In short
Summary of The Art of Charm Podcast Episode: "Why Conversations Turn Into Arguments" with Julia Minson
Episode Overview In this episode, AJ and Johnny interview psychologist Julia Minson to explore why disagreements often escalate into conflicts, even when both parties believe they are being reasonable. The discussion centers around the common mistakes individuals make in conflict situations and introduces effective strategies for improving communication and understanding during disagreements.
Key Themes
- Misunderstanding in Disagreement: Assumptions about the other person's views often lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.
- Naive Realism: The belief that one's perspective is the only correct interpretation can trigger confrontational dialogue.
- Perspective-Taking Limitations: Traditional advice on perspective-taking may not be as effective as once thought.
Chapters Breakdown
- 00:00 – Why We Misunderstand Disagreement
- Disagreement is often seen as a competitive interaction rather than a collaborative one.
- 07:00 – The Trap of “I’m Right, You’re Wrong”
- The binary view of disagreement creates defensiveness and inhibits constructive dialogue.
- 15:00 – Why Perspective-Taking Fails
- People often misinterpret others' feelings and thoughts, leading to ineffective communication.
- 22:00 – Listening with Your Mouth
- Actively engaging in dialogue through questions and paraphrasing enhances understanding.
- 30:00 – The HERE Framework for Better Conflict
- Introduces a structured approach to improve communication during disagreements.
- 42:00 – Why Facts Don’t Win Arguments
- Emphasizes that emotional engagement is more compelling than mere presentation of facts.
The HERE Framework Julia presents the HERE framework as a communication strategy to improve engagements during conflicts:
- H - Hedging: Use tentative language (e.g., "maybe," "sometimes") to express opinions without absolute certainty.
- E - Emphasizing Agreement: Identify common ground (e.g., shared values) to foster collaboration.
- A - Acknowledgement: Verbally recognize and validate the other person's perspectives before stating your own.
- R - Reframing to the Positive: Focus on positive language to express disagreements constructively.
Key Takeaways
- Listening and Understanding: Effective communication requires more than asking questions; it involves confirming comprehension and demonstrating engagement.
- Politeness Can Hinder: Excessive politeness may lead to avoiding difficult questions that could clarify misunderstandings.
- Practice Makes Perfect: Disagreement should be treated as a skill that needs to be practiced; the more one engages in healthy conflict resolution, the more natural it becomes.
Final Thoughts
- Normalizing Disagreement: Disagreement should not be seen as a threat but as an opportunity for growth and understanding.
- Reducing Polarization: Efforts to understand differing perspectives can bridge divides in a polarized society.
Further Resources
- Learn more about Julia Minson’s work and her upcoming book "How to Disagree Better" at [disagreeingbetter.com](http://disagreeingbetter.com).
- Explore The Art of Charm for more insights on communication and self-improvement.
Additional Notes
- The podcast emphasizes that while facts can inform discussions, narratives and shared experiences often resonate more effectively in disagreements.
- Encouragement to practice the skills discussed in the episode to improve personal and professional relationships.
This episode serves as a guide to navigating conflicts more effectively through understanding, engagement, and the application of practical communication skills.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOUnderstanding Disagreement
1:14 to 2:26
Explore common misconceptions about disagreement and conflict.
“We're leaving today and entering a world of Mickey Mouse waving, princess meeting and greeting.”
The Roots of Disagreement
2:36 to 3:56
Discover how personal experiences shape our understanding of disagreement.
“Well, you know, really what kicked off for me is just like being a human and recognizing that, you know, everybody disagrees with people literally all the time.”
Misconceptions in Conflict Resolution
3:56 to 5:36
Learn about common errors people make during conflicts and disagreements.
“So what do you think we get so wrong about disagreement?”
The Psychology Behind Disagreements
5:36 to 8:06
Delve into psychological concepts that influence how we handle disagreement.
“one of the leading thinkers on the psychology of conflict.”
The Nature of Disagreement vs. Conflict
8:06 to 9:16
Understand the distinction between disagreement and conflict in communication.
“Now, now I can't tell him that he's full of it, you know?”
Challenges of Perspective Taking
9:16 to 11:19
Examine the limitations of perspective taking in resolving conflicts.
“You know, I want a dog and you want a cat.”
Effective Communication Techniques
11:19 to 14:03
Learn why asking questions can be more effective than making assumptions.
“To put it, to put it in some, like in some terms that we can relate to.”
The Power of Asking Questions
14:03 to 14:40
Learn how asking questions is often overlooked but crucial for effective communication.
“It's not, you know, it doesn't feel like mind reading because you're not mind reading, you're just asking.”
The Importance of Perspective in Conversations
16:49 to 19:12
Understand how assumptions about others' experiences can lead to misunderstandings.
“I think it also weighs on our intelligence, right?”
Listening with Your Mouth
19:12 to 23:04
Learn about the concept of 'listening with your mouth' to improve communication.
“in terms of, you know, asking and inquiring and trying to understand the other person's perspective.”
Show all 22 chapters
Practicing Disagreement Skills
23:04 to 26:17
Discover how practicing disagreement can turn it into a valuable skill.
“I'll have to remember this for my next disagreement with my spouse or my boss.”
Receptiveness vs. Politeness
26:17 to 28:00
Differentiate between being polite and being receptive in conversations.
“We look for shortcuts to avoid conflict because there's uncertainty, there's doubt, and there's that emotional tension and pressure that doesn't feel good.”
The Importance of Self-Politeness in Conversations
28:00 to 29:04
Learn how self-respect can enhance mutual understanding during discussions.
“By being polite to them, is this going to make your life that much harder, which you always do because you're unwilling to be polite to yourself, the one person that matters?”
Navigating Disagreements with Politeness
31:51 to 37:40
Understand how to manage disagreements better through active listening and politeness.
“So we don't take as much risk in our perspective taking because that clarification stings.”
Receptiveness in Conversations
37:40 to 42:00
Learn the concept of conversational receptiveness and how to apply it in arguments.
“Yeah, I like I like how bluntly you put that in invisible and irrelevant.”
The Importance of Acknowledgment in Conversations
42:00 to 44:02
Learn how acknowledging concerns can lead to more constructive discussions.
“X, Y, Z, or I understand that it's important to you that, or it seems to me that something, something, right?”
The Power of Narrative Over Data
45:06 to 48:46
Understand why storytelling can be more effective than data in disagreements.
“And I think many of us, especially the listeners of the show, are very analytical.”
Balancing Confidence and Uncertainty in Leadership
48:46 to 51:42
Explore how leaders can effectively balance showing confidence and uncertainty.
“I have all the data in the world that, that I need now.”
Navigating Polarization in Conversations
51:42 to 55:21
Learn strategies to engage in discussions despite political or ideological divides.
“And if you're practicing that skill, you will be highly effective at it and you will be efficient and getting what you want.”
Understanding Perception Gaps in Political Views
55:21 to 56:03
Discover research on how our perceptions of polarization may be exaggerated.
“Let's talk about this as we wrap here, because I feel like many of our listeners are consuming that same content and feeling that the world is more polarized than ever.”
Understanding Political Polarization
56:03 to 57:57
Explore how perceptions of polarization differ from reality and its impact on conversations.
“I'll do the typical academic thing and say you're both right a little bit.”
The Value of Conversations with Opponents
57:58 to 59:59
Learn about the importance of engaging in conversations with those you disagree with to foster understanding.
“to talk like, you know, what I often tell my students, and this is an assignment I give in class, you know, regularly, the assignment I give them is find a person in your real life that you strongly disagree with.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:00Johnny:Picture this late at night scrolling through your feed. You see the product you've been looking for. Add to cart, check out, and your wallet is across the room. Then you see it. That purple Shopify button. All your saved info. One tap. Done. That's Shopify, the commerce platform behind millions of businesses around the world and 10 % of all e-commerce in the US. hundreds of ready-to-use templates help you build an online store that matches your brand style ai tools write your product descriptions and enhance your product photography shopify handles inventory international shipping returns and beyond award-winning 24 7 customer support whenever you get stuck everything in one place that purple shop pay button is why shopify has the best converting checkout on the planet.
0:54Less abandoned carts, more sales for you.
0:57Johnny:See less carts go abandoned and more sales go with Shopify. Sign up for your$1 per month trial today at shopify.com slash charm. Go to shopify.com slash charm. That's shopify.com slash charm. We're leaving today and entering a world of Mickey Mouse waving, princess meeting and greeting. Lightsaber clashing The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror dropping Banshee flooding Space Mountain launching Galaxy rewinding What's the whole deck with galaxy rewinding Fireworks igniting World of Other Worlds For whatever you love Infinite worlds await at the most magical place on Earth Walt Disney World Resort Most people, when they talk about disagreement they think of it as a competitive interaction.
1:51And if you think about the words we use for disagreement and conflict, talk about winning an argument, we talk about defending a position. All these words have to do with war. Most of the time, the reason we're disagreeing with a person is because we want to achieve something together. We're on a team. We're not actually trying to, you know, sort of stomp all over them. If you're going to get them to hear your facts and data, you need to make them not feel like a loser as a result.
2:25Johnny:Welcome to the show, Julia. It's great to have you. Thank you. It's great to be here. We'd love to know what kicked off this project for you and your interest in disagreement. Oh, my goodness. Well, you know, really what kicked off for me is just like being a human and recognizing that, you know, everybody disagrees with people literally all the time. Um, but you know, the kind of real backstory is that I used to be a competitive ballroom dancer back in the day. Um, and I danced with my husband and we were quite good and we, you know, spent hours a day practicing and, you know, we competed and, you know, just did all these things.
3:06And we didn't fight about anything else besides dancing, which was really, really weird because, you know, couples fight about a lot of things. and dancing is particularly strange right because when you're dancing together you're in the same space like you're in the same space listening to the same music getting coached by the same person hearing the same advice and just over and over and over you interpret it completely differently and I just thought that that was really fascinating and a really weird like microcosm of how, you know, lots of other disagreements work.
3:42Johnny:Right now, unfortunately, disagreement is running a lot of society, politically, and our friendships, our family relationships. And it's causing a lot of corrosive behavior, because we can't handle that disagreement. So what do you think we get so wrong about disagreement? Well, we get a lot of things wrong. You know, there's sort of a long list. I think probably the number one thing we get wrong is the assumptions we make about the other person, right? The person on the other side and sort of like what they believe and where they're coming from and why they're behaving the way they're behaving.
4:21I think we all have sort of like stories we tell ourselves in our heads about what's happening and we don't question those stories. And that gets us into a lot of trouble. So I would say that's the number one thing is just assuming you know things about the other person that you really have no idea.
4:39Johnny:Many of us, myself included, have not had great models around how to have great conflict and actually resolve that conflict. Many of us may have grown up in households with parents that didn't resolve things properly, and then it's gone on to impact our relationships, our work, our lives in a really negative way. So we've heard a lot of different advice over the years around how to handle disagreement better. But I'm curious with your background in ballroom dancing, I think many of us think of disagreement is follow the leader. Someone has to take the lead and then we'll solve the disagreement.
5:18Johnny:And you actually look at it quite differently. I went from ballroom dancing to being an academic psychologist. So, you know, the ballroom dancing thing really, what it inspired was for me to go get a PhD in this stuff. And so, you know, I went to Stanford and I studied with Lee Ross, who has now passed away, but at that time was one of the leading thinkers on the psychology of conflict. And one of the things that I learned from him that really blew my mind was this idea of naive realism, which is the idea that people naively believe that their views of the world and their views of the situation around them are in some way fundamentally real.
6:03Like I get it, right? I see how things really are. I'm an objective, reasonable, like good person. And therefore, if you disagree with me, there's something wrong with you, right? Like if I'm smart and I get it, and if you disagree, you must be wrong. And so what that does is it sets off this sort of chain of events where I try to correct true, right? I'm like, let me explain to you how things really are. And once you're better informed, you are going to thank me for the good advice I just gave you, right? And we all know that that is not at all how things go, right? And so I think one of the first things that people do wrong in disagreement is they, you know, they assume that they know, and they start by trying to correct or like inform the other person and they think that the best argument is going to win.
6:56And of course, they think they have the best argument. So that's, that's kind of like where the trouble starts. How did this education in this area impact your reflection on the fights you had ballroom dancing? Well, you know, it's really funny, right? Because my ballroom dancing partner was my husband. And so while I was in graduate school, we also, you know, had two babies and, you know, bought a house. And my, my mom actually ended up passing away from cancer. And so we cared for her together while having small children, and then, you know, cared for my bereaved grandparents. And so you realize that those like, dynamics of ballroom dancing, you know, on one hand, they're sort of like trivial and silly.
7:42On the other hand, they're the same dynamics that go into all the major life decisions. You know, and so now when we argue. And, you know, even then when I was in graduate school and I was studying this stuff, it's like, you see the pattern, you know, you see yourself being so, so confident that you're right. And why can't this other person like get it, you know? And then at some point my husband started quoting my own research back at me. I was like, oh, damn it. Of course he did. Now, now I can't tell him that he's full of it, you know? Yeah.
8:21Johnny:What I think is so interesting about that, our default nature to clarify instead of actually come with curiosity and ask questions to see the other side, is that it also leads to the other person then clarifying back. And we get in this constant force meets force instead of any real clarification happening. We may be trying to clarify our perspective, but the other person's digging their heels in on their perspective and clarifying why we are wrong. Yeah, yeah, no, that's exactly that is exactly what happens, right? And it's like two people just talking over each other, and nobody's learning anything.
8:56And everybody's getting increasingly more frustrated, because why isn't this person getting it? Right. And I actually like, I draw a very clear distinction between disagreement and conflict. which is that, you know, disagreement, right? Is that you and I have different opinions, you know, and it could be opinions about like, what's the right decision to make. It could be a preference. You know, I want a dog and you want a cat. And, you know, we have to like decide if dogs were cats or better pets. It could be some prediction about the future, right? Like we could have, you know, I could say, look, in the future, AI is going to take over all the white collar jobs.
9:37So we need to all be sort of preparing for that. And you can say, no, you know, AI is going to get rid of like the boring, repetitive parts of white collar jobs and like all the creative parts will still be there. Right. So that's a disagreement about the future that's totally reasonable to have. And we can have an interesting, you know, fun conversation around it. When it becomes conflict is this dynamic that we just discussed where I try to, you know, enlighten you and you try to enlighten me. And both of us get frustrated and eventually angry that the other person is not getting properly enlightened.
10:14Right. So disagreement is one thing. And conflict is like disagreement plus all this extra stuff.
10:21Johnny:I think many of us have then heard the advice, recognize, OK, this is a problem. So we've then heard the advice. Well, I need to perspective take. I need to just take the other person's perspective to see why they're thinking, feeling or seeing the world in this way to manage this conflict. It's good advice in the sense that it won't harm you, and it'll probably help a little bit. But this is sort of where I have really changed the way I think through research, because there's a lot of advice out there that's pretty good and sensible. but when you test how well it works and you compare it to, you know, no advice at all, you can get a sense of, you know, how useful is it, right?
11:12Is it like, you know, two cents worth of benefit or is it like a hundred dollars worth of benefit, you know, or is it like$500 worth of benefit, right? To put it, to put it in some, like in some terms that we can relate to. And the thing with perspective taking is that people are just terrible perspective takers. like we are truly truly bad at taking on other people's perspectives um because you know it's hard right it's hard to just you know see you know we talk about perspective dating is like seeing the world through somebody else's eyes you don't have that person's background you don't know what they've been through you don't know what assumptions they carry you don't know what information they have, like, how could you possibly see the world through their eyes?
11:58Right. Yeah. And what actually happens when we tell people to perspective take is they like, you know, they take some assumptions about the other person, like, oh, he's a man. And men think this way. Right. And then they essentially like they take their own perspective, like twisted a little bit based on their assumptions and stereotypes. And then congratulate themselves on good perspective taking. Right. And we actually have no idea what the other person in the conversation was thinking because we never asked them. Right. So if you actually want to know somebody's perspective, you should ask them.
12:39The other thing that goes along with that is the perception bias. And I don't, it is very apparent to me that people don't, can't grasp that idea or, or they don't want to grasp that idea. As somebody who makes, creates content online, everyone reads into all of my content and it's wild to me what they do read into it. And of course, and that's their truth about it. And my comment to all of them is it would benefit you to look up perception bias today. But it's amazing to me. Just and so you can't expect people to really grasp your perspective. Which is really funny, right? because I think part of the reason why we love it so much is that it's like,
13:41it feels magical, right? Perspective taking feels magical. And so we just like all want to do it and want to talk about it. And we're like, oh, she's such a good perspective taker, right? And just asking a person, you know, so tell me more about why you see it this way. You know, tell me more about why you think a cat would be better than a dog. Like, you know, you expect AI to take over your job. How does that make you feel? Right? Like asking questions is not sexy. It's not, you know, it doesn't feel like mind reading because you're not mind reading, you're just asking. And so I think people find it a lot less exciting, but boy, is it more effective.
14:22Johnny:Picture this late at night, scrolling through your feed. You see the product you've been looking for. Add to cart, check out, and your wallet is across the room. Then you see it, that purple Shopify button. All your saved info. One tap, done. That's Shopify, the commerce platform behind millions of businesses around the world and 10 % of all e-commerce in the US. Hundreds of ready-to-use templates help you build an online store that matches your brand style. AI tools. Write your product descriptions and enhance your product photography. Shopify handles inventory, international shipping, returns, and beyond.
15:04Johnny:Award-winning 24-7 customer support whenever you get stuck. Everything in one place. That purple ShopPay button is why Shopify has the best converting checkout on the planet. Less abandoned carts, more sales for you. See less cards go abandoned and more sales go with Shopify. Sign up for your$1 per month trial today at shopify.com slash charm. Go to shopify.com slash charm. That's shopify.com slash charm. I like keeping my money where I can see it. Unfortunately, traditional big wireless carriers also like keeping my money. After years of overpaying for wireless, I got fed up with crazy high bills, bogus fees, and free perks that just cost more in the long run.
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16:37Johnny:Equivalent to$15 per month. New customer offer for first three months only, then full price plan options available. Taxes and fees extra. See Mint Mobile for details. I think it also weighs on our intelligence, right? Because a lot of times these questions can sound pretty simplistic, like we haven't really thought through and we should know the answer to them. So I'm just going to skip forward. And it feels good to take perspective. It feels intelligent. It feels like, okay, I'm being empathetic. And especially in situations where it's a partner, a spouse, a best friend, where we feel like we've heard all their stories.
17:13Johnny:We know everything about them. So of course, I'm going to be really good at taking their perspective. And it's really in those situations that we often have the biggest blind spot. I've got a great story about that. Actually, I, years ago, I decided to become a certified mediator. And so, you know, and so I took this mediation course. And it was like early in the pandemic. So the whole thing was online. and so I spent you know you have to take 40 hours to get the certificate and I spent 40 hours in the course of one week learning mediation like on my computer and then you know it's Friday night and of course you know it's the pandemic so everybody's isolated nobody's going anywhere but like you know so my husband like makes me a martini and we're gonna have like a nice you know date night in our kitchen and I asked him about his work and he starts talking about how Oh, you know, something is going on with his boss and like he's not getting the credit that he should be getting.
18:17And, you know, he's probably not going to get promoted and whatever. And it's a conversation we've had multiple times because he's been in this job with this boss like for a while and things have been not going swimmingly for a while. and I'm like look we've had this conversation a million times and I know what you're about to tell me and I know that this is a dead end and like it's really really obvious that you need to leave and get another job and like when are we gonna go do that and then there was this like deadly silence and I was like yeah oh shit you know and then you know I'm sitting there with this like drink and I can tell date night is ruined uh and then it occurs to me that I just spent 40 hours in a mediation course you know and I did exactly the opposite of like everything I've been taught in terms of, you know, asking and inquiring and trying to understand the other person's perspective.
19:28Like I did exactly what you just said. I assumed I knew everything because it's my spouse and we've had this conversation before and what could possibly be new in this? Right. Yeah, that was a mistake.
19:42Johnny:And the other situation that I think trips a lot of us up is when we attribute ourselves to having had the same experience as someone else. So maybe we're talking to a junior member of our team. We're in a leadership role and we're like, I've been in your shoes. I have I know exactly what you're talking about. No, you don't. You haven't been in that person's shoes. So you you take that assumption of like, I've shared this experience. Therefore, I know what their perspective can be. So it feels good to say, oh, hey, I've been there like here. Let me let me coach you through or let me share from someone who's gone through it what it looks like on the other end.
20:18Johnny:And of course, that does not help in disagreement. And you know, what's funny about it is a lot of these things come from a good place. They come from a place of good intentions, right? You want to be helpful. You want to demonstrate empathy. But you just don't know what the other person is going through. And it's hard to keep reminding yourself of that because your own experience feels so vivid and so real and so obviously relevant that, you know, it's really hard to sort of stop and think like, well, is it really the same? Because, you know, it's 20 years later and a different city and a different organization and this is a different human being.
21:05Like, is their experience really identical?
21:10Johnny:So if perspective taking may miss the mark, how should we be looking at things to get a better sense of moving through this disagreement? A lot of what my work focuses on is thinking about how we can use language to kind of bridge the gap, which is, you know, again, like not nearly as sexy as either, you know, mind reading or body language. But language is, in fact, the most reliable form of communication humans have ever come up with. And we should we should use it more and better. So I have a former student who is a professor at UCLA now, and she's got this great phrase that I've stolen from her, which is listen with your mouth.
21:56Meaning that instead of like nodding and smiling and, you know, thinking, oh, I'm not going to interrupt. I'm going to be a good active listener. What you do is you use words to show your counterpart that you really heard them. Right. And so that could be, you know, you ask a question. Right. And then you repeat the answer. And then you ask if you got it right. Right. Because sometimes you ask a question that's like not a very good question. And sometimes you misunderstand the answer. So then the only way to even know that you understood it right is to ask again and say, hey, did I get it right?
22:35And I can tell you that 80 % of the time people are going to say, well, you know, kind of, but also there was this other thing. Right. And so like, even if you kind of got it, you didn't get it completely. So basically listening with your mouth is a fun way to remember that it's words that actually help us listen better, not our ears. to everyone who's listening to this as well. Um, you guys listen to the podcast and you nod along and you're like, Oh yeah, this is good. I'll have to remember this for my next disagreement with my spouse or my boss. And you never do. Um, and, and until afterwards, well, this is why we practice this one of the, these, we practice this skill, one of many in our X factor sessions, um, due to, It needs to be implemented and repetition for you to remember it in the moment.
23:30And it comes out because you're under tension and pressure when you're in the argument, which means you don't have access to this skill unless you've practiced it. And because we practice it in every X Factor session, everyone's amazed at where the conversations go with complete strangers that you're practicing it with because you've never experienced it before. That's so true. And I'm so glad you bring that up, John, because it's really, I think of, you know, I think people have this, like, people think of disagreement in very vague terms and generally negative terms, and they try not to think too hard about it, right?
24:17Because it's unpleasant. And I really think of, I like to demystify it, right? And think about it as a skill, right? And any skill you got to practice. And in the beginning, it's like weird and awkward. And you know, it doesn't sound right. It might sound natural. Yeah. And I love, I love, so it's funny. I'm like, completely 100 % tone deaf. Like, I can't tell, you know, which half note is higher than which other half note of my life depended on it. But I love making musical analogies, because I have sat through many, many, many, many hours of piano lessons and piano practice with my kids, right?
24:57And so when you're first learning to play the piano, it sounds terrible, right? It doesn't sound like music, it sort of, you know, sounds bad. And then you get better at it. And then the more you practice, then eventually it sounds natural. But there's nothing natural about it, because hours and hours of practice went into it. And this is the same. I doubt your tone deafness due to ballroom, being a ballroom dancer and teaching your kids piano. But to go along with that, if this is something that you make a mental note on, I listened to this podcast on conflict last week with AJ and Johnny. Now I'm in conflict.
25:33I'm going to try that thing. Well, it comes out clunky. So it goes poorly. And then guess what happens? You never use it ever again. And then you get the same old, same old.
Read the full transcript
25:44Johnny:I think the elephant in the room here is politeness. And that's what trips us up in these situations because we feel it's impolite to disagree openly, outwardly. We want to save face. We want the other person to not feel like we doubt them or we challenge them. And there's also hierarchical structures in place here at work where we're expected to act a certain way. And those politeness impulses that we have rob us of actually asking more questions and trying to get deeper into what that person's perspective is. We look for shortcuts to avoid conflict because there's uncertainty, there's doubt, and there's that emotional tension and pressure that doesn't feel good.
26:26Johnny:So we try to soften it with politeness. And that's what often makes it clunky. By being polite, we're actually making the disagreement worse and we don't recognize it. So here's a very interesting thing. That's a really that's a good tie in because a lot of what I study is what I call receptiveness to opposing views, which is, you know, how do you thoughtfully engage with other people's perspectives? How do you think hard about things you disagree with. And since we're talking about, you know, conversation and using language, the question is like, how do you express your receptiveness, right? How do I show you with my words that I'm really paying attention to what you're saying?
27:09And people often conflate that with politeness. And it's not politeness, because sometimes, like right now, we're really into what the other person is saying, and we're interrupting each other a bunch, because we're really engaged in this conversation, right? Politeness sometimes sounds very distant and cold, right? So you can be receptive while interrupting each other and cursing. You can be unreceptive by saying, thank you so much. I will take that under advisement. Like that's polite, but you're pretty sure that I'm never going to think about it. And I'm certainly not going to do anything about it.
27:48Right. There's another point to politeness as well, which is who are you being polite to? Are you trying to be polite to them or are you trying to be polite to yourself? By being polite to them, is this going to make your life that much harder, which you always do because you're unwilling to be polite to yourself, the one person that matters? because again the other person might respect you more or have some more compassion or understanding of your perspective if you were if you treated yourself well right so sometimes it's really a matter of you know people people talk because they want to be heard that is literally the only purpose of talking like i wouldn't say words if i wasn't trying to get you to hear my words right So if you show me that you heard me, if you give me a sense that you understand and you're thinking about it and you're somehow incorporating what you're hearing into your point of view, then I can stop talking.
28:52I'm done. The message has been delivered. But if you don't, then I'm just going to keep saying it over and over again because I haven't accomplished my goal of making you hear me.
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31:11Johnny:I gotta say, these linen shorts have become my go-to. They don't wrinkle like cheap linen does. They work with everything and they didn't cost a fortune either. Stop overcomplicating your wardrobe. You don't need a closet full of options. You need the pieces that work. Right now, go to quince.com slash charm for free shipping and 365 day returns. That's a full year to build your wardrobe and love it. Now available in Canada too. Go to quince.com slash charm for free shipping and 365 day returns. Quince.com slash charm. And it feels impolite to get someone's perspective wrong. So we don't take as much risk in our perspective taking because that clarification stings.
32:02Johnny:It feels like we weren't listening. It feels like we're not getting the other person. And it can start to feel like an inquisition when we're just adding all these questions to try to get to the deeper perspective getting and not perspective taking. and that impoliteness robs us of that ability to actually manage this disagreement better. And we see it all the time in our drills and exercises in the X factor, that politeness of like, well, I don't wanna get their perspective wrong. I don't want to misspeak something that they didn't say. And then it feels wrong to be corrected. It doesn't feel good when someone's constantly correcting you.
32:38Johnny:Like, well, that's actually not what I said, AJ. I said this, or I meant this. And the other side of the coin that I want to point out is politeness often leads us to saying not the full truth up front. So we will jump to conclusions with our perspective taking based on that one thing that someone said. But if you get skilled at this and you ask a great follow up question, did I get that right? Am I fully understanding? You actually create the space for them to go deeper and say the real thing that they were holding back because of politeness. And it allows you to smooth over the disagreement faster.
33:12Johnny:Feeling heard is a very big part of this, both sides to managing that disagreement. And one thing that we've seen in the video work that we do and with clients is that they can be very skilled at asking questions. They often aren't so good at listening. They make assumptions that they are good listeners based on other situations where maybe they've been tested on their memorization, their ability to follow along. And then these heightened emotional states, they go, well, I'm a good listener, so I'm just asking the right questions. and we'll solve this. But how should we be thinking about listening?
33:47Johnny:Because it's not just the questions. It's also what we hear from those questions. You can divide listening. It's interesting. Like if you really get granular with what listening is, right? So there's, you know, a person speaking, their words produce sound. The sound hits your eardrums, right? So there's sort of like a very mechanical portion to where, you know, sound waves hitting eardrums, like vibrations are happening, right? Then there's another level, which is those sound waves are getting processed in your brain and turned into meaning. Right. So you're turning sound waves into words. Right.
34:24Now, a lot of people who say they're good listeners, like you said, they are good at comprehending language and they're good at memorizing content. But the person speaking, what makes them feel heard isn't that I memorized the words you said, it's that I understood the broader message you were trying to convey, right? And a lot of that message is emotional content. It can be sarcasm, right? It can be sort of, you know, how this even relates to a prior conversation we've had, right? So like somebody could say something to me and you could memorize the words. But if that somebody is referring to an experience, you know, she and I have had before, you're not going to get any of that content from just listening to the words because you don't know the backstory.
35:18Right. So when you make somebody feel heard, it's because you show them that you sort of get it in this other like extra way, which has nothing to do with either your eardrums or your brain processing sounds and words.
35:33Johnny:So what can we do practically to strengthen that muscle and not just focus on the memorization and comprehension of the words? There's a couple of bits to it. So I have a book coming out called How to Disagree Better. and I very much share your guys love of like exercises and drills. So in the book, there's a lot of, you know, every chapter has like very concrete things that people can do to practice the different skills. You know, and we talked a little bit about question asking and rephrasing, which I think, you know, is in some sense, very common advice. But on the other hand, is advice that nobody carries out because in a disagreement, you don't want to be the other person's therapist, right?
36:21Like, like you didn't sign up for that job, right? You are also a person with an opinion and you also want to state your piece. So I think where a lot of it falls apart is that people ask questions and let's say they ask decent questions and let's say they paraphrase and like really understand where the other person is coming from. But they often give up on that process because they want to talk too. And then when they get to talking about their perspective, that's when the wheels really like go off the apple cart because, you know, you start arguing again, right? You forget that the other person and like this whole thing you just learned about them actually exists.
37:06So a lot of what my research is, is how do you show engagement with the opposing perspective? even when you are actually arguing for your own side.
37:16Johnny:In a lot of those situations, we then default to, well, my intention is good. Like I intend to understand the other person. I intend to treat them fairly, to recognize their perspective while still arguing for my perspective. But those thoughts are invisible and irrelevant. Like your intention in this is not going to solve the disagreement. it. Yeah, I like I like how bluntly you put that in invisible and irrelevant. Yeah, so a lot of the a lot of the work we have done is on an idea we call conversational receptiveness, which is like how you show your receptiveness to the opposing perspective with words and conversation.
37:59And the way we did this is basically, you know, imagine you paired up thousands of people to have disagreement online. And so they're all paired up with somebody they disagree with, and they all have some conversation about some controversial topic. We take the transcripts, and we essentially use machine learning to figure out what are the words and phrases that make some people sound like they're engaging with the other person's argument, even as they're making their own argument, right? So like there's no body language, there's no facial expressions, it's just words. And the question is like, what are the right words that make you sound receptive in disagreement?
38:48And so then through machine learning, we're able to identify sort of like the right words and phrases and then train people on them. And again, drill them on it so that they get used to it to get that feeling of engaging with each other's views, even as you're making your own argument.
39:06Johnny:So what are some of those words and phrases that stood out? Oh, I thought you'd never ask.
39:15You know, so the way machine learning works, right, is that you get just a giant list of words that sort of, you're like, huh, words, okay. And then where actual psychology comes in is that you have to think about which ones kind of go together and fall into kind of themes and categories. And so we organized these into these categories that we call receptiveness features. And then we took the most important receptiveness features and turned them into a snappy acronym. And the acronym is HERE, as in I hear you, right? It's like, it's very on brand. It's all about, It's all about acronyms. So the H, H of the letters in here stands for something.
40:01The H stands for hedging. So hedging your claims. So, for example, words like sometimes, maybe, possibly, right? I could say the COVID vaccines are safe and effective, right? Or I could say most physicians tend to believe that COVID vaccines are largely safe and effective. I basically said the same thing, right? Like I expressed my confidence in the COVID vaccines. But in the second version, I shoved three different hedges into it, which is a lot of hedges. The E stands for emphasizing agreement. So it's phrases like, I also want to, or we are both interested in, or I agree with some of what you're saying.
40:51And so the idea here is that we're not actually trying to compromise, right? We're not trying to reach consensus on an issue. It could be that it'll take us, you know, many conversations or, you know, many years to reach agreement on something. But in every disagreement, there's some stuff we kind of agree on. And so identifying what those things are and trying to kind of like highlight them puts us on the same page, right? Puts the two speakers like on the same side of the table. So I could say something like, we both want to work in a company where all employees feel respected for their contribution.
41:33That's hard to disagree with. Like, I'm not giving up anything. I'm just sort of stating a human value we probably share. um the a in here stands for acknowledgement so acknowledgement like if you've ever been you know in therapy it's the one you've probably heard of uh and it's the idea of acknowledging the other person's uh perspective before you start arguing for yours it's things like i hear you're saying X, Y, Z, or I understand that it's important to you that, or it seems to me that something, something, right? And so the thing with acknowledgement is most of us have heard about it and most of us are really lazy about it.
42:20So what people do is something like, I hear you, but here's why we can't open another position in accounting, right? What we want to say is something like, I hear that everybody in accounting is really overworked around annual close and you are concerned about the burnout of your staff. And also Sherry is going on maternity leave, which is going to make it that much harder this year. but we can't open another position accounting for this reason and that, right? So the outcome is still the same. Like we still can't open another position, but I have shown you sort of clearly and vividly that I was actually listening when you were talking about Sherry going on maternity leave, right?
43:10Like I have internalized that piece of information and I know that it's important to you. And then the R stands for reframing to the positive. So that essentially means that we try to drop some of the contradictory words, no, can't, won't, don't, and try to drop some of the like very negatively valenced words like hate or terrible, and replace them with more positively vain on sports, right? So instead of saying, I hated when people don't let me finish my sentences, right, I could say, I really appreciated when people let me finish my sentences. Right, same deal. Like I'm saying, don't interrupt me, but in a very different tone.
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45:01Johnny:Now, what stood out to me is there is no facts and data in what you shared. And I think many of us, especially the listeners of the show, are very analytical. They're used to building slides and showing all the data of everything that they have to back up their perspective. And in actuality, that is not what is happening at all. You're building a narrative. And what I'm hearing through the HERE acronym is that narrative is a we positive narrative as we work towards a resolution. That has to be seen by the other person. When we start throwing in butts and we start coming from a negative place and we try to overwhelm with facts and data, we don't actually solve the disagreement and it leans more towards full-blown conflict.
45:46Johnny:But I think it's hard for many of us to wrap our head around because we work in an information-driven job. We are expected to handle a lot of facts and data and make decisions around it. And then we think, let me just insert those facts and data in my conflict and let me resolve this and move on to the next set of facts and data I need to work from. The folks who are doing the analytics and the facts and building their slides, they're advisors, where the people who built the company built it through intuition. So they're feelings. They build it on feelings. So your facts are advisements and their intuition.
46:27One way or another is going to disregard your facts if they don't feel good about it. So presenting your facts in a story that they can vibe with is is going to be much more powerful. Most people, when they talk about disagreement, right? they think of it as a competitive interaction. And if you think about the words we use for disagreement and conflict, right, we talk about winning an argument, we talk about defending a position, we talk about, you know, mounting, you know, mounting evidence, right? It's like very martial, right? Like all these words have to do with war. And of course, most of the time, the reason we're disagreeing with a person is because we want to achieve something together, Right.
47:17Like we're in a company or we're on a team or, you know, we are running a family. We're not actually trying to, you know, sort of stomp all over them. And so if you're going to get them to hear your facts and data, you need to make them not feel like a loser as a result. Right. If your whole point is I'm going to sound smarter than you and drown you in facts, they're not like they're going to do whatever they can to not feel stupid. but people don't like feeling stupid. Here's some Harvard science for you guys. People don't like feeling stupid.
47:52Johnny:Thank you for doing that research. I'm glad you brought that up because even when I make content around this subject, my comments get filled with people who are, I will win you over with my facts. I don't care what, and like, you're not getting it.
48:15And I'm a strickler for data like anybody else. But again, when you build stuff, you're pulling data that feels good. You have a gut intuition from doing something over and over and over again and starting to see success that that data may or may not back up. And I think for a lot of people who are working with AI now are, are start, are starting to have an understanding of that because they're like, great. I have all the data in the world that, that I need now. But even Claude asked me, does that feel right to you? Does that track right to you? Like, well, you're the one to tell me this and that.
49:01And then of course, you know, I'll, I'll ask it stuff. I'm like, Hey, that's really nice. Can you give me the source where you got that? or give me the where you're pulling those numbers like oh well I kind of I pulled them out of the sky and so anyone it's thinking hearing the message that Clyde is now sent yet well I don't know what version they got because mine not cutting it well you know here's what's really funny right is that I you know again as a researcher like I work with a bunch of nerds I'm a huge nerd myself. And so we actually we actually did a bunch of studies on this question of should you persuade people with stories or should you persuade people with data?
49:45And I think the question that people often forget to ask themselves is sort of who am I talking to and what's the purpose? Right. So if I'm presenting to, let's say, a panel of investors and they come in with an open mind because, you know, they'll invest in me or they'll invest in, you know, the next person pitching to them, facts and data are great, right? Because they are objective, unbiased people. But if I'm in a conflict, and the other person has their own opinion, and they think that I am biased by my own self interest, and I have an agenda, then when I present data, it sounds like I'm maybe twisting the facts, right?
50:30Like I took my data, and I, you know, did funny things to the spreadsheet, right? And so what we found in the experiments we've run is that you can make the same exact argument using accurate facts, you know, back it up with studies, or you can tell that argument in terms of a personal story. and when the when people use a personal story to argue for a particular perspective they're seen as more trustworthy so you know people just sort of like especially the personal story is a little bit vulnerable if it's about a difficult time you've been through or about a failure people are reluctant to believe that you just made it up look to be highly effective you need to speak both languages.
51:22And to answer your question with that, this is we demonstrate, show, and practice our clients how to identify what the person they're talking to needs to hear in one conversation for you to be effective. Their language will tip you off. And if you're practicing that skill, you will be highly effective at it and you will be efficient and getting what you want.
51:51Johnny:There's another part of this military speak that comes out with leadership, right? So once we start to arrange ourselves in a hierarchy, we feel as a leader, we can't show doubt. We can't show that we didn't hear that person. We can't show that we were wrong. And unfortunately, what that leads us to do is avoid hedging completely. We want to come of the gate just saying like, this is how it is. Like, I got the facts and data. I got the perspective. This is what my manager wants. So as a leader, it feels uncomfortable culturally to show that doubt and to hedge when other people are looking up to us.
52:30Which is, you know, again, funny because that's what we've always been told. And it's kind of wrong. There's a lot of good research that shows that showing uncertainty uncertainty and changing your mind even as a leader leads to some very positive judgments, right? You know, and here's like, here's a thought experiment, right? So imagine you wanted to express, imagine if you're deciding how much uncertainty you should express, okay? And you say to me, Julia, how many kids do you have? Okay. If, well, I have three kids. If I said I have some number of kids between two and five, that would be pretty weird, right?
53:18You'd be like, uh, too much. Why are you hedging? If you said to me, Julia, how many inches of snow are going to fall in Boston next year, and I said 27.4, you would say that's crazy. That is the definition of overconfidence, right? Like you do not have a crystal ball. You have no idea how many inches of snow are going to fall in Boston next year, right? And so you are claiming a level of certainty that is frankly bullshit. And we should not put you in charge of snow removal, right? So different situations call for different levels of uncertainty and being appropriately uncertain is what makes you sound competent.
54:08Johnny:It's hard in many of these contexts where we've seen other leaders demonstrate overconfidence and feel like they were compensated for that overconfidence when they hit the nail on the head that we then feel we have to demonstrate the same level of confidence in order to get people to follow us, in order to get people to fall in line and drive forward, especially in organization. And I think we often equate maybe with weakness, like, oh, it's a weak position to take. That's what psychologists call survivor bias, right? Because we see all the leaders that got promoted for overconfidence. We don't see all the leaders that got fired for overconfidence because they got fired.
54:50Johnny:There's far more, actually. Right. And every one of those overconfident leaders who didn't get fired is one overconfident step away from getting the same result. Exactly. So I do think that we get some sort of, you know, especially young people who are like, just starting their careers and just thinking about leadership and you know, whatever, getting their advice from TikTok, like some of them are getting terrible advice. And there is some great behavioral science out there that they could be consuming instead. Let's talk about this as we wrap here, because I feel like many of our listeners are consuming that same content and feeling that the world is more polarized than ever.
55:30Johnny:I don't share that belief. I think the content that we're consuming leads us to that reality and that belief. And because of that, we're not even attempting to solve disagreements. We're going straight to full blown conflict or cutting these people out of our life, saying you're undateable. I can't be friends with you. I don't want to work in this environment because you share a certain viewpoint. So what do you say to those listeners who are feeling this polarization and saying, OK, I love to hear framework, but I can't do that with someone who's across the political aisle or someone who has this crazy worldview on vaccines, etc.
56:03I'll do the typical academic thing and say you're both right a little bit. So there's a lot of data that we are more polarized than ever, but we are not nearly as polarized as we think we are. Right. So like it's bad, but we all think that it's worse than it is. And, you know, there's a there's a terrific think tank called More in Common. And they have they did a research project a few years ago called the Perception Gap Project. And you can go it's like perceptiongap.org. What it does is it asks you, let's say, what your political affiliation is. and then it asks you for your opinions on a bunch of topics.
56:48And then you have to guess the opinions of the other side. And then the website sort of crunches all the data and shows you here's the real opinions of the people on the other side. And here's what the people on your side, including yourself, guessed. And so what you see is both liberals and conservatives are like wildly pessimistic about how bad things really are. Because people on both sides are actually more moderate by far. And then the more strong you are politically yourself, the worse your estimates are. So people who are on the extremes think that everybody is on the extremes. And that's just not true.
57:37Right. And that's a little bit part of naive realism, right? Like the thing we talked about in the beginning, how I think I get it. Like, well, if I think that everybody is extreme, then that, that shapes my views of the world. And that makes me approach conversations in a particular way, which is usually pretty, you know, pessimistic. But, you know, people actually want to talk like, you know, what I often tell my students, and this is an assignment I give in class, you know, regularly, the assignment I give them is find a person in your real life that you strongly disagree with. And you have to talk to them for 20 minutes.
58:19And, you know, it can't be like email or text. It has to be a conversation. So, you know, pick up the phone or, you know, set up Zoom or go show up in person. And the goal of that conversation is for you to understand why they believe what they believe. And so you can express your own point of view, but only sort of like in the service of helping you understand their point of view better, not to argue. And, you know, and then of course they have to do it for class, but they can't dodge it. And they have to write a paper about it. And I hear some like incredible experiences. People have sort of like truly profound experiences because they've never done this before.
59:02And what they often find is that the other person really loves that they finally approach them and ask them about their beliefs. And that other person wants my student to come back and thank me for it, which is really, really very interesting.
59:21Johnny:What I find so fascinating about that exercise is that it doesn't mean you have to change your beliefs. It doesn't mean that you have to come to some sort of agreement on what the disagreement is, but just seeking to understand is the place of finding common ground. So when you say everything is so polarized, I can't find common ground. You're not even trying. You're not even seeking to understand where that other person's perspective is coming from. Common ground is great, but the goal should not be common ground. The goal should be understanding the other person in a way that they would say, yeah, that's right.
59:58You got it right. You understand me now. That should be the goal.
1:00:02Johnny:Well, thank you so much for joining us, Julia. Where can our audience find out more about all of your great research in the book? So my website is disagreeingbetter.com. The book is called How to Disagree Better. It's It's available for pre-order now and it will be in your inbox on March 24th. Thank you so much. Thank you guys. This was great. Thank you.
1:00:35Thank you for listening to the Articharm podcast. And now comes a part of the show where we showcase one of our X Factor Accelerator members. Take it away, Boris. My name's Boris. I'm a senior software engineer. I was born in Europe and moved to the United States 10 years ago. There was a time when I was lacking sense of community and belonging. I chose the Art of Charm program because I wanted to advance my career and build a personal circle of people with similar values. The program made me view people around me as doors to new opportunities. That person at the conference can refer you to your next job.
1:01:13That stranger at the coffee shop is a gateway to your new hobby. That passenger on the train is your significant other if you make the move. I recommend to take a step and sign up for the Art of Charm program. I will see you at the AUC Family Reunion. Thank you, Boris. It was a pleasure and honor working with you two. And good luck to you and all of your future endeavors. If you've gotten value out of this or any of our podcasts, head on over to your favorite podcast player and rate and review the show. It would mean the world to us and it helps others find this show. Till next week, go out there and make it charming.
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From the publisher
Why do disagreements spiral into conflict — even when both people think they’re being reasonable?
AJ and Johnny sit down with psychologist Julia to break down the biggest mistake we make in conflict: assuming we understand the other person. From “naive realism” to the limits of perspective-taking, this episode reveals why most arguments become two people trying to correct each other instead of actually listening.
You’ll learn a more effective approach: using language to show real understanding, ask better questions, and stay engaged — even when you strongly disagree.
Chapters
00:00 – Why we misunderstand disagreement07:00 – The trap of “I’m right, you’re wrong”15:00 – Why perspective-taking fails22:00 – Listening with your mouth30:00 – The HERE framework for better conflict42:00 – Why facts don’t win arguments
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Episode resources:
DisagreeingBetter.com
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disagreement, conflict resolution, communication skills, listening skills, perspective taking, social psychology, emotional intelligence, difficult conversations, receptiveness, argument dynamics, relationship communication, understanding others
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