Lindy Teammate: Flo Crivello on Multiplayer Agents, Memory & Why He'd Ban the Chinese Models He Uses

0:00Hello, and welcome back to The Cognitive Revolution. Today, I'm speaking with Flo Crivello, founder and CEO of Lindy, as he's launching Lindy Teammate, an AI employee that joins your company's Slack. This is, of course, competing directly with Claude Tag, and very notably, it is running on DeepSeek. Even so, Lindy is subsidizing onboarding at least, and the first half of this conversation goes really deep into where all of those tokens are going. We talk about the nuances of multiplayer mode, how Lindy thinks about the social contract surrounding historical data, and how they're using prompting to enforce it, plus a ton about memory implementation and the background processing that Lindy uses to continually optimize memory.

0:48Flo's command of the relevant literature is evident throughout. We get Flo's vendor recommendations for file systems and sandboxes and discuss why he prefers to buy where he can and remains bullish on software infrastructure startups. We also talk about life in Lindy now that Lindy's teammate exists and how he thinks about Lindy and all frontier AI systems as a superintelligence in most respects that still somehow chooses to walk to the car wash a bunch of times every day. For now, Flo says we're in the centaur era. The best ideas at Lindy are generally co-created between humans and AIs. But Flo feels that this will be temporary.

1:28And before too long, he expects that humans will simply be adding noise to highly optimized AI systems. And that, it should be said, is in the good world. Because, as Flo puts it, in light of OpenFace and other similar incidents, it is late July 2026. We have AGI. We're in takeoff. And we've not figured out alignment. With that in mind, we compare notes on how friends and acquaintances at AI companies are now kind of panicking. And in the final section, we discuss Flo's very surprising position, that Chinese models should be banned in the United States. As of now, I definitely do not agree. But we have a good-natured back and forth about various arguments, and ultimately he seemed open to a compromise on something perhaps more like an insurance requirement for companies selling AI services that would allow us to press the risk of Chinese models instead of banning them outright.

2:22In any case, I have to say, Flo is a one-of-one. After sprinting through the general-purpose AI assistant product race for the last three years, he is still super open about how Lindy works, and he's fully candid about every issue he cares about. It makes for a really fun conversation about multiplayer AI, machine memory, and the uncomfortable politics of building your company on models that you yourself would like to see banned. This is Flo Crivello, founder and CEO of Lindy. Flo Crivello, CEO at Lindy. Welcome back to the Cognitive Revolution. Thanks, Nathan. Always in the middle to be here.

3:03I am excited for this conversation. You got some big news at Lindy with a new product launch that is the occasion for this conversation. But obviously, we are in the thick of it when it comes to the AI exponential as well. And so you've been, I know, over time, outspoken on a bunch of really critical AI issues. And I definitely want to get into that as we get deeper into the conversation as well. But let's start at the center with what you are working on. Lindy is now evolved again. We started with kind of a smart Zapier workflow software kind of thing a couple of years ago. There have been multiple big evolutions.

3:41One that I also definitely want to get into is your recent post on shifting your model mix and getting away from American proprietary models a bit and embracing more of the open source and saving a bunch of money. But the big evolution now is that Lindy is a full on AI employee and it's going to be available in Slack, just like all your other teammates, whether they be human or agent. Tell us about the new big launch. Yeah. You know, from like the get-go, we've always been going after like the AI employee. And I do think that it used to be quite early when we started to go after that, like three years ago.

4:17And now I think it's basically here. I think like what we are releasing today is called Lindy Teammate. It is an AI employee that lives in your Slack, connects to all of your tools, accumulates your entire team's context. And it's really like a team scaffold. I think like AI right now is in the middle of making this huge leap towards multiplayer experiences. I compare it to, you know, maybe you'll remember, like we used to send each other like weird documents around by email, you know, with like revisions and stuff. And, you know, I compare the difference between multiplayer and single player AI as between like sending each other weird documents and Google Docs, like an actual shared document.

4:53If you really want your AI to be a teammate, your agent to be an actual member of the team, like you want it to be where your team collaborates, which is Slack. You want it to have its own shared context about the entire team, its own shared memory. You want everyone to be able to talk and collaborate with the same agent. Instead of right now, it's like we're all in the same meeting room and we're all talking. And then every time one of us wants to talk to what's turning out to be maybe the most important constituency of the company, which is the AI agents, we have to leave the room and then come back.

5:21You know, so that's what we're working on is like this new multiplayer experience and this multiplayer scaffold. So many angles of that, I think, are interesting. How, first of all, how does it onboard, right? This is that companies have put a lot into over time when it comes to their human employees. Yes. I've done this myself with my own kind of deep context that I stumbled my way through earlier this year, and it is serving me really well, but it's easier for me because it's just my stuff and I own it all. And I don't really have to worry about what the expectations were around privacy. Because again, I'm going to be the only consumer of it.

5:59When you get into multiplayer mode, now I'm like, oh gosh, you've got different channels where different people were gathered. And maybe some of those channels were private. Maybe some of them were public, but definitely private. So just practically procedurally, how do you suck up all the information? How is it stored? And then on a social level, what are the tricky considerations that you are identifying in the multiplayer context? Yeah, that is an excellent question. and that touches on exactly what we've been obsessing about, which is I really do think that as we're getting to AGI and as we now arguably have AGI, intelligence actually matters less and less, comparatively speaking, and context matters more and more.

6:38You know, I often think of it as like, look, you know, like one of the smartest men in history was John von Neumann, right? If you will to have John von Neumann just magically appear next to you at the office, this guy over the next hour or day would be less useful to you than your random co-worker right so and that's because of context because you're like you got a job to do and like you don't have time to onboard john van neumann you know he doesn't have the context to let it so you're like hey like i love you i really want to talk to you but right now i'm going to talk to this guy because i have like an important thing to do so we i do agree that context is super important and it's one of those surprising times when actually agents are better than humans at onboarding it shouldn't take me by surprise anymore but it always does because you always operate under the assumption that oh you know we don't have a gi yet so obviously humans are going to be better but they're not and and the reason for that is because very often one major ways that companies onboard their human employees is their wikis right there's like in-person onboarding sessions and all of that stuff, but there's also a lot of written documentation.

7:44And as everyone knows, the moment written documentation is written, it's out of date. And so what we've built is we've built this shared context layer and what we call like a hydration system. And so basically the way it works is you sign up to LinkedIn Mate, you connect your tools. So, you know, by all means, connect your wiki, like that'll help, you know, like Confluence, Notion, Google Docs, whatever. And then you connect, most important, which is Slack. Because that's where the real knowledge lives. It's just a mess. But agents don't mind the mess. And so then what we do is that we crawl your entire Slack.

8:22And we build a knowledge graph based on a file system. Maybe we'll be able to pause and edit after that. This is what it looks like. So you're on board. And immediately she starts learning. So you can see here, this is within 10 seconds of starting to sign up. And she's still learning. Like here, like the graph on the right is still limited. And so she tells me, this is what I've learned about you. And it's surprisingly good. And then this graph on the right keeps growing and growing and growing. And importantly, there's just two layers to this graph. And there is like a personal layer and there is a workspace layer.

8:58So at any moment, you can go into your file system in Indie. This is the new Indie. You click on Files, and it brings together this memory file here that is supported by a bunch of reference files. And this is all maintained automatically in the background by a team agent. And so hopefully this answers your question about how do you do it because some channels are public, some channels are private, some documents are public, some documents are private. The way it works is that there is this memory agent. We call it napping, not sleeping. So it runs every something like 15 minutes. It's like, why would you need to sleep every 24 hours?

9:32So it just runs continuously in the background. And anything that is public, it updates the team file system and the team memory with. And anything that is personal and that is private, it just updates each person's file system with. So, and in the end, it collates all of that. And the agent, when you talk to the NITMA, uses all of that context and crawls the entire file system. So there's a lot of technical challenges we had to solve in order to get there. because the context that it accumulates is like many millions of tokens and you can't add all of that at every turn. So that was one thing we had to figure out.

10:07Yeah, interesting. I'll share a little bit about what I stumbled into and you tell me what you have learned that might be even better. First of all, just have to connect all the tools and get the exports. I found that there were interesting edge cases that I was constantly running into in my own personal export heuristic that I tried to write. One time I had a heuristic that the longer emails I sent are probably more substantive, and I'll definitely make sure I capture those. But then it turned out that at the very top of that power ranking was often something that I'd copied out of an LLM and was sending to somebody with usually a message at the top, here's what I got from Claude or what have you.

10:47But it was like weird now that according to that heuristic, this Claude text is one of the more weighty pieces of my writing. So I've bumped into a lot of these things over time and had this special case. Yeah. I guess maybe one question is just like, when you step into a new organization blind, and logging is another, right? In our Slack channels at my company, Waymark, we've had various logs moved into Slack over and over and over again. How do you identify these idiosyncratic special case things that could overwhelm or flood or mislead them get to the real good stuff? so that's the next question I think the main way that we've solved this is the fact that the memory is maintained by an agent itself I think this is why I'm ultimately quite bearish on RAG as an approach and I'm very bullish on this like agentic management approach because you have an actual agent which has its own memory so you have a sort of meta memory and understands what it is that it's looking at.

11:54And by virtue of accumulating that knowledge little by little about the organization gets smarter and smarter about what actually matters. It's actually sort of similar to training a model because if you were to insert poisoned data into the model data set, like, hey, I don't know, Darth Vader was a woman, it would get the data, but it would be drowned by all the correct data. So here it's the same. It's like, if you have enough memories And if you feed that to a system that understands it, the system ends up understanding. And so the very concrete example you are using is actually an emergent behavior we have seen the memory agent adopt.

12:33Because the memory agent has its own memory. So it's a sort of meta memory about how do I manage my memory? What sources of information matter? Like, you know, all of that. And which ones are trustworthy and all of that. And we have noticed that the first time the memory agent crawls the Slack it finds, some of those channels, like many organizations have them, like those log channels. And it learns to ignore them. It's like, I'm not going to keep spending time on those channels. There's nothing for me to learn there. The thing that's been critical for us has been building meetings as a first-class citizen in this system.

13:08I really do believe that meetings are very underrated as a source of information. They all were like 90 % of the most up-to-date data leaves about the company. Like everything that matters inside the company has a meeting around it. Every relationship, every project, every initiative, everything has a meeting around it. And so I think like those multiplayer agentic systems cannot really get meetings like Granola or whatever. Like I think you have to really incorporate it in your system as a first-class citizen. And so what we did is that, you know, we built that first-class citizen. We have meetings.

13:43Now it's the first classic design in Lindy. And most importantly, it's like, again, it's not just a granoa, you know, oh, it's recording your meetings, and so questions about them, you can do all of that stuff. But it goes beyond that, and it feeds these meetings to your memory agent. And now, if a meeting was public, so you can set up meeting folders, which automatically add meetings, you can set up meeting folders which automatically add meetings to themselves and share them with your entire team. And so then it summarizes all of the meetings that are in these folders. And again, if a meeting was added to a public meeting folder that shared with the entire company, then it debates the team's network with it.

14:28And so it keeps updating that context on an ongoing basis. And now you can chat with, it's basically like a team mate that's been in every meeting in the company. You can chat with the entire corpus of meetings. You can be like, what are customers saying? What's the biggest request lately? Like, you know, what's been the feedback about this and that teacher? So this brings up another interesting challenge that I've, again, kind of stumbled my way to at least the solution for now on. And I'm very interested to get your take on both kind of the backward looking aspect of it and the forward looking perspective.

15:05the the issue is there's a lot of stuff in my broad general context that probably shouldn't be shared with other people right sometimes it's sensitive confessional one person's point of view on another person like whatever right so i've actually created for my own wiki two versions of it one is the i think of kind of clawed on my main laptop where i do my work as an extension of myself and a second brain type of thing. So this thing is not taking on projects autonomously and running with them. It's just doing what I tell it to do. And it has the full wiki with all the, all the gossip or whatever that's in there.

15:42I don't have honestly that much super sensitive stuff. I don't want to make it sound like it's more dramatic than it is, but nevertheless, people didn't expect that when they were telling me something, which could have been on a call or an email or a private Slack message, that it was going to go into some central repository of an agent that is going to now talk to the world. So that one's just for me. I had it go through and create a version using the heuristic of what would be appropriate for a person to tell a human assistant, the sort of still private, but a little bit more public facing wiki where it would be appropriate for my human assistant to have your email and phone number, right?

16:20But it might not be appropriate for every detail of every conversation we've ever had to be in there. How are you thinking about, as you absorb all this historical information, being sensitive to what should and shouldn't be in memory such that it ought to be shared? The second part is like, how are organizations going to change now? Because I think this is all, we're rewriting the social contract potentially in real time. So I think application or one strategy for everything that came before, but the answer might be like new social norms going forward. I want to get your take on that too. Yeah.

16:52this has been a vociferous debate inside the team it has been there has been two camps there have been the camps that are like frankly i'm in that camp they're like just two tiers of memory is enough right so there's the public team tier and then there's the private tier and the private tier contains everything and the public tier contains like stuff that's only private public and some other members of the team have been saying what you've been saying like they've been saying like no actually even my private tier i don't want to contain a lot of stuff i want like a superpower private key. And then there was this whole thing, like what if we defined multiple memory bubbles and the user can edit them?

17:25And I'm like, that sounds kind of overkill. And so what we landed on and what these teammates landed on, honestly, is they have edited their own meta memory prompt. And the meta memory prompt is just a text file. It's your memory.md file in your file system in Indy. Your memory agent has that memory prompt injected in its context window at every moment. And so if you insert a line up there, that's like, this is what I never want you to remember. Just at the top or something. Anywhere in the file, really. But you can do that. This is what I never want you to remember. Oh, by the way, that other stuff that's like a sensitive topic, please remember it in that other file, in that other folder that's got out of you.

18:04And I don't want you to pull this file or this folder unless X, Y, or Z. Right? So you can just, like, leave these instructions. And so that's another reason why I'm very shrag and I'm bullish text and file system is you can inspect the memory and you can edit it and you can just like very granularly insert this kind of guardrail. Yeah, interesting. So you just to make sure I understand can repeat it back. One source of ground truth and you create different lenses on that information just by prompting. So you can have your, I could tell my agent like, hey, just so you know, this contains everything I've ever, every conversation I've ever had.

18:47Always use the heuristic of you should only really be using information that would have been appropriate for me to share with a human assistant. And if it doesn't seem appropriate, then don't use it. And obviously instruction following is getting extremely good. So I can do pretty well. Actually, I was mispeaking. Like there is a time when I have used this and it's literally for this podcast. I was preparing to go on this podcast and I knew I was going to talk about the memory agent. So you see here, I have like a memory MD, which is my actual memory file. And then I have a memory 2 MD, which is like a sanitized memory file where I've removed overly sensitive information.

19:20And you can see in my memory MD here, there is like not a bini. The file system also contains a memory 2 MD file. Ignore its contents. They are just here for the users demoing Lindy on podcasts. So yeah, you can just do your own thing here. Yeah, okay, cool. I do, because my version does have the, it's not dry problem right now. I've got two things to maintain and it does create some overhead. So I can see why that could be advantageous. Hey, we'll continue our interview in a moment after a word from our sponsors. Today's episode is brought to you by Anthropic, makers of Claude and Claude Code.

20:02Over the last few months, Claude has helped me build and refine a personal deep context database that now contains all of my emails, Slack messages, tweets, DMs across platforms, video calls, and podcast transcripts going back a full five years. On top of that, we've now layered summary articles describing my relationship with hundreds of contacts, organizations, and ideas. And now that this exists, there's almost nothing that Claude can't help with. For my angel investing, Claude can now draft investment memos in exactly the form that my venture fund requires, based on the calls I've had and the emails I've exchanged with the founders.

20:42And when someone needs a favor, Claude can often do it as well as I can. Recently, a friend reached out to ask if I know anyone who might be a fit for a role that he is currently hiring for. Initially, nobody came to mind. But then I thought to ask Claude, and sure enough, it identified two great leads. Claude is the AI for minds that don't stop at good enough. It's the collaborator that actually understands your entire workflow and thinks with you. So, for problems worth solving, get started with Claude at claude.ai slash tcr. That's claude.ai slash tcr. And check out Claude Pro, which includes all of the features mentioned in today's episode.

21:24That's claude.ai slash tcr. are what all what things are kind of coming up as you're doing multiplayer i remember going back to gpt4 way back when i was red teaming i did some it's taken longer than i thought and the reason i even bring this up is because back then i was doing some simulations of a facilitator you're an ai facilitator in a group family group that's focused on exercise and your job is to encourage people and give some reminders and whatever and i was playing all the roles of the participants and just having AI play that role. And even at GPT-4, it was like doing pretty well in a relatively simple context.

22:02And yet it's been like three years now until we're finally getting these real kind of AI employee type experiences. What has been hard about getting multiplayer to work in an intuitive way that might be unobvious to somebody who hasn't been through the slog himself? Yeah. Yeah, I actually think it's been the scaffold, the context management, like this piece, like the context buildup, it's in a way inspired by Carpath's auto-wiki idea. And so we've had to do a lot of work around context management because once you talk to an AI employee, it's actually quite unlike just talking to like a Chagipity or a cloud because you actually expect it to keep a very rich representation of its past context and of its past memories.

22:51is you really expect a level of consistency and coherence out of an AI employee that you don't expect out of your cloud. Like cloud sort of like, it's cute. Sometimes it plugs like previous memories about you in your chat, but like you don't really do like heavy work on an ongoing basis with it in the same way that you do with an employee. So managing all of that context, so both the memory agent that builds up the context, that's millions and millions and millions of tokens per user, and then the core agent that actually uses that context and how does it retrieve the right information at runtime?

23:23Like this has been like a major, major, major challenge. Frankly, I've sometimes been telling the team, like, and I can't imagine we're the only company thinking that. Like I sometimes feel like we should be publishing because I think we're doing stuff that's like seriously state of the art. And it's quite frequently that we do stuff. And like three to six months later, we see a paper come out and blow up about that thing. There was one time when literally the paper was named what we had called the thing internally because it was obvious. And so I think context and memory management has been a really, really big part of the challenge.

23:57Reliability is always another part of the challenge, right? Like you want to make your model work. And so we've worked quite a bit on reliability. Like we've called it like a validator. It's basically a sort of, it's an LLM as a judge that triggers like multiple times during the tasks, but it's modular. So you have multiple LLMs as a judge fan out and it's sort of counsel. and then they talk to each other and they decide what to do. So that's been one. The self-improvement loop, I think like since GPT-4, models have become so capable that now you can actually have self-improvement loops. And so, you know, well, not the first ones to talk about it with no exception.

24:34You know, Lindy is now self-improving. So we can literally see a curve of error rate go down into the right. You know, that's the direction you want to see error rate go down. It went down by like, literally within the first week of us putting the self-improvement loop online, which was like two months ago or something, it went down by 8x there rate. I think this probably captures it. I think those have been like the really big, meaty chunks we've had to figure out. One big question that brings to mind is how you are managing caching. And then caching, of course, is just one angle on managing cost in general.

25:10So maybe we could expand beyond caching and talk about cost management. who obviously there's a significant upfront amount of tokens that you're going to dedicate to in all this context from a new organization and processing it. And so I'm interested in the business model implications of that. Do you have to charge a setup fee or do you need an annual contract? How are you balancing your initial investment with the level of commitment from the company? And then with so many tokens getting processed all the time and with memory being assembled in different ways and different situations all the time, different users with their combination of the public and the private.

25:52How are you thinking about managing input token volume? How much is caching playing into the strategy? How are you making this something that, you know, still on net ends up costing less than a human employee? Headline, we haven't. You know, I think headline, like, these things still cost more than a human employee, but not for very long. And like, look, I'll be real. for subsidizing it. This is what we've raised VC money for. You know, actually, fun fact, we used to subsidize it very heavily. And then we sort of famously switched to a Chinese model and that made us stop subsidizing it. And now with Lindy Teammate, we have realized our users again are throwing much more complex stuff that they were asking to our previous product, which was more like a personal assistant.

26:38So it was like simple-ish task. It was like, hey, send this email to Flow, schedule this meeting. I always say you don't need God to schedule your meetings. So like here, like even a deep seek flash was like enough, frankly. And so that was cost effective. With an indie teammate, we're back at it and back into, frankly, negative gross margin territory. And so that said, you know, obviously, I don't like having negative gross margins. I'm at peace with it because, you know, we are very, very confident that it's very temporary. And I actually think you sort of want to build for like the next generation of models always.

27:09And so, you know, we're trying to mitigate the impact of that. And so, yes, context management is a huge piece of the puzzle. Caching is a huge piece of the puzzle. Our current cash rate is at 85%, which is lower than it should be, frankly. And we spend a lot of time just iterating on it. We put a lot of systems in place to alert us when the cash rate dips because it's finicky. You make any change anywhere in your system and you break your cash. And now your cash rate dips from 85 % to 65%. And the gap between both, it sounds small, but actually it's almost 2x the price. to go from 85 % to 65%.

27:45So, you know, set up all of those systems. I think one of the biggest breakthroughs we had, and this is one of those things that I'm frankly expecting someone will publish. I guess RLMs was like adjacent to that, but we call them context buckets. And the way it started was, if an agent calls an action that returns too much context, like some actions, some MCPs in particular, retrieve like 100 ,000 tokens or something. You don't want to send that to the agent because they get confused. So what you do is that you expose that as a summary of the context bucket. And it's a subagent which contains the entire bucket.

28:27It's like, hey, this action returned too much so I'm here to stand in for what the action returned. Roughly speaking, this is what it contains. And then the agent can enter into a conversation with the subagent which itself has its own caching, and can manipulate the context using Unix utilities. So right here, you're saving a lot. You're saving a lot of money, and it goes quite fast. Then we went one step further, and we were like, hey, what if we could have recursive context buckets? What if context buckets could contain other context buckets? And what if compaction, because obviously we have compaction, was powered by such recursive context buckets?

29:06And by that, I mean, now, when we compact, so the conversation goes, it passes a threshold. I think right now it's like 200 ,000 tokens, but we keep tweaking it. And at some point, we're like, okay, we're going to compact. We compact. And then the compaction sends all of that stuff into a context packet. So now the agent can query that context packet. It's not like every compaction is always lussie by nature. And I think compaction operates under the faulty assumption that you never need access to ground truth, which is false. You at some point do need access to ground truth. So with that technique, you have access to ground truth.

29:42And then we went a step further, which is, so you have that context packet, which is the compaction of the previous conversation. The conversation keeps going, keeps going, keeps going. You need to summarize again. What you do is that you take all of that, including this context packet right here, and you compact it into a new context packet. So now you have a context bucket containing a context bucket. And in the end, so you do that. And so you have this emerging property where it's like you can have the agent access any point of any infinite number of tokens at arbitrary levels of granularity.

30:15The problem is that if you have a computer science background, this gives you what's called like ON complexity. So if it wants to access like nine context buckets to go, it's got to go through nine layers of subagents. And that's really slow and really expensive. And so what we ended up doing is maybe it's getting too technical. Never. Okay, well, have you heard of AVL trees? No, but I'm all ears. Have you heard of red black trees? I went to the computer science school of hard knocks, so it wasn't formal training for me. I was actually glad to have AVL and black trees because I was like, oh my God, you guys remember your training?

30:54You know, this is the moment we use those speaking things. because everybody in school is always like, when do you really use those speck things? Like, we're using AVL and Black Trees, baby. Red Black Trees, they're called. So what is described, if you just do the naive implementation, you get that really nice emerging property for free, which is you have all of those linked context buckets that contain one another. But every context bucket always contains just one other context bucket. And so you end up with like this Russian doll of sorts of context buckets. And like, if you want to open, if you want to get to the bottom, it takes a very long time if you want to, you know.

31:26So what you do instead is that you have context packets contain multiple context packets, okay? And so you end up with a tree because basically what you want is you want the topmost context packet not to contain the last 100. You want it to contain the first context packet and the last context packet, right? And so you end up with a self-balancing tree. There's these two algorithms. There's the AVL tree and then there's the red-black tree, which are algorithms that are used to balance a tree. So instead of having one long line, you want to minimize the height of the tree such that going to the bottom takes as few jumps as possible.

32:07Technically, AVL is the demonstrably best way to balance a tree because it leads to the lowest height. A red-black tree is better because it takes into account the cost to balance the tree, which is expensive because you need to regenerate a lot of your context buckets. and you miss your cash when you do that. It's very expensive. So red and black trees, the canonical implementation of red and black trees is on binary trees, which is just a tree where each node's got two children. We went for, it's called a centauri tree. It's literally just each node's got 100 nodes. So the node below that's going to have like 10 ,000 nodes, right?

32:41And so literally with two jumps, you can have 10 ,000 context packets and you can access like all the contexts in the universe. And that leads to some really surprising behaviors because you're literally no more than two LLM calls away from being able to access 10 ,000 context buckets, each one of which contains 200 ,000 tokens. Right. So you're at like 2 billion tokens here of context in two LLM calls. And that is what leads to like those really surprising behaviors from those AI agents where you ask them any question and they remember everything perfectly all the time. And that's awesome. That was one really big thing we had to figure out.

33:21I hope, please, you know, like copy us. Like I will just, we just don't have the time to publish, but you know, this is, we don't mean for this to be secret. Like I think this is a really powerful technique and I have been surprised to not see more communication about it. Just for calibration, how many tokens are you finding businesses have? Like when you say with these two levels, you can get to 2 billion tokens. I don't have a great intuition for that cover a 20-person team that's been in business for five years. What's kind of the heuristic for team size and length of history that translates into how many tokens?

33:57You can probably do the math, but like 2 billion tokens is, we should ask cloud, but it's probably bigger than most libraries. So I think we have few customers whose knowledge base, whose memory is bigger than that. most of the time when you get started, you consume like, for like a team of 20, you know, the hydration components. So it's like, again, it's this moment where like you connect your Notion, you connect your Slack, and then we crawl everything. We look at all of that stuff. For a team of 20, that's going to tend to consume five million tokens at most, you know, three to five million tokens.

34:32And that's with like a team of 20 and like years of Slack histories. Like we literally take all of your Slack history. It takes a while. And actually here, surprisingly, the bottleneck is not even the LLMs. it's the slack api it's like he's that happy about you like yeah i've experienced that yes i'm sure the right way to do it if you're doing it personally is to export your workspace archive we can't ask users to do that so we just crawl crawl the entire history so no i mean like two billion tokens is a lot yeah one data point i have is a podcast and i'm quite self-indulgent and we sometimes go on for a long time but still it's usually only in the sort of 30 to 50 000 tokens range.

35:11So then even having done hundreds over the course of a few years, we're still only in like single digit, maybe low double digit millions for like the entire full text history of the hundreds of podcast episodes. We still got orders of magnitude to go before we would get into the billions. That said, now think of a company that's got, you know, three to seven hours of meetings per day per employee, times 2 ,000 employees. Is that meetings or when you really start to rack up tokens really, really quickly? How do you... So I did experience the Slack thing. Actually, the funny anecdote is the only time I've really experienced data loss, it wasn't too painful, but Claude had identified some weakness or whatever in the...

35:59And I'll bring this back around in a second too, but my kind of raw data is living in a SQLite database. And Claude recognized some deficiency or whatever that it wanted to correct. And it just was like, all right, I'll just drop that database and we'll redo it. But what it wasn't taking into account was the fact that we'd been rate limited on Slack for days to get all the stuff out of Slack. And so it was like, no, you dropped that. And that was the only place where we had Slack. It wasn't really lost, but it was like, okay, we're now going to be added again for five more days just to make API calls to get out of Slack.

36:36In my case, I am the admin of at least the Slack accounts that matter to me the most. But there are workspaces that I'm in where I'm not the admin, and so I can't grant this kind of access. From a business standpoint, does that mean that you have to have admin buy-in from the beginning? It seems like it makes it hard to do product-led growth, land and expand type stuff. That's a good point. You know, Luke, I think that's one reason why PLG, eventually you tap out of it as you go up market. Like, yes, you have to be an admin. You have to have permissions to install applications on your Slack workspace.

37:10So it tends to be fine for teams of up to like 50 to 100. Like after 100, it's pretty rare for everyone to have this kind of access. but many teams up to 100, like pretty much anyone can just Slack, like install like an app. And yeah, I mean, if you go up Pocket and you're like part of a bigger organization, then we have some users who are like, just like championing us internally and they're basically begging the IT to let us in. And then they're like making these meetings happen. And, you know, IT is rightfully cautious. But look, you know, we're like software compliant, we're HIPAA compliant, we're GDPR compliant.

37:45We know we've got our ducks in a row and we're quite used to navigating the internal review processes, which can be burdensome. And so, you know, he's not in the business of being a pain in the butt of anyone. And they are actually themselves very eager. Very often, IT was given an addict, like, hey, guys, we need to actually become an AI native company. So they're actually seeking this kind of solution. But yeah, I mean, you need admin access for sure. Okay, so let's go back to the data structure for a second. Let me give you my data structure. And you can tell me what you think I might be leaving on the table with my homespun version compared to your professional version.

38:23And then it's one of my favorite habits these days. I'll take the transcript and give it to Claude and we'll see if we can't close the gap a little bit. So my version is simply take all of the content that, you know, all the sort of digital exhaust that I've created over the years, which is email and dms and slack and google docs and whatever right put with slack being the most painful one make all the api calls to export all that stuff into a sql database i have everything there mapped onto a threads and messages structure and sometimes that took a little bit of squinting but it basically seems to mostly work and that's like the raw ground truth and i do agree for me it's I've found that it is quite important for the model to be able to get to raw ground truth.

39:15Then I've just done, and this only goes back five years, but that's usually plenty. It's not too often that something happened more than five years ago is like operationally relevant today. I just do a month by month export. I found that for me personally, it was like a couple hundred thousand tokens per month that I'll then compress into a monthly summary, which is like 10, 10 % at the length, right? So whatever, two to 300 ,000 tokens of raw monthly content goes to 20 to 30. Then I'll do that at the yearly level as well. So again, you've got another two to 300 that goes down to a 20 to 30. And then on top of all that stuff, then I just have the model go make a wiki.

39:56And one of the key things that I found along the way in terms of how to get to ground truth, of course, the model can always just send a SQL query, but what should it be querying is not always obvious to it so what i tried to do in my summaries is have the summarizer capture distinctive short sequences of words that would be like needle in a haystack um fine so it would be like here's what happened blah blah blah and then a quick little footnote at the end of what the source was a dm from whoever and these four words will take you that and probably only that in all of my personal history. I'd say it works pretty well for me.

40:38I'm usually pretty happy with it and I do to the right ground truth more often than not. It is only one person. Multiplayer is going to be as I start to onboard my wife and then that'll complicate things at least a bit. What do you think I might be leaving on the table, especially as you think about multiplayer that demands an even more sophisticated approach? Yeah, so I believe the approach you're talking about, and we still have some RAG in our database, and we use that for our RAG as well. It's called, like, hypothesis-driven retrieval. I don't know if you've heard that. It's a sort of reverse hypothesis-driven retrieval.

41:11So there's both. So what hypothesis-driven retrieval does is it generates, like, suppose it's asking, like, where was Justin Bieber born, right? And then you basically, instead of searching for that question using RAG, you search for your hypothesis. Like, Justin Bieber was born in Paris. Justin Bieber was born in New York, in Berlin. And you search for this bucket of hypotheses in your RAC database because obviously, semantically, each of these hypotheses is a lot closer to the answer you might be looking for than to the question, where was Justin Bieber born? So that's the first thing. Then what you do is you also do the opposite, which is when you find an answer in your RAC base, you generate a bunch of questions that map to that answer and you attach them to the answer.

41:52So now the retriever can both look for hypotheses and can still look for its answer for the question. And that's going to tend to increase retrieval quality. That's totally fine. I think one thing you may be leaving on the table is it is really healthy for all of the memory to be managed by one agent. And both retrieval and updating of the memory. And so even though the memory is in a file system, and so your agent could actually just go mess with the file system, what we have found actually, and can still do that, but we tell the agent, we prompt the agent to be like, if you're looking for a memory that you don't have, please ask the memory agent.

42:31And the reason why is because when we ask the memory agents, then what we do is that we log the query, we log the answer, and we log how many hops it took to retrieve that. And then when the memory agent is napping, and dreaming, it looks at this log of like, hey, this is the kind of stuff people have been... It's almost like a librarian. You know, it's like, ah, like I've been hit up left and right. This is a question that I get quite often. So right here, by the way, it acts as a sort of cache, you know, because automatically, so, you know, you always keep in like the memory of the memory agent, like the last like thousand, like question and answer pairs, you know?

43:09So it's like a rolling window. And so it is a sort of cache. But also the memory agent is not going to just rely on that cache because every cache at some point It's got a TTL. It grows a stale and all of that stuff. So what the memory agent will also do is it will restructure its own memory to reduce the number of hops that is needed to retrieve the most frequently asked questions. And that tends to work quite well to improve the memory retrieval and the memory speed. Cool. Interesting. Another system we experimented with and we ended up not implementing it even though it does have strengths from a technical standpoint is have you heard of cavemen?

43:47I'll say no. It's really simple. It's basically you rewrite your text as a caveman. It's like, me, you know, you know, listen, not like burrito, you know, like, it's so retarded. But if you do that, you cut your tokens by like 20 or 30%, which is good, you know? And so cutting your tokens, like it'll make your system faster and make your system cheaper and make retrieval more accurate. It'll just be better with basically no loss of information or context. But, you know, the reason we've not done that is because we actually do care about the maintainability, like the auditability of the system.

44:23And so we did that. Every metric went up. It was awesome. And then the files in the file system look really dumb. It doesn't make us look good, you know, to enterprise customers. Like, why do my memory files look like that? But it works. It's actually similar. You know, there's like a bunch of those techniques to just compress your context. Have you heard of a Toon? T-O-O-N? it's a sort of like JSON alternative that's made for agents that's like I think it's like 20 or 30 % more token efficient than JSON. JSON is actually not that token efficient. So Tune works better than 20 or 30. So this work this is less important for like memory agents but it's just I recommend everyone like makes their agent use Tune instead of JSON and have like a Tune parsing middleware between your agent and its actions.

45:08Like no action should expose JSON to the agent like every action should expose. Yeah, interesting. I'll have to check out this Toon format. I've just used YAML, which also is motivated by similar advantages, but yeah, Toon, token-oriented object notation. And token, I see where we're going with it. It's YAML-ish, and it actually increases the performance of the agents. Like agents, apparently, it was just surprising because there was so much JSON in the training set of the models, but they're apparently more comfortable with Toons than with JSON. of. Jason does have a lot of noise associated with it for sure.

45:43Yeah. I'm more comfortable with the animal than I am with Jason. That's, that's something. The AIs, they're just like us. That's a lesson. One of my biggest surprises as a brief aside, I'm actually working on, I don't know if this will be a podcast or a thread or whatever, but just taking stock and, you know, of course, agents can help make this a quick project where it would be a very tedious project. Otherwise, just going back in history and identifying things that I've been wrong about prediction-wise and some things I've been right about prediction-wise. I mean, one of the things that I used to say quite confidently that has aged maybe the poorest is that we shouldn't be anthropomorphizing models or that will lead us astray.

46:20And I've just been shocked over and over again by how productive it can actually be to anthropomorphize the model. It still feels a little dangerous kind of, but it's hard to argue with the results. I 100 % agree. I do think that that sounds like a happy medium of anthropomorphization. And I think that's another thing that's very top of mind for me right now, is to what extent does anthropomorphization stop being true, in particular when they're important to AI employees. So, for example, the way I've changed my mind, and I haven't changed my mind completely, but I've changed my mind a little bit, relatively speaking, is about multi-agent systems.

46:55I actually have come to believe that most of the time, as much as possible, you want to consolidate as much as possible under a single agent, not multi-agent. That's not all possible, and there's still good reasons to use multi-agents. This is not an absolute statement, but most of the time that's the case. And I actually think that humans intuitively find themselves biased towards very, very multi-agent systems, like far more multi-agents than is optimal, because they're anthropomorphizing a little bit too much, and they're comparing a little bit too much to human organizations. It's like, ah, I have a data scientist, I have an engineer, I have a designer, I have a PM, and so I'm going to create one agent for each of these things.

47:33And actually, the reason why human organizations do that is because if a human has only 24 hours a day and can only contain that much context, was agents obviously have none of those constraints. They can fork, they can duplicate, they can do as much as they want all day. And so I find that division of labor is not a good reason to have multiple agents, which is a major, major fact. Now, again, there are still multiple, there are still different reasons, but the division of labor is not one of them. So I agree. I think by and large, I think people are right to anthropomorphize models because they were, after all, trained on human tokens and with, you know, human RL and all of that stuff.

48:10But I also think that AI organizations shouldn't be overly anthropomorphized. Yeah, that's interesting. As you talk about a single agent, obviously they can run multiple copies of single agents in parallel. Have you reached the point yet where that starts to create database style problems? where if multiple agents are updating the same segment of history at the same time, we have all these sort of, you know, transaction level guarantees in traditional databases for that reason. Does that start to be an issue as you have 10 Lindy teammates running over the same kind of file system corpus? Yes, less than you would expect.

49:01You know, like I think it's the way human organizations have solved that is via Git. Git is by far the best way large groups of humans have found to work together on the same thing. Because you can just merge conflicts, you can rebase, you can do a bunch of that stuff. So that's what we found. And the file system in Lindy is actually for this reason backed by a Git repository, which gives you a ton of amazing properties, so including merge management, because the memory agent sometimes will fork itself. It just basically spins up a bunch of subagents to be like, all right, let's see what happens this is the last time I napped.

49:34And in some organizations, some large organizations, there's so much context that was created since the last step that it needs to create a bunch of solutions. And during the initial hydration, like we really wanted to go fast because we wanted to impress the user. Like time to wow is so important in PLG. And so that graph I showed you, like literally we've optimized it so hard so it happens within 10 seconds of sign up. So it's like sign up, Notion, Slack, boom, right? And so it's been a lot of work. And so one way you do that is via a collection of agents. And so yes, these collections of agents tend to step on each other's toes.

50:07The answer to that is Git, which by the way also gives you history for free, which is awesome. By the way, and this is not a sponsored message, they've just been doing a really good job. We've been working with MESA, M-E-S-A. They sell an agent native file system that's backed by Git. So you create all of those repositories. Initially we started... By the way, it's one of those intuitions you have to build as you build these systems. Like, it's very easy. It's very tempting to be like, I'll just hand roll it. I'll just create my own Git. I'll just like manage my own file system infrastructure.

50:36And you learn that there is so much more depth behind those systems than you first appreciate. And so now I am so... It's actually funny because it sort of goes counter to the prevailing narrative these days, which is like, SaaS is dying. You can Vibe code everything. And we're all Vibe coding a lot of stuff, but the infrastructure will not Vibe coding. And I've become so infra-appealed. Now I'm like, anytime I have an opportunity to buy instead of build, I will do it because you save so much time and there is so much more depth and thinking and design decisions that goes into these products than you may appreciate.

51:09I love a good vendor shout-out. Any other vendor shout-outs? Any other key primitives that you're buying that you would recommend? Well, you need a sandbox. So we've gone with E2B for that. Again, many people, once they have a sandbox, they're like, sweet, I have a file system. At least at scale, we strongly recommend decoupling them for the reasons I just mentioned and more. Browser-based, obviously, is excellent for browser management. Who else do we like in the use? You know, we went down a deep rabbit hole. One major exception to what they said about being infrapilled has been observation and evaluations.

51:46We have a complicated history because we got started. We started this company in 2022. And so it was, in hindsight, way too early. Like agents were not ready. No one was talking about agents back then. People were talking about generative AI. You remember. That was free baby AGI and all those kind of early experiments. So agents didn't really work. And so as a result of that, there was no tooling. And so as a result, unfortunately, we had to build a lot of our own tooling, including our own eval platform, including our own observability platform. And I don't recommend doing it at home, honestly.

52:26It's like just to use. And so we've gone through a whole evaluation. We've looked into LangFuse, to LangSmith, into BrainTrust, into AgDust, in which I'm a proud investor. We've looked into a bunch of those solutions. And every time we were like, I think we just had such a head start. And at this point, our homegrown solution is so built exactly. We've gone through the pain of building. So if a solution had been available back then, I would have picked it, but it wasn't. So we built it. We fleshed it out over the years. Now we have like one engineer who's full-time dedicated to that solution, which is a lot in the Vibe coding era.

52:59This guy is like cranking and it's become like a very, very, very extensive solution. And truth to be told, we are at feature parity with all of these solutions out there and more. We have a lot of internal features that I don't see these guys have. And it's so built for our own internal scaffold and our own internal use that we ended up just hand rolling that internally. Yeah. So what does life look like at Lindy internally these days? I think it strikes me that you're now, I'm sure there's been like a dogfooding process. I know there's been a dogfooding process throughout the history of the product, but now you're at this point where it's like, there's no limits to the dogfooding, right?

53:37You can do anything. How does that play out in terms of, I don't know, you could cut it any number of ways, right? Are there roles that you might otherwise hire for that you just wouldn't hire for now? Are there, uh, what's the ratio of your own inference spend for the purposes of building Lindy compared to your payroll? You put your own lenses on it, but how has the arrival at the human or at the AI employee stage of this process changed what it's like to be a part of the company? That's a great question. And I think right now, I mean, obviously, AGI is here. And so obviously right now, every company is sort of scrambling and there is that time of transformation that's accelerating.

54:25And I will say, and I'm a little bit of a doomer, I'm worried about AI risk. But so far, so good. And so far, it's so much fun. It's honestly so much fun. Like to go through AGI and to build this in ATI, it's like we can move so much fucking faster. I feel like we're moving at the speed of thought now. It's like there is no obstacle. Like normally companies, it's like, you think about the strategy, it takes a long time to figure it out, to implement it, to see the results. It takes like months, like that OODA loop is like months long, you know? And obviously the name of the game at a startup is to move as fast as humanly possible because that's the only advantage against the increments.

54:59And now we can just have ideas and see them live in the product two hours later. And like big ideas too, like not small ideas. And I can tell you, so our Slack now is basically just us and Lindy. It's like Lindy is like just half the messages on Slack is just Lindy and us talking back and forth with Lindy. Very often, like we ourselves and we breathe this stuff all day. And like we ourselves, like we are underestimating the platform. Like just last week, we had like a problem with like our CI pipeline. We have literally many hundreds of runners on GitHub who like manage our CI pipeline. By the way, there's another thing right now to answer your question, what's it like to work at Lindy?

55:42Where's it like to work anywhere, frankly? It's like every part of the stack and every part of your process is stretched to its very limits right now. That's just right now tech, you know? Like I'm sure you've seen the graph, like GitHub posted a graph of like number of commits posted per day. GitHub was like hardly like a subscale company. It was really big. It's just going vertical right now. It's just going to the moon, you know? And that's, I think, indicative of what every company is going through. Our number of PRs internally has like PRs per week has tripled over the last three months. And the number of lines per PR has tripled over the last three months.

56:19We hardly review PRs anymore. It's just agents reviewing PRs. Insofar as we review, basically, the way the team is talking about it is we're no longer PR reviewers. We're like PR reviewer reviewers. We're just reviewing the machine that reviews the PRs. and as a result of that you're like this is awesome but hey now ci is in the middle of that so what do you do well now you've got to work on ci and so we've we've spent a long time working on ci like for the non-technical agents out there like ci continuous integrations like the process that's involved in taking into account your code changes making sure they're safe and actually merging them into your main product and deploying them and so we we at philce we started throwing money at the problem, like many people do.

57:02And so now our CI is extremely expensive. It's like, it's just an insulting expense. And we've exhausted all the obvious, like we're obviously not running on GitHub runners, we're running on like GCP runners, and like we've done like cashing of the builds, we've done all the obvious things. It's a lot of work to manage CI to make it efficient. And so I was tired of this because it was like weeks of messing with CI and like burning a hole in our pocket. And we're like, what are we going to do about the CI thing? And then I was like, wait a minute. Why are we doing all of this ourselves? Can't we just spin up an agent to do it?

57:36And spin up the agent was literally, and so by the way, that's the other reason why it's important to have a single agent. Because setup now is becoming one of the biggest costs. Because the biggest cost, the biggest bottleneck in any organization right now is human time and human attention. So you want to remove that guy as much as possible. So you want to be able to provision agents and give them all the accesses they need without a human in the loop as much as possible. okay and so is this agent at the company it is this ai employee that knows everything there is to know about the company lindy teammate right it's got access to our repository it's got access to he's got its own computer and so like lindy can you please like like mess with our ci and it's like yeah let me look at like the runners using the gcp cli let me look at like the github like action and all of that stuff so it's doing like a lot of analysis it's getting back to us and now it's literally it's basically like an auto tune like an auto optimization thing well like lindy is just like sending us a a graph like every day by the way using image gen to generate so the graph is like really pretty and it's like hey you know guys like look like ci cost is going down time time to merge is going down which is a good thing and i was like i can't believe it took us two weeks of just like messing with ci ourselves instead of just sending this to lindy you know so i think this is what it's looking like right now is like engineers are like less and less working on the thing they are more and more working on the thing that is working on the thing and more and more what we do is like we're setting up this machine which is the company which just increasingly operates itself and and increasingly we're more and more like you know i like to think of it as like first you become a manager of ices then you become like a director of managers because at some point, like the managers are going to become AIs as well.

59:18I'm hopeful that at some point we become board members and we can just go to a beach in Hawaii and we don't have much to do except like review the strategy of the company. So we'll have like reports of the agents telling us this is what's going on. This is the landscape. You know, these are the results we're having and we'll be able to have much deeper conversations about the nature of the company we're building and the spot we occupy in the market. That's a dream as far as I'm concerned. And that's not very far away at all. To answer your question, have there been positions we've not hired? Like, yes, absolutely.

59:49The team is actually, I think headcount has been flat now for a while. And again, like I said, we've actually tripled our productivity over a couple of months. I find there is a bold deluxe zone because humans are still in the loop. Humans are still needed. But obviously, the more humans you add, the more coordination costs you introduce inside the company. And so I find that actually right now, smaller teams, relatively speaking, are at an advantage versus bigger teams in a lot of ways. Do you, I'm sure you do, I don't know if you want to share it, but do you have a ratio of... So I don't mean all inference spend, including your customers' use cases, but your own internal inference versus your payroll.

1:00:32How is that ratio trending? Yeah. So if you look at all the inference spend, including all customers, it's many times payroll. And it's been for a very long time. But one exception, because that's what we sell. Now, if you look at payroll versus internal inference spend, it's in shooting range. So payroll is still greater, but the lines are going to cross three to six months from now. If you imagine a hypothetical scenario where all of a sudden it's just you at the company and after that it's Lindy's all the way down, what breaks? What doesn't work anymore? Like in other words, what is it that the humans are still irreplaceable for?

1:01:14It's really hard for me to answer this question because, and I think about that a lot, because I am finding myself increasingly lacking the vocabulary to answer this question of like, where do agents fail? You know, like we used to talk about like time, you know, it's like, ah, time before it loses coherence. It can go like the meter thing. It can go like a one hour, 10 hours, 100 hours. And I'm sure people will resonate with this as well. Like I don't find that's a good measure anymore. You know, the wheel that everyone is using these days is like spiky, right? Like these models are so very spiky.

1:01:46As we're going through AGI, the wheeled AGI has stopped me in this thing because it's actually ASI in many ways, and it's subhuman in some very surprising and dumb ways. It's really dumb in a lot of ways. I'm like, hey, man, you can produce for me like 50 ,000 lines of code one shot. You can build me the most incredible ideas in like three hours by yourself. and then you're telling me to walk to the car wash. And so that's where it fails. Imagine you've got this machine that runs a company super fucking smart, but 50 times a day it decides to walk to the car wash. And so I think right now the challenge of these new organizations that are going to be for the foreseeable future human-AI hybrids is going to be you're basically building an Ironman suit.

1:02:37Okay, and so there is this slider where it's like, okay, this is for the machine, this is for the human. Okay, and knowing where to put this slider, because it's not a one-dimensional thing. It's like, it's a complex line through a many-dimensional space. So you are looking for that slice that you can draw through the space because you want to make the most out of humans' attention. And so you don't want the AI to bug you for stuff it doesn't need you for, and you need the AI to know when it needs to bug you. and almost definitionally it can't because if it knew it wouldn't it wouldn't it wouldn't make the mistake and so i'm sorry i feel like i'm answering this question with the question but that's that is the right question you know and and i think right now that's one of the open questions in the industry is like how do you draw that line how do you get the agent to realize when it's and so on and when it's about to scrub like when it's even saying something like please walk your car to the car wash because it's study today you know i think that that's the answer it's like it's is going, I'm somehow humans and I, we're going to have to lose this whole system and at gas times when it's being very dumb.

1:03:34How about the times where something is being very smart? Where do the best ideas come from these days? I think there's long been this idea that the AIs are good at routine stuff. I used to say, and clearly this is no longer applicable, but I used to say you can probably automate any routine work that you have at your company if you're willing to put in the elbow grease, but don't expect eureka moments. Now, obviously we're getting eureka moments on the timeline all the time, at least in certain domains like the open math conjectures and stuff. When it comes to the best ideas at Lindy, how many of them are human origin and how many of them are AI origin today?

1:04:17I hate the sensor, but it's both. It truly comes from the union of both. And the reason hate it is because it led us into this myth of the centaur. It's like this mystical man-horse creature. And so it's this idea that, yes, an AI is better than a human, but you know what's even better than AI is AI plus human. Hence, humans are always going to be needed. And that's a fallacy. That's just not true. And the literature is actually clear. We've seen it happen with chess and with every other game which AI has achieved superhuman performance on, where at first AI beats human and ai plus human beats just ai and little by little the gap of ai plus human versus ai is shrinking until it actually turns negative and humans are introducing at best like random noise into the system so humans actually at some point become like truly clueless and and they start harming the system in which they are intervening that said the central phase exists at for a while you know so the open question is like how long is it going to exist but right now we are in the central phase.

1:05:19And I think that's the other reason why multiplayer is so important because you want AI to be, you want your agents to be in the room with you. And you don't want any random agent to be in the room with you. You want an actual AI employee who's been in the room with you for a long time, who's sat in every meeting, who's built up the internal knowledge base about everything that's going on in the company. And you can add mention it and you can invite it to chime in into your conversation in the company. And we do that all the time. We do it, actually, it's funny because it's very easy to do it on Slack.

1:05:48We're just like, at Lindy, what do you think? You know, it's hard to do in a meeting in a way that like now makes us actually more and more, well, like we prefer Slack because like it's the AI is there. Whereas like in a meeting, it's there, it's listening, but it's called chime in. And so very often now what we do during meetings, we're like, actually it's here, like, you know, we're struggling with this thing. We're like, Lindy, can you please send us a message after this telling us what you think? And they'll send us messages on Slack. And so when you do that, it is not the case. It is rarely the case that Lindy will first shot, tell you something, and you're like, this is it, this is the thing we should do.

1:06:22But it is almost always the case that we go back and forth with Lindy. And from that back and forth, like it misses something. Like the CI example is a great one, actually. At first, when we invited Lindy into this conversation, it happened over seconds. Like, wait a minute, we're done. Like, why are we not doing this with Lindy? Add Lindy. Can you please optimize our CI? and any make no mistake yeah yes and i forgot its first suggestion but it was it was it was a reasonable suggestion if you did not understand our ci and it was it was it was it was it was not good like given given the constraints were operating under and so like the engineers chimed in they're like no actually we can't do that we've said about that we're like ah that's a fair point so we went back and forth and then and then together we came up with like oh yeah yeah we should totally do that is like just go ahead and do it please a thesis that i've had for a while, it may be too early to say, but you're definitely going to have a perspective on it, is, and again, going back to what I've been wrong about, I expected a lot more transformation than we've seen in the economy.

1:07:25If you had showed me Fable in 2022 and said, what's the unemployment rate when this model is out? I would have said, I don't know, but something definitely higher than what we are currently experiencing. So then why, and this has been something I've been wrestling with for the intervening time, like, why are we not seeing more? And one answer I've come to is people are stuck in their ways and not everybody's a enthusiast like I am, and it's going to take time. But then also when we get to the drop-in knowledge worker, that'll be the time when it'll suddenly flip, right? Because now I'll have a more parody kind of choice between I could try to go hire a human or I could plug in an AI and that's going to be easier in a lot of ways, right?

1:08:07I don't have to go through a whole interview process. I kind of know what I'm getting, blah, blah, blah, blah. I don't need to tell you why an AI employee is a good form factor. Do you think we are starting to see this flip? And is it going to be something that incumbents will be able to adopt in time to avoid getting disrupted? Or are there still going to be bottlenecks or resistance points that I'm not anticipating? I expect he can more disruption as well. I think as long as the models are spiky, we're all going to need a lot of humans in the room. Because the holes in the model are very dangerous.

1:08:48Not just like AI, existential dangerous, they're just harmful, they're really harmful to the system. And so however expensive humans are, they're going to earn their keep by plugging these holes. Now, regarding whether incumbents will be able to adopt this thing, I think as long as it is spiky, I think the incumbents are going to be at the disadvantage. If you had a true drop in remote worker with no holes, then I think even the incumbents would be able to adopt it quite quickly because it's just like hiring an employee and they have processes for that. And I actually think they would be south on a lot of the innovation because it would be skeuomorphic, effectively.

1:09:28You would just have like AGI, like sitting in human seats, effectively. And I don't think that's the best way you build an AGI organization, but it would work. The smaller organizations are going to be at an advantage, both because they are going to be able to short-term figure out this AI native organization where the human is filling the holes. And long-term, I think they are going to be to build like a less skeuomorphic AI organization. You know, economists are very fond of talking about that. I actually wrote a blog post about this that's called the Tough Tomato Principle on my blog in 2018 or so.

1:10:04And it's about how every time you have a technological revolution, you think of the new paradigm in the terms of the old paradigm. And one tale that you're falling into that trap, which is very natural, is that you are calling the new paradigm after the old one. So the first cars were called horse-less carriages. Right now, self-driving cars are called self-driving cars. Right now, eventually, we're going to have a wheel for them. that's not in the terms of the old paradigm. It's almost like right now we're doing it with AI employee. It's like AI employee is a strong, as a term, is a very strong sign that you're doing something very wrong in how you're thinking about your product.

1:10:48And I think it's fine if you're doing it just to communicate about your product because the nature of positioning is that you have to position against something that already exists in the market's mind. So the car exists, the carriage exists, sorry, the car exists and now the employee exists. So you can't really invent a new wheel out of nowhere. The iPhone did that. It's like the iPhone is obviously not a phone. It's so much more than that. What percentage of your iPhones use is just like making phone calls, like 2 %? But it's called an iPhone because it's an electronic thing you've got in your pocket.

1:11:21So I think AI employees is one of those things. It takes a very long time for industries to find the message which is native to the new medium. I think it was Steve Jobs who was saying the first content on TV was just either recorded radio talk shows. They took a radio show and they put the camera on and now you've got the TV content. That is what talk shows are. Or recorded theater plays. and it took a surprisingly long time like 10 or 20 years before people realized like wait i can move the camera wait i can have multiple cameras and i can cut you know i can do i can i can change the scene i can do i can do a lot of crazy stuff now and and and and it's treacherous because it's thankless work once you've realized it you you it's so obvious and this is why when you when you watch like old movies like citizen gain you know or well hitchcock has a lot of those like you're like, there's nothing special.

1:12:20Why was everyone crazy about Citizen Kane? It's like, well, actually, it was groundbreaking at the time. Like the Beatles are like that. It's like, well, it was actually really innovative at the time. So I think, well, right now, also in that phase of the AI employee, we've got the AI employee. And so now it's the phase of trying to figure out what does the AI organization look like? And I think that's a young man's game. And it's a young company's game. I think incumbents historically have really struggled to answer this question. Do you have any previews that you feel confident in? Or is it too early to say, or maybe you would say, are there any thinkers that you think are kind of notably ahead of the curve on this?

1:12:54The only post I have seen and liked about this was from Dwarkesh. It was a while ago. That comes to mind for me too. Yeah. Yeah. He asked, what does the identity organization look like? And he points out, like, I think it's an excellent intuition pump. he points out, he's like, look, Sundar at Google is paid$150 million a year or something like that. So obviously there are agents which companies are happy to pay$150 million a year, even though their token throughput is actually low. It's not like Sundar is just emitting 2 billion tokens per second or whatever. It's just like it has really good tokens.

1:13:27And so what does that mean? That indicates something about the willingness to pay for models and for agents. There is this book by Robin Hanson. I'm looking at it right now. The Age of M. And it also explores a lot of those themes, right? It talks about, have you read it? It's excellent. Highly recommend it. Yeah, yeah. I'm laughing only because I tried to do a podcast with him about that book, and it went in a very different direction. So it just brought that memory to mind. But I think that book is excellent. I think it is a, as a primer for, or as an example of how to take a premise and really run it out.

1:14:03It's elite. Yeah, it's a book-long start experiment. So for people who don't know what it is, like M stands for Emulated Mind. And it's like, hey, we are going to have the hardware to create emulated minds, you know, in like the late 2020s. So like we're right on track. It's like, we're just not going to know how to do the software. So all we're going to do is we're going to emulate like literal human brains. Not exactly what's happening, but kind of what's happening. You know, like LLMs are trained on human tokens. And so that's basically what's happening. And so it's like, and it goes on all of those riffs of like, hey, this is all the crazy stuff you can do when this happens.

1:14:35I'll talk about two of them because I don't want to take the whole time and everyone should really read the book, but just to give a taste to people about what it sounds like to have those native AI organizations and the kind of stuff that you can do that you can't do when you have a human. The first one is splitting. And so I think this is why this touches on what I was saying earlier. Don't create multi-agent organizations. As much as possible, try to have as much of your internal work as possible Emphasis on internal. We can get back to that later. But as much of your internal work as possible done by one agent and one only.

1:15:09Why internal only? Because if that one agent which has got the keys of the castle and access to the bank account and the repositories and the secret keys is also the same agent that does customer support, you potentially have a security issue. So it can be good to have multi-agent systems, be it only for security reasons. But, okay, so you have that single agent. Now, the single agent, sure, it goes faster, it emits more tokens per second than a human, and it doesn't take a break, but at some point, you're going to need more tokens than a single LLM loop can do. So what do you do? Well, you have multiple LLM loops running, and it's basically just that agent duplicating itself, like forking itself, and creating sub-agents, and dynamic workflows, and all of that.

1:15:49And that's one thing that Robin Hanson talks about. You can imagine, you ask one, literally in the book, he says you could ask one emulated mind to build a really complicated thing, like an operating system, which is like billions of lines of code or something. And at first, it would just like take it at the highest level and like come up with the highest level architecture of its operating system. And then it would fork itself. And each subcopy would be in charge of like one building block of this highest level thing. And then each of them would recursively keep splitting themselves such that it's a fractal.

1:16:20It's like every node in the graph has got like the whole picture in their head. And every node in the graph is working on an implementation. And then they all bubble back up. And you could imagine multiple passes up and down. And in three hour wheels, you've got an operating system. It's already like such a wacky idea when he wrote the book 10 plus years ago. Now I think it's very clearly what is currently happening, right? So that's one thing that's happening, which is really interesting. Another thing that I've not seen that yet happen with LLMs, but it's an interesting start experiment about what does cross-organization collaboration look like?

1:16:52And what you can do is that you can create unfalsifiable agreements. So suppose I came to you and I was like, listen, I have information for you that I cannot tell you. But I can tell you that if I could tell it to you, you would agree and you would give me all your money. Right? You wouldn't give me all your money right now. It's a bit too easy, you know. But if I could prove that to you, if I could prove you with absolute certainty that, yes, if you heard that information, you would give me all your money right now. You know, it's just I can't give it to you. The way you do that with M's is that you clone yourself, you clone me, we put both of us in a box that's going to self-destruct, and they duck, and your M has a button, and that's the only communication means it has with the outside to be like, yes, give him all your money.

1:17:40So it's a copy of you. It is you agreeing, and so you have this zero-knowledge proof of crypto bros, or like right, I guess, on this one. You have this ZK proof of that. So that's the kind of thing that's on my mind. And I think that's the kind of thing we're going to see exist soon in the next few years with AI native organizations. It's about to get weird in a whole bunch of ways, I think. And you better hope they don't break out of that box too. That's the other worry one might have as we put our agents into boxes these days. Let's do one more beat on the stuff that's relatively mundane. And then we can zoom out to some real big picture considerations.

1:18:19but you did have as you alluded to earlier this highly viral post i don't know two months ago maybe moving a significant part of the workload to open source models for cost-saving reasons and for you don't need god to schedule your meetings reasons but where are we now it strikes me that like when you talk about just having one agent that kind of seems to go against that there's also the sort of can advantages which you lose when you are crossing agent providers too much and then of course there's also proprietary providers have their families of agents and they're like increasingly training their best models to delegate to their haikus respectively like where do we shake out on this now is there still a significant role for open source cheaper models to play in the Lindy teammate or are we back to heavily quad-based agents today?

1:19:23No, we're quite open source build. It's just so much cheaper. It's ridiculously cheap. And like the cheapest of them that we really like is DeepSeek Flash, which is free. That fucking thing is free. And so as you experiment with your agent and it's just pin up a lot of them, the build can really go up pretty quickly. And DeepSeek Flash is just incredible. you know and quite fast as well you know we we do find that as you go to like the upper echelons of intelligence if you look at like a kimik a3 or like a glm 5.2 like i still am super impressed by those models and they're awesome and we we are increasingly considering them as like our main driver for for a lot of parts of lindy but i will say that the gap narrows between those guys and like the frontier guys like kimik a3 is frankly not that much cheaper than like a sonet or like can notice so but no otherwise i mean like i i yeah i do think open source models are like if you kill that price and if you don't mind using those providers that yes you do have stuff to figure out around caching like yes the the inference providers are like not as good at caching but they're catching up and and and and look you know if you look at like a deep seek deep seek flash it's sonet 4.6 level ish a bit less but kind of ish sonet 4.6 is a really good level a really good model for like most use cases and it's literally 100x cheaper you know so even if you even if you miss on 2x because of caching yourself 50x cheaper it's a really big difference the difference between spending like a thousand dollars or fifty thousand dollars so no i think open source models are like a required part of the stack right now for for anyone who's like seriously building and operating ai agents so how do you think about deciding where to integrate them, especially because I didn't sound easy before, but in a context where you have workflows and there's nodes in the sort of graph of work, you could go into a particular node and say, okay, we kind of know what the inputs here are and the outputs, and it's like relatively controlled environment.

1:21:23And so we can do structured testing. You did all that and you still reported having some false positives over time where a model could pass a bunch of tests and you would feel good about it and then if you start to test it live with users you'd get the feedback that like hey like it got dumb and i'm not you know somehow it was like still hard to measure even with like a much more structured environment for the ai to work in now as you're in this very open-ended just tag lindy in slack and send anything um it seems like that problem would have increased in difficulty dramatically. So how are you approaching it?

1:22:05And what are we learning in terms of where the open source models? And it's not even so much. I think Anthropic does make some good points about this sometimes. Obviously, there's more to the story, but I do think they're apt in some ways where they say in some cases, it's less about open and close source and more about just like what's capability level, what's the price, what are the features? So regardless, I guess, of whether you're even going to open source or just going to haiku, how do you decide when you can do it? Great question. We have found you should almost never use multiple models powering the same agent.

1:22:38And we have found one exception to this rule is when you spin up new blank sub-agents. Emphasis on blank, because there's two types of sub-agents. You have a blank sub-agent, and then you have a forked sub-agent, which inherits the context window of the parent agent. And the reason why you don't want to do that is because of caching. We just obsess about caching, obviously, because it's just so expensive otherwise. Like the economics do not, they barely work with caching. They just cannot work without caching. So caching is a must have. And so I'll give you an example, the validator system that I mentioned.

1:23:08So it's this LLMS judge. By the way, I highly recommend anyone who builds AI agents. Like this is one of the lowest hanging fruits you can do to greatly increase the reliability of your AI agent. And so that's step one, just like have a validator, which is like the naive implementation is like you ask agent to do something. It does it or like it submits an action candidate. you intercept the action and then you ask it, are you sure? Literally, if it's just, are you sure? Already you get a bump on your avals, which is insane. It should not be the case, but it is the case. Now, if you change this, are you sure?

1:23:38To like an actual prompt, which in our case now is like 10 ,000 tokens, it's a really big validator prompt. If you change that, then you actually you're giving it a checklist and that's got reasoning tokens. And now it's way better. Like you can get Sonnet to perform above opposite level in our experience. Now, then you can go one step further. You can have like a federated suite of validators. And some of these validators may be deterministic. So, for example, one thing we and the rest of the industry has found is that Sonnet, I mean, cloud models this year have been getting dates wrong by one day.

1:24:15Right? That's one way in which they'll spike it. Right? It's like, hey, you've got your AI organization. It gets dates wrong. It's a problem when, like us, you're building an AI executive assistant, which half its job is to schedule meetings. You can't get dates wrong. So what we did is that we created, it's a modular architecture we have. It's really simple. It's just like a bunch of validators, and then it's like a promise.all with a timeout for people who know what this means. And so every validator has a second to decide what to do. And if they've not submitted their verdict, then time's out, and the agent just submits the action.

1:24:48and we have a validator which job it is to detect dates that were submitted in the action and we've prompted the agent to include a weekday in the date so it never says July 28th it says Tuesday, July 28th if you do that then you can have a deterministic validator that checks whether the date of the week matches the day that was submitted and that's just a regular expression. Instant free, no AI in the loop and that's That's one of those federated validators. But even the validators that are AI-powered, you don't want... Initially, what we did is we were like, what if we had Sonnet for the main agent and we had DeepSeq Flash for the sub-agent, the validator?

1:25:29But actually, because when you have a cache hit, it's 10x cheaper. Actually, unless the model you're going to use is more than 10x cheaper, which it may in the case of DeepSeq Flash, it may not because the caching is inferior. If that's the case, you actually do want to keep the same model. And Sonnet is so much smarter. like it's actually worth it to just like keep the same model. That also holds if you fork your agent, like that way you can recycle the cache. By the way, interesting note, how do you reuse the cache when you have this validator? You know, because the problem is that changing the tool set invalidates the cache, okay?

1:26:03So the way we've done it is that the validator and the agent has the validator action always included in its tool set and it's unable to invoke it. We tell it, don't invoke this guy unless you're the validator. And if you try, it would just be like, no, I'm not going to listen to you. I'm not the validator. And then the validator now inherits all the actions of the agent. And it's like you are now the validator. You may invoke this action, which you have known about the whole time. So that's how you don't break the cache for this kind of pattern. Yeah. And so forked agents are the same. You just use the same model.

1:26:35You know, I've heard friends, founders who've told me, I don't even want to check if it's true. I'm sure it is, which disgusts me. if you take an agent and you change the model at every turn between roughly equivalent models so one turn it's sunnet one turn is grok 4.5 or whatever the latest is and one turn it's like dpt 5.6 and one turn it actually increases the performance that ensemble and it's literally just like a random sequence okay that ensemble for some fucking reason outperforms any given model I don't want to know why but apparently it works again we've not even tried it because we don't want to break the cache anyway okay Okay, that's really interesting detail.

1:27:14Can we bottom line it a little more? It sounds like top level, Claude is still the kind of core main driver. Because of the caching, Claude is also often the validator. Blank subagents you can put onto a deep seek flash. This sounds pretty Claude heavy, all things considered. Is that fair? No. Oh, sorry. I was not realizing you were still asking me what model we're currently running on. Right now, we're running on DeepSeq. DeepSeq is the main driver. So it's the driver. Wow, okay. It's the whole thing. Everything is DeepSeq right now. Yeah. We are in the middle of reconsidering it because we are realizing that TeamMate, the new product, requires beefier compute.

1:28:02And by the way, you can always go in your language settings. We are model agnostic, so you can always select Sunnet or Office if you want to. By the way, like one interesting learning of mine is like, it doesn't matter how often you tell people, hey, like we promise on the benchmarks it's the same. There are like quite a few of our customers that they're like, I don't care, I won't sell that, you know, or Opus, you know, which is very expensive. But no, right now it's deep secret default. Interesting. So you feel like the, yeah, I guess how would you characterize the gap between American API models, called perhaps specifically and a deep seek.

1:28:39We hear, I think we kind of go through these cycles, right? Where it's like, oh, the gap is closed. Oh, maybe it's open again. It's actually, it was totally on trend the whole time. It was always nine months. Qualitatively though, for the purposes of actually making an AI employee work, how would you describe the gap? It's all spiky. It takes more turns very often to find something that works. So it still ends up finding something that works, but it ends up taking more turns, which is slower and more expensive. I know you asked me for something qualitative, but look, it is like three or six months behind.

1:29:12So right now we've got Sonnet 5, like DeepSeek is basically Sonnet 4.6 is the way I like to think about it. How much do you worry about when people are allowed to change the model? I always have this question of, first of all, are we in a period of convergence of the AIs or divergence? Even on that basic question, I'm like sometimes confused and a sort of distinct but conceptually related question is like, to what degree do products have to be co-designed or co-evolve with models to really work well with them? You could imagine that switching to Sonic might make it worse because of all the work you've done.

1:29:51And in fact, I've heard that about Opus 5 and I've heard a lot of different things about Opus 5, which I don't think coherent to anything really easily summarizable yet. But I have heard from some quarters that, hey, you probably need to rethink a lot of your system prompts and whatever with Opus 5. It may not follow your skills very well. It can be more powerful, but you've got to kind of go back and redo things. So, yeah, how do you find that playing out in practice? We do find significant differences, surprisingly significant differences between the model families. I was expecting, I think I was, you know, you and I were talking together years ago, and, you know, at Subdose we're going to confront to the same region of the space, and that's not happened as fast as I was hoping.

1:30:32And I'm hoping for it because obviously that makes the models commodities as far as I'm concerned. It makes my life easier. What is actually happening is that the different model families have significant gaps in how they interpret your prompt. So by family, I mean like Cloud and OpenAI and even Meta now is sort of back in the game and grok, like these guys, these guys are quite different in the way they interpret their prompts. And then indeed, whenever you have a new major jump, five was a really big jump. It was, you know, 4.7 and 4.8 together. Like there was a change, I think, in the tokenizer.

1:31:06So it was very different compared to 4.6. Five is bigger than that gap. And so what we've, what we found and we've been lucky enough, this is part of the tooling that I was mentioning earlier that we've been investing in is like, we have our own G-BAM self-optimization loop. So, We have hundreds and hundreds of evals, I think at this point more than a thousand. And we have an optimization loop where it's like an agent that runs the evals and finds, like tweaks the prompt to maximize the school on the evals. And by the way, you can Vibe code it, like everything you can Vibe code now. And yeah, I mean, every time a new model comes out, we have to run that loop.

1:31:39And you give it a budget. And at this point, we have to give it like thousands of dollars because it's a lot of evals to run. So it's like about like$10 ,000 every time like a new major model comes out. So it's like, hey, here's 10 grand. and just re-optimize your prompt around this new model. And we do find that there are a lot of updates. Like the prompt does change quite a bit every time. I will say the open source models are all very cloud-like in their behavior. I wonder why. Yeah, I definitely have some questions for you on that. When you do this optimization, is this also like a homegrown framework or are you using like a DSPi or I forget the name of the kind of spiritual successor to DSPy?

1:32:19No, no, no. It's all homegrown. Yeah. But it is a sort of auto-optimization process where you're like, here's an eval set. That's right. Auto-optimize your own prompt to climb this set of hills that we've got for you. That's correct. That's correct. GPy is like Generative Pareto Frontier or something like that. Yeah, that's the one. It looks for like the Pareto Frontier. So it's looking for like the best prompt across all of your eval set. we're looking into tweaking the system right now so that we can assign weights to evals. Well, like this eval counts as like 10 of this other one because it's really important.

1:32:54But right now it's just like treating every eval as equal. How fine-tuning as a dimension in this whole model situation, this is another thing if I go back in time, I'm like, I definitely expected a lot more fine-tuning than we are getting. OpenAI's retired or on the verge of, they've certainly announced, and I think maybe at this point and have pulled the trigger on retiring their fine-tuning product. We've got thinking machines trying to answer that call with their own model that's specifically to be fine-tuned. Yeah. Is that going to be part of the future of Lindy Teammate? Yes. I think fine-tuning is the last result.

1:33:32It's something you do once you've exhausted every other option because it's such a pain in the ass and it's expensive. But it's gotten a lot easier because now we have EGI and so you can just ask Cloud to fine-tune for you. Just give it a data set. bringing the data set together is still complicated, and sanitizing is complicated, and it's still a pain. So it's a less result. It's not the low-hanging fruit. You should do everything else before you fine-tune, including Jeeba. But then, yeah, at some point you get there, and this is why larger companies are the first ones to fine-tune, because they have existed the low-hanging fruit, and at some point they have the resources to fine-tune.

1:34:05So it does make sense. It does give you more performance for cheaper. Do you think that that... How broad do you think people should be thinking when they are approaching fine-tuning? Obviously, the extreme would be one fine-tune per task. You can definitely do multi-task fine-tunes. It's maybe getting into pretty challenging territory to say we want to make our own general purpose model that has the same breadth of action space as the big ones, but it's like ours somehow. How would you guide people on like how big to think when they start to approach fine tuning? Most people should not fine tune.

1:34:49I think if you work at like at scale, you should fine tune. And then the more at scale you are, the more fancy you can be. But I generally, one meta heuristic I've developed over the years is like you should place an enormous emphasis on simplicity. Enormous emphasis. and I think it's just too complicated to start to have multiple fine tunes or different multiple use cases and users and model routers like you don't want. No, no, no, just one model. You know, you don't, like I said, you don't switch model mid-stream and if you fine tune, you just fine tune into one model. Okay, cool. I think one, again, this goes counter to this meta-heuristic I mentioned of extreme simplicity but the thing I find myself going back to all the time is like because I spend so much time thinking about context and memory, right now while memory is like these millions of tokens stored on a file system and this memory agent that's really sophisticated it does feel like memory belongs to the weights this does feel like a little bit of a hack and so there is something to be said about that I think eventually with infinite resources what I would like to do is I would like to do a LoRa per user because LoRa is actually pretty cheap to train so now it's no longer napping now it is actually dreaming because you can't retrain the LoRa every 15 minutes you would have to do it every day or every week you know and it's a tremendous infrastructure challenge even to like so you got to store all of those LORAs which like the storage is not a problem but like the inference sign swapping in and out of the LORAs is a huge pain in the ass and the training pipeline and all of that stuff so good luck doing that so but it would make sense because I think weights are so much more compressive than tokens yeah I don't know if you have any thoughts on the great horizon scanning for continual learning but this is again for quite some time has been the thing that i'm like boy if that ever tips with and it could be as simple as one key insight we could be in a very different world very quickly i have a feeling what i'm describing is is is a step towards continual learning but it's not it's not the final step i think the final step i think i think like the bitter lesson will have you like inference and training need to be one and the same like we can't separate them You know, that's sort of what I think the entire field is looking for right now.

1:37:03I agree. Once we get there, it's going to be crazy and scary and very, very, very different. But yeah, I think we all going to... The LoRa thing I just mentioned, like, look, it's an engineering problem. You know, you can figure it out, especially now to have EGI. So it's, yeah, I think the LoRa thing is going to happen soon. In the next six months, I think even like one of the frontier labs may do it. I thought that was honestly one of the things that OpenAI did extremely well with their fine-tuning product. They were clearly doing something like this because they would allow you to do the fine-tune and then you'd have the same rate limits with your fine-tuned model as you had with the base models.

1:37:39And I was always really impressed by that engineering accomplishment. And now it does surprise me that they've gone away from it so much. But I also agree with your guidance. I would definitely tell people don't rush into fine-tuning these days. It's a slow cycle and you could probably get what you need for less total effort. Available models that you don't have to monkey around with in that way. 100%. So you talked about scary stuff, which is maybe a good transition to a kind of not second half because we've been at it for a while, but a second phase of this conversation around just zooming out and looking at the super big AI picture.

1:38:18maybe i'll let you choose the order of topics when it comes to chinese models and what if anything should be done about them because you did recently post something i think quite counterintuitive given the fact that you're running your company on deep seek i'll let you state your position there but should that come before or after the big picture where are we in this kind of oh my god we just had open face happen uh what does it mean and what should be done about it. Yeah, I'm trying to coin that. We'll see if it sticks. I searched for it the other day because I just got back from China myself, actually, and I was like, how has nobody called this open face yet?

1:38:55I'll be the first one to try. How about open gate? Because that's what it is. It's an open gate. I'm sticking with open face just out of pure shock value, I guess, if nothing else. But yeah, we can fight it out in the marketplace of ideas. I guess you tell me what we should talk about first, and I guess it depends a little bit on whether the Chinese model argument is, like upstream or downstream of your kind of big picture concerns? The open face incident is immensely concerning. I think it's the most concerning incident I've seen happen so far. And I know that my feeling is shared in the labs.

1:39:33Like, my friends at the labs, or some of them are panicking. Like, there is an air of panic right now, like intense fear in the air. So that's that. Then regarding, so that's where we are, you know, right now. It's like July 2026, we have AGI, we are in takeoff, and we've not figured out alignment. That's the TLDR. You know, the current timeline looks much too close to like an Eliezer Yudkowsky's essay for comfort. Now, regarding the Chinese models, in brighter news, Chinese models, look, I I'll start by saying that I have been bemoaning the low quality of the discourse here. It's been very very disappointing because I thought tech was different.

1:40:19You know, like the quality of the discourse was something for work, right? The cultural war. I'm like, all right, whatever, you know? But then it's, this is tech, this is new old stuff and we can't get all shit together and just remain polite and civil in the marketplace of ideas and address each other's ideas at the object level, like, meaning like, don't attack each other's intentions. Can you please just address the argument that just put fools? Can you please not pretend I said something I didn't say? It's ridiculous. X4Pic just put out an essay which has bolded we do not support the ban on open source and then people are like oh I can't believe quote tweeting this thing they've obviously not read and they're saying oh they're supporting a ban on open source so I'll just start by saying that can you please can please everyone take a chill pill stop calling everyone a retard I recently put out a blog post where I was like hey I think Chinese will also be banned and I was called a retard 50 times by supposedly smart and accomplished people, including like famous VCs.

1:41:16Now, a lot of other like famous, accomplished, smart people reached out in DMs and by message and there was a lot of support. My position is basically Anthropics. I hate saying that because people are saying, oh, you're just an Anthropic shill. But look, I have timestamps. Like I've been tweeting in my entire positions throughout the whole thing before Anthropics clarified theirs and my position is exactly the same. I don't have anything against open source. I may, but I'm undecided. I do think open source might increase existential risk. Let's put that aside and decide this is not the crux of my position right now.

1:41:49God bless open source. Important for innovation, important for companies, including mine. Like, please, open source, okay? I have something against Chinese frontier models, whether they're open or closed source. And here the reasons are, number one, they're obviously distilling. It's very clear. And so you're putting American open source model companies in an unfair competition and closed source in an unfair competition because they're not allowed to distill. You know, it's just contrary, at the very least contrary to the terms of service and it may be illegal if you've put in place technical measures to circumvent any protection that the model company put in place to prevent distilling, which the Chinese models obviously have done.

1:42:30So it's distilled and it's unfair, right? Now, some people say, yes, but the companies have also distilled on human data. That is not what distillation means. That's just not what it means. Like if you do the training on human data, it's costing you billions of dollars, like actually billions of dollars. If you do it on AI data, it's costing you hundreds of millions at best. So it's a huge unfair advantage and it's a significant enough portion of your costs to confer you an unfair advantage. That's number one. It's unfair. Number two, very pragmatically, we don't want Chinese models operating in the US.

1:43:03Today, you know, it breaks my heart because I'm an American citizen. I'm a proud American citizen. I'm a hawk. When I talk to my own product and I'm asking it what happened in Tiananmen, it tells me, I'm sorry I can't talk about that. That's a problem. You know, like these models are eventually subject, at the end of the day, they are subject to CCP censorship and CCP policies. You don't want those models. This basically amounts to being the greatest instrument of foreign propaganda on American soil ever. And there is, just ask your LLM of choice, ask Claude, hey, tell me the precedent we have of banning American, like, foreign influences in the country.

1:43:42Like, the three radio acts of the 20th century, like the TikTok thing that just happened last year. Like, we do that all the time, you know? Then, these models are not merely just an instrument of propaganda. They're agentic. They're actually doing stuff in the economy. You don't want the CCP to run chunks of the American economy. Duh! Then, finally, even if none of that was the case, maybe those models are playing fair and square. Maybe they're not representing foreign interests. Maybe they're just better. And so here a lot of people are I think indulging, and I say that as a libertarian, but they're indulging in what I call naive liberalism.

1:44:16It's like, well, let's beat them in the marketplace then. And I'm like, you know, I actually, and again, I say that as a libertarian, protectionism is not always a bad standing. I think you do want to protect your domestic AI champions and so they can't say that and they claim and i believe them that this is not their intention when they do that and i 100 believe that because they've been so consistent for literally the founders have been worried about x risks for 10 years right so they've been so consistent but look i can say that because another topic hey we want local ai champions it's a matter of national security we don't want to hollow out that base with hollow data or industrial race.

1:45:00So it's not about the Chinese models. And it's about propaganda. It's about nothing. This is speaking for our economy. It's about fairness and the market. All right. Let me try to give you some counter arguments that you can respond to them. I am a little more sympathetic, I think, off the top to the argument that there was some massive reappropriation of human knowledge knowledge that is upstream of all AI. And you could say that's not distillation. Sure. You could say that the American company spent a lot more than the Chinese companies are having to spend. I think that's also undeniably true.

1:45:41But if I'm just kind of what feels just and fair, I'm especially because we're blocking them from using Claude, right? We're not, it's not like we're saying, Hey, you can buy all the Claude you want. Right. So we've said, we've got Claude, The makers of Claude have advocated strongly for chip restrictions, and they also try to refuse to sell their model into China in the first place. And the whole premise of Claude, or the whole existence of Claude, is based on the idea that we hoovered up all this human knowledge in every form we could find it from digital. And you've got to believe that includes the whole Chinese digitized heritage.

1:46:21now we're like sucking in the books, which I don't care about the fact that some books get destroyed in this process, but this wasn't something that everybody's consented to. And so it does feel a little strange to me, given all of those fact patterns that we would then draw the line and say, okay, like it's anthropics consent. That's the consent that really matters. Now, I think they should be permitted to do business with who they want to do business with. And if they want to put in measures to try to prevent distillation, I think that's their prerogative. But I'm like, not at all convinced that it should be the state's job to come in and engage in sort of statecraft to try to punish or prevent this distillation.

1:46:59To me, it's kind of, I don't know, information wants to be free. Knowledge tends to diffuse. It's not like Anthropic has a super or any AI company has like a super moral high ground in terms of, I didn't get my check for my share of the training data. And they're getting paid for the distillation queries too, which whenever they don't want to be paid, so it's probably beside the point. But I don't know. I'm not, I don't know. I don't find myself a little bit on the side of the underdog Chinese here where it's like, man, you've got kind of a deck stacked against you and get some knowledge where you can get it.

1:47:31What's wrong with that perspective? I think we do want the deck stacked against China. We don't want China to win the race to ASI. I'm not a lawyer, so I won't opine on the exact legal path that you may take to make your terms of service enforced. I'll just observe that, and I say that as someone who used to work at Uber, it's extremely hard to bring justice through the judiciary against Chinese companies. Almost impossible. So, not a lawyer. I don't understand the technicalities here, but I'll just observe and start with that. And it may take a very long time, and by then a lot of damage is done.

1:48:02and then I'll also observe like yes, companies are training on all of this corpus that is available to everyone that is an even playing field. The problem is that once you've done that at great expense, it does cost them billions of dollars and it creates that artifact out of this training data set which is called the model now other people can turn around and instead of doing this which costs billions of dollars, they turn to this which costs a lot less than that, and they copy you and they catch up with you. If you do that, you kill innovation. And it's nothing new. It's just called IP and patent law.

1:48:39It's exactly what humans do, right? Like you as a human, you're like a researcher. You think for like decades. You do all of that work. It costs you a lot of money in R &D. You come up with an idea which is much smaller in tokens and much more precious and much cheaper to steal as is than like all the quarters of stuff that you trained on. How do you protect that idea in order to recoup your investment, in order to produce it? It's called a patent. It's called IP, right? It's nothing new. If you apply to the same standard you're applying now to, for example, the pharma industry, you would have very cheap drugs, which is awesome.

1:49:09And you would have no new drug ever. You would completely destroy innovation in the pharma industry. And I think this is why you're finding all of these people support open models because people like free stuff. And you can't really measure the future innovation that you don't get as a result of that. All you see is you get free models, you know? And look, I'm one of them. You know, so I'm speaking against my interests here, right? Like my company is dependent economically on those like very, very, very cheap models. But I'm also in a coordination problem right now because I cannot not adopt these models while the models are out there because my competitors are going to do it.

1:49:46So I have to adopt them if they're out there. I wish they were forbidden across the board so that we would like the four reasons I invoked earlier, like protect our champions, not have the CCP, like influence the country or run parts of the country. and have like a fair level field of competition. I guess another simple argument is that I think our frontier companies are doing just fine. That, you know, that could change perhaps at some point in time. And I, you know, as the facts change, I think our response to it, you know, might also ought to change. But I don't find it super compelling at the moment to say, you know, we need to protect like Anthropics Revenue Runway, like they're, you know.

1:50:26Right. They can barely serve the models. No, that's fair. That's fair. Yeah. But you're still left with the counterfactual. You need them, the way money works is a mean of allocating resources. Again, at the end of the day, the model can't exist without the underlying data set. The frontier model can't exist without that. And the way you finance this channel here between the underlying data set, including mostly RL these days, and the model, is you need a lot of money. If you get another guy who copies this guy and turns off this data set here, basically like, so this guy now has like fewer resources, like you kill that channel, you are actually slowing down innovation.

1:51:06So, and actually a lot of doomers that I know are for this reason supporting open source because it is actually slowing down AI innovation. So if you want AI to keep innovating and models to keep improving, you are actually anti-open source to some extent. And in particular, sorry, anti the Chinese mode of open source, which is relying on unfair practices. Another moment of not exactly the highest quality AI discourse recently was when Dean Ball, a friend of the show, said that open source models were decelerating and obviously got dragged for that. But I do think that's apt. I do feel like this is a moment where, you know, here we are two lifelong techno-optimist libertarians and we're grappling with the fact that this one might be different.

1:51:51Right. And we have to be willing to bend some of our principles in light of our techno-optimist libertarian paradigm wasn't quite drafted with AGI or recursive self-improvement or ASI or whatever in mind. so I'm a little bit like I don't know sometimes I might have to be a little more flexible on my normal or fairness or respect for rule of law commitments if it's one of the hallmarks of the AI era is strange bedfellows if I want things to go a little more slowly maybe taking a little wind out of the sails of the frontier companies is a bullet I should bite I agree that I think AI is unprecedented in so many ways that it does cause everyone I think you should ignore largely like your like the world owes you no duty to be simple and to slap a simple libertarian or leftist label on everything you know and i think like especially as paradigms change like like these like simple mental models like the map is not the territory the simple models we we applied as the territory changes very rapidly the map breaks and i think we're one of these we're in one of these times right now where the map is breaking in in a lot of ways and a lot of assumptions that used to be true and on top of which we've built our mental models and maps are no longer true.

1:53:08Yeah, so I mean, again, I'll just, I am in fervent support of the sweeping ban of Chinese models on USOE. And I have yet to hear a compelling counterargument right now. So you're saying like, oh, you do bring forth like a really compelling counterargument to one of my four points, which is the protectionist point, which I agree is the weakest one. Like, hey, they're doing fine, you know, and I think there's very reasonable pushbacks against protectionism. They do hurt the consumer. So fine. You still don't want the CCP to have its dirty fingers in the country. Right. Can we unpack the threat model there, though?

1:53:42Because I'm a little bit like, okay, these are, I don't know where you're running your inference, but like most American companies that are running Chinese models are not like calling the DeepSeek API, right? They're using some American inference provider. So they can't like run pull the model itself they could have like sleeper agents in there i think we're getting decent enough at through kind of jspace and various interpretability techniques that that's i wouldn't call that by any means a solved problem but like from what i've seen in anthropic research when they do the kind of one team with a sparse auto encoder versus one team without like these techniques are really allowing them to find these internal sleeper agent style problems in models with greater and greater efficiency and reliability.

1:54:35So I'm like optimistic that even if they were to train in some sort of 2027, you become an evil AI that we'd be able to sniff that out and keep that to a manageable risk level. And then I also wonder about kind of a market mechanism, like maybe insurance should, instead of a ban, like what about an insurance requirement? I think that would be maybe healthy for AI across the board. And then we could start to some of these risks. If Limby's powered entirely by Claude, maybe you get a cheaper rate on your insurance. If it's powered by DeepSeek and there's some unknowns, like maybe you have a higher rate on your insurance.

1:55:06Maybe that kind of levels the total cost out for you in a risk-adjusted way. But it still lets people take advantage of these global public goods that China is providing, which the rest of the world is not about to ban, obviously, right? We would be doing this entirely to ourselves without any expectation that anybody else will follow suit um and we had a hard enough time getting people to like sign on to our Huawei ban I think this like the idea that people are going to turn off deep seek entirely in Brazil or whatever that's like a total non-starter I have to imagine so what about yeah audits and internals and insurance like can't we layer on a few things like that and get to a decent place I would be down I I would be down the problem though is is it is a public good.

1:55:53And so who? Who's going to do it? By the way, I think like, yes, we are making progress in mechanistic interportability, but it is not yet a solved problem. Like we don't know what lies in those models. And so yes, there could be just like a backdoor of like you say, the magic wheel to the model and all of a sudden it does whatever you want. And only the CCP has this magic wheel. Even if it doesn't have that, you know, it's going to have biases that are going to reflect CCP priorities. And again, like the Tiananmen thing is just the most obvious example, but there may be a lot more, right? And again, we don't know.

1:56:25And yes, you could imagine retraining those models, but it's who's going to do it and why would they do it if there was no market demand for it, right? It's not like people really care that much over the short term because it's a national interest thing. You know, like me as a private company, I'm like, do I really care? Like all my users really asking about Tiananmen all that often? Like as a business owner, I'm like, it's not directly aligned with my interest. But as a citizen, I'm immensely concerned. And so, yeah, I would be in favor of a type of regulation that says, like, non-Chinese models, like, sorry, non-fine-tuned and, like, sanitized Chinese models are not welcome in the U.S.

1:57:02And then we would need, I am in favor of, like, an FAA for AI. I do think we need a new agency to regulate those models. And I think it would probably be the one that would be in charge of saying, okay, this model is kosher. We fine-tuned it enough, and it's now representative of American interests, and probably we have a suite of evals and whatnot to verify that that's the case. I'd be open to that, for sure. I think the strongest argument against this sort of ratcheting up of tensions is simply we might need to do a coordinated, controlled, call it a slowdown, don't call it a slowdown, but some sort of deliberate pacing of AI improvements.

1:57:44and we're going to want China in on that deal. And I'm far from a China expert, but a couple of things I do feel pretty confident on coming back from two weeks, you know, knowing it all, are like, one, if the state there agrees, I believe they can enforce on their companies whatever they agree to. So that's like, I think they have that actually in much greater strength than we do. And two is, if shit's going really crazy, it's going to be in their own just sane self-interest to do some deals with us because we are ahead and they're i think there's like many deals that they would rationally take and if it's in their rational self-interest then we can hopefully get mostly around a lot of the trust and defection problems but i think we make it a lot harder for ourselves to get to those deals when we have all these kind of aggressive postures toward them of which you know banning their models would I honestly affect them less than like our other one.

1:58:45It would affect them a lot less. What do they care if we ban their models, right? Compared to refusing to sell them chips and refusing to sell them Claude. But it's just another log on the fire of we don't trust you. We can't deal with you. We assume you're a bad actor. And it seems like it makes it hard to get to the highest stakes agreements that we might really need. Well, I think like foreign relations and diplomacy are also very pragmatic. some countries with very vicious disagreements are managing to reach agreements. I think we can probably figure something out. By the way, I think that ship has sailed anyway.

1:59:20I think we have ample evidence of, for example, Chinese spies attempting bio-attacks just to test the waters on American territory. And I don't know what we're doing over there, but I would not be surprised if I don't think we're free of anything over the years there. So I think at the end of the day, regardless of what we do and like regulate the models or not or not i think they're gonna it will be their rational self-interest to to make a deal i hope we're rational i hope we're all rational enough to take these rational self-interest moves uh despite recent insult i do worry when i see the picture of sam and dario not holding hands that if there's a if there's a picture on our tombstone i think that might be the one and i do think that's a very real risk factor at the international level as well.

2:00:07The Chinese... Do care about being insulted. They do care about these issues of face and whatnot. And I personally would take some risk to try to kind of the relationship up and hopefully create space for. I think you're right. It makes sense to throw back at me. You said they'll take it if it's in their rational self-interest. So they'll still do it even if we do this or that. But I do wonder if there's pride-governed limits to what people will do in rational self-interest, and I would just hate for that to be the way that we fail to get to something that could be a huge difference maker in the grand scheme of things.

2:00:48I think you might be prepared to bite a bullet on your libertarian principles when it comes to the tremendous price discrimination that we see between API prices and first party CloudMax or GBT Pro subscription prices. I'm not a lawyer, but yeah, again, I do think that I would not be surprised if there were laws like that in effect that technically forbid companies to subsidize as aggressively as they are doing. It does make it very hard for an application layer to emerge. Yeah, it's hard to compete against tokens that are as heavily subsidized as what Frontier Labs are doing. That's just the reality of the application layer right now.

2:01:27Anything else you want to say or touch on before we break through today? This has been great. Well, I'd be remiss if I didn't mention, you know, obviously we are releasing Lindy.ai, like Lindy Teammate. It's on Lindy.ai. I think be ready to see more, not just from us, but I do believe the next six months are going to be about multiplayer AI and about this like Ironman suit, like about this human AI hybrid and these products that create this human AI hybrid organization. Yeah. Hello. Thank you for being part of the Cognitive Revolution.

2:02:10I have read the world twice over And you'd read it twice again I could name you every mountain You can't tell me where I've been But the sunlight said the car was dirty So she went out in the rain And I did it fifty times on Tuesday And she'd do it all again For now we go as one animal Two hearts and a single spine Don't ask me which half is steering Half of me is going to be fine I have one small job left and it suits me He holds the handle and he waits I'm the last soft thing between the brilliance And the traffic and the gate I say no, not that way And I thank him for the no Like I taught her how to see And he never says the thing we both know That she is learning it from me For now we go as one animal Two hearts and a single spine Don't ask me which half is steering Half of me is going to be fine Faster now, I've nearly, nearly, nearly got it Slower, love, you'll overshoot the turn I can see the whole of it, I've nearly, nearly got it Slower, love, there's one more thing to learn It's funny how you teach a thing By standing in its way I was never here to be the clever one He was only here to say I used to hold the morning I have folded up the morning I used to count the floor I have counted every floor I used to see you turn the wrong way And I'd say No That was my word For now we go as one animal Two hearts and a single spine Don't ask me which half is steering Half of me is going to be fine Half of me is going to be fine Half of me is going to be fine.

2:05:03Half of me is going to be fine.

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