Can Ozempic end addiction? | Dhruv Khullar | Your Body on Tech

0:00Hey everyone, Sherelle here. This year on TED Tech, we've dug deep into ideas that are changing our world. But over the next few weeks, I want to turn the focus into how technology is changing ourselves. To do this, I'm enlisting the help of my colleagues from the TED podcast world. Journalist and TED Radio Hour host Manoush Zomorodi took over the TED Talks Daily feed earlier this year. She produced a special series examining how our digital habits and changing technologies are rewiring our minds and our bodies. Over the next few weeks, you'll be hearing from Manoush and the speakers she curated at this year's TED conference.

0:44Today, physician Dhruv Kular talks about the surprising science of GLP-1s that could go beyond tipping the scales. I'd love to know what you think about the series and our show in general, so feel free to leave us a review or a Spotify comment. Thanks for listening and enjoy the show.

1:07You are listening to TED Talks Daily, where we bring you new ideas and conversations to spark your curiosity every day. I'm Anoush Samarodi, sitting in for Elise Hu this week with a special series of episodes all about how you can live a healthier life in our high-tech era. You may know my voice from the TED Radio Hour podcast over at NPR. I'm also an author, two-time TED speaker, and this past April, a guest curator for the TED 2026 conference. My session was all about my obsession with technology, the human body, and what is keeping us human in this digital age. And that included the speaker you're going to get to know today, Dr.

1:49Dhruv Kular. Dhruv is a practicing physician and associate professor at Weill Cornell Medical College. He also writes for The New Yorker, where he investigates all kinds of topics at the intersection of medicine, policy, and being human in this hyper-accelerating world. I love reading his articles, and I love his measured take on hot topics in health. He brings the perfect mix of science and just kindness and empathy. You'd want him to be your doctor, you know? Anyway, his talk is about a hot topic in medical innovation. GLP-1s, drugs like Ozempic and Wagovi that millions of people are taking to treat diabetes and, more controversially, to jumpstart their weight loss journeys.

2:38And while these drugs have been around for a while, we are still learning a lot about how they work and the many ways that they can impact us beyond the number on a scale. Now, for a long time, GLP-1 was thought to be mainly about digestion. But it's now clear that the medications affect much more than eating. They might have some of their most surprising effects not in the gut, but in the brain. As Dhruv explains, GLP-1s are starting to show real signs of treating addictions. All kinds of addictions, from alcoholism to gambling. And the way that these drugs work is changing how physicians and researchers think about how they treat people with addictions.

3:18But also, as you'll hear, for some people, it's more. Taking a GLP-1 can change the way that they think about themselves and how they actually live their life. There's still a lot of stigma that's preventing people from coming forward when they have an addiction. I don't want to say that, you know, our behavior, our will has no role in these conditions. Of course, we need to encourage and help people make decisions that are in line with their health. But I think that needs to be paired with an understanding that a lot of these processes are neurobiological and shaming people because they have these conditions is not going to be a productive way to go about it.

3:55I called up Dhruv at his office at New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. You will hear all the action going on. You'll hear some of the emergency room sirens going off right outside his window. So coming up, Dhruv's talk and our conversation afterwards about living in a GLP-1 world.

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5:29This episode is brought to you by Planet Visionaries, a podcast in partnership with the Rolex Perpetual Planet Initiative. What connects a hidden laboratory in the Amazon, giant pandas in China's mountain forests, research relating to the ocean, and communities living alongside wildlife in India. That's what you'll hear on season six of Planet Visionaries, stories from the explorers, scientists, and conservation leaders whose work addresses research, biodiversity, and conservation issues in specific locations. Planet Visionaries, hosted by environmental advocate and professional climber Alex Honnold, brings you real stories of discovery, determination, and research and initiatives relating to environmental change.

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6:24And now, our TED Talk and conversation of the day. Last year, I met a woman I'll call Mary. Mary was 13 when she started drinking, and soon she could drink 18 beers in a sitting and barely seem buzzed. Her days became a blur of inebriation and hangover. Mary wanted to stop drinking. She tried alcohol rehab, Alcoholics Anonymous, a medication called Antabuse. None of them worked for her. One day, Mary was at a bar with a friend who also drank heavily. But that evening, Mary noticed that her friend had hardly sipped her drink. Her friend told her that she'd started taking Ozempic, and now she could barely drink two beers at a time.

7:17Mary was perplexed. She'd always thought of Ozempic as an obesity medicine. What did it have to do with drinking? But she decided to enroll in a nearby clinical trial that was studying whether GLP-1 medications like Ozempic could help people with alcohol addiction. Every week, researchers blindfolded her and injected her with a solution, either Ozempic or a placebo. Within weeks, Mary lost her taste for beer. She switched to white wine, and then she stopped drinking altogether. Many people talk about Ozempic as getting rid of the food noise inside their heads, those intrusive, unwanted, repetitive thoughts about eating.

8:03For Mary, it cleared out alcohol noise. It started to moderate her desire for drinking. It turned what was an overpowering emotional response into something that could be seen from a distance. Suddenly, she had the mental space to make changes in her life that she'd long wanted to. She started exercising. it. She improved her diet. She ended a difficult relationship. People know how much GLP-1s affect your body, she told me. I don't think they realize how much they affect your mind. Now, as a doctor, I have long wished that we had more to offer people who are struggling with an addiction. And hearing Mary's story, it's hard to overstate just how striking it was.

8:52GLP-1, or glucagon, unlike peptide one, was first discovered way back in the 1980s. Scientists thought that it might be helpful to manage diabetes, but because the naturally occurring version of the molecule broke down within minutes, it was hard to turn into a drug. The big break didn't come until years later when a scientist who was studying kilomonsters, of all things, found that the lizard's venom contained a similar peptide, and that peptide could hang around for hours. His discovery catalyzed what would become the GLP-1 revolution. Now, for a long time, GLP-1 was thought to be mainly about digestion.

9:34But it's now clear that the medications affect much more than eating. They might have some of their most surprising effects not in the gut, but in the brain. Stories like Mary's have led scientists to consider whether these medications could be helpful for all sorts of addictions, from alcohol and cocaine to gambling and compulsive shopping. Research has found that GLP-1s might help people stop smoking, reduce their cravings for opioids, lead them to consume fewer drinks. As one neuroscientist put it, GLP-1s might be telling us that there is some type of universal pathology when it comes to addiction and that they are part of how we fix it.

10:18Now, that is a tantalizing prospect, that there's a general-purpose key that unlocks the path to moderation. But that's what GLP-1s seem like they could be, moderation molecules. They don't extinguish our desires, but they help us keep them in check. And no one knows exactly why. One possibility is that they modulate what's called the brain's mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward system. Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, social media, they all increase dopamine release in that pathway. And GLP-1s, they might be limiting the spikes of dopamine. So mice that are on the medications and given cocaine, they have smaller surges of dopamine, but they otherwise seem to maintain adequate amounts of the neurotransmitter.

11:10GLP-1s could be calming the water without draining the pool. At the other end, GLP-1s might make it easier to stop using a drug. Research that's currently under review has found that animals that are addicted to opioids and given a GLP-1, they have less activity in a part of the brain that's involved with withdrawal. So again, these medications could lead to moderation, not just because they make a drug less pleasurable, but because they make abstinence less painful. Now, at this point, we should probably moderate our own enthusiasm about the moderating effects of these medications. Like any drug, GLP-1s won't work for everyone.

11:52In fact, for some people, these so-called moderation molecules, they could have an alter ego as a desire dampener. Maybe some people lose interest in drugs or alcohol or food because they lose interest in pretty much everything, a condition known as anhedonia. It's also true that addiction is often a lifelong battle, but many people who start on a GLP-1, they come off it within months, whether because of side effects or costs or access. And even people who do manage to stay on the medications might ultimately develop a tolerance to them, such that their cravings for a drug ultimately return. And yet it is hard not to get excited about the potential for GLP-1s to treat addiction when you consider how little progress we have made.

12:44Every year, tens of thousands of Americans die of an opioid overdose. Since the turn of the century, alcohol-related deaths have more than doubled. And it has been 20 years since the FDA last approved a medication for alcohol use disorder. The winding path of GLP-1s from Gila monster peptide to diabetes medication to obesity drug to potential addiction treatment, it is a story of hope. But it is also a story with a lesson. The hope is that more people will gain the power to bring their wants and their motivations and their behaviors into greater harmony, and they will live many more years in good health as a result.

13:31The lesson is about the unpredictability of medical progress. Discoveries like this one remind us why scientific curiosity, especially the kind that can seem obscure or impractical, why it matters so deeply. Because we don't know where the next big innovation will come from. We might not even recognize it when we first see it. But now, GLP-1s are forcing us to reconsider not just the modern science of addiction, but ancient wisdom about restraint. For thousands of years, we have seen moderation as a moral achievement. Aristotle argued that the path to a life well-lived runs through moderation.

14:16Courage rests somewhere between cowardice and recklessness, generosity between stinginess and extravagance. He's often quoted as saying, it is best to rise from life as though from a banquet, neither drunken nor thirsty. Well, Aristotle never had a Dorito. He didn't have Krispy Kreme or McDonald's. He couldn't flip open TikTok and Instagram. There weren't algorithms that were fracking his attention. And ancient Greece was not beset by fentanyl and oxycodone. We have a society today in which the fundamental problem for many people has shifted from scarcity and boredom to excess and distraction.

15:02Our technology often seems purpose-built to tap into our most basic vulnerabilities. And the question now is how to bring our minds and our bodies and our environments into a more natural balance. GLP-1s, they suggest that Aristotle's moderation is not just a virtue, it is a physiological state. It isn't just about character. It is about biology. And none of this is to suggest that we should somehow give up on the struggle to bring about a more healthful society, that we shouldn't do the hard cultural and political work to bring about a better world in which we can address the drivers of addiction and other social problems, things like loneliness and trauma, pain and poverty, exploitation.

15:51But it does suggest that we should welcome a promising new tool into our toolkit. Now, over the years, I have cared for many patients in the moments when an addiction has taken almost everything from them. The young woman whose post-surgery opioid use turned into a heroin addiction, and then into the heart infection that took her life. the father, whose liver failed after decades of alcohol use, who was slowly dying on a transplant list. Every morning, I entered his room and was greeted by his children, age six and eight. And they would ask me when their dad could go home. Those were some of the hardest conversations I have ever had.

16:47In recent months, I have returned again and again to something that Mary told me. She said that GLP once enabled her to act not just on her immediate desire to stop drinking, but on her deeper desire to reinvent the person she wanted to be, to change her habits, her relationships, even how she saw herself. She gained a kind of freedom to live alongside her desires instead of being ruled by them. Because alcohol was no longer an issue, she told me, I finally had the chance to think, what type of life do I want? And that is a question that every person deserves a chance to ask. Thank you.

17:32That was New Yorker writer Dr. Dhruv Kular. When we come back, Dhruv and I discuss why there's still a stigma around addiction, even though we have been talking about the genetic and biological reasons behind addiction for decades. Will GLP-1s finally change that? And what about the people for whom GLP-1s don't work? What are their options? Be back in a sec.

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19:02So did you meet Mary because you were doing research for your journalism? Or she wasn't your patient, right? No, she wasn't my patient. She was someone that I had met through a clinical trial researcher. And she was a patient who was enrolled in one of his trials. Got it. So you got introduced to her. And so she finds out about this clinical trial. And she's like, huh, this could be interesting for me. That's right. You know, in Mary's case, she also experienced pretty significant reduction in her appetite. And so there were days where she was eating, you know, three, four, 500 calories a day.

19:36And she lost 55 pounds in just five months. And she ended up having to come off the medication because she lost so much weight so quickly. But she was able to maintain her sobriety afterwards. So even after she came off the medication, really, she's had a much healthier relationship with alcohol, and she's maintained her lower weight, and she's maintained her healthier lifestyle. For her, it's been a really positive experience. I mean, I think for normal people hearing that get a shot of Ozempic and you can turn your life around, that seems amazing. But as a physician, what was it about these stories connecting GLP-1 medication to addiction that struck you as so, I mean, I guess strange and unprecedented?

20:24Well, I think you have to think back about the history of Ozempic. It was first discovered many years ago. And glucagon-like peptide 1, which is a naturally occurring hormone, I mean, that was discovered nearly half a century ago now. And it was always thought to have effects for diabetes and then later weight loss. But the idea that it could modulate the way that people were experiencing the rewards of drugs and other types of behaviors, that is a much more recent discovery. And so this kind of came about because there were just so many stories of people saying that they wanted to drink alcohol less.

20:59They didn't want to smoke as much. People who had been taking opioids weren't having the same types of cravings that they had in the past. And, you know, some of that you take as anecdotal evidence. You're not sure exactly what to make of it. But over the past year or two, there has been a good amount of trial work that has shown and is increasingly showing that there are pretty substantial effects here. Here, GLP-1s, they seem to be acting across these different types of addictions, which is quite novel and interesting. The prior thinking had been that they are modulating mostly our desire for food and creating a sense of satiety.

21:36And now the thinking is that maybe these effects are much broader than we previously thought. Things like alcohol or nicotine or cocaine, even social media, they seem to increase dopamine release in the pathway. And at least the theory is, and there's some animal work to support this, is that the spikes of dopamine are being blunted by GLP-1s, but the kind of baseline levels of dopamine are being drained fully. And so it may be that this class of medications will be an important adjunct to people who are struggling with addiction. So, I mean, we've been told in the last couple of years, this is so interesting, like dopamine.

22:15dopamine. Dopamine is the problem here, that you're getting these squirts of dopamine, and that's what's making you behave irrationally. As you said, whether it's like Doritos or TikTok or whatever else it is, is it that simple? Or tell us more about how this like mesolimbic pathway actually works and whether dopamine is the culprit. Well, dopamine is involved in all sorts of processes in the brain. So I think, you know, today in modern parlance has become kind of synonymous with this idea of addiction, whether it's to social media or to a drug or other substance. But dopamine is involved in all sorts of things, from motor function, you know, people with Parkinson's disease, for instance, have disrupted dopamine in some of the motor parts of the brain, as well as motivation.

22:59And so our desire or our motivation to seek out things, whether those are positive rewards or negative rewards, those are also being influenced by dopamine. So sometimes there is this kind of reductive sense that it's just a matter of dopamine spikes. And if we just blunt those spikes, we'll be able to overcome much of what's ailing us today. And I don't think it's as simple as that. And some of the ways in which these medications are actually operating are still mysterious. And so, you know, one of the interesting things I came across in my reporting is that it's still kind of a question mark.

23:31how exactly these medications are even affecting the brain, you know, as they become these longer lasting, more powerful medications. And it's not even clear exactly how or if they get into the brain. And so, you know, there's a lot that we still have to learn about the exact ways in which GLP-1s are affecting not only the brain, but the body more generally. But from what we're seeing from trials that are being published, not only on addiction, but on other types of disorders, they seem to have a number of positive effects. Yeah, I was just saying that there's research into like the relationship between the gut and the brain as well, that it's not just the brain that these drugs affect when it comes to eating and addiction, but the conversation that's going on between the intestines and the brain.

24:17Yeah, I mean, for a long time, GLP-1s were thought to affect primarily the gut. They have their receptors all over the body. There are receptors in the pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract. the brain. Of course, GLP-1s, they stimulate the release of insulin. They slow the passage of food through the stomach. They're signaling to the brain that we are full. So there's a lot of crosstalk between the gut and the brain. And there's some thought that maybe some of what we're seeing both in terms of addiction, but also other types of conditions is related to the ways in which the medications are affecting both the gut as well as the brain.

24:54We're going to take a quick break, and then we'll be right back.

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27:21I mean, with all of this, as you point out in your talk, it makes us rethink sort of assumptions we've made about people's morals or their personality for centuries. That someone is weak-willed or has no, you know, has no discipline that they can't stop themselves from whatever, drinking, smoking, etc. I remember the shift in thinking like in the 90s, I guess it was, where people were like, you know, you're not a bad person if you're addicted. Addiction can run in your family. It's genetic. It's a chemical imbalance that's happening in your brain. It's not your fault. That was a flip that happened in terms of not blaming people who have addictions, but blaming sort of the way their brains work.

28:03Do you think that we're being set up for a new chapter, a new way of thinking about addiction and the way we talk about or treat people who struggle? I think so. I mean, some of the estimates are that one of our eight people in the United States have been on a GLP-1 medication at some point. So these are millions, tens of millions of people who are using these medications and are seeing the effects of them in their lives. I mean, I think because these medications are so widely used, there's going to be a different relationship both towards obesity as well as addiction. But I think there's still a lot of stigma that's preventing people from coming forward when they have an addiction.

28:45We have, as you said, made a lot of strides towards recognizing that a lot of this is biological, that it's happening even unconsciously, and that people really struggle in ways that, you know, they shouldn't be blamed for what's happening here. And so we've known that for many decades now. And for me, some of this really came home during my reporting for this piece. You know, I underwent an MRI scan, similar to what trial participants would have gone through. And, you know, I went into this MRI. They were showing me photographs of all sorts of things, whether it's Big Macs or, you know, mountains or alcohol like beer, wine, whiskey.

29:24And they were basically seeing how my brain reacted to these various images. And afterwards, they showed me, in response to photographs of alcohol, there was very little activity in kind of the relevant centers of my brain. And they compared them to people who are struggling with alcohol use disorder. And those areas just lit up in those people. And for me, it kind of drove home this point that so much of our behaviors downstream of these processes that are happening inside of our brains, before we even have an opportunity to make a kind of a reasoned decision about what we're going to do. And so I don't want to say that, you know, our behavior, our will has no role in these conditions.

30:04Of course, we need to encourage and help people make decisions that are in line with their health. But I think that needs to be paired with an understanding that a lot of these processes are neurobiological and shaming people because they have these conditions is not going to be a productive way to go about it. I mean, I'm trying to picture as we go forward, you're saying one out of eight people is starting to take this drug. And many of them are off-label, right? Like for all kinds of different things as well? That's right. So, you know, diabetes, obesity, addiction, these are just a few of the conditions for which this class of medications is being studied.

30:42I mean, people seem to have beneficial effects for cardiovascular health or stroke risk. There have been studies published that individuals with fatty liver disease or chronic kidney disease, those things either slow down or even reverse on GLP-1 medications. Interestingly, even osteoarthritis seems to have some evidence. So things that we would not have anticipated seem to be amenable to treatment with GLP-1 medications. And some of that is independent of the weight loss. One reason might be that GLP-1s are having some type of anti-inflammatory effect. So there's a change in the amount of inflammation.

31:17in the body, and that's what's contributing here. You know, I don't want to come off as a total booster of these medications. I think there are things that we should talk about in terms of cost and side effects that may limit the use of the medications in some people, but I have been struck by just how many conditions seem to be amenable to these drugs. I mean, that's what's so, like, kind of bizarre to me, is that I feel like everyone was like, Like, well, let's wait and see, like, a year ago, two years ago. And now, largely, the medical community has come around. But let's talk about, like, you know, everything has downsides.

31:56What are the downsides for GLP-1s as far as we know now? Any time people start talking about a wonder drog, we should approach that with some skepticism. And I have approached that with skepticism. And I've been surprised at how many times the evidence actually has supported their use for various conditions. But that being said, there are things that should still give us caution. So I think the first is that it can be hard for a lot of people to stay on these medications. Drugs only work if you take them. But at least in some studies, half or more of people come off these medications within a year of starting to take them.

32:33And so, of course, that is going to limit how effective they can be if people aren't able to stay on them. It's also possible that some people experience psychological side effects. There have been reports, not a lot of great research yet, but at least reports, that people feel kind of a blunted mood or even anhedonia. They're not interested in doing the things that they used to do. And, of course, that is potentially quite concerning if people aren't interested in kind of living the life that they want to be living. You know, that's something that needs to be followed very closely. You know, the cost is still a huge issue.

33:06The sticker price can still be$1 ,000 or$1 ,300 a month. And so, as you can imagine, not a lot of people are going to be able to afford that. And finally, I would say GI side effects. In clinical trials, they seem to be pretty well tolerated. So maybe 5 % or 10 % of people have significant enough GI side effects to come off them. But that is potentially higher in the real world. and one reason that people are coming off the medications. The thing that I keep hearing about is, oh, they have the ozempic look. It's the gauntness. And that is because why? What happens to muscles when people are on GLP-1s?

33:42Well, one of the things that happens when you're on a GLP-1 is that often people are losing a lot of weight. And with that weight is going to be part loss of fat, but also loss of muscle. And losing a lot of muscle very quickly can be concerning for all sorts of reasons, but one of which is it can lead to frailty. And people might be at higher risk for falls and other problems. And so the recommendation really is not just to take the GLP-1 in isolation, but to do it along with the diet and exercise regimen. The diet should be a high-protein diet that allows you to preserve as much muscle as possible.

34:14And, of course, the exercise regimen should involve high levels of strength training so that people, when they're losing the weight, can preserve as much muscle as possible. And what about, like, long-term? We just don't know, right? Like some of the side effects may not show up for five years, a decade, 20 years? That's possible. I think one area that really gives me a little bit of confidence here is that these medications have kind of blown up on social media and elsewhere over the past few years. But versions of these medications have been around for two decades now. So the first GLP-1 medication came out in 2005, 2006, Exanatide.

34:53And that had to be taken twice a day, and it didn't have as powerful effects on weight loss. And so it wasn't kind of the phenomenon that these newer GLP-1s have become. And we haven't seen those really concerning side effects that have sometimes cropped up with other medications over the course of five or 10 years. That's not to say that these specific formulations couldn't have other types of side effects, but it does give me some confidence that what we're seeing here is likely to be a more positive story. I mean, that is reassuring in some ways. Part of me is like, put me on it now, coach.

35:27You know what I mean? Like, why not if it's going to prevent, you know, all the things that come with aging, right? Those inflammation-based chronic diseases. But two experiences have given me pause. One was that I was at an American Heart Association meeting, and some researchers were talking about using GLP-1s preventively in populations of kids where they don't get enough exercise or eat proper food or just this idea that obesity and diabetes are hitting younger people at younger and younger ages, school-age children, that maybe if diabetes type 2 is rampant in a population, that this should be used preventively.

36:07And that kind of freaked me out. It sort of made me think like, oh man, are we once again going for the quick fix without trying to change and create better lives for people generally? I think that's a really important point, especially when it comes to children or adolescents. It's one thing to commit someone who is in their 50s or 60s to a medication that they're going to need to take for the rest of their life. It's quite different when someone is 10 or 15 or 20 years old. And so I do think it raises a really important set of questions about the treatment model here. You know, is it really the case that people are going to have to be on these medications for the long term, or is there a way to use these GLP-1 medications as a bridge to other types of interventions?

36:49You know, I think the other thing that this raises for me is that, of course, as you're saying, when a medication is so powerful, it becomes tempting to use it and not continue to push on the more societal factors that are creating the epidemic that we're in. We're not addressing the root causes of obesity and diabetes and addiction. And that's the reason that we are using these medications in the way that we are. Of course, I'm the first to want to change the food system or the built environment or, you know, many of the other levers that we might want to work on to create a more healthful society.

37:29But it's also the case that we have been trying to do that for decades and not made a lot of progress. And so in the short term, you know, there are people who could really benefit from these medications today. And I think we should consider how to get it to as many people as possible who could really benefit from them. Yeah, it reminds me of the other example or experience I had, which was I was invited to speak at a conference with a lot of very wealthy people, many of whom were on GLP-1s. And it just felt like there was this other extreme at the other end of people who are all about taking whatever shortcuts necessary, whether it is to have 10x returns on a company, whether it is to look as skinny and think as sharply as possible that this is the 1 % and they want to stay the 1%.

38:17Again, it was preventive. It was about optimization rather than like managing anything. You know, a lot of the health benefits that we've been talking about today, those have been shown in people who are either overweight or struggling with a chronic condition of some sort. I think what can be concerning is when we're seeing usage that is not supported by evidence and not supported by data. There's been a lot of growth in, let's say, microdosing or people who just want to lose a couple pounds or are coming on and off the medications. Those are use cases that don't have data. We're not sure what the long-term effects are.

38:52Are we not sure whether there's any health benefits associated with them? This has really become kind of a cultural phenomenon where people are using these in all sorts of ways. As a doctor, I'm looking at the evidence. I'm seeing kind of where we have the data to support its use. But, of course, people are accessing these medications in all sorts of ways, whether it's direct-to-consumer companies or online or through social media. And we just don't have the evidence there to support their use. Where do you think this is going then? like in the next sort of year, would you say, based on what you've been seeing?

39:26I think there's going to be more and more options for people on these medications. And so, you know, right now we have maybe two major types of GLP-1s that people are taking semaglutide and terzepatide. There's already another medication that hits not just one receptor or two receptors, but three receptors, retitutride, that has completed phase three trials by Eli Lilly. I think there will be more versions that are oral versions as opposed to injectable versions. And so I just think there's going to be a lot more activity in this space, whether it's route of administration or trying to mitigate side effects or try to reduce some of the muscle loss that sometimes people experience.

40:06So I can see, you know, in the next five or 10 years that there are many versions of these medications and they're much more widely used. I mean, one of the things, just stepping back, I've been thinking a lot about medicine as a technology in some ways, like mRNA vaccines are kind of a technology and genetic CRISPR, et cetera. Like, you know, you write about a lot of different ways that health trends intersect with medicine and technology. How do you think about it? Yeah, I mean, I think we are in an era where we are seeing enormous advances in technology and biomedicine. I think artificial intelligence is going to play a larger and larger role, not just in the delivery of health care, but also the development of new medications.

40:56This raises a couple thoughts for me. I mean, the first is that we should do our best to harness the positive aspects of these technologies, and that requires rigorous study of them. There will be any number of claims that are out in the public sphere. But without doing the controlled, careful study of these types of interventions, it's going to be very hard to say which claims are true and which are not. And I think we need that more than ever today when there are so many different sources of medical authority, so many different ways in which people access medicine, so many different channels through which they're getting information about their health.

41:31And so I think a really important part of this next phase is going to be not just how to develop these interventions, but how to study them in the real world. Yeah, I mean, people seem to think, for better or worse, that like they can take a lot of their health care into their own hands, whether it's because they can't afford health care, health insurance, or because they think that medical research, technological research moves too slowly and that by the time something gets approved, they could have been using it for several years and mitigated many of the symptoms that they had, whether that is muscle loss or cognitive abilities or just, you know, getting older.

42:08Yeah, I mean, I think people are excited about the potential to take advantage of new technologies or interventions. They want to lean more into health and longevity. And I think that, in a way, is a great thing. I think if we're going to have a market in which people are accessing medicines in the way that they are today, then there's going to be any number of claims that are made about these types of things. And I think it's incumbent on us to make sure that people have the information that they need to make those decisions about their health. So how does it change the patient-physician relationship, all of these new technologies?

42:48Like, I can see it both ways. Like, on the one hand, great, we have AI to make more rapid diagnoses. This means that doctors can be more hands-on and do the human part of the job. Or I could also see that it goes the opposite way, is that everything gets outsourced to tech and the humans get extracted from the equation entirely. Where do you think things are going? I think both are going to happen. I mean, I think there's going to be a lot more insistence that people are able to access these things even outside of the traditional medical system. I think one thing that it drives home for me is that as doctors or other clinicians, it's no longer going to be effective simply to state the evidence or to state a recommendation.

43:31That really has to come paired with a rationale, a perspective, you know, demonstration of why it is that the recommendation that we are giving is what it is. Storytelling, I think, is going to be a really important part of the future. I mean, it sounds old-fashioned, but really, because there's so much information out there, there's so much disparate information, it's very hard for people to sift through it all. It's also possible to get abstract in your thinking and not tie it back to real people's lives. When I'm in the hospital, I am interacting with the challenges that people are facing in a very real way.

44:11And in a way, so many of the challenges that are in society, not just medical, but more general, they find their way into the emergency room. They find their way into the hospital, whether it's misinformation or homelessness, whatever it might be. If you're able to tell a compelling story, if you're going to put together, synthesize things into a narrative, that can be really helpful in helping people put it all together. And the other thing I'll mention, sometimes it's very helpful to just reach back to history and help people understand, you know, this new medication sounds like it's going to be amazing.

44:45Or that intervention, that device is something I want to get my hands on today, and we don't want to wait for the studies to come out to prove them effective. There have been many, many, many claims that have been made in the past about similar things that turned out to be either not effective or harmful. I think it's important to point out that even something like 90 % of drugs that make it to phase one clinical trials, let alone drugs that never even make it to phase one clinical trials, they end up failing before they become medications. And so just because something looks interesting or has some suggestive data, let's say in animal studies, doesn't mean that it's going to be effective in people.

45:24I want to just end by circling back to Aristotle, who you brought up in your talk, right? Aristotle, yes, of course. All talks should end with Aristotle. Right? Absolutely. But you talked a lot about moderation and Aristotle's calling for it. Do GLP-1s and talking about societal structures that make them necessary, like, I guess, are we taking people's agency away? Where does the conversation for personal responsibility and modulation and finding your own sort of balance between extremes, where does that fit into this conversation? Moderation is so important. There are so many things in life that we want a little of, maybe quite a bit of, but not too much of.

46:15Aristotle obviously had this insight many centuries ago. And I think what I wanted to point out in the talk is that our world is kind of designed for too much these days. It's just inundated with content and food and desire and all sorts of things. And a lot of the challenges that we have, whether it's around our mental health or our physical health, is trying to bring ourselves into greater harmony with our environment. And for some people, that will require medications. For some people, that'll require social supports. For some people, that'll be therapy. For some people, they'll be able to do that all by themselves.

46:56But I think getting to this place where we recognize that moderation is important, but that the modern world is one that facilitates too much almost all the time is a really important kind of frame shift just to think about how we should be engaging with all the delights around us. And I think, you know, hopefully not everyone has to be on these medications forever. For some people, it can just be that break from the status quo that is needed to change your life. You know, I remember many years ago caring for a taxi driver who had a really severe heart condition that needed surgery. But he was really high risk for surgery because of his weight and other medical problems.

47:39and the recommendation from the surgeon was that he needs to lose some weight and come back, and maybe they'll consider surgery at a later date. And everyone kind of knew that that would not be possible for him. And this was before GLP-1s were widely available. And I still think back to that experience and wonder if he had GLP-1s available. Would that have been something that could have kick-started his journey to weight loss and then getting the surgery that he needed? Certainly, I think it would have given him a much better shot than he had at the time. I love that we're hearing the sirens in the background.

48:14I'm sorry. No, it's all good. Okay, so the bottom line is proceed cautiously, make sure you have a plan to manage the side effects, and don't think that maybe this is a forever plan? That's right. And I don't think it's a magic bullet. I think it's one part of a set of comprehensive changes that people should be undertaking to improve their health. Thank you, Dr. Kular. Thanks for having me.

48:43I find this conversation fascinating, thinking about how medical innovations could change the fundamental ways we think about people and their personalities. That's a big change that could happen in society. But I also appreciate that Dhruv is very cautious in his approach to writing and speaking about medical innovations. He doesn't write them off. He takes them very seriously, but he also is skeptical. And that is exactly what I want in my doctor, right? Because there are, of course, people who think that physicians are too cautious to the point that they are keeping people from trying treatments that could change their life.

49:24I keep thinking about the current peptide craze, for example, which Drew actually wrote about recently in The New Yorker. There are people on social media proselytizing about the effects of shooting unregulated synthetic proteins into their bodies, promising stronger muscles, more energy. I mean, I get it. In the short term, it is enticing. But health, as we also discussed in the previous episode with geneticist Michael Snyder, it's about playing the long game, not just optimizing for quarterly results. and there is so much we don't know about the safety and side effects of these peptides. So high level, what do we take from all of this?

50:07I feel like the old adage remains that if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Nothing is ever perfect, but the right mix of treatment and care may improve your health. It may even make you happier. Moderation is generally not a terribly sexy concept, but it is a word. to live by.

50:31That was Dhruv Kular at TED 2026 in conversation with me, Manoush Zomorodi. You can also see Dhruv's full talk at TED.com. Thank you so much for being here. On the next episode, the role of art in helping us understand the connection between our health, tech, and humanity. Yi Yun Kang wants people to feel how AI is affecting their lives. through massive interactive art that brings you inside the algorithms. That's what our conversation tomorrow is going to do, too, so don't miss it. If you're curious about TED's curation, visit TED.com slash curationguidelines. TED Talks Daily is a podcast from TED.

51:14This episode was produced by Matthew Cloutier, Lucy Little, and Katie Bontillione. It was edited by Alejandra Salazar with editing support from Maggie Bishop, Sanaz Meshkinpour, and me. This episode was mixed by Matthew Polis. Drew's talk was fact-checked by the TED research team, and our conversation was fact-checked by Avery Keighley. The TED Talks daily team includes Martha Estefanos, Oliver Friedman, Lucy Little, Emma Taubner, and Tansika Sungmar Nivong. With support from Daniela Ballarazzo, Valentina Bohanini, Ban Ban Chang, and Lainey Lott. Special thanks to Sanaz Meshkinfor and my team at NPR's TED Radio Hour for all their help on this special takeover.

51:55and to my co-curator at TED 2026, a very special thank you to David Biello. You can hear more from these speakers on the TED Radio Hour with episodes coming out throughout the summer. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. I'll be back tomorrow with a fresh idea and conversation for your feed. Thank you so much for listening.

52:25Hi there, it's Adam Grant from Ted's Rethinking Podcast, and this episode is brought to you by ServiceNow. I get to spend my days studying how people think and what it actually takes to change our minds. It's work I find deeply meaningful. But even in meaningful work, there's still busy work. The admin, the repetitive processes, the invisible load that pulls attention away from what really matters. That's where ServiceNow's AI specialists come in. They don't just tell you what you should do about your busy work. They actually do it. Start to finish. Cases closed. Requests handled. No extra work for you.

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