WW3 Threat Assessment: The War Has Quietly Started & No One’s Trying to Stop It!

26:12It's dependent on American support financially and economically. So it needs America to wage its conflict moving forward. If America were to say Israel, we don't support you, and Israel would take a different approach without a doubt. So the funding, the support, the intelligence flow, the economic support coming from the United States is what empowers Israel to prosecute its conflict. Without that support, Israel would take a different approach to the conflict. But then proxy would imply that Israel is acting as an agent or the behest of the United States. So the United States rather than getting involved directly with Iran up until last week, operates through another entity.

26:44That's the misunderstanding about proxy war. You're looking first for some sort of conflict that already exists. The conflict between Israel and Iran already exists. The proxy then, the proxy relationship happens when an outsider, a third party, comes in and exacerbates the conflict by putting more fuel on an existing fire. It's not that Israel is the agent of the United States. It's that Israel already wants to prosecute some sort of conflict. We come in and we're essentially the fuel to help exacerbate that fuss. So who's the proxy in this conflict? Israel. Okay. Israel is the proxy for the United States who wants to diminish Iran in the same way that Israel wants to diminish Iran.

27:23But this specific conflict is so fascinating because every fucking buddy wants Israel to degrade Iran. Saudi Arabia wants that. The United States wants that. All of the European Union wants that. Israel wants that. Everybody wants to see a degraded Iran. So Israel, especially after what it's been doing in Gaza, and the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, Israel's desperate for anything it can do to win back favor for the Abraham Accords as a democratic country, you name it. It's looking for option. And Iran is a very convenient option for them to build back relationships that they've killed along with the attacks in Gaza.

28:00If the reasons are different, does that still make one a proxy to the other? So Iran's Israel's objections to Iran, and it's the reason it sees Iran as a adversary, might differ from the United States. There's a vendiogram. There's some overlap, but there's also a tremendous amount that doesn't overlap. Same thing with the Saudis, the Gulf States, other regional states that see Iran as a threat. They see it for different reasons. Does that still, and I'm not saying it wrong, I'm just trying to understand, does that still make them a proxy if their motives are different? I would say yes, because it's not about the parts of the vendiogram that don't overlap.

28:32It's about the parts that do. It's about the convenience of Israeli citizens dying, Israeli soldiers dying, Israeli weapons being spent. That's the benefit of a proxy conflict. It's not American citizens who are at risk. It's not American soldiers who are dying. It's not American weapons that are being spent. We get to build our surplus. And if anything, we get to build extra and sell it to Israel, which is benefiting our economy. So this is the uncomfortable truth behind proxy war. It's all the benefits of a wartime environment without any of the risks. But then what also happens, and you can look at Vietnam as a great example, is the proxy wars that are supposed to be low cost for the United States and up blowing up into being a disaster for the United States.

29:17So I think of Vietnam as a classic proxy war, right? Right. Chris Chaff gave that speech, I think 1963, whenever it was, about wars of national liberation. And that there would be fought in what was then called the Third World, Vietnam being a classic case. There I see absolutely, right? First, you have the French, you know, in French into China, and then the United States building the French out, arguably the French were maybe a proxy for US interests. They were part of that firewall that we're keeping the dominoes from falling. But again, I'm struggling to, I'm trying to understand the Israel, United States proxy angle here.

29:49And that's a unique definition of proxy. I guess, okay, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you tell me if this is right wrong. Yeah. So in a weird way, the Iraq war was a proxy war for the same reason. The Iraq war in the 2000, which George Bush and Dick Cheney's Iraq war. Right. We're trying to weaken Iran. You think the Iraq war was an attempt to weaken Iran? I mean, you, you, but pipe in here, but that's how it started. That was the original intention. And the deep tragic irony is what we have now, which is Iran is running around. Why does the United States want to weaken Iran?

30:27The Iran, United States, the United States wants to happen to your family in 1970. But why, but why does it, what's the beef the US has with Iran? Because they have usages for 400 and something days in 1979. And we will not let that go until that is, you know, how is that? How what is, what is justice look like? I'm not saying that's, yeah, I'm just saying that. Why, why are we at war with the run or not a war? But why are we at conflict with run? I mean, I think there's a lot of different, a lot of different valid answers for that. But where I would take this, especially to keep it really accessible to the lay person, right, is that the United States wants zero competition for being the single superpower in the world.

31:08It wants no competition for that. It wants to remain the single superpower everywhere. Because being the single superpower gives your civilians, gives your population security. But it also means that you have the lion's share of all the resources in the world. And basic economics teaches us that all economics is based on resources. So Iran's goals to create a she a state, to create a she a crescent of power and influence across them at least is in stark contrast to what would benefit the United States. What the United States wants is to maintain a Sunni majority because that's where the oil is coming from is majority of the free United States.

31:44Sunni, wealthy, collegiate states. Even though it runs the second largest, not for the United States. Not for the United States. But it was, right? During the United States, great is period of prosperity. There it was a bipolar world. So unipolarity is something we've had since the, you know, since the 90s onward. And yes, there's been tremendous success. But arguably unipolarity has been destabilizing. What's unipolarity? Where you have one world power, basically dominating, which has kind of been the case since the end of the Cold War. And now we've seen a rise of other sort of polls, maybe with China being one.

32:16But you had during the entirety of the Cold War, it was a bipolar structure. The Soviets, you had the US. And they were dictating everything else on the chess board that was the globe, right? In front of us. And arguably, since the end of the Cold War, the unipolar system has not been very stable. You could say that I think the stats you cited, the number of conflicts have almost increased since that time. What is, what's the takeaway from that? What do you guys think? I mean, this is where I think academics and reality but heads. OK. Because academically, I agree with you. OK. And on principle, I agree with you.

32:49OK. The world could be better if it was multipolar. If we had a strong Europe and we had a strong country in China and we had a strong, or a country in Asia. And we had a strong United States. And if we could find a way to cooperate effectively and collaborate without conflicts, I mean, academically, all of that sounds one way. No, I don't pretend it's going to be friendly or cooperative. I think you can have multipolar where you still have adversaries. Yeah. But the idea is that you're saying that countries seek to be unipolar. They seek to be global hedgements because that gives them what? No, no countries don't do that.

33:23Once you are, once you are a near -pure competitor, then you have no other option in the reality of it, except to be the most powerful. This is why there's only one Olympic gold winner for any competition for any specific Olympics. You can't have a tie, right? It's the reason why if there is a game that ends in a tie, it goes into overtime. Because you have to have a winner. That's like it's human nature. I have to know what my threat level is against you. So one of us has to be dominance and one of us has to not be, has to be second to our dominance. And we can have dominance in different areas, right?

33:58That's why when I'm a guest in your home, I follow your rules. When you're a guest in my home, you follow my rules. There's an element of that that's all just built into our DNA as human beings. But what the United States has is it has global hedge money. It has all the benefits of the world's wealthiest economy, the strongest currency, the lead on technology. We've diversified our workforce so that we don't have to rely on manufacturing. We literally make money off of ideas in the United States, whereas a place like China is doomed to try to have human beings who do things with their fingers to make money.

34:31So when you have that level of power, you become very focused on keeping that power. Talk to any wealthy person out there and they'll tell you the same thing. But war is a zero -sum game. The Olympics are a zero -sum game. Diplomacy implies that others can win. Not everyone can win equally, but multiple winners can emerge or multiple losers can emerge. We can all kind of share a spot in the podium. Two people can stand in the gold section. You can split it. You can have a team sport, right? Everyone's getting gold on that team if they win. How is that consistent with what? Culture. This is where culture starts to lay in.

35:06Yeah. And I would say that the United States is a zero -sum culture. I would say too. OK. I don't think it's pretty, man, but I think it's the fact. I also think it's interesting when I hear you guys talk. It's like, you can imagine what it's like in the White House. Imagine the president. He's having some of his advisors tell him exactly this. Like, you know, the kind of big we must dominate. And then you have his military advisors wanting specifics having to do with what their intentions are in their lane. And so I think it's what's interesting for the laymen, which I certainly am on some level, is that when you begin the more information you get, you know, this is like on the other side of that information is actually a great thing for all of us.

35:53You can begin to understand the context. OK, wow, that's, you know, Andrew said that and that makes sense. Now, so I think then you start to see as an individual, the world makes more sense to you. It's less threatening like what is going on? Oh, my God, World War III is around the corner. But the president of the United States lives in his own, you know, silo and has so much incredible power. This just the longer I report on all of this, the more I'm amazed at how powerful the president of the United States is. And if we look at the current president, how much more power is being absorbed there?

36:29And the idea of them being in their own silo. I mean, no pun intended, but pun intended. Absolutely. I mean, traditional traditional political focused policy driven presidents, they try to find a way to reduce the silo effect. The current president has done the opposite. He's increased the insulation against expertise from people who have forged careers, becoming experts in their field. Instead, he's surrounded himself with voices that are more interested in who knows media intentions, future, future political benefits. But they're not necessarily coming from an informed expertise, like what we've seen in previous presidents.

37:13And that's where I think you use the word context. Absolutely. I think that's perfect to capture it. It's the context. So, you know, content is what the three of us are discussing here. Content. Context is what the cameras are recording, what editing is done afterwards, and then what gets disseminated beyond there. That is, you know, in a broader scope, that is the algorithm, that is social media, that is basically restricting the context to whatever the owners of that content feel it needs to be. And that, I think, also contributes to this sort of unipolar zero -sum mindset. And because only one algorithm can win, you can't have competing algorithms.

37:51We're trying to have competing algorithms with China, and they're winning. A few, two years ago, I designed a war game simulation for a group of retired military officials. And we had some prominent ex - we had governor, senators, national security staff, role -playing, White House situation room. And one of the things I was interesting was my job. I designed this game. It was meant to be what if a second January 6 happened, but this time the insurrection comes from within the military. You have defections from the military, national guard bases, isolated bases, right? Could the Pentagon be prepared for something like that?

38:27What would that look like? And I had the White House was staffed with this incredible social media team that was meant to sort of signal to the American people and to the president and to everyone else what's happening. And I had four people playing the Red Cell. The Red Cell consisted of basically trolls, provocateurs who aren't necessarily committed to overthrowing, but just wanted to, you know, to part - It's interesting they just wanted sort of - It's like action. It's like borrowing what - What he - He's like just that as the Joker. Some people just want to watch the world burn, right? Or he didn't say that, but it was from Batman, right?

38:58And the havoc that two or three people in a bar were able to simulate or to create versus an entire White House apparatus staffed with experienced people. These are people who's who are on actual White House Com's teams, who had the training. We had military folks who had worked in defense intelligence. And you had two or three trolls in their 20s. Some were veterans were able to absolutely cause havoc. And so that is the - Because the algorithm, and I designed the algorithm to amplify their stuff, and White House could not keep up. That's fascinating. That's terrifying. That is terrifying. That is where I think the warfare and the idea of World War III and conflict, that is how you get to zero sum, that is how you get to who emerges with the gold medal, I think.

39:40So to back to your point, the context, who controls that silo, who controls the mic, who controls the aperture, is going to matter more. One of the things Donald Trump has shown us is how much of an economy of attention we really are in. And just like having the most money makes you wealthy in a fiscal economy, having the most attention makes you very wealthy in an attention economy. And here's a man who even when he wasn't president, was in the headlines every day. So it's, I think that the unpredictability of what he's going to do moving forward doesn't bring us closer to peace. It doesn't bring us closer to proper communications.

40:17It's - you mentioned, you know, are we one miscommunication away? If we are, then we are in a very dire place because there is a lot of miscommunication happening. Well, I've read the stories through history of miscommunications, nearly resulting in nuclear war or some missile being launched. I mean, Anna, you've studied quite a few of those moments through history. I was listening to one the other day, I think it was a story of a Russian nuclear commander who who saw something on the radar and he thought the US was striking. And for whatever reason, he decided to assume that it wasn't and reported back to his, his sort of overlords that it wasn't a nuclear strike and didn't press the button.

40:55But everything on his radar told him that the US had launched multiple missiles. Are you familiar with that particular story? What is the story? He called the man who saved the world. It was 1983 and he was in a bunker in Russia. They're sort of equivalent of we have a similar radar, you know, a system that's looking at satellite tracking satellite activity. And it was perceived that America had launched missiles from the Midwest, ICBMs. And you know, you're absolutely right. I mean, you told the story perfectly. He decided not to raise the threat up the chain of command, which would have put the entire Soviet nuclear command and control on, you know, massive alert.

41:42He just didn't do it. And it was interesting because he, you know, was sort of really berated later by Russian command and control. But he got the moniker, the man who saved the world. There's a documentary about him that's definitely worth watching. And your point is what Secretary General of the United Nations, Antonio Gutera, said recently, which is we are one misunderstanding, one miscalculation away from nuclear annihilation. Or even one AI generated viral video that goes, you know, that the wrong person gets the wrong idea from. Imagine the Cuban missile crisis, how close we came. And imagine if you had generative AI content that made it look like the Soviets had deployed or fired a missile or anything to that effect.

42:31We saw during this Iran Israel conflict. I mean, how many videos on on X, I saw that showed devastation and telev, or devastation in downtown Tehran. I mean, they were obviously fabricated and AI generated. But the extent to which these things were recirculated and spread. And then I saw sources who I would normally trust sort of amplified these, not knowing until someone else pointed out, wait a minute, that's, you know, from a video game or that's generative AI. And imagine if our decision makers didn't have redundancies or fail safes in place to be able to identify that this is what that is.

43:03And they acted on a misread or something that they thought was real. That's what concerns me. Our intelligence forces more sophisticated than that. Presumably they're not on Twitter or something looking at videos. Well, they are. They are there as well. And that's a type of intelligence called open source intelligence. But the short answer is yes. Our intelligence infrastructure is far more sophisticated than the intelligence infrastructure for all of the, all of the, for the majority of the nine nuclear capable countries are very, very effective. France is very effective. The UK is very effective.

43:36The US is very effective. Even China's MSS is very, very effective. So sophisticated intelligence services are looking for corroborating evidence before they make an intelligence estimate. There is a challenge though. And we're seeing it especially in the United States, where the chief executive just disagrees. Independently unilaterally with what his intelligence estimate is. Which I mean, you saw two examples in the last few weeks, right? First you saw Tulsi Gabbard, who's the director of national intelligence. And a position that didn't exist until the failure of 9 -11. That DNI position was born from the fact that we needed to have more coordination across intelligence services.

44:13And she came out and she gave an estimate that Iran was not imminently capable of creating a nuclear weapon. A weaponized nuclear device, right? And how would she know? Because she's the director of national intelligence. All intelligence, thank you. It's obvious to me I understand. And it's not always obvious to everyone else. All of the intelligence services feed up. They feed up intelligence that's been vetted, corroborated, validated up through a reporting system that goes to the director of national intelligence, whose job it is to advise the president on the current status of the most quality intelligence that we have.

44:48The president as the chief executive is the one person who the intelligence services work for at the pleasure of the president. But his primary mouthpiece for current intelligence is supposed to be the DNI. So in Tulsi Gabbard says we have no reason to believe that Iran is imminently ready to prepare to create a nuclear weapon. The president is supposed to say thank you DNI. And then that becomes the information that he has. Instead, he disagreed with her. And then he said that's not really what's happening. I just disagreed. He shut her out. Correct. Shut her out of Senate briefings, intelligence briefings.

45:21She's been marginalized. And then she changed her opinion and came back. And I want to hear your disagreement. But then the second example I have is after the bombing. Raid of the three sites in Iran, the DIA, the defense intelligence agency, which is charged with collecting military intelligence from foreign targets, came back and said that we may not have reached total obliteration, Mr. President. And again, he disagreed. And he's like, that's completely wrong, total obliteration. I have a, it's not a disagreement, but it's more like a different POV on all of this, which has to do with narrative, which I'm very interested in of how.

45:58Because the more people I interview at all these different levels, I begin to realize that we all are working from the same set of human conditions, you know, bias and sort of like, and really my favorite one is the horse and the race. You have a horse in the race of how you think and the way in which you see the world. And I know as I get older, what I try to do personally is I try to notice where I am wrong. And instead of being defensive about it, be like, I was wrong about that. That's interesting because then you can kind of evolve in your thinking and have a bigger pre -oven. But I perceive Tulsi Gabbart making those decisions from the lens in which she sees the world.

46:47And her platform is very specific. You could almost have discerned that she was going to have that opinion. At least in my opinion. She was a known commodity before she became a gay guy. So this is the feeling I think what you're saying is, we knew she always saw the regimes in that part of the world from a certain framework. And her conclusion followed her biases. Her pre -sub is exactly the part. And maybe there's a great word because we all have them. There's nothing wrong with this per se. It's just that because I would take a totally different look at any of this if I was the DNI. And would be like Mr.

47:24President. It's not as much about these things that everyone's arguing about. Because let's face it, no one's going to know until time passes. The damage that was really done there. Period full stop. You know that. And we all know that. And so what you have to say, and again, as a historian, I would say, what's the best example of why we should bomb this facility? And the best example would be North Korea. Because Clinton, all what, so North Korea once upon a time, did not have 50 nuclear warheads and the ICBMs to get them to the United States to take out the United States, which is what I write.

47:59There's my bias, my lens, my point of view. But I have studied this. And so it's interesting to me that Clinton was going to bomb North Korea when they were in precisely the same situation that Iran is now not yet having a nuclear bomb. And North Korea promised that they wouldn't enrich the Uranium. And this is in 1983. And Clinton was preparing a military strike. And it was complex because a lot of people in Seoul were going to die in South Korea. And then Jimmy Carter stepped in and said, I will go negotiate the peace with the current dictators father. And he did. And everything was honky -dory.

48:36Except for North Korea had their hands behind their back and their fingers crossed. And they were lying. Because that is what dictators do who don't like America being the nuclear superpower and being able to threaten them. And if I was the DNI, I would say Mr. President, this is the best example of probably what is going on. That's my bias rather than saying, you know, so I'm, but I'm interested in how the tribal parts of America, which I find just as dangerous as nuclear weapons. Not quite, but that's what I'm interested in. And then everybody jumps on the story that, which is also true. The story you tell is true.

49:19But what does your take on North Korea, the bomb, Tulsi Gabbard? If anything, North Korea is the, I mean, I've never thought in my adult life, I would say this. It's the shining example of why countries pursuing nuclear capabilities will continue to pursue nuclear capabilities. Because here is a broken backwards poor fucking despicable regime that we don't touch. No one will touch them. Because they've got nuclear weapons. They have nuclear weapons. And now they, and now that, now that we have literally bombed a sovereign nation as the United States, we have sent in, we ran a bombing rate of a country that was sovereign its own borders with no, no, which is why Clinton wouldn't do it.

50:08Because of my god, that was unheard of. You don't do that. And now that we have done that to incurrent prevent a country from getting a nuclear, that's our stated intent. Now, our stated intent may be celebrated in most parts of this map, but to the Iranian people and to the people who are trying to climb up the social ladder through technology, the message they got is our borders are not going to be respected unless we have something like a weapon, a nuclear weapon that will keep people away. So now they have even more incentive to develop a nuclear weapon than they've ever had. Correct. Or, or, sorry to cut, or they might go a different direction.

50:42They might say, look at what a 30 year policy pursuit of funding a nuclear program brought upon us, brought upon us death and ruin. North Korea is a shining example of a failed state. The only reason that it hasn't basically toppled is because of the oppressive nature of the regime against its own people and against the outside world. Who wants to be known to North Korea? Iran does not want to be North Korea. It is a prior state of all prior states isolated beyond belief and a miserable place by all in a sense is to want to live and exist unless you're part of the ruling hierarchy. So I would argue the Iranian people will look at this, the people mind you.

51:17People are very different than the regime. People are different from the regime. The regime is about self survival. So they're going to emulate North Korea. Except that. 100%. Except that. All they're going to do is sew the seeds to their own downfall internally. Because yes, nuclear weapons will shield you from the outside world. They will not protect you from within. Iranians are not North Koreans. That is where they have demonstrated a willingness to die for rebellion. I'm not saying this generation is ready to do that. But the only reason I'm in this country sitting here is because there was thousands of people that were willing to do that.

51:49They will do that again, presumably. So great, build your walls, isolate yourself from the world, protect yourself from the US. But you're not going to protect yourself from civil conflict and civil strife and tribalism. That will persist and it will amplify. Because oppression, I think this is one of the great lines from the end or show for season right. Oppression requires constant efforts. And that constant effort is bound to break at some point. It is a lot of work to keep your domestic population repressed. That is not sustainable in the long run. History has shown that. You can keep others out, but you can't.

52:27But except for North Korea. North Korea is the only exception. And the reason is because they've got they've got they've got a huge patron willing to prop them up. But for China, I would China. But for China and to a lesser extent Russia, where would North Korea be? Iran doesn't have a savior. Iran hasn't had a savior. And it's not going to. It's not going to be Russia. I don't know that that's the case. I don't know that that's the case. Because right now there's an incentive across the Eastern block to support Iran. Right now, China, China and Russia and North Korea, who were already becoming diplomatically and economically tied to Iran before this, have all the more reason to do so now.

53:06Except none of them stepped forward in ways that mattered in the last three weeks to do something that we know of. Yeah. Well, you did Putin gave a very disconcerting speech in St. Petersburg on June 20th, where he talked about the Russian scientists helping out Iran. And that I found to be very an echo of a kind of a threat and long the line. Correct. Don't make the mistake of thinking that there hasn't been support given just because we don't know about support given. There's quiet diplomatic channels, there's secret intelligence channels. I don't disagree. There's just foreign language channels.

53:38I don't disagree. I just don't think Iran is the hill that the Russians or Chinese will die on. No, for sure. It's not. That's what I'm saying. At the end of the day, there is no NATO article five equivalent where any of these countries in the Eastern block will come to the defense of Iran's sovereignty. They simply won't. And now we go back to the conversation about proxy war, because Iran becomes a very convenient proxy for Russia and for China. But nothing is more important than Iran not having a nuclear weapon. Mohammed bin Salman himself said, if Iran gets the weapon, we will also, we Saudi Arabia, will get a nuclear weapon.

54:11And that's a huge, I think that's a fantastic, a fantastic parallel to why the world doesn't want Iran to be nuclear capable. Because a nuclear capable Iran would force the Sunni collegiate states to develop nuclear weapons as well. And that's nuclear world worth right there. Or you don't even need to be nuclear capable. Just be nuclear threshold. That's enough. That's what Iran, what if every country in the region became nuclear thresholds? What does that mean? They're on the verge of weaponization, but they're not quite there. So in other words, uranium enrichment. So when you find uranium in the raw, it's very low in rich, like two to three percent of it is pure.

54:47You enrich it, you put it in centrifuges, you separate the parts you want from the parts you don't, you purify it up to 20 percent can be used for energy or for medical uses. That's what the nuclear non -proliferation treaty allows. Every country except those who didn't sign it and the five great powers, right? Everyone else, you can have energy enrichment, uranium enrichment, up to that 20 percent threshold. Iran went beyond that, went up to 60 percent. When you go beyond 20, you're entering into weapons territory. Weapons territory, you have to get to the 90 percent range, right? Clean weapons.

55:19Clean weapons. But anything between 20 to 90 gets you a dirty bomb, a radioactive dirty bomb. And so Iran went there and said, well, we're not quite at the 90 percent weaponization yet, but they exceeded 20. Every other country could arguably do the same thing. They could say, we're not going to build a bomb, but we're going to come very close, where if we feel that we need to do it in a matter of weeks, days, months, we could quickly do it if we think there's a threat. That's a threshold. Do you think Trump was right to bomb Iran? Do I think he was right to bomb Iran? I think diplomacy with Iran has been exhausted with this leadership.

55:56Can you explain that to me? Because I'm really keen to just understand where this conflict with Iran has originated from. Yeah, so Iran up through 1979, it had various monarchies. The path of the monarchy that came into power in the 1920s was the last dominant one. And it had built at least through the Cold War, a close relationship with the West, specifically the United States. Iran served as one of the two pillars of U .S. power in the Middle East, the Saudis being the other. This is before Israel became important to the United States' national security system. And so Iran and the Saudis represented really a projection of U .S.

56:33power in the Middle East. With the revolution of 79, that went away. We supported the Shah and absolutely. And the U -Tilliputans. Yeah, absolutely. Right, so the United States and the Shah, the King of Iran, were extremely close. I mean, this peaked under Richard Nixon and Kissinger's time. And as a result, the Shah became very, very wealthy, looked to rapidly modernize the country. But what he didn't do, Iran experienced tremendous economic growth, but not political growth to match it. So what happens when a country becomes wealthy and becomes more modernized, becomes more European, which is what the Shah was trying to do, the people wanted other things that Europe had.

57:09They wanted free elections. They wanted free press. They wanted freedom of assembly. They wanted democracy to go with their dishwashers. The thing is, the Shah said, I will give you all of the trappings of modernity, high rises, air conditioning, indoor plumbing, dishwashers, electric appliances. But this democracy that you want, that's pushing it too far. So you had this rapid economic growth, this uneven political growth, and there the seeds of revolution were planted. The people were unhappy. And they said, wait a minute, why can't we have the other things to go with this growth? So the revolution happened with a bunch of different forces coming to play, not just the Islamists, but the Islamists were the ones that dominated at the end, and they cleared everyone out.

57:51They killed them basically, marginalized them. And they have three pillars they stand on. Three, like if you want to call it their mission statement. Number one is independence from the West. The Iranian regime believes no more dependence on the West like the Shah did. Number two is the destruction of Israel, or hostility to Israel. That is fundamental. Why? Because they see Israel as an outpost of American power, and arguably not colonialism, but they see Israel as a projection of US power. They also see in their attempt to go to pillar number three, which is exporting the revolution to other Muslim -Shia countries, they see Israel as getting in the way, because it represents this non -Muslim entity in an otherwise Islamic part of the world.

58:34So it's inconsistent with their goal of expanding the Islamic revolution. You can't do that when Israel is literally in the way. So it has to go, or it has to be diminished. And they've said that. Oh yeah, this is this is Homeini, the founder of the Republic. These are his three principles. So you have these three principles. You take any one of them away. The whole edifice, the whole thing falls out. It's like a tripod, break one of its legs. It's got, it doesn't have enough to stand on. So diplomacy with the US means ending hostilities with the West, and it means acknowledging Israel in some way.

59:08This government cannot do that, otherwise it loses all credibility. It's spent 40 plus years saying, these are the things we stand for. If they all descend and abandon those principles, they're going to have no credibility with their public. Then why, why should they still be in power? It's not because the public wants hostility with Iran and Israel. The public wants relations, but this government is saying, we oppress you, we terrorize you, all because we're keeping you safe and we're adhering to these three principles. And that's 40 years of brainwashing as well. Absolutely, of indoctrination.

59:37So diplomacy had reached its end to answer your question, a long answer to a good question, was Trump right to bomb it. Trump had reached the limits of diplomacy. And with Iran being a nuclear threshold state, and with Israel after the 2023 Hamas attacks realizing it could no longer tolerate this degree of a threshold Iran, the time to act, the pressure was there. So I think, the opportunity, the other way it had weakened the defense systems, the proxy. There are true proxies as Bo -Ha and Hamas. Right. So I think there was a window of opportunity, and there's Iran simply was not going to abandon its nuclear program on its own.

1:00:12Diplomacy was not going to get us there. They don't want to. It gives them too much leverage. And it's never going to abandon its nuclear program. I've learned to not say never anymore in the world. But with a regime change, I think that's a different story. But in the existing regime, they will, the regime will keep itself in power. That's my point about, you know, that's the analogy to North Korea. We can, that you, we all kind of agree on, is that, you know, their perception is if we have a nuclear weapon, then the West really can't mess with us. And you mentioned something else I like. You said that, you know, you, I think when you were saying, in the role of the DNI or the president, you get information, you were wrong.

1:00:52Okay. You have to reassess. Our leaders, and this goes back to sort of the topic of this, this book I'm working on, our male leaders especially, suffer from cognitive dissonance, right? Cognitive dissonance is when you have a set of beliefs and you get information that is inconsistent with how, with your beliefs. That makes all humans incredibly uncomfortable. All right. What do you do with that? Well, there's multiple ways that we psychologically try to neutralize that. One of them is, you change your view. You're saying, oh, I was wrong. This is the correct way to see things. Most people won't do that.

1:01:23That's embarrassing. Most men won't do that. Most men in positions of power absolutely won't do that. If they admit that they're wrong, then what does that, what does that say? Right? So instead, they double down, they reinforce, they become stubborn, and they end up then in order to justify that, have to act aggressively. So we suffer from basically man - This is the ZIm right problem. Exactly. I told you so. Exactly. So you have to reinforce your false belief because if you don't, it means you are wrong. And if you're Donald Trump, if you're Hamine, if you're Benjamin Netanyahu and you were wrong, how bad does that look?

1:01:59You're out. Your credibility is gone in this culture. That we're in. Right? So that leads to the other problem, the cognitive dissonance that these world leaders can't seem to handle. Do you think we were right to strike Iran? I think that we did the right thing at the wrong time. And I will say that because the President of the United States is the President of the United States. He's earned the seat. We wanted him there. We voted for it. He gets to do it every once. But considering the politics between Israel and Iran, at the time, considering the, at least at the very least, inconsistent intelligence that we have about the actual status of the weapons that Iran was developing.

1:02:39And then the political position inside the United States, being where it was with failed tariffs, being where it was with an inability to negotiate peace and Gaza and inability to negotiate peace in Ukraine, where it was. If it was the right thing to do, we certainly seem to have done it prematurely, along with preemptively. When would have been a better time? And I'm not a pro -pronominant of war. I'm just wondering, there is never a good time. When would have been a better time? I mean, if you want to, if you want to speak like a parent, then you're right. There's never a good time. Right? But first of all, I think a limited bombing run, that's not how you eradicate.

1:03:18That's not how you totally obliterate a country's nuclear capability. You have to commit to either multiple bombing runs. You have to coordinate attacks. In this particular instance, Israel made an offer to the United States. It said, hey, we would like for you to come in and use your bunker buster bomb, this technology that only you have. But if you don't, we have other options. I would have loved to have been like, let's see those other options. Let's see how far you can take this on your own because you're the one, Israel, that has an existential threat from Iran. You're the one who's dealing with and had phenomenal success with the proxies in your area, in your region.

1:03:57And we are the country that currently can continue to say that we don't violate sovereign borders for now. We obviously invaded Iraq. We invaded Afghanistan. We've had our history with this and we've had our history of breaking international law. And we always have the option to stop bombing across borders. But instead of waiting, instead of letting Israel kind of exhaust all of their options, we went in. And why? And did we go in because it was an hour best interest or did we go in because it was somebody else's Venn diagram bigger benefit and our Venn diagram smaller benefit? I have a theory about that.

1:04:34But first I want to ask you a question about your subject, you know, matter expertise, which is when you said, let's see, let's see Israel play out some of the other options because I'm talking about the covert action that they had planned because boy, was, did you, I mean, the leaked tapes that were on the Washington Post Israel's covert action teams, that was pretty stunning to me. Absolutely. And I think it's best if you explain maybe what we're talking about because the word is close to your, I'm as close to you as the Venn on your neck. Absolutely. So one of the things that we're seeing in the headlines now and in the near future for sure is going to continue to be this, this ousting, this collection of suspected spies within Iran.

1:05:17Because now Iran, Iran has been a Swiss cheese of spies of Mossad agents, informants, former Assad inside of Iran for Assad. For Assad. Mossad is the Israeli external intelligence collection service. The version of the CIA. Okay, so the Israeli CIA. Israeli CIA, correct. One of the major differences between Mossad and CIA is that Mossad is essentially exclusively focused on one major enemy to Israel and that's Iran. So 100, almost 100 % of their effort goes into protecting against this one existential threat where the United States, CIA is collecting on everybody, right? So with that kind of intelligence focus, plus the budget that Israel has, plus its partnerships with the West and the technology that can collect from the West, it has a far superior intelligence advantage over Iran.

1:06:05So cutting in for a second here, these are the trigger, we're talking about what we were talking about earlier with ground bread. These are trigger pullers, these are covert action operators that go in and kill people. We have multiple types of infiltrations inside Israel or inside Iran, but to the point that she's making, the covert action arm of Mossad inside Iran is massive. That's how they were able to go across borders and launch drones. They're finding now thousands of prefabricated drones inside Iran that were being built by assets of Mossad that were being controlled by AI within Iran.

1:06:45So that Israel could essentially at a press of a button fly hundreds of homemade drones built inside the capital of Iran, like fabricated inside Iran. So by Iranians. By Iranians. Yeah. So this has been the level of deception and sort of paranoia that comes with all of this territory is shocking and stunning and correct. And Iran has suspected this for a long time, has known that it exists, but maybe never to what extent, because it wasn't a imminent threat. It wasn't an imminent concern. And then it became one with this run, with this series of activities against Iran. I was reading about the pages the other day.

1:07:25I had no idea. I'd kind of seen something on my feed, but I thought I'd research it. And essentially Israel had managed to get the Iranian forces to wear pages that they had manufactured with bombs inside them and then they exploded all the pages. I mean, even more impressive than that, they didn't get anybody to wear page. They found the model and type of page or they found the supply chain, they found the fabricator for that and then they infiltrated, infiltrated the fabricator to make sure that they input those explosive devices into the same making model. That was going to end up in the hands of Hezbollah.

1:07:59And then they were... That was in Lebanon, by the way. Oh, yeah, that was okay. Lebanon, yeah. But that's a proxy army of Iran. The other thing I want to point out is Western intelligence, the CIA especially completely missed 1979. It's one of its biggest, biggest failures in the modern era. The United States and other Western agencies, even Israel are notoriously ineffective when it comes to, I think, fully understanding what's happening in Iran, what the Israelis accomplish with their Mossad agents is remarkable. But in terms of the sentiment, the mood on the street and the people's appetite for this group or that entity, for whatever reason, maybe you can shed light on this.

1:08:35I am trying to understand why the United States has such a poor history of understanding that going all the way back to the 53 coups, a classic case. Even MI6 doesn't get it right. How is it that they're so bad at this there, but they can seem to do it everywhere else? You can't expect any intelligence organization, you can't expect any professional intelligence organization to be right 100 % of the time. Intelligence is this is something that people often misunderstand, right? Intelligence isn't when you know something to be true. When you know something to be true, it's a fact. Even if it's a secret that you know to be true, it's a fact.

1:09:08Intelligence is your estimation, your guess of what you don't know. Because if you knew it, it would be a fact. How does something like October 7th happen when there is so much intelligence in the region and there's these Mossad forces, there's the CIA? How does, was it hundreds of people stormed the border of Israel and did this brutal attack? Presumably they had intel that that was going to happen. Correct. I mean, the finding since the day of the attack have shown that there were multiple reports, there were multiple operators and officers who escalated this problem. The one of the downsides of democracy is that when you have a bureaucracy that has channels of command and people have to agree and collaborate and validate each other's information, everything moves much slower.

1:09:57So what, and anybody can contribute to this, but for October 7th, the IDF was in charge of Border Patrol, Border Security, the IDF meeting the Israeli Defense Force, which is a military unit. They were in charge of the location where the attack happened and they saw evidence of rehearsals and practice attacks and they saw an escalation of conflict and they reported up to the bureaucratic chain of command, but somewhere in that chain of command, somebody saw it differently. Yeah, exactly. And then Shinbet, which is essentially FBI equivalent in Israel. In Charles Security. In Charles Security never got the complete accurate memo from IDF and then Masad's information on what may or may not be happening was obviously never part of the finished intelligence that did make it up to the policy makers.

1:10:45So there was evidence that was only really identified post -fact, which is exactly what happened with 9 -11 -2. There was information that was only identified after the effect. And I think it's also the good old cliche, you know, hindsight is 2020. Applies in all of these situations, whether it's Pearl Harbor or 9 -11. I mean, intelligence failures are what change the trajectory of history. But if you do interview a lot of CIA people as I do, I often hear this and it may or may not be true, which is Annie. No one ever hears all the attacks we stopped. And then I say, well, tell me about them. They're still classified, you know?

1:11:24So I mean, that's why narrative is so interesting to me because first of all, it feels personal because you can relate to it. Even if we can't relate to being in the White House, we can certainly relate to being stubborn about not wanting to change your opinion. Or, you know, putting together a certain set of facts and saying, we all probably do this in our own home or this, therefore, that. And then we're wrong. I've built companies from scratch and backed many more. And there's a blind spot that I keep seeing in early stage founders. They spend very little time thinking about HR. And it's not because they're reckless or they don't care.

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1:12:30And just work stops you learning this the hard way. It takes care of the stuff that would otherwise drain your energy and your time, automating payroll, health insurance benefits. And it gives your team human support at any hour. It grows with your small business from start up through to growth, even when you start hiring team members abroad. So if you want HR support that's there through the exciting times and the challenging times, head to justworks .com now. That's justworks .com. What happens next with Iran? With this whole tension with, you know, they've said that there's this ceasefire, but it doesn't look like a great ceasefire.

1:13:05There's a crisis of legitimacy that this current Islamic government has to reckon with domestically. They have to now look at their people and say, OK, we basically fail to defend you, though they're trying to spin that narrative, saying that they did defend the homeland. And they're trying to use nationalism as a sort of a salve, as a treatment to justify or to explain or to sort of wash over what happened. There's going to be new leaders. The supreme leader right now is frail. He's been frail. He's been on the verge of death for years now, setting aside attempts to kill him. And the crisis of succession, who comes next, is going to be now amplified much more, a greater sense of urgency.

1:13:49And then whether or not the next leaders of the revolutionary guard, which is sort of Iran's, so just explains something, Iran has two militaries. There's the Iranian military that protects its borders and domestic security oddly enough. And then there's the IRGC, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, which is protecting the revolution. The R in IRGC stands for revolution. The I does not stand for Iran, it stands for Islamic. In other words, they are protecting what happened in 79. They are not interested in the country. That's what the army does. The army protects the country. The IRGC protects the movement.

1:14:27And so the IRGC is the most powerful entity in Iran. And who their next generation of leaders or next level of leaders that rise up, what their views are, are they willing to cooperate with the rest? Are they going to double down on nuclear enrichment? Are they going to take things underground? Are they going to kick out the IAEA permanently? Are they going to pull out of the NPT? We don't know the answer to these questions. And what's the public unrest going to be like, can somebody emerge? Because you cannot have resistance without a movement led by a figurehead of some kind. And this regime has been incredibly good the last few days they've executed three or four potential people who they think could emerge as...

1:15:06I didn't know that. They killed three or four people. About three I think. Three for sure there's a fourth. I'm waiting to get confirmation. Yeah, people that they're afraid of, who could use this period of instability and dysregulation to foment rebellion and insurrection. It's the last thing they want. And that's where I'm going to butt in here. And you're going to correct me if I'm wrong. But if we were in a different presidency and a different era, like, you know, this is where the CIA would be in Iran and would be fomenting change. Because that is ultimately what the American goal is. Which is absolutely should not be doing.

1:15:44Ever. It did it in 53. But I didn't say a true or true or not, just say it would have. Meaning not, not, not, not true or shouldn't from a moral perspective. It just simply doesn't. This is, it doesn't work. For this to have legitimacy for decades to come, it has to be organic, homegrown, free range, you know. The agency can sometimes hide itself so dramatically that it's not even known it's there. Iran is not. Iran is not. Iran is, and again, I say this as a, as a very proud person, Iran is different than I think other theaters of conflict where the CIA has operated. You know, Iranian civilization and nationhood goes back thousands of years.

1:16:24It's very different. It does not take wild. It's not like Iraq, which is a fabricated state. Didn't exist until 1917, 1918 after the Psycho Agreement. Or, you know, the modern Middle East is very different. So you want the medal in the Middle East fine. But Turkey, Egypt, Iran, these are nations that have existed for thousands of years. That's a game that the United States, intelligence agencies, and I would add MI6, the UK hasn't figured it out either. Andrew, what do you think happens next in this region? Are we going to reach pieces? Are we going to form an alliance with the US? So I'm smart enough not to, not to debate, because I am largely ignorant on the political divisions and internal politics over on.

1:17:04And I know that CIA has very little idea of what's going on around most of the time also. And I am suspicious that a big part of why we went in at all was because Netanyahu and Israel said, here's the intelligence that we have. It's a very common game in the world of intelligence. If you have 80%, if you have 100 % of knowledge, you're only going to share 20%. And you're going to share the 20 % that benefits you. Do you think that's potentially what happened? I absolutely think that's what happened. So you think Netanyahu and Israel could have given selective intelligence to the United States to provoke them to get involved.

1:17:36That's, it only makes sense. It's what a professional intelligence service would do. It's exactly what the United States does. And you don't think the US knows that though? They're not like getting titrated amounts of information? No. I think even if they did know that, Netanyahu understands the Trump mentality of horse racing. Horse racing. Right? And there's the world of intelligence is a nasty, nasty game. We call it a gentleman's game, but it's not at all. It's a game of twisting people's distortions and cognitive dissonance and playing into biases and politics and it's a nasty, nasty game.

1:18:12So what happens next? What I think we need to be prepared for is that nuclear weapons are not becoming less likely to be used. I think the traditional World War II nuclear weapon, the ICBM that's targeting a civilian population, that is less likely to be used. That is possibly full on unlikely to be used. But a dirty bomb? What's that? A dirty bomb being in a 60 % enriched uranium deposit that's triggered through some kind of explosive device that's dropped off in a car trunk or dropped off in a suitcase. That... It doesn't have a weapon system. But it just radiates the air. You drive a truck in and you just explode of...

1:18:54You know, because it's like a radio active, dirty... It causes like a radiation cloud to hover above a city or a small area. Right. That's what terrorists have a lot of tactical... And tactical nukes, I think, are also something that we're very likely to see. Since the end of World War II, what we've seen is an increased investment not in intercontinental ballistic missile warfare, but in tactical nuclear warfare. Tactical nuclear warfare are warheads that are as small as 50 pounds. And those can sit on the end of a short distance rocket, a medium -range rocket. They can... They can be put in a backpack and put on a...

1:19:25a drone for all intents and purposes. And those tactical nukes have a very small, contained explosion, but it's still a nuclear explosion. And the reason the tactical nukes are so valuable is because now you can use them against military targets. So what we... Well, I have to totally... I gotta take... Like, can be used against, should never be set. Right. So that's my line in the sand. Tactical nuclear weapons are not... are no longer in the US arsenal for precisely that reason, because they cannot be used, because the escalation to strategic weapon, nuclear weapons, which is one continent to the next, big systems, big delivery systems, is inevitable.

1:20:07But keep going. You're saying it's a slippery slope? It's exactly the same. It's a dividing line. You can't even enter into the slope. It's like if you get pushed off a cliff, there's no going back. It's not a slope, it's a cliff. So you... I understand of nuclear war games and everyone at the Pentagon knows that. No matter how nuclear war begins, it ends in total annihilation, which is why America no longer has tactical nuclear weapons in its arsenal. We used to. We used to have small nukes that you could put in a backpack and jump out of an aircraft. And I know people who rehearsed that during the call.

1:20:42You can definitively say that the US has none in its arsenal, or none that we know of. No, no, no, we don't. Now, you could say that the ones on bombers, because we have a certain kind of one nuclear weapon that can be flown in, and it can be... Its size can be dialed down. And that makes it tactical. Why have we got nuclear bombs then at all if we can ever use them? That's the fundamental. You're saying we can't have tactical nuclear bombs because if we would never use them and if we did dwells over, basically. So why do we have nuclear bombs? Because the same principle applies. If you have nuclear bombs, I can't do that.

1:21:16And we have nuclear bombs. We have nuclear bombs. Absolutely. No. And I do believe that's one of the wise moves of the US nuclear command and control. Because the tactical ones will lead to the big ones. A thousand percent. Not a hundred percent. But if that's true, then why have the big ones? Well, that's the bigger question. But our position on why we have nuclear weapons is one word. It's called deterrence. We are going to deter you from using your nuclear weapons against us because we have an arsenal, and you have an arsenal. It's this bizarre catch 22 paradox of why we can't get rid of nuclear weapons.

1:21:52We're now seeing, we're seeing where reality and policy but heads. Because Annie's right. The policies on this are clear as mud. But they are stated and restated over and over again in order to get the American populace, the American people to be able to stomach the fact that we have all these nuclear weapons. The fact that we put our nuclear weapons in five other countries around the world. Belgium is sitting there holding our nukes. Italy is holding our nukes. Making them a target. And giving them a nuclear weapon in their own border. Which they cannot use. Which they cannot use without the president of the United States authorizing it.

1:22:35So it's very precarious. You would be able to use it if they wanted to. So every weapon is different. Every weapon is different. And I say this because the truth of nuclear weapons is far scarier than the average person understands. Which is a big part of why I believe like you. They will never get used at a strategic level because the people who actually handle the weapons, the people that you're talking to, they understand the devastating consequences of these weapons. But the lay person gets very, very confused sometimes. So a small warhead, let's just say 30 kilotons of explosive power. Which is still twice what we dropped on Hiroshima.

1:23:20A small warhead does an immense amount of damage. It annihilates 10 square miles, let's say, of whatever it explodes. If it's a surface explosion, if it's an altitude explosion, it doesn't destroy really anything. It leaves an EMP footprint that short circuits wiring. And that can be a huge EMP, thank you. And an EMP pulse that destroys everything beneath it. What is an EMP? An EMP is an electromagnetic pulse. It's a electrical discharge that comes from a nuclear detonation or other sources that infiltrates through technology, wiring, et cetera, and it's shorts that are burns out the wiring. So you think of like a massive power surge.

1:24:03Or you can just, you can detonate them underground underwater to create natural effects. You can create earthquakes, you can create tsunamis, you can create vapor bubbles that are just destructive. So there's lots of different ways that you can use a weapon. But the thing that concerns me is that because the US policy is so black and white, as it's fed to the American population, it's that much more inviting for one of these other countries to use a nuclear weapon in a specific way to create chaos, to create a lack of clear acquisition. For example, if a small Russian nuke, which lives in Belarus, because Russia puts their nukes in Belarus, finds its way into Kiev and explodes in the back of a truck, who do you blame?

1:24:49Does the US blame Russia? Does the US blame Belarus? Does Russia take responsibility for it? Does Europe say that it's an attack from the Russians? What do you say? Because now you just had a nuke go off and the world's confused. And the same thing happens if China uses a tactical nuke to destroy in the ocean and the South China seas, if China uses a tactical nuke to blow up five Filipino ships, what is that? It was a small nuclear device that was used in a lateral situation that was only attacking military forces that were quote unquote violating some sort of free space. What do you do there?

1:25:26Do you, that's not when you launch ICBMs? So what do you do? What happens there, Annie? That's the nightmare situation. I mean, attribution or rather non -attribution of a nuclear weapon. Figure out where it came from. Yes, because if a strategic nuclear weapon is launched, an ICBM, we, the United States, knows precisely where it came from because we see it from our satellite systems in space in the first, second, after launch. So that is the fundamental of deterrence. Not only can you not launch it us, but we will know in one second and we will be back at you before yours even get to us. That's how that works.

1:26:08But what Andrew is saying is deeply troubling. And another reason to our conversation about why Iran should not have the bomb or anyone for that matter, it's dangerous enough that you have nine nuclear armed nations who could, as you say, someone in Belarus could wind up with some things. That's incredibly dangerous, but you do not want anyone else into this mix. Including non -state actors, which would be Hezbollah, Hamas, the Houthis, if you're Israel. The concern is not so much that Iran will use it, but Iran will provide it to a non -state entity that is not bound by any international law or rules of warfare.

1:26:49And Iran can claim deniability and that's why President Trump bombed for, that's why. So imagine, imagine Israel is one of the nine, one of the nine nuclear capable countries. Imagine this msad that is absolutely capable of incurring across Iranian borders, smuggle in a 50 pound tactical nuke. And they take it and they put it inside one of the testing ranges, when they put it inside one of the facilities inside Iran. And then they put on a time detonator and 13 hours later it goes off. There's a nuclear explosion underground in Iran in an Iranian facility that we, in this simulation, we know it's triggered by Israeli covert action, but the whole world sees an explosion go off in Iran.

1:27:34So now the president wonders, did they just run a nuclear test? Iran raises their hand and say, we did not run a nuclear test. Somebody put a nuclear weapon in our territory who believes who, right? What does Saudi Arabia believe? Well, shit, Iran has nuclear capability. We're nuclear threshold. Boom, let's get it going. Japan nuclear threshold, they start getting their program going. And how bad does it look for Iran? If it admits that Israeli commendos or agents made their way into one of the most top secret facilities right under their nose? Right. So I have a curiosity, which you might know.

1:28:08I'm just a possible fear. Some sick curiosity. We should share a drink. No, this is like a terrifying one. Is that after October 7th, President Biden went to Israel himself. He did not send Lincoln. Remember that? This was in. That was a big deal. That was a big deal. This is an hour. This was not a man who was out playing football. Okay. He goes to the heart of the battle zone. Why? My theory is that he said to Netanyahu, there's one line you may not cross. And if you cross it, we are not friends anymore ever again. And that's the nuclear line. That is my theory. No one's ever, whenever I've asked anyone, they just don't have an answer.

1:29:01Their lips get very. Get first. Get very first and no one says anything, which leads me to believe that is precisely what happened. There's so much going on around this map that's in front of us. That is, it all seems to be happening at once with Russia and Ukraine and you've got China and with Taiwan. You've now got the Middle East going off with Iran and Israel and everything happening in Gaza. It doesn't feel like this is going to go the other way. It doesn't feel like this is going to retract anytime soon. It's funny because when Trump got elected, he promised to end these wars. And under his reign, it seems like there's more wars popping up.

1:29:37And actually, a lot of this causes cover and distraction for other people to start invading countries that they've got a problem with. And we talked a little bit about international law being violated and new presidences being set in terms of what you can do. We're now at a point where it's kind of a catered bomb of sovereign country. It's kind of a cage to roll across the border and just take what you want. So I think that's where my concern starts. And I'm looking over at the other side of the map here with Russia and Ukraine. And I'm asking myself, how does that end? You know, Putin can't just roll out of there because then why did he ever roll in?

1:30:09I mean, it doesn't look like Ukraine are going to allow him to take a part of their country. That war's going to carry on. And then you've got China and Taiwan where the tension has increased. And I think I read that there's been more murmurs of conflict or invasion going on with China in recent times, which would probably be, now would be a great time if you're China. And you want to take Taiwan. Now it'd be a pretty good time to do it. Trump is busy. Not just busy. There's a military test happening in Taiwan in the next few days where they're practicing or prepping for an amphibious invasion from the Chinese People's Liberation Army onto the coast of Taiwan.

1:30:45And so what has the Chinese government done in the last few days? They have jammed GPS signals. They have launched drones that are interfering with radar, basically and blocking shipping lanes, legally within where they can be. But the point being is that if you're Taiwan, you're prepping for this amphibious invasion that may not need to happen because China can do plenty to disrupt and make life for Taiwan, Israel without even setting one soldier's foot on Taiwanese soil. So absolutely, this is, and meanwhile, the US is busy elsewhere. Look at the missiles that were used to provide it, Israel, the THAAD missiles that were used to defend against the Iranian ballistic missiles.

1:31:25It's been depleted, right? So if you're the US now, you're at a weaker state of being able to defend Taiwan, then you were a month ago, six months ago. And there's also sort of a public fatigue, right? Because now the public in the United States, they're more polarized, even on the right, there's some people that think we should be going to war on the left, they think we shouldn't, et cetera. It's getting quite murky. There's a lot of backlash. And I'm sure Trump feels that some of his closest media allies like Tucker Carlson and half my Twitter feeder saying he shouldn't have dropped the bomb, he shouldn't go to war.

1:31:56And I'm sure that stuff gets to him. But Benjamin, you believe, I think, that if there were to be a trigger for World War III, it would come from that region. I think so. I think we would see it in the form of a, we're seeing now, trade war, supply chain crisis issues. We saw during COVID what happens when the supply chain is disrupted. That was a sort of a non -human event, meaning it was a virus. But imagine China now banning the sale of all rare earth minerals to the West, right? These are minerals that are used in the construction of lithium ion batteries, microchips, processor, things of that nature.

1:32:30And then imagine if China says, well, we're simply not going to sell these things to the United States and its Western allies done. We're not going to. What happens then? So I think a major conflict will be precipitated by an economic and trade war, which we're now basically in for all intents and purposes. And until the US and Western allies can diversify by getting these resources elsewhere, I don't know if occupying Greenland is going to be the answer, or making Canada the 51st state will give us that. But this is where the Chinese are very effective. They have a large amount of these minerals within their borders.

1:33:02We know that there's a good amount in Ukraine, which is why President Trump wanted to make that deal with the Ukrainians to secure those mineral rights. But these sort of, this all goes back to trade and technology. You don't need to control territory for territory sake now. You need territory that has something that's vital, whether it's oil, less so these days arguably, but now it's rare earth minerals and access to trade routes. That is where you start messing with that. You are then lighting the fuses of war, which are already being messed with. Everything that you just rattled off is already in motion.

1:33:34It's already happening. It's part of why I make the claim that World War Three is already happening. If China invades Taiwan, if China takes Taiwan administratively, judiciously, militarily, however they choose to go in there, because we keep thinking that they're going to send warships in and weaken the battlefield with missiles or something. That's not how they took Hong Kong. They took Hong Kong administratively and then just moved in the police. After saying we have legal right, that's exactly what they're doing in Taiwan. They even have a parliament in Taiwan that's majoratively pro -China.

1:34:06They meddled with the elections in January enough to win a majority in the parliament, even though they lost the presidency. So I actually think we're seeing the same messaging coming out of Europe. If China moves on Taiwan, the world kind of does this. And Taiwan's alone, not only because the president's distracted, but also because NATO is distracted, Europe is distracted. And the last thing anybody wants is to fight over there when there's so much bullshit happening over here. But the thing is that if we need to move in and invade, all they have to do is block shipping routes, which they can do.

1:34:39No one's going to challenge them on that and basically stop selling these rare earth minerals to every country that wants them. What do we do then? Russia's not selling us what it has. You know, Russia can choose to do the same thing. Well, that's not going to turn into a kinetic war. The United States. It won't. Exactly. It'll turn into more of what we're already seeing. More tariffs and more threats and more trade and more of the same stuff that we're already seeing, which is a big part of why I think we're already in the middle. That is a great, that is the war we're in right now. It just doesn't look like the wars have passed.

1:35:07I think it was Biden that said or suggested that if China were to invade or take Taiwan, then there would be an award. Up we'd be an award. But it doesn't need to. It doesn't need to. For China to win, it doesn't have to set foot on Taiwanese soil. All that has to do is basically isolate Taiwan economically, trade -wise, and then dare anybody else in the West or elsewhere to do anything about it. Will they do anything about it? That's really difficult to see. Even France, even the president of France just came out recently and was like, hey, you know, if China takes Taiwan, I don't think France is going to get involved.

1:35:42Yeah. If we in the West can find our minerals elsewhere, I think we'll throw Taiwan under the bus. And under the Biden ship act, that's exactly what we're trying to do is find our diversified routes. Haven't we got some like sworn promise to protect Taiwan? Yes. The officially yes. We have a sworn promise to protect Taiwan. I think that the wild card in all of this is the current president. No one knows how he's going to behave. And I don't really believe that there's such a thing as him being distracted. I think that he will put his focus on whatever it is he chooses. And then that's becomes the attraction.

1:36:22Yeah. Xi Jinping also knows that he needs a win right now. And he also knows that there's a huge economic benefit by ingesting Taiwan and Taiwanese semiconductors and Taiwanese infrastructure and Taiwanese capabilities because all of the United States IP for semiconductors was developed here. And it's all being built there. So when you take that, you get everything there that's a physical infrastructure and everything here that's intellectual property. Has the probability of nuclear war ever been higher in the last couple of decades? I think the Russia, Ukraine, Russia's invasion of Ukraine a few years ago, and the immediate first few months, I should say, the first year, was the peak of the last few decades.

1:37:12I think we've backed away from that a little bit, but I think that was the peak. I don't think more today than let's say a year ago, but I think a year and a half ago more so than the 20, 30 years prior. And do you think if Iran had developed a nuclear weapon, they would use it based on those three pillars you described earlier? No. You don't think they would? No, because the regime is not suicidal. Because if they had used it and we'd be able to track it, they'd be destroyed. And there are a lot of things. They might be crazy. They might be irrational. In some ways, they are not suicidal. They're not willing to die for this.

1:37:43They want, they want, like Hitler and the thousand -year rife, they want this to endure. And it's not going to endure with the, developed, which is why they, why Khamenei, the Supreme Leader, maintained a threshold of nuclearization. If you cross that threshold to being a nuclear weapon state, then all of a sudden he has a big target on his back, either from within or from without. And his goal is to have the regime endure for a thousand plus years, not to have it be sacrificed at the altar of nuclearization. And you, what you think in terms of probability? High level. I mean, I will give you a number.

1:38:16I think there's a 30 % chance that we're going to see a nuclear detonation in our lifetime. And here's why. Here's why. Because... Tactical or... Does it matter? I'm saying any detonation. Any detonation. Okay. The last known nuclear detonation was 2017, unless I'm mistaken. 2017, when North Korea did a test underground. That wasn't that long ago. And there were a series of tests that they did before that. In an environment where testing is not supposed to happen anymore. We are now entering a season of more conflict. We're seeing more and more strong authoritarian type leadership, even if it's in the lead of a democratic country.

1:38:57We're still seeing strong man type of... Of shame -based leadership. This cognitive dissonance where people where leaders will go contrary to where their advisors say leaders will go contrary to what's in the best interest of the people's opinion in pursuit of some sort of strategic or even tactical political aim. With more advanced weapons, with more transnational threats than ever before, transnational threats are threats that don't derive from a national identity. They derive from something else, like a drug cartel or a radical Islam or radical Catholic for all we care. With the rise of transnational threats, the opportunity for someone to get their hands on something that's nuclear and then detonate that nuclear device somewhere is just too great.

1:39:43And it's only getting greater. It's only getting more. With new cryptocurrencies, people can pay for things and financial transactions can't be tracked as easily as they were in the past. We are definitely in an area where it's getting worse. And I remember people asking me this question two years ago. And I put the chances that 15 to 20 percent. So in just a year, a year and a half, I've literally seen us move the dial. In my opinion, closer to we will see a nuclear detonation in our lifetime than we have in the past. Can I ask you to just qualify something? Sorry. Is it state or non -state doctor?

1:40:16You think more likely. Because I don't think it will be a state. I don't think it will be a clear state actor. Got it. I have a couple of thoughts on that, which where I may actually answer the question. So this goes back to your terrifying point about miscalculation or mistake. So I think that the mistake is where the real threat lies. People at this table may remember in November. The UK gave, I'm talking about the Ukraine, Russia conflict right now. The UK gave the storm shadow to Ukraine. We gave the attackums. These are systems like missile systems essentially to be able to go further into Russia for allow Ukraine to fire further into Russia.

1:41:04And Russia was hissed off. And in response, they fired an intermediate range ballistic missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Okay. This is the first time in history that a ballistic missile was used in this kind of a kinetic war, a hot war. And I was on an airplane leaving London to, and I went, oh my god, is this that situation where I'm not going to land because there's a nuclear war, because that is precisely the kind of thing I write in nuclear war scenario, where something's launched and the United States, because we have a launch on warning policy launches before it lands, because we're not willing to wait to see what was in that warhead.

1:41:48Now, what was in the warhead was nothing. The Russians launched an inter -range ballistic missile into Ukraine with nothing in the warhead. Why? I mean, this is so terrifying. Well, we learned later when Lavrov went on television, he said that he had notified his American counterparts in advance. I was taken to the State Department to see where that advanced notice came into. And it's called the NERC, the National Nuclear Security Center in the State Department. I'm messing up the name, but it's known as the NERC. It's inside the State Department, and it's basically, hello, we're not at war room, meaning every 90 seconds you hear, Bing, Bing, Bing, and that's all you hear.

1:42:39And I was with the Assistant Secretary of State who said, Annie, that's the Russians telling us we're not at war. And Lav, and she explained to me that Lavrov… Who's the Russian Foreign Minister? The Russian Foreign Minister, when he said on TV, which went over everybody's head, including mine, oh, we notified our American counterparts. What did that mean? Well, what Mallory Stewart, the Assistant Secretary of State, told me was what it meant was that Lavrov's rang up the NERC and said, you know, we're launching, and it doesn't have a nuclear warhead. That was such a big deal. And I don't think the average person understands how big a deal that was.

1:43:17When I think it was called the Arashnik. It was called the Arashnik. The Arashnik was the newest, most modern version of an ICBM, intermediate ballistic missile, IMBM, that the Russian inventory had. We had never seen it deployed. It's never been, it's never been seen before. And it reminded the whole fucking world. You do not want to go down this road. A ballistic missile is a terrifying, terrifying tool. Why? It launches into the atmosphere where it splits into three parts. The rocket, the booster, and then what's known as a Merv. Almost like a, you know, imagine a revolver, take out the piece that holds the bullets of a revolver.

1:43:58And it's called a multiple, reent, multiple independently targeted reentry vehicle, MIRV. A warhead sits in each one of those canisters of the revolver. And then it on its own can move in space and then drop warheads in different trajectories. And then those warheads as they come down from space, not propelled, as they just fall from space. They reach speeds between Mach 2 and Mach 20. And then they come in contact with whatever they're targeted. When there's a warhead on there, that warhead also, it's, it's scheduled to, um, to explode, add altitude at surface level or underground, whatever they choose.

1:44:34But there's no stopping that fucking weapon. Once it drops the Merv, once the Merv drops the warhead, unless you have some sort of tech that can intercept a Mach 20 to Mach 2 to Mach 20. No one has. Right. We claim that we have it, but we've never actually tested it, right? We try to, we try to intercept the missiles on their trajectory, or at least when they're at their, at their, at their arc at their precipice. I don't think we've ever claimed to have that you can, that in terminal phase, you can take something out. So, um, I would want to fact check it, but either way. But my point is when I saw those lines of Mach 20 fire just coming down into Ukraine, I mean, that's the kind of, when I went through a Newk school, that's the shit that kept me up at night.

1:45:17I was like, we can't live in a world that does that. And not only did Russia show us, we can do that, but they said, we can do this with a new weapon system that you've never seen. We can do it with a new weapon system. And we're gracious enough to tell you through the nerc, this tiny little pathway of diplomacy, 30 minutes before we're doing this. And you're going to take us out our word that it doesn't have a nuclear weapon, so that we didn't launch on warning. It's such a game of chicken. It's nuclear chicken. It's so dangerous. What if the nerc hadn't intercepted that signal properly? It's incredibly dangerous.

1:45:55Now, one more thought if I may, on Andrew's prediction of a, of a radiological bomb, a dirty bomb going off, which may or may not be true. Unfortunately, that's a tough number. And I wouldn't necessarily disagree just given how rogue nations work, given that terrorists have, expressed a desire to use weapons of mass destruction against the United States, which a dirty bomb is. But in my thinking, a dirty bomb is horrible as it is. And it's going to kill people and make land unusable for thousands of years. It's not strategic nuclear war. In other words, that's not going to cause the United States to launch on warning.

1:46:39First of all, it's it's immediately not a tribunal. You don't know who who left it in the truck and exploded it. And so it's a different set of terrible. And I believe that a country like Iran, if they had a nuclear bomb, has the full capacity to do something like that because look at the different terrorist tactics that they've used for the past 50 years. I want to ask if somebody else concerns a two of you. I read this morning that it was recovered in Ukraine, a Shahed autonomous drone. These are drones that the Iranian government manufactures and provides to Russia. They're used in the Ukraine theater.

1:47:17And what they found on there was that there was a Nvidia processor, Nvidia is a Western company, tech company. They're known for being advanced on their AI development and basically that this drone, this AI had autonomous capabilities. Meaning, you could completely jam it, cut off any GPS communications to satellites. And this thing would think for itself deciding when and where to go and what to do. Is that a bigger because that is here with us. It's being used actively in warfare. Is that a bigger concern than a nuclear arm, a nuclear arm to ballistic missile or reentry missile of some kind?

1:47:54Something like this that would have a tactical nuke on it. Is that a drone with a nuke or a drone with exactly? A drone that is a autonomous drone. That's fascinating. I mean, they now have these drones that are thinking for themselves in Ukraine because they're anticipating that they can't communicate with whatever. To put a nuclear weapon onto a drone, you have to have the nuclear weapon, which is just the circular discussion of why. Which the Russians have? Right. But the Russians, I don't see putting a nuclear weapon on a drone. No, but if they put radiological, if the Iranians put a radiological bomb, a dirty bomb.

1:48:30The Iranians, that's a different story. Right. This is a big fear. This is an Iranian -made drone using an American microprocessor with Chinese anti -GPS, you know, jamming technology. I mean, I was fascinating. This thing is a is a autonomous flying computer that can just think for itself and decide in the moment, okay, I'm going to do this instead of that. There is no more human real life human feedback or control mechanism. I think there's two really fascinating things about your question, right? The first is that you just described a drone that was a bastard child of Chinese, Iranian, and Russian texts.

1:49:07And American texts. And VDS. Absolutely. Absolutely. Yeah. But my point is, when we think about the future landscape, that's a perfect example of this rising power in the east, this collaboration in the east, that is not based on ideology, because those three countries have nothing in common ideologically, but they have so much in common pragmatically with the idea of combating the West. So that's the first thing that was really interesting to me. Now, the second thing, this idea of an AI -driven weapon, I am going to be wildly unpopular. I promise you by all the sci -fi geeks out there, I think that AI -powered weapons are the next, like, logical evolution and a good evolution for us, because I would rather trust an AI that's been programmed appropriately with the rules of warfare and what's properly engagement, Rulon.

1:49:59I would trust that over an 18 -year -old with a gun who's been indoctrinated by like the American crazy shit that we do to get people ready for war.

1:50:10I would say that AI -driven weapons are the only ones that can't be altered, except by its own logical process. If the AI becomes self -aware and it's preserving itself and can't, so if it's huge if, that's a huge if, that's a huge if. But there's a lot of ifs that have now slowed the faster that I realize are coming to fruition, but that's the other concern, right? A singularity, right? Right. A singularity that becomes hell -bent on its own preservation, which, again, those are two big ifs, the singularity, and then preservation, its own self -preservation. If an AI -driven drone is meant to target a specific enemy and it is noticing that it is being targeted, it'll try to avoid being shot at or taken down, right?

1:50:49It'll have countermeasures. Okay. And if it does so, if it has to make the choice of let's say detonating or going into a civilian area and risking harm to a civilian population that is contrary to its mission objective, but to do so would preserve its capabilities. It wouldn't do that. That's what I'm wondering. I mean, we're getting to that self -awareness. That's what, right? Like, what would most likely happen is an AI and AI device, like what you're describing, would be programmed with a mission set. It would come under fire. It would use its own best judgment for countermeasures. If those countermeasures were ineffective and it was starting to be to go down, the next priority that it would have would be to eradicate anything that's intellectual property that it has on board.

1:51:28Got it. So that's something that we don't currently have. That's why it's so dangerous when a B2 gets shot down overseas. Right. Because everything. And also those systems from what I understand are no longer going to be single predator drones, single reaper drones. They are drones warms. And so they work, which is its own set of terrifying. Right. Drone swarms and kamikaze -dromes ones, no less than that, where they're designed to be destroyed, you know, to hit their target and not come back. The day that we see AI -driven weapons, as I think a day that most veterans are probably looking forward to, because if you've seen the horrors of war, if you've lost a friend, if you've worn a fucking metal for shooting other people, like it's a horrible, horrible thing.

1:52:12But how does that change the friction of going toward? Because it makes going toward much easier, right? It does. It absolutely does. Absolutely. And that's I think part of why we're seeing this appetite for conflict moving forward. Right. I think we would be doing a disservice if we didn't talk about the complacency of the world in accepting this rapid evolution of conflict. Would you mean the complacency of the world? We're all just sitting here watching it happen. It's almost in a sick way. I think there are people watching the news in anticipation of the next conflict. It's almost trying to a giant NASCAR race.

1:52:48Who's the next, what's the next thing that's going to happen? The horse race effect that you were talking about. We want to know what are the body counts. You want to know who's winning. We want to know what's the newest weapon. It's become almost a game. Well, it made me when you were speaking of the war game that you designed. And you were talking about two trolls in a bar. That's my band name, by the way. But it's literal and it's figurative and it's narrative. So it's very interesting to me. And it's terrifying because it really does speak to what you just said where the body count from far away on television is not the same thing as the horror of the person experiencing it.

1:53:33Is that anywhere on this map, Parnie, that is safe in a war? Because, you know, I think as a way of dealing with the angst of this in my group chat, me and my friends, we, when these things start kicking off all the time, I think this is a coping mechanism. We all like share the fact that some of us are down here on the map and one of us is in Australia. But then my other friend, unfortunately, he's in Dubai. And we're always looking at a map when the bombs are going off. Is there anywhere on this map that is safe in the event of a nuclear war? There's one tiny little place, New Zealand, and a little bit of Australia.

1:54:07And that has to do with if you follow the idea of nuclear war that agriculture fails when we have a nuclear winter. And the sun gets blocked out and there's no more. You know, there's large bodies up in the mid -latitudes are frozen over in sheets of ice. And when you have all the billions of people dying, it's because agriculture fails. And it is said by those who study this, the authors of nuclear winter, that there are some areas in Australia and New Zealand, which would remain viable. But you're talking about kind of hunter gatherer type people. Now, among the stranger conversations I have had since nuclear war a scenario published was with several billionaires who actually have bunkers in New Zealand.

1:54:53No. They will remain nameless, but they were there. I will not name them. I will not name my sources, but they, but what was interesting to me was that these individuals were the response to reading my book and realizing the world could end in 72 minutes. Wasn't let's all get together and make sure nuclear war doesn't happen. Or maybe it was, and I just didn't hear that part of the conversation, but it was more about how fast can I get my G5 loaded so I can get to New Zealand because a G5 can aircraft, a private aircraft can take you from Los Angeles to New Zealand without refueling. And so I think what I am saying on a narrative level, and it speaks to the watching of TV or the trolls in the bar, is like, and this is me, the parent speaking, it's like, I really believe in diplomacy.

1:55:49I really do believe in communication. I'm often accused of sounding Pauliana ish here, but I will cite, I spoke of the Reagan Gorbachev joint statement, nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. But what preempted that was these two individuals, Reagan and Gorbachev, you know, arch enemies, the United States and the Soviet Union, this is in 1983, Ronald Reagan saw the movie the day after a great narrative, an ABC TV movie about a nuclear war. And it's so upset him, he was Reagan being a nuclear hawk. It's so upset him that he reached out to the arch enemy, the Soviet Union, Gorbachev, and said, we need to have a dialogue and we need to reduce our arsenals.

1:56:42We're not going to live forever, and we think about all the existential threats that are in front of us. Some people say the sun's going to explode or some AI's going to get out of control and pest control scenario where it just kind of takes us out or whatever. But it appears to me that the greatest existential threat we have is ourselves in this regard, and these weapons that can wipe out this planet in a couple of minutes are clearly the greatest existential threat, and there doesn't seem to be any way back from that. Which is a great opportunity to realize, you know, this is the pathway of more wars is not the only way.

1:57:20I have a strangely more optimistic and fatalistic perspective here. So when I look at this map, I think there's lots of places that are safe in the event of a nuclear conflict, especially if you consider traditional nuclear conflict, which is going to come from the nine states that are nuclear capable. You're going to see whatever exchange of strategic or tactical warheads happen, you're going to see trade winds take whatever debris comes specifically from surface -based detonations because seed -based detonations and air -based detonations will not create the same amount of fallout. So you'll see trade winds do what they do, but in large part, you're going to see two centers of the map firing at each other.

1:58:05So South America is going to get spared. Africa is going to get spared. Europe is going to be absorbing bad winds depending on what the trade winds look like. Like it's Southeast Asia and Australia. These are going to be spared locations, depending on what Pakistan and India do, right? But my concern isn't the nuclear factor. It's the human factor after that. When Russia or China and the United States and Israel and Iran, when all these countries are just destroyed by their own conflict and whatever fragmentary governments are trying to reset themselves, you've lost all of that GDP, you've lost all of that infrastructure, you've lost all of that world order.

1:58:47So now people are just going to get worse. African warlords are just going to get worse. But in American warlords are just going to get worse. I mean, it's going to be major of the world or again. I don't know if that's as much a fatalistic view as perhaps it is a naive view because when one of the components that you left out are the fires that will be burning after the nuclear detonations and the fires burning are what lost the soot. And that is what causes a nuclear winter. And if you look at the climate modeling, even a small air quotes nuclear war between India and Pakistan is enough to cause a mini nuclear winter.

1:59:25And so there will be no African warlords because they will starve as well. There will be no resetting of any of these governments in my understanding, interviewing the experts on nuclear war, looking at the climate models that now tell us this very factually that humanity dies. And so I don't think it's a reset at all, unless a reset is like us going back to our hunter gatherer state from 12 ,000 years ago, trying to figure out how to kind of evolve again. I mean, that's I don't think that human, I don't think that all human beings will be lost. There will be human beings that make it through that.

2:00:07And if there's if there's modeling, then the modeling is based on averages. And I would love to see how a nuclear winter spreads across the globe. But the idea that humanity would end, meaning the last human being would be lost. The probabilities of that just seem unrealistic. No, I don't think it's an extinction level event. I think it's a near extinction level event. I mean, that was an idea that was first proposed by Carl Sagan based on the climate modeling that was available in the 80s, which was pretty, you know how the computers were. But now you're looking at this, the modeling. And again, this is just based on like, soot going into the atmosphere that you maybe you, with your training, would be one of the survivors, but the rest of us, I'll tell you exactly what my training, when I lived underground in a silo, we knew that if a nuclear weapon went off above your head, take your life while you can, because trying to survive what's left behind is going to be worse.

2:01:09Dying as your as your organs melt is far worse than shooting yourself in the head today. And that may sound terrible, but what we're talking about is terrible times. What we're talking about is terrible times. And nobody wants to try to, it's not like the movies in the TV shows. Nobody wants to try to live through that. You either get spared because you are luckily on vacation and Patagonia when it happens. And then you just have to figure out how to live off a fucking weeds and sheep or you're somewhere where you can't avoid it. We often joke in a dark kind of way. If you see a mushroom cloud run towards it because you will much prefer the sunburn than the survival rate afterwards.

2:01:52Might take away from what you said was middle earth and doors. See, that's why I said New Zealand. Yeah, I think it's like Benjamin Middle Earth and doors. Narrative. There's your narrative. I thought it was so my understanding is that there's actually three safe zones. There's Hawaii. No, I thought it was Hawaii. Correct me, but I thought it was Hawaii, Greenland and New Zealand. Because there's so many targets in Hawaii, specifically, it would be a target. It's our new clear question. And same with all of Europe, because I don't, and you know, when I talk about a full scale nuclear exchange, I certainly in my book, I'm talking about thousands of warheads.

2:02:28You're talking about Russia and the United States being involved in a full scale nuclear exchange. How does that, what's the sequence of events that leads us there? Because you'd think just launching one nuclear warhead would have a pretty big impact. How big are our biggest nuclear warheads in terms of the radius and impact they can have? The movie War Game, remember in the 80s, which kind of had a visualization of that. And at that point in time, we had 70 ,000 nuclear warheads. Now we have 12 ,300 approximately between the nuclear armed nations, approximately 10 ,000 of which are in the US and Russia.

2:03:01So we each have 5 ,000. Why do you need that many? That's my point. That's that. That is the point. That was the point that Reagan and Gorbachev began. And they, it is because of their initial work that the world has moved in the direction of arms reduction, which I believe is the hopeful, the only hopeful direction that we must move. When it comes to nuclear strategy, the sense behind the weapon is that the average warhead, I believe, is about 300 kilotons right now. A modern day ICBM can carry about 10 warheads, sometimes between three and 10, but they try to minimize the number of missiles by maximizing the number of warheads.

2:03:43So the detonation from a 300 kilogram detonation is a specific amount of space. I think it's like 50 miles or 110 miles of blast radius and like 15 to 30 miles of of fireball. So when you are targeting the Merve on your destination, the multiple independently targeted entry vehicle, the little revolver in the sky, when you're targeting that, when you're programming that to release, you're not trying to hit the same place with 10 warheads. You're trying to spread your warheads so that the blast radiuses eradicate everything in the footprint. So you need 12 ,000, 10 ,000, 5 ,000 missiles per country.

2:04:23You need 5 ,000 warheads so that each warhead can cover what 300 square miles and you can blanket it across multiple strategic targets and completely eradicate your opponent's ability to wage a counterattack. Russia are pretty paranoid of the UK program in the United States. So they created this dead hand system. What is the dead hand system? The dead hand system is exactly like it sounds. It's from the Cold War and it was this idea. The paranoid sort of Politburo was thinking, what if those Americans do a preemptive nuclear strike and kill us all before we even have a chance to launch? We want to be able to make sure that we end the world and kill all of them.

2:05:09That's kind of the idea behind it. And so they came up with this system which is now known as the dead hand because you could literally be dead and have it launch anyways. And the way it goes is that there are ground sensors across Russia that would sense the bombs going off. And this is kind of like early AI, if you will. The computer would know that and would then launch all of Russia's nuclear weapons, all of them at the United States, even if everyone were dead. With time, probability increases, probability of something occurring. And it's funny, I've seen there's been a few people in the public eye at the moment that have gone through sort of mental, cognitive decline.

2:05:54They've experienced bipolar and schizophrenia and things like that. I just wonder if one of these individuals who has these nuclear weapons, these nine men around the world, if they had some kind of cognitive issue, could they in their delirium or whatever, without anybody being able to stop them, tell their army to launch nuclear weapons. And that army would follow those orders. Don't you need two people to turn the key? They're following orders. They're following orders. I think that your question, the answer might be yes. I think the answer is actually yes. And what's interesting is like, there are certain countries nuclear arsenals that we don't know about.

2:06:36Now, I happen to get my information on the most current nuclear weapon systems from the Federation of American Scientists, as a group of people led by a man named Hans Christensen, that lead a group called the nuclear notebook. And they gather the most current information that can possibly be known by anyone and prepare it for the rest of us to read. And it changes every year and they do a phenomenal job. But for example, they will tell you that we don't really know much about Pakistan's nuclear command and control. We simply don't know, we don't know much about India's nuclear command and control.

2:07:15Is Russia's command and control when I was in the silo at least was still decentralized, which gave almost autonomous launch decision to the commanders at the silos themselves? What does that mean? So in the United States, it takes a validated order to clear a computer system before the controlling officers can launch the system. So the president has got to say launch and then... And then he gives an actual validation code that gets carried in the nuclear notebook. And then any system that validates the same code is now armed to launch. Nobody can just launch. So the president has what's called sole authority.

2:07:53He doesn't ask permission of anyone, not his sect, not the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It's his alone. He may ask their advice, but it's his decision. He reads in the black book of the inside of the football. What's the football? So the football is that satchel that goes around with the president 24, 7, 365, also the vice president. Inside of that are... Is a black book. That's what it's nicknamed. It's called the black book I was told because it involves so much death. And inside of that are predetermined strikes for all of our enemies or adversaries who might ever launch against us.

2:08:28So it's not a decision making. They're what happened. What do you think we should do? It's do you want to choose A, B or C? And do you want to go with subset DEF or Q? It was once described by a man who carried that football as a comparable to a Denny's menu. Each of those line items, I'm going to give it to you in painful detail. Each of those line items is followed by an authentication code. And the authentication code is then put into the football. That authentication code is then sent to every nuclear capable site across the United States and any nuclear capable sites in Europe. The authentication code will only work to authenticate with missiles that have the predetermined target set that was in the black book.

2:09:15Now that the emergency action message, the EAM, that is received by the missile crew, they can't determine what it means. They just get a message, an encrypted message, then they turn it and then they check the authentication code against a bank of authentication codes that they're given every morning, a whole new bank that recycles the changes every morning. If the two codes match, only the system knows the crew does not know. And then the crew will follow the action steps of an authenticated message. And then part of those action steps literally include unlocking a safe, pulling out a plastic wrapped piece of paper that you crack open.

2:09:54And then from within that that piece of plastic, you crack out another code. And that code is a specific arming code that will arm the weapon system that you are at. And then you go through the whole check, that's a huge checklist of items until you get the checklist item that says insert your keys and the checklist item where you have the commander of the capsule count to three and then you both turn your keys. That's you're just following orders. You're the full time. Did you have a time you're key? We turn our keys probably five or seven times a week because EAMs are always coming through and we never know what they say.

2:10:27EAMs, the emergency action message. So they've set that system up so that you don't know what you're doing. You're just following orders and we have nobody who's it's like a firing squad where everyone's shooting but you don't know who shoots the fatal bullet. Yep. And by the way, everything that he just described can happen not always but in as little as 60 seconds. Yeah, we're timed. The terrible joke is they don't call the minute man. That's the ICBMs for nothing. Based on everything you know, do you think that if Russia launched a nuclear weapon, now do you think the US would respond? Not even a question.

2:10:58But do you think they would even know? Do you not think the person, the president for example, would think? Not even a question. Really? Not even a question. You not think they would think it was something else. I mean, there's been times in history where they thought maybe that's something else. Maybe we've made a mistake. They hesitate. I think that your question is valid because it's not truly instantaneous. There are interceptors. There are countermeasures. There are second and third order intelligence sources that could be checked within just a few seconds, right? One satellite corroborates with another satellite kind of thing.

2:11:27But all in, you have maybe seven minutes to decide if you're going to counterattack or not. Seven minutes. Because that's between when you pick up the first satellite signature of a launched ICBM or a launch submarine weapon, depending on whether it's going into the atmosphere or whether it's a cruise missile that's coming straight for your shore, like at most you probably have about seven minutes before a counter code, a counter order has to happen. Because the nuclear bomb is going to get from one continent to the other in approximately 30 minutes. It's actually, if you do the math like I did, it is 33 minutes from Pyongyang to Washington DC.

2:12:03And it's 26 minutes and 40 seconds from Russia to Washington DC. You know, we all kind of know Donald Trump's ideology because he's so public. Do you actually think that he would sit there and say see something come and get the intel in and he would listen to the intelligence? We just said earlier that he doesn't listen to the intelligence. He might not. I mean, that's the that's the prerogative of the president. And it's and then I mean the other sick part of this and Annie, you can correct me if any of this is stated, even if we don't react right away and everything is destroyed, we have airborne assets that will launch all of our systems after complete annihilation of the United States.

2:12:42Okay. So even if we were wrong, the submarines, the airborne assets will still. That's why we have a tribe. Again, this always comes back to the deterrence part of it, which is this is why we must have all of this force just in case because all of these war games have been practiced and rehearsed so often. This all I'm going to tell you a terrifying detail. I interviewed the commander of the nuclear sub force as Admiral Conor for my book. Not someone who normally talks to journalists. When the book published, he rang me up an ask me to have lunch. Not something that often happens to a journalist.

2:13:19I thought am I in trouble? Okay. I met with Admiral Conor and he said to me, you never asked me about my time in the nuclear bunker under the Pentagon. And I said, well, how would I have known about that? And he said, he was curious that I had reported that the public does not know how often the Pentagon practices nuclear war. We don't know. Andrew may know. We don't know. It's classified. And what Admiral Conor said to me was, you never asked me what I was doing in the nuclear bunker beneath the Pentagon. And you never asked me how often we practice preparing to tell the president that he needs to launch to your question.

2:14:04I mean, I'm at the edge of my seat. And I said, he said, guess. And, you know, I started with once a year, right? Because what do you think? I mean, that's like terrifying. And you know what the answer is? Three times a day. They practiced three times a day telling the president that there's a new coming into show. Three times a day. And I said, Admiral Conor, why do they practice three times a day? And he said, there are three shifts at the Pentagon and the bunker. And I think the terrifying point that we're making is to your question, which is a normal human question. Like, wait a minute, someone really wouldn't do this.

2:14:40I mean, you would stop and think, this can't be right. You know, all of that, that's the movies. That's, that's not the defense department. That's not the system of nuclear command and control. The system of nuclear command and control is rehearsed for precisely go at minute seven. And that is terrifying. I also think that's why we're not moving closer to strategic nuclear war. Because you're capable, you're nuclear capable, nuclear ready countries have been doing this three times a day. And they all know, what the fuck are we fighting for? If we, if we do this, what's it all for? Like, we're not, we're not going to win tomorrow.

2:15:23There's not going to be Putin on a pedestal or Trump on a pedestal saying, we won. Everything will be destroyed. You're a neutral, a shirt, a shirt, a shirt. So it makes much more sense for them to hold their weapons and continue using it as a, as a deterrent, not just a deterrent for nuclear conflicts, but a deterrent like Russia's using it right now. Nobody will get involved in Ukraine. And nobody will support Ukraine and Krain further into Russia, because everybody's afraid of what if? That's the, that's a huge ace in the hole. Every single one of you watching this right now has something to offer, whether it's knowledge or skills or experience.

2:15:59And that means you have value. Stan Store, the platform I co -own who are one of the sponsors of this podcast, turns your knowledge into a business through one single click. You can sell digital products, coaching, communities, and you don't need any coding experience either. Just the drive to start. This is a business I really believe in. And already $300 million has been earned by creators, coaches and entrepreneurs, just like you have the potential to be on Stan Store. These are people who didn't wait, who had me saying things like this. And instead of procrastinating started building, then launched something, and now they're getting paid to do it.

2:16:32Stan is incredibly simple and incredibly easy. And you can link it with a Shopify store that you're already using if you want to. I'm on it, and so is my girlfriend and many of my team. So if you want to join, start by launching your own business with a free 30 day trial. Visit stevenbarlett .stand .store and get your setup within minutes. What are you doing about all this information and how you feel about the global conflicts at the moment on a personal level? Is there anything it all you're doing to prepare or anything you're doing to try and prevent it on a personal level Benjamin? Outside of my teaching, I mean, when I do media appearances, I just try to talk about this as much as I can.

2:17:06And I design curriculum on media literacy. I think teaching, I teach high school kids, middle school kids, how to consume media. And at least if you can't learn about it to be able to separate information for misinformation and just to, and whoever I can get in contact with. And here's how you understand and that involves understanding the use of right or right, the use of political persuasion or propaganda. And just so at least we can try to be better informed. And is there a central concern you have about the world we're heading into in the new technologies and AI and all these things that sits above all other concerns?

2:17:41It's a breakdown of civic literacy that we don't understand how governments work. We don't understand how our government works on a local level on a broader level. And we lose the civic connection with our literal neighbors. We don't care. We're not invested in them. Their well -being is not our well -being. And so it's every person fights for themselves. And I'm going to vote for the person who yells and screams the loudest. So I think a civic breakdown, it leads contributes to that polarization. That's what I concern about. Same question to you, Annie. Anything you're doing to prepare and what's your central concern above all others?

2:18:16Well, on a hopeful pop, you know, optimistic point, I would say that one of the most fascinating moments for me in this past year was being asked to come to the Vatican to speak to the Cardinals about nuclear war, a scenario. So that they could talk to the Pope, and this was Pope Francis when he was still alive, about his, and better inform him about his efforts for peace. So how's that for a paradox? Talk about nuclear war to think about peace. And what I learned in that process was that a lot of the hope lies in getting individuals like the Pope, like the United Nations, these third parties that are not government -specific to help engagement for these different nations diplomats to have better conversations.

2:19:15And so you have world leaders who, in essence, I love your point about civics, like just this idea about your neighbor. I got the sense from the Vatican, and I'm not a Catholic, but I got a sense of the neighbor as a concept, you know, the people, and that, you know, yes, we want to have a really strong defense in the United States. And I think that's an important part of national security, if not the most important part of national security. But you must also have a care about your neighbor, others on the planet. And I was really inspired that this whole world exists out there, that I was not privy to before, at the United Nations, at the Vatican, and elsewhere, to get people to communicate.

2:20:02And Andrew, I'm leaving the United States, brother. I'm, I am fully engaged in relocating and emigrating with my family, finding one of those safe havens around the, around the world, where we can just plug in and become part of a community, become part of a globe, understand, and raise my children as global citizens, and global citizens who are American, rather than American citizens who reject the globe. Where are you going to go and when are you going to go? Or is that classified? So I'm not going to tell really anybody where I might, I'll tell you personally, I care. But we had a plan to leave by 2030, and we're currently on track to execute that plan by 2026.

2:20:492026. Yeah. So next year. Yeah. Next year. So my, I already have plans to change my appearance significantly in December. And then if we, if we have everything lined up appropriately, then we'll be, we'll be leaving the country by spring of next year. Why change your appearance? Because they don't want to be identified anymore. I don't, I can't legally change like my name, but, but I don't have to be the guy that looks like this all the time anymore. I've changed my appearance before. Well, I imagine it was your job, right? But you have a YouTube channel, you, you do a lot of sort of public education.

2:21:22So you're going to shut down the YouTube channel and all those things. No, I think what I'm probably going to do is, is only start serving my audience. Like right now I do a lot of serving other audiences. It's why I love, I love contributing to your show. I love contributing to other shows. But, you know, what I've found is that civil, that civic breakdown. Just for anybody who wants to do a thought experiment, if you look my name up and go on any other interview other than the ones here with I have a CEO, what you will find is thousands of ignorant, hateful comments questioning everything from my intentions to my credibility, to whatever else.

2:21:54And that's not just me. It's happening to it's happened to all of us. I mean, your name is smeared on a daily basis. And it's because I am a fan of you that my algorithm feeds me all the bullshit about you too. That's the world that we live in. So I don't have to continue to feed everybody. I can just feed my audience and my audience won't care what I look like. My audience won't care if I teach them from behind an animated AI image of myself, right? But I can continue to teach without having to be the CIA guy with the hair. If you were to make a case for others to follow in your footprints, because I'm somewhat curious, you know, sometimes I have dreams of running away and going to like, I don't know, Bali or something and just, you see all the language on New Zealand.

2:22:33What would that case be to someone like me or to anyone listening, as to why they should maybe consider getting out of this very polarized algorithm -driven reality that we live in? I mean, you can get out of the polarized algorithm without leaving without leaving your house, right? It just takes a little bit of practice for your own information security, for your own information, kind of, insulation. But the case that I would make for for really radically changing your life if you're an American citizen is understand that the United States isn't as a country of decreasing influence around the world.

2:23:11And in many ways, the actions that we've been taking recently are to try to rapidly expand our influence again, but we are declining influence and we should be. We should be. Our strategy post -World War Two was to become the world's bully and to benefit off of all the economic benefits that come from being the world's weapons supplier, financial tools supplier, medical supplier, like we wanted that benefit. Well, now we find ourselves in a position where we have no strong allies. Like we have countries that like us, but those countries that like us are not strong on their own. So we have a we have a weak because we've kept them weak.

2:23:48We have a weak Latin America that's artificially weak because we've kept them weak. So the only way to really understand the existence of people outside the United States is to get outside of the United States and not just to tour outside, but to live outside to actually see what it's like to live on the local economy, learn the local language, understand the local culture. I mean, you can walk around Porto Portugal and you'd be depressed because you see Soviet era buildings and everybody's over the age of 50 and they've all got their eyes downcast and they look just totally defeated. But only after you've been there a month, two months and you make a friend, do you actually get into a house and you share a bottle of amazing port and then they light up because culturally they don't get to be animated on the street like we get to be in New York City.

2:24:35And if you only live in the United States, you have a perverted view of what the rest of the world looks like and you have to get outside of the United States to really appreciate what you have inside of the United States. So you got to get the fuck out to understand what you're fighting for back at home. All the people who are here who are just spouting nationalistic drivel, they don't have any idea what they're actually fighting for. So the reason why you're taking your children out of the country is so that they know what they're fighting for. So they understand and appreciate what it means to be American.

2:25:06Not what it means to be polarized. Not what it means to be whatever, whether you're New Yorker or whether you're Colorado or whether you're Floridian, but to actually understand like, hey, we have a democracy that we need to nourish. We should be proud to serve the men and women in uniform are making a genuine sacrifice. There's something special about the United States. Unfortunately, the people inside the United States don't understand that for the most part. Benjamin, you talk a lot about deep fakes and AI and stuff. And as Andrew was saying there, it's especially someone like me who's a podcaster and I've built an audience.

2:25:47And so when something goes on the internet, it gets more clicks than it used to get. So there's this whole like a deep fake wall that where much of my team actually that are in the back there, my chief of staff, etc. spends most of her time fighting at the moment, which is every single day, there's a new deep fake ad video. They'll take videos from this podcast conversation, change slightly how my lips are moving and get me to promote what's that group. So various other things. And there's a spectrum to this. The one end of the spectrum is so horrific that I probably actually couldn't say it on this show, but there's a really horrific spectrum to this.

2:26:22And it's almost emerged out of nowhere in the last, I'd say six months. Like in the last six months is really when it took hold. To the point that every single day, it is some it's part of my day. Every single day, I'm emailing this one thread that I have with me, and Facebook telling them this is a new one this morning I emailed them just a screenshot of a lady who lost three thousand pounds. She's a single mother. She loves the show. So she listens to me and something came up in her feed and it was me telling how to join a group and she joined a group and she's lost three thousand pounds. And she was saying she said to me in the message, I can actually read it out.

2:26:53She said, I'll never trust anything on the internet every again. And it was sad because she's a single mother that tried to do something for herself to help her family. Interesting digital times. And you talk about this quite a lot. The impact. Is there any way for us to prepare? Is there anything that we can can do? One of the big takeaways from the war game that I did, and there was a documentary film that was made on a called war game. And what I noticed was that it comes to all this is a crisis. So regardless of the crisis, the best you can do is manage it. You're not going to win it. You're not going to defeat it.

2:27:27You will not overcome the forces of misinformation and in generative AI manipulating you or what you're saying and your followers. The best you can do is manage. And you manage by educating people as much as you can on how to, on understanding how rhetorical manipulative influence works, understanding what Aristotle taught us these techniques a very long time ago. And they're still enforced today. And it's the use of appeal to emotion, appeal to reason, appeal to credibility. The curriculum that I developed teaches beginning with kids so that when you buy the time, because about time they get to college at university, it's too late.

2:28:10I need to teach them and we need to teach them young enough to understand. If someone is asking of you something on the internet, someone you think you trust, pay attention to their tone. What words are they using? Are they appealing to you emotionally and no right away that that's a clue that that might be where you're vulnerable, emotionally you're susceptible to someone who says this or to this cause or to that issue. That's the best we can do when I say manage and I'm sorry, I don't have a better answer. But the best you can do is just say, let me, let me teach you how manipulation works and how and how misinformation works so that hopefully you can recognize it or it strikes a chord.

2:28:47So if you ever come across something, you'll say, okay, I've seen this before. That's the best. And it's not enough and it's incredibly frustrating. But I actually read about a study recently where they take young children and they do exactly that. They just, they show the madverts and they get them to point to how it's trying to influence their emotions. They ask them to try and track the source of it, etc. And just that practice increased that awareness and therefore reduced that likelihood of being impacted by a scam. So I go one step further and it's controversial and I've gotten some, some pushback on it.

2:29:18I actually teach kids how to create bad content. I teach them how to be trolls not so that they can become professional trolls so that they can identify when those tools are being used against them. I do this where I have them simulate a, let's say for example, I have them simulate a Senate campaign, like a political race. And I'll say I want you to fat to take existing Instagram and TikTok videos and absolutely tweak them, modify them, pull them out of context, make the other person say things that they never said, take decisions that they didn't. And then the students do this. And then I had one that actually made its way to the Senate Democratic National Committee and they thought it was a real campaign.

2:29:55I said it wasn't, it was done through my students. They had marked it clearly as educational. But what the students learned was, oh my god, if it's this easy for me to create it, how, what about things content that's coming at me? That now made them aware. That made them the equivalent of leaving the United States to see what is it like another part when you see what it looks like from the other side. When you actually create it, you realize how it, what it might look like, that's one tool. And I'm not trying to teach them again. How to, you know, it's like not, I'm not trying to teach you to steal a car so you can make a life out of stealing cars, but so to teach you to design a safer car.

2:30:29Closing comments then, to sort of encapsulate, again, for the listener at home, how they should be thinking, what they might do in their own lives to live a better life, to result in a better outcome for themselves, their families and for everyone else, starting with you, Annie, what would you say? I think that more information is good. More information sources allow a person to figure out what it is that's meaningful to them. But I think you have to be disciplined about how you get information. I mean, I do a thing with myself where I, I time the amount, I actually set a timer for the amount of time I'm on X or wherever, because, and it always goes off.

2:31:12And invariably, I'm like, I must have missed set the timer, you know, and yet if I'm reading something analog, a book of poetry as I'd sometimes do, or a book of nonfiction or fiction as I often do, you know, that's a different kind of time. And so I think it's very valuable to be aware of that. And so my two things and my takeaways just off the comments about like where you can be really become dissatisfied with the state of the world and the speed of information. For me, it's just like father time and mother nature. I spend a lot of time outside, or as much as I can rather, given how much writing I do.

2:31:50But like, I just go out and connect, go on a walk in the winter ice ski. I hike, I'll go do a yoga class. I mean, this may sound like what does this have to do with any of this, but it does because I really believe the human condition doesn't change, even though all this technology does. And that we have to have this balance in our own self of all this stuff coming at us and just existing in the world. And then you figure out how you want to change evolve. And in my case, report. Benjamin, the biggest thing I would say is to tell us my students all the time, I don't care what position you take, what views you have.

2:32:28I don't care what you end up doing with your life. Promise me you will stay curious. Promise me you will ask questions. Promise me you still want to learn and you don't become complacent. And that means being active in your community on a small civic scale, understanding who you're electing for, who you're electing on a small scale. But not just being apathetic because if you don't make decisions about what is going to happen to you, others will make them for you. And I promise you won't like the outcome. And curiosity is the first line of defense towards protecting what you value. Andrew, I would tell everybody to be diligent with where they learn.

2:33:06And frankly, as far as the people that I've met, Steve, you are a phenomenal source of information. And the people that you vet to bring on this show are fantastic. So if people don't know where else to start, this is a fantastic place to start. If anybody is still listening or for all of them that are still listening, they already know this to be true. And then the other thing I would say on top of that is if you don't want to radically change, like I am still willing to radically change for my family, small steps are where it all begins. Just small steps and understanding what are your kids watching on their screens?

2:33:38What is your wife watching or your husband? What are they reading on their screens? What do they think about the world? Because we're not going into a world that is going to inform us on its own. So we must inform ourselves and the only way to trust the information that you have is to be very diligent with what it is that you're consuming. Thank you. Thank you so much. I always commit these conversations from a self -ish perspective because I somewhat think that's the maybe the more self less thing to do. And I had so many questions about the nature of the world and through the gauntlet of subjects that we've been through today, I've found many many of those answers.

2:34:17I feel more hopeful in a way, but I feel more prepared against the things that I'm hopeless about. One of the things I don't think about enough is as you said, the information that I'm getting in, it feels almost wrong in the world we live in to put barriers and systems in place to fill to the information we're getting because our natural state is just to open up our phones just to look at the news, look at the screen. And it's almost against, I guess, human cognition to then try and apply another filter between that. And then you worry about the filter you might apply and do I mute people, do I block certain words, do I not look at that news channel, but then I'm just in this echo chamber.

2:34:55So it's quite a complicated situation to be in. What I return to most of the time is I return to kind of what Annie said, which is my mazlovia needs of connection and loving someone and having a good life, maybe my refuge amongst all the angst, but then again, I have a conflict because I don't want to be ignorant and I don't want to be in a suspended state of disbelief where these decisions happen without my choosing and with my knowledge. So I maintain my curiosity and maybe that is the answer. Maybe it's a complicated mix of everything all of you have discussed. And I thank you all for being here today and being civil and respectful and disagreeable in a certain areas with your opinions because I think that's exactly what we're missing so much of.

2:35:36It's a difference of opinion, but a respect for the same outcome. So thank you so much. Thank you.

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