here Rosa Parks in her own words rather than read the book that someone else wrote about her. Yes. Read Martin Luther King's letter to a Birmingham jail, but also read the letter from the white clergy that he was responding to. Right. All of that is a simple Google click away. Right. And when I teach it, I try and teach both so that students can see, because you have a bunch of white clergy, you have rabbis, and you have Catholic priests, and you have Protestant ministers who all get together and say, look, Martin Luther King, we believe in your movement. We believe all the things that you're saying, but we just think that if you will just, you know, give it time.

24:19Right. And let the let the system work itself out. And Martin Luther King was like. When does that ever move the needle on any type of issues of social justice? And so it's important to try to. Like put things in conversation and it's important to do do that work on your own. It's about like, if I don't know about how to treat you fairly, then that's not on me, that's on you. And that's the mindset I want us to kind of move away from and to start taking ownership of educating ourselves and not putting the honors on the people who are marginalized to also do the work of teaching people how not to oppress them.

25:00Yeah, it's interesting. I mean, I'm hearing a couple of, I think, really important pieces here, right? One is like, listen to people in their own words. The other is be curious about what you don't know. Be curious about yourself. And then the third one I love, which I've actually never heard someone say in these terms before, but it's like, hey, Google it. Like you don't need to ask someone. It's out there. They've written books. There are podcasts. There are movies. Yeah, it's out there. You can find the answer yourself. Oh, it's out there. One of the things that I'm curious about is I sometimes find myself under that rock of like, what rock have I been living under?

25:32How do I not know this stuff? Right. And, you know, there's the research to be done. and there's the books to be read and there's the primary sources to listen to. Sometimes I think it can be a challenge. And I wonder if this happens to you too, to know what questions to ask yourself. So I wonder like when you encounter a historical story or depiction of a historical event for the first time, what do you ask yourself? What are the kind of ways in which you approach a new story? Well, I mean, one of the things I try to, I'm also someone that studies and writes about black feminism. Yes. And so a wonderful book about this.

26:08Yeah. And so I have I cannot tell you how many times I have stuck my foot all the way up in my mouth. Oh, I I studied this. I know this and whatever. And got around some black feminist scholars and, you know, spouted off thinking I knew what I was talking about and just found myself sitting down, being quiet and feeling very, very dumb. but also recognizing that I had more work to do and that and that there's always this slippage that even when you get educated, you start believing your own drinking, your own Kool-Aid and true social transformation requires a level of humility by those that are in need of education.

26:51And so there's always these points in which you think, oh, I've arrived at a certain kind of thing But you can never get to the point where you're not actually listening to those people who have that lived experience, that embodied experience, who have to live in that skin every single day and are going to have a unique purchase, a unique insight that you will never attain, regardless of how much you read, how many podcasts you listen to. And so sometimes, you know, the best move is to just listen and try to absorb. And again, I think when you use your platforms and you use your energy and you use your leverage to bring attention to that, which I think a show like this is absolutely trying to do, then that's a different type of labor than someone who is lazy and they basically want you to give them the answers without having to do any work.

27:44I think there's a fundamental difference in that and kind of what we're doing in terms of creating an opportunity for there to be real conversation in education. Yeah, I think it's a very important idea that none of us are above criticism or above improvement. It actually makes me think in a way that is kind of a little to the side, but I think is a relevant example is, right, as a writer, sometimes I send my writing out to people who are friends to get feedback. and you think that what you want is someone who says, this is great and that's perfect. But I have a few friends where when I send my writing to them, they say, oh, wow, I love this.

28:18And I stopped sending it to them because that's not helpful, right? What you want is the friend who doesn't say it's all bad or all good. They say, here's the ways you can make this writing better. And I think the more that we see ourselves and, you know, I say this as a white person who I think we, especially as white people need to view ourselves this way as like, it's not you're good or you're bad. It's like you can be improved and you need to keep working to do the improvement, that seems like a very big shift that a lot of us need to make. And for myself, too. Yeah, I think, you know, you see this in parenting, right?

28:47I think I want to talk about the way you parent your children, because I feel like that's a big piece of it. I mean, I think I think as I think the best parents that I experience are the ones who constantly worry about being bad parents, right? You know, you see these incredible parents that are doing all this work and they're listening to the children and are trying to engage your kids and are pushing their kids And, you know, you go say, John, you know, you see this, you know, great father. You're like, dude, how are you doing? Man, I don't know, man. I hope I don't screw up my kids because I, you know, fusted little Johnny the other day for like not washing the dishes.

29:20and you know, but that, that, the reason why that's so hard is that requires vulnerability in our minds. We've been taught that we're, we're the parents, we're the authority figure. So if we show inconsistency or weakness, then we're going to lose the respect, the authority respect with our children. When in fact, what we're actually doing is modeling for them, how to behave, how to be humble, how to be, how to make mistakes. So when they go out in the world and they make a mistake, they're going to be able to come back to us and say, yo, dad, I did this and I'm ashamed of it. They're not going to be like, I'm not going to tell my dad.

29:57He never makes mistakes. And if he finds out that I flunked calculus or I skipped school or whatever, I mean, he's going to think I'm the worst person in the world. I've never thought about the concept of intellectual vulnerability before, but it feels like that's at the core of a lot of what we're talking about. The humility there. Look, so long as you recognize that the path to the intellectual understanding is about like revision. I know this now, but then I've learned something else. So now I have to revise what I thought I knew, have to revise the questions and the assumptions because now I've learned something new and that now changes everything.

30:33So long as you stay humble to the information and you stop and you don't get the point where like, well, I invented critical race theory and therefore you can never bow down to me. So long as you remain thirsty and humble and you're always understanding that what you have say today is subject to revision, then you're actually doing real good scholarship. The moment you feel that somehow you have arrived and that everybody needs to listen to everything that you have to say, or they're just uninformed, then that's when you're starting to like become full of yourself and you stop being useful. What are the ways that we can shape the way that historical narratives are recorded?

31:12I'm thinking about like recording family histories, writing memoirs, constructing genealogies. What are the pieces that are most useful for people to do when they're thinking about adding their own voices to history? Well, first and foremost, I will say, based on, you know, what we know about African American history and how that history was literally kept alive by a handful of people and how we've seen, you know, one or two people have seismic ability to change historical narrative through roles of parts of the world, for example. It means that there is no type of social historical erasure that is insurmountable, that you can, despite the way it may look, that your history or your perspective will be forever lost.

32:01Your voice does matter. Agitation does matter. Pushing back does matter. So I think what I would emphasize more so than the do this or do that is understand that whatever you do, you're not wasting your time. Jordan Hirstons, Their Eyes Were Watching God, had gone out of print in like the 1950s, about the 1960s out of print. And a group of black feminist scholars got a hold of an old copy of Their Eyes Were Watching God. And because it was out of print, they literally had to photocopy the whole novel and spread it to the and give it to the class in order to teach it and put it on their syllabus.

32:39Now, Their Eyes Are Watching God is considered one of the most important American novels in American letters, right? And those handful of women, right, along with Alice Walker, who wrote that very important piece on Jordan Hurston, have now brought her back into view and put her in her rightful place at the top of the heap of American letters. And it was literally done by a handful of women who just would not let her legacy die. Right. So it's just a constant reminder that, like, it matters. Whatever you do, however you try to recover that, however you whether you're writing poetry or writing your own personal history, whether you put it on Twitter, whether you put it on Facebook or Instagram, it matters.

33:31Never give up. Always push. Always have you, you know, push for your voice to be heard. Well, I feel like I could genuinely talk to you for six more days rather than just six more minutes. But what is one idea? It could be a book, movie, piece of music, play, anything. What's one thing that has made you a better human? My children. I think it's one thing to kid yourself that you're the greatest scholar, blah, blah, blah, because you get accolades from your student or you get accolades from your profession and you get tenure and you get, you know, these positions and everybody tells you you're great.

34:10But your children know you. They know you when the lights dim and when you're at home and you're in your real, you know, your real light. And I think my kids hold me accountable. They hold me to the things that I say that I am. And it's a humbling experience that makes all the stuff that we do worthwhile. And it keeps you sharp. It keeps you hungry. And you know that it's important for you to be a good human being because there are human beings that you have had a hand in creating that are looking at you as a role model. And I take that absolutely, crucially seriously. Well, Professor David Eichardt, thank you so much.

34:53It has been an absolute pleasure. You've given so much to think about. And I hope that people will read your books and dive even deeper into your work. Absolutely. Thanks for having me.

35:06That is it for today's episode of How to Be a Better Human. Thank you so much for listening. And thank you to our guest, Dr. David Eichert. On the TED side, How to Be a Better Human is brought to you by Aviman Yudas, Daniela Balarezzo, Frederica Elizabeth Yosefov, Ann Powers, and Karen Newman. From PRX Productions, Our show is brought to you by Jocelyn Gonzalez, Pedro Rafael Rosado, and Sandra Lopez Monsalve. We will be back with another episode next week. But in the meantime, please share our show with someone who you think would enjoy it. And thank you again for listening. Have a great week.

35:55This episode is sponsored by Peloton. Good design has a way of solving problems you didn't know you had, like the mental overhead of planning a workout. Deciding what to do, how many reps, whether your form is right, it's friction that pulls you out of the experience before you've even started. The Peloton Cross-Training Tread Plus, powered by Peloton IQ, builds a workout roadmap that's completely yours so you can stop overthinking and just move. It handles rep counting and form correction in real time and builds weekly plans around the instructors who match your mood, vibe, and personality. The only thing you have to think about is how good it feels to let go.

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37:09Like earning up to 5 % cash back with Venmo Stash. Get the Venmo debit card or checkout online. Venmo Stash bundle terms and exclusions apply. Max$100 per month. See terms at venmo.me slash stashterms. Venmo checkout, not available at all merchants. The Venmo MasterCard is issued by the Bancorp Bank N.A. Hi, I'm Molly Graham, host of Work Life, a podcast from TED. The most important lessons about work usually aren't the ones anyone teaches you. They come from experience, from uncertainty, from figuring things out as you go. On this show, my expert guests and I explore how careers really unfold through change, through doubt, through the decisions that shape who we become over time.

37:54Because those moments aren't the exception. They are the work. Listen to Work Life wherever you get your podcasts.