This is what the birth of the universe sounded like | Mark Whittle

0:03Ander Mikalson: You're listening to TED Talks Daily, where we bring you new ideas to spark your curiosity every day. I'm your host, Elise Hu. What if you could hear the beginning of the universe? Not a recreation, not a metaphor. The actual sound of the cosmos in its first moments still echoing more than 13 billion years later. Astronomer and professor Mark Whittle says you can because space, it turns out, has never been silent. Pressure waves move through it all the time, moving between stars and across galaxies. And the most astonishing example comes from the very beginning of everything. Not long after the Big Bang, the universe was apparently ringing like an instrument.

0:43Mark Whittle: In this talk, Mark visualizes it. The bright and dark patches are the peaks and troughs of huge sound waves moving through the primordial atmosphere.

0:53Ander Mikalson: Mark's talk takes us all the way back to the universe's conception. Vast sound waves rippling through the cosmos for millions of years, slowly becoming the tapestry of galaxies we see today. It's a cosmic chord roughly 50 octaves below anything a human could hear, where a single wave might take 50 ,000 years to pass.

1:12Mark Whittle: Those particles and atoms from that first acoustic era went on to make stars and galaxies and planets and, of course, us. And right now, some of those atoms are inside your brain, somehow witnessing and understanding their own ancestry. They were out in that hot, glowing gas, participating in that first symphony.

1:39Ander Mikalson: And then Mark does something remarkable. He plays it out loud. For one brief, stunning moment, we get to hear the sound of creation itself. But maybe the most astonishing part is how close to home that ancient music turns out to be. That's all coming up right after a short break.

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4:53Ander Mikalson: And now, our TED Talk of the day.

4:56Mark Whittle: You may have heard the phrase, in space, no one can hear you scream. But that's true only for human ears. The universe is filled with tenuous atmospheres of one kind or another. And through those atmospheres, pressure waves, sound, moves. Through stars, across galaxies, even between galaxies. One of the most wonderful and recently discovered examples of cosmic sound is in the very young universe, shortly after the Big Bang. Now, you may be wondering, how would we know that? Well, famously, as you look very far out into space, you also look back in time, simply because it takes time for the light to get to you.

5:43Mark Whittle: Remarkably, if you look far enough past all the galaxies, you can see to a time before any galaxies had yet formed, even to a time when the universe itself had only just been born. So what do you see coming from this newborn universe? you see the light of the Big Bang's hot, glowing youth. At that time, the universe was filled with an almost uniform, hot, glowing gas of atomic nuclei and electrons and intense light. That light, on its way to us, has crossed an expanding universe. That expansion not only carried those regions far away from us, but also, as the light waves crossed an expanding space, they were stretched from micron-sized waves to millimeter-sized waves.

6:39Mark Whittle: So although it is light that leaves the young universe, it's microwaves that arrive, and they are the famous cosmic microwave background. Now, because every direction in which you look ends back in the young universe, then the microwave radiation comes to us from all directions. And for many years, its brightness was thought to be extremely uniform around the full spherical dome of the sky. But as microwave telescopes became more sensitive, they began to see slight variations in brightness from place to place. So more recent images of the microwave sky appear completely covered in very slight patches.

7:25Mark Whittle: It spans eight million light years and shows us the newborn universe when it was only 400 ,000 years old. Now, that's equivalent to a one-day-old human. So what are these patches? Why is it slightly brighter and darker in different places? Well, these are places where the temperature and pressure in the glowing gas are slightly higher and slightly lower. Or stated differently, the bright and dark patches are the peaks and troughs of huge sound waves moving through the primordial atmosphere. The brightness contrast reveals 90 decibels, that's rock concert loudness, and their gigantic size reveals a frequency or pitch a whopping 50 octaves below the human range.

8:14Mark Whittle: One wave might pass you by in 50 ,000 years. So, what causes this sound? Now, don't be fooled. It's not the bang of the Big Bang. No, it's a slowly growing sound driven by gravity. The distribution of matter at that time was slightly uneven, and where there was a denser region, its stronger gravity pulled in the surrounding gas, which compressed and bounced back out again, only to fall back in again, creating an approximately spherical sound wave. Now, the landscape included small and medium and large regions, and so a little bit like a set of organ pipes of different sizes. Together, they create a wide range of pitch.

9:00Mark Whittle: So what did the primordial sound sound like? Well, to find out, you must first measure the sound's spectrum. Now, a computer can do that, and here is the remarkable result.

9:12Ander Mikalson: Elise here, Mark is referring to a graph on the screen behind him, the graphic representation of the sound he's talking about that the computer does a wave analysis on. On the y-axis is loudness. On the x-axis, frequency. There's a green line connecting the dots. It starts low, jumps up high, and then quickly back down again like a thin bell curve. This is the main note, or fundamental. And then a series of smaller peaks and dips as the line goes back down to zero loudness, which are the harmonics.

9:43Mark Whittle: There is a fundamental tone and several higher harmonics. And just for comparison, here is the sound spectrum of a flute playing a single note with its fundamental and harmonics.

9:56Ander Mikalson: We see the waveform of the flute, a black line placed underneath the green I've just described.

10:02Mark Whittle: Now, although these two sets of harmonics arise for somewhat different reasons, nevertheless, it does seem that the young universe had qualities similar to a musical instrument, or even a human voice, singing. But notice how those cosmic harmonics are a little bit broad. So please don't expect the primordial sound to be too clean or musical to your human ears. Now, before I play you the sound, take a look at that green line that goes right through all the data. It comes from a detailed computer calculation that aims to include all the relevant physics. The fit is amazingly good and shows that we really do understand what's happening in the young universe.

10:49Mark Whittle: In fact, the task of matching those computer calculations to the data basically measures quite accurately many of the fundamental properties of our universe. OK, let's now listen to the sound after upshifting by 50 octaves so that we can hear it. Now, I've also used those computer calculations to track the sound forward in time, starting at the Big Bang and spanning the full acoustic era, which ends at 400 ,000 years. Also, don't worry, I've compressed those 400 ,000 years into just 10 seconds. Here we go.

11:41Caroline Shaw: OK, thank you.

11:46Mark Whittle: If you weren't quite awake before that, you are now. Well, as I warned you, those broad harmonics make a sound that's more like noise than music to our ears, and I'll return to that in just a minute. You obviously notice the drop in pitch. And that's because, as time passes, larger and larger regions, larger organ pipes, have had time to start sounding. And as their larger waves get included, also the overall pitch drops. Now, you might wonder whether this wonderful acoustic period back in the universe's youth left any traces in today's old universe filled with galaxies? And the answer is, yes, it has.

12:31Mark Whittle: And here's why. At 400 ,000 years, the cooling universe suddenly turned transparent. The sound waves ceased oscillating and froze in place. And the matter began to collapse under its own gravity to make first stars and then galaxies. Now, here's a map of today's old universe spanning four billion light years with us at the center. and it shows the positions of about 100 ,000 galaxies. And if you perform a similar wave analysis, sure enough, there's the fundamental and harmonics showing up faintly in those web-like patterns. The sound waves have turned to stone, so to speak, and become fossilized in the patterns of galaxies.

13:17Mark Whittle: But even more remarkable, I think, is that we think all of this cosmic structure, the sound waves and the galaxy patterns had their ultimate cause with subatomic quantum vibrations during the universe's birth process, an incredibly short time of hyperexpansion that we call inflation. Now, this is a truly stunning proposition, that quantum oscillations smaller than atoms get amplified by cosmic expansion to make huge sound waves that then transform into an ever-expanding tapestry of galaxies. It's a direct connection between the quantum world and the cosmic world. Lastly, I wanted to introduce a project that brings this primordial sound and its changing harmonics into our own human musical world.

14:16Mark Whittle: And so, after upshifting by 50 octaves, I timed when the pitch of each harmonic matched the pitch of each note on a simple piano keyboard. Now, this modifies the sound in two important ways. It narrows those broad, noise-like harmonics into single musical notes. And secondly, those notes get sounded at particular times. So overall, the sound takes on a more melodic and rhythmic character. So here's a brief sonification of these notes for a period lasting 150 ,000 years, compressed to 10 seconds.

15:07Mark Whittle: Oh, OK. Thank you. To finally add artistic expression to this, I gave these notes to sound artist Ander Mikkelsen, who worked with Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Caroline Shaw to write a work for choir and organ lasting about 10 minutes and based on these note sequences. It's been performed a number of times, but here's a brief excerpt from a performance in the Catholic Cathedral in Richmond, Virginia.

16:06Mark Whittle: I think this is one of the few times I've experienced a genuine coming together of science and art, both framed within a sacred context. It was a moment to feel deeply connected to and part of the entire universe. Those particles and atoms from that first acoustic era went on to make stars and galaxies and planets and, of course, us. And right now, some of those atoms are inside your brain. somehow witnessing and understanding their own ancestry. They were out in that hot, glowing gas, participating in that first symphony. Nowhere else, as far as we know, can the universe appreciate itself. The stars and galaxies are not themselves sentient.

17:02Mark Whittle: But we are. We are an exceedingly rare part of the universe. perhaps the only part through which the universe can witness and understand and marvel at itself. Thank you.

17:26Ander Mikalson: That was Mark Whittle speaking at TED 2026. If you're curious about TED's curation, visit ted.com slash curation guidelines. And that's it for today. TED Talks Daily is a podcast from TED. This episode was fact-checked by the TED Research Team and produced and edited by our team, Martha Estefanos, Oliver Friedman, Lucy Little, Emma Taubner, and Tanzika Sungmarnivam. Additional support from Daniela Ballarezzo, Christopher Faze-Bogan, Valentina Bohanini, Banban Chang, Brian Green, and Lainey Lott. Learn more at podcasts.ted.com. I am Elise Hu. I'll be back tomorrow with a fresh idea for your feet.

18:07Ander Mikalson: Thanks for listening.

18:34Caroline Shaw: It totally transforms your daily ritual into something elevated with customizable cleansing and touch screen controls. It's functional art that makes your space feel cleaner and more intentional. A modern home deserves a modern toilet. Experience the difference of Kohler smart toilets. Find more at Kohler.com.

18:59Ander Mikalson: On the TED Radio Hour, paleontologist Ken Lacovara says a spot in New Jersey sheds light on exactly what happened when an asteroid hit the Earth. This makes this the best window on the planet, into that pivotal calamitous moment that wiped out the dinosaurs and really made the modern world as we know it. The day the dinosaurs died. That's next time on the TED Radio Hour from NPR. subscribe or listen to the TED Radio Hour wherever you get your podcasts.