A papal visit and German reunification

27:49The Maasai are pastoralists, which means they depend on their cattle for both their food and livelihood. We had enough food, more authentic Maasai diet. We enjoyed milk, lamb, beef, braised and cooked in a traditional way. Dalmas Tiamhati grew up living a simple life, raising animals and learning about the land. Masa Kajja to me basically means my way of life. It means my language. It means my way of dressing, as you can see. Animals are really central to the life of the Maasai people. As he grew older, he managed to get enough money to build a herd of 127 cows, greeting them every morning. Having cattle meant Dalmas was respected and recognised by elders and other members of the community.

28:43I believe life was good because we were there in the village, full of grass for our animals. We were happy people. Life wasn't always happy though. I think from the year 2000, we have seen droughts becoming more and more often and become prolonged. they are becoming more intense and severe. This YouTube video from the charity Christian Aid shows people affected by these extreme conditions. We are in emergency, absolute emergency. What you can see now is the government has just delivered water. In 2009, we went through a very, very bad drought that killed almost 80 % of our animals, 80 to 90%. and even sometimes some families were nested without any cow.

29:36That year, Kenya's government declared a national emergency, warning nearly 10 million people were at risk from food shortages. It's something Gabrielle Menezis from the United Nations World Food Programme talks about in this clip. A number of factors have combined together to create this current food crisis in Kenya. Firstly, food prices rose dramatically at the beginning of last year and this made people increasingly food insecure. Secondly, the drought has affected parts of Kenya that normally would have been able to grow food for themselves. We had an elder who committed suicide because all the animals died and that meant to him that the source of livelihood has been lost and he didn't have hope.

30:22I had 127 animals and I lost a big number of those animals. Dalmas was left with only 14 cows. One family had 200 before. Then they had seven. During the worst of the drought, some herders travelled long distances, crossing into Tanzania, searching for grass for the cattle to graze on, or water to drink. But the conditions were so harsh, many animals didn't survive. One elder and a big number were saying, this is what the end of the world meant. It's an ecological, social and economic collapse for the Maasai. So it basically means death. I started hearing people saying we leave our villages and go to cities, look for jobs.

31:07And the young people actually, even now, majority of them have left rural areas to look for jobs, sometimes which are dangerous. The land they were leaving behind was also suffering. Wildlife have disappeared in many areas due to lack of vegetation. and trees at the centre have dried up in many areas. And then when it rains, we see a lot of floods happening. In the following years, the extreme conditions continued and were talked about by Helen Clark from the United Nations after they launched their African Human Development Report in 2012. What is changing is that these extremes happen more often and with greater intensity.

31:48So we should be able to be planning resilience approaches to cope with these. With his animals gone and his community under pressure, Dalmas knew something had to change. So he made a decision. He needed to help his people prepare for the future. But he doesn't know how. He's desperate. He starts researching, looking for answers and reading a lot about climate change and droughts. He decides they need to take action, becoming more resilient and self-reliant, not dependent on food relief and handouts. He starts talking, first to elders, herders, women and young people, explaining they need to be strong economically, environmentally and culturally.

32:36Soon he's meeting with government officials, scientists and organisations, anyone doing similar work. We started just with meetings just to understand our own problems, just to get to know what problems we have and what problem many communities are. They decide the problems they need to address include loss of vegetation and grass, decline in soil condition, lack of water and hunger. Out of those conversations comes a plan, where they'll do things like educating about climate change, bringing young people back into agriculture and securing safe and clean water. And Dalmas knows they need to act now.

33:16If we don't take action, then the future for the Maasai is maybe hopeless and it's dark. Because climate change is a reality. It's something we are feeling. We are in the front line. We are facing serious effects of climate change. And I don't think it's going away. I think it's something that is becoming more and more serious. So the future for the Maasai without addressing the effects of climate change is dark, it's hopeless and we need to take action. So they act, setting up a non-profit organisation called Ildala Leketuk Maasai Action for Development. They launch land restoration projects.

34:01Teaching our people about our own mobility, our own nomadic pastoralism, how it was, and how to apply it in the context of the issues we are facing with climate change. They work with families who lost their livelihoods. We have a cow equity programme where we ask for support and try to distribute animals to families who don't have anything to depend on. They look for organisations to work with them and start educating the community. We have also started our own institute, the Maasai Institute of Permanent Culture. It is basically a living school where we teach people about our lives, about our culture, about our way of life.

34:45And we have our own wise people, wise Maasai elders, whom we are made to be our lecturers. Two years after they began, the land and the people start to respond. The impact of our work we started feeling in 2015. We slightly had another drop, but by that time we have restored the Maasai mobility so we can move our animals and share with other villages. Despite facing more droughts, Dalmas and his community continue to try and protect their land and their culture. He now shares his story and travels around the world, including to Manchester in England, where I met him for this interview. I find hope in the sense that the Maasai people are a very strong society and they are resilient and they are taking action.

35:34The resilient and resourceful Dalmas Tiampati was speaking to Megan Jones. Next, a moment from the history of one of the planet's greatest feats of construction, the Great Wall of China. For this, we're going back to the 1980s when tourism was just beginning and there was little public knowledge about China's cultural heritage. In 2017, Rebecca Kesby heard from Yao Hoi Dong about the first known mission to walk along the entire ancient landmark.

36:05Sometimes when I stand on the wall, I feel like I'm having a conversation with people from ancient times. When I put my hand on the stones, I think about how hundreds of years ago this stone was carved out of the mountains and placed on the wall by someone. And I try to imagine them. and what sort of lives they had. Yao Hui Dong has spent his life studying the wall, and on September 24, 1985, he and two friends became the first people ever recorded to walk the entire length of it, well over 8 ,000 kilometers. It was an adventure that took them 16 months, but the inspiration for it had developed over years.

36:48In the early 80s, I was an electrician, installing high-voltage power lines. But in my spare time, I was also really into literature and I would write my own stories and poems. I could see the Great Wall from my house. I found it really inspiring and I'd always think, how did I actually build it? At the time, there were hardly any books written about it. But I wanted to find out everything I could about its history. The Great Wall began as a collection of walls and battlements originally built to stop marauding armies and nomadic gangs from raiding villages and towns in the north of China. The first emperor of a united China, Qin Shi Huang, started the construction more than 2 ,000 years ago.

37:35It also served as a road linking hill forts in mountainous areas and making it easier to deploy soldiers to trouble spots quickly. I began to notice that different parts of the world looked different and they were built differently. I learned that different armies had built sections over time and I began to think, I bet no one has ever walked along the whole thing before. And I thought, if I could do that and document what I see, well, that would be a really meaningful contribution to our nation's history. Also, the first complete set of footprints along it would be mine. Just thinking about it made my heart beat faster.

38:13Leaving his wife and their young baby behind, Yao Hui Dong set off with an old school friend, Wu De Yu, in May 1984. They started on the east coast at Shanghai Pass. Before long, they were joined by another wall enthusiast, Zhang Yuanhua, on what was to become an epic journey for all three of them. We gradually got used to it, but every day we endured great fatigue and a thirst, and in the winter, freezing temperatures. But looking back, the hardest part was psychological. It was the same monotonous drill every day. Plus, we were three young men in our 20s, spending every day together for more than 500 days.

38:56Think about it. Even a loving couple don't spend that much time together. It makes you a bit crazy at times. Wude Yu was a poet and had an artistic temperament. Zhang Yuanhua came from a military family. He had a soldier's character, which was very obvious. I was somewhere in the middle. So these differences between us did lead to quite a few arguments. For decades, communist China had been developing a new way of living. The focus had been on forging ahead and forgetting about the old ways and customs. There wasn't much interest in history in the early 1980s, and large parts of the wall hadn't been walked on for years.

39:41The three friends had to rely on local people in the remote villages that they came across for food and supplies. But the biggest problem on a daily basis was water. It was a real problem. It wasn't possible to carry sufficient water every day, especially in summer when you sweat so much. But the whole route is up across the highest ground, which isn't where you find water. So we'd have to go down the mountains to collect water and then climb back up again, which took several hours and a lot of energy. So we'd try to ration how much water we drank. Back then, we didn't have the modern outdoor clothing and equipment that's available today.

40:22We just had army uniforms donated to us by soldiers in a couple of army units we came across en route. So when a rainstorm came over, we just get soaked, and it rains a lot in the mountains. Snow was also a problem. We were walking in snow for months. It's also pretty dangerous, especially when you are walking downhill. Many of the little villages the team visited along the wall had developed because of the trading opportunities it had offered, and some of the locals were descendants of the people who actually built it. The ancestors of one community we came across had been moved from the far south of China to help build the wall.

41:09And even now, 500 years on, they keep up their southern traditions, even though most of them have never ever been to the south. Yao Hoi Dong and his team took photographs and copious notes of what they saw on their travels, building up a comprehensive record of the wall mile after mile. Basically, as they built the Great Wall, they used the natural terrain to their advantage whenever they could. So they built fortifications where it was easy to defend and hard to attack. They also used the material that was at hand. So where stones are easy to come by, they use them like bricks. Elsewhere, in granite areas, they used the big boulders.

41:50And on the plains, for example, they just use the compacted earth. In strategically important areas, there will be more than one wall, sometimes two or three deep, a few kilometers apart, so that if the first wall fell, there were reinforcements behind it. Communications in rural China in the 80s were minimal. The team relied on letters and parcels sent from home, but it was a wrench to be so far from their families. Oh, I was extremely homesick. And at the time, my mum was already quite elderly and in poor health. My wife was looking after her and our daughter all by herself. When I left, my daughter was only one year old.

42:33I'd sometimes cuddle the children of the villagers we stayed with. And that made me so sad. It was really difficult for me. When the authorities had learned of Yao Huidong's expedition, they'd encouraged him. But the team didn't know that while they'd been trekking across the wall, they'd become national heroes, with regular write-ups in the newspapers on their progress and on the ancient history of the war. Their newfound fame came as something of a shock to them when they finally reached Jiayu Pass in the West, 508 days after they'd started. When we finished the expedition, we were mobbed by the press.

43:12Everyone was saying, you are heroes, this is an amazing accomplishment. It felt pretty good at the time, but the next day I felt a bit negative about it. I felt this isn't the kind of life I want. We didn't want anything. All we wanted was to try to help people understand its history. We wanted to walk our own path and keep our feet firmly on the ground. After their initial expedition, Yao Hoi Dong and the team went back, along the extra parts of the wall and adjoining fortifications, almost another 2 ,000 kilometers. Since then, he's devoted his life to studying and preserving the wall, which is now one of the most visited attractions in the country.

43:55Even the new parts of it are 500 or 600 years old, but it dates back more than 2 ,000 years. A human's life lasts only a few decades. I feel very proud that I've devoted my life to something that will live on far beyond my own years. In translation, that was Yao Hoidong, traveller and expert in the Great Wall of China. He was speaking to Rebecca Kesby in 2017. This week's Sporting Witness next, and for this we have a defining moment in the history of football. Phil Jones takes us back to 1970, in the company of men who were there for an event which changed the beautiful game. This is the story of the world's first official penalty shootout, when football changed forever.

44:40the moment when a game becomes pure drama I was there the night it all began

44:49That's Frankie Banks who was a Hull City player on the 5th of August 1970 but on that day penalties were the last thing on people's minds everyone was just incredibly excited that Hull City from the 2nd Division were playing Manchester United one of the most famous teams in the world Sadly, Frankie was about to hear news that would hit him hard. I looked at the team sheet and my name did not appear. So you can imagine how I felt, gutted. But having said that, I'm part of that team, I'm part of that squad and obviously I want them to go out and do the business. Looking back, I felt it was wonderful to be part of history.

45:29I just love the fact that one of the most monumental changes in football occurred during a long-forgotten game in a long-forgotten pre-season tournament, the Watney Cup.

45:43That match may have been of no consequence to some, but to me, it was everything. That's Martin Kelly, who was 11 years old at the time. I couldn't believe it. My beloved Old City were up against Georgie Best, Bobby Charton and Dennis Law. That's like having Messi, Ronaldo and Mbappe in the same team. It was a massive game, playing against Manchester United, who two years earlier had won the European Cup. The atmosphere was electrifying. I was there at the end of the tunnel, and when you're running out, that music plays, Where's that tiger? Where's that tiger? The Tigers being Hull City's nickname.

46:18And then the atmosphere, it erupts. 30 ,000 people are chanting your name, the Tigers. It really gives you a lift. It was really exciting. All those people, it was one of the first times they'd ever been to such a big match. The Man United players were our heroes. On paper, we didn't stand a chance. We wanted to win, we wanted to prove to everybody that, although they were the best side probably in the world, we could go out and give them a game. In 1970, football was already the global sport, played everywhere on the planet from dusty bits of wasteland to huge stadiums. But the game had a problem.

46:57How do you settle a match that ended in a draw? even after extra time. You could have replays, but they weren't practical during short tournaments. The answer was often to draw lots. It's hard to believe that games were settled through a piece of paper or tossing a coin. Everyone could say it was unfair, but one man, Yosef Dagan, an Israeli football official, was convinced there was a better way. At the Mexico Olympics in 1968, Dagan watched in dismay as his country Israel drew with Bulgaria, but were then cruelly eliminated after the drawing of lots. Frankie remembers what happened. To decide the game, there was a sombrero hat.

47:38You just have to pick a piece of paper out and if it is the right piece of paper, you go through to the next round. The Gans' plan to bring in penalty shootouts was taken to FIFA, the governing body of world football, and eventually adopted on the 27th of June 1970. I asked FIFA to clarify when penalty shootouts were first officially used but they didn't seem to know. So I nudged them Could it have been that Hull City game perhaps? We can neither confirm nor deny that claim They said As our records don't stretch to domestic tournaments Well we searched high and low for an earlier match But nothing showed up There had been occasional experiments with penalties But they weren't officially sanctioned As far as I'm concerned The first time penalties were officially used in a professional game Was on August 5th 1970 at Hull City So six weeks after the FIFA decision Tide games could now be settled by a brand new dramatic climax.

48:33It was a 7.30 kick-off. It was a lovely warm evening but when I got into the ground I didn't have a good view. I had to look between people's heads to be able to see anything and I was really jealous of kids who had little stools to stand on. I remember seeing Bobby Charlton running up and down the wing. His face was really red. Chris Chilton scored first after 11 minutes and the crowd went bonkers. Fans normally love it when the floodlights come on but this time it was bad news because that's when, unfortunately, Dennis Law equalised. We should have won the game. Ian Butler, one of our great players, blasted it over the bar.

49:12Well, as extra time drained away, we realised that we may be able to come into a penalty shootout. We were going to witness something that never happened before. A football match was going to be decided by penalties. Today we're familiar with the rules and rituals of a shootout But for these players and fans It was the first time And no one knew what to expect Terry Neal obviously asked for volunteers Neal being Hull's new player manager And some of the lads were reluctant to step up And take the penalties And some were brave enough to step up And say, yeah, I'll take one I'll take one And I'll take one Nobody wants to be the one that misses The first penalty taker for Manchester United was George Best Blimey, I thought It's George Best, one of the greatest players ever He's going to take the first penalty in the world's first penalty shootout Naturally enough, George Best stood up, took the penalty, scored Next, Terry Neal He walked from the centre circle into the 18-yard box, scored Remember, I was only 11 at the time and each kick was agony.

50:20Then Bobby Charlton and Brian Kidd scored for United and Ian Butler and Ken Houghton for Hull. 3-3. It was still anybody's game and the noise was deafening. And then, would you believe it, Ian McKechnie saved from Dennis Law. Forever and ever, Law will go down as the first man to miss in a penalty shootout and McKechnie, he will go down as the first goalkeeper to save a penalty in a penalty shootout. Next up it was Ken Wagstaff, my hero And I knew we were going to win He was going to score, we were going to beat Manchester United And then, how could he do that? He missed! The next penalty taker was Willie Morgan He scored for United and now it was sudden death What happened next in my book shouldn't have happened Ian McKechnie, our goalkeeper, went up to take the kick I still maintain that Ian McKechnie was the right choice He had a sweet left foot and he had the guts to do it and I'd have put money on him to score.

51:19Please not him. I couldn't believe it. My mum couldn't believe it. Even Alex Stepney, the Man United keeper, couldn't believe it and actually asked him what he was doing up there. I had my head in my hands. Big Ian, he braced himself, he ran up, blasted it against the upper side of the crossbar and unfortunately, whole city were out. As Chris Waddle said when he missed for England in 1990, just six inches away from being the perfect penalty. Over the years, the rules have remained remarkably resilient. Five kicks each and then sudden death. It's the fairest way to settle a game. And as a moment of sheer drama, they can't be beaten.

52:05Football is called the beautiful game, although often it's quite dull. But penalties supercharge a match. 11 metres out and only the keeper to beat. Perhaps it even captures the essence of the game, how easy it is, and at the same time, how hard it is. Anyone can score, and most do. 76 % in fact, but 24 % miss. And over the years, even the world's greatest, like Messi, Ronaldo and Mbappe, have suffered that fate. Missing that penalty, stayed with Ian for the rest of his life. I was inconsolable then, but I'm just pleased to have been there when history was made. The boys were very, very proud of what they'd done to hold Manchester United for 90 minutes, play 30 minutes of extra time and then go into penalties.

52:51Looking back at that, I'm really proud to have been part of the first penalty shootout in football. If you're interested, Manchester United went on to lose to Derby County in the final of the Watney Cup. Frankie Banks played professional football for 18 years with Hull and then Southend United. After retiring from playing, he rose to be the assistant manager at Southend. And at the age of 80, he's still involved with the club. Martin Kelly still follows his beloved Hull City.

53:23Phil Jones with the story of the first official penalty shootout for the professional game back in 1970. Finally this week, we're going to end on a bit of food history. The dessert after our smorgasbord of past events, if you like. Surya Elango is taking us back to the turn of the century to meet a celebrity chef who changed the way television told stories about food. If you were one of those people who cringed at the thought of strangers fondling your food, you shouldn't go out to eat. Anthony Bourdain was a little-known chef in New York until he wrote an essay called Don't Eat Before Reading This, published in the weekly magazine The New Yorker.

54:03And then he became world famous for his popular TV travelogue shows, where we see his indelible charm and ability to connect with just about anyone over a plate of food. Our story starts in 1999, on a spring afternoon in New York City. This is the kitchen at L 'Eau, a French bistro in Manhattan. Philippe La Journée is one of the restaurant's owners, preparing for a busy day ahead. We came down from the office to have a quick look at the restaurant before service started. And there was this TV crew. The good thing about going to eat out at a restaurant is that you're out of the kitchen. But the bad thing is that you don't always know what happens inside of it.

54:48And I asked them why they were here and for. And they said, well, there is this article that was published in a New Yorker by your chef. We would like to interview him. And who they were interviewing was a man in his 40s called Anthony Bourdain. And so I rushed to the kitchen and told Tony about this. And he said, oh, yeah, I didn't expect anyone to come here. And I'm so sorry. I didn't expect it to be published. Chef Bourdain shed his kitchen whites to shed some light on the business he's been in for more than a decade. And then he went on with his interview and I rushed to get a New Yorker issue.

55:26I was in a cranky mood after my last restaurant closed. Tony, as he was often known, had spent months trying to get this piece published, but with no success. So he sent it to the magazine unsolicited. So I was stunned that he had A, written the piece, B, that it was such a great piece, and C, that it got it published in a New Yorker. Within hours, the phone was off the hook. People were just calling in and wanting to come to that restaurant. It all changed when Tony published that piece. In 1999, the top restaurants in the US and Europe were still in the era of fine dining. The restaurant experience was always very, you know, codified.

56:15So for example, you would go to a French restaurant and you would expect the staff to be stiff and healthy and the chef being some kind of a godlike creature and talking down to you because you ask for something different than what the menu offered. That filtered through to food writing too. Any publication, any book, any article was always lofty and if not pretentious talking about food and their experiences from when they were little. Then came this article. When in Tony's case it was very on the ground. And here's a flavour of what he wrote in The New Yorker, voiced up by someone reading that famous essay.

57:01Good food, good eating, is all about blood and organs. All his writing then and later reflected more the noise, the pressure, the craziness, the sweat, the burn, everything that is going on in the kitchen. It's about danger, risking the dark bacterial forces of beef, chicken, cheese and shellfish. For Tony, he was just trying to get a few laughs out of his fellow chefs and kitchen colleagues. That was such a pivotal moment, a seminal moment in the restaurant world and the kitchen world in particular because it was really what was happening in practically any restaurant. And that's why people have been inspired to join that world.

57:53His writing was sharp as a knife. He spilled some of the restaurant kitchen's trade secrets. So in the article, I think the big thing that people noticed was do not eat fish on Monday. In 90s New York, fish markets were closed at the weekend, meaning Monday's fish was often days old. The fish may be just as fresh on Friday, but it's on Tuesday that you've got the goodwill of the kitchen on your side. It wasn't just fish, Tony wrote about. People who order their meat well done perform a valuable service for those of us in the business who are cost conscious. They pay for the privilege of eating our garbage.

58:33In many kitchens, there's a time-honoured practice called save for well done. Tony's special ingredient was his authenticity in capturing the kitchen and restaurant scene with vivid detail and no filter. He didn't have a chef's personality, you know, more boisterous and, you know, more like a control freak type of chef. He was more unassuming. After he published the article, Philip invited Tony to help open a new restaurant in Japan. So that trip to Tokyo was Tony's first experience in Asia, definitely, and outside the world that he knew. And so it was a really earth-shattering experience for him.

59:18I took him around and brought him to all the places I love, with restaurants and bars. That was a big moment. Tony's appetite for travel and trying more restaurants and street food was wet. And he wrote an incredible article about this week in Tokyo that was published. And very fast after that, he compiled a few of his pieces and that gave Kitchen Confidential. Published in 2000, Kitchen Confidential, Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly, was Anthony Bourdain's breakout memoir. And after that, the rest is history. Tony went on to write and present his own TV shows, filming in nearly 100 countries.

1:00:06His cool manner earned him the reputation of a rock star chef, and strangers all over the world invited him into their kitchens to break bread with them. The 1990s was seen as the decade of the celebrity chef, where the people in the kitchen became TV stars. Here's Tony in 2011 talking about what that meant. Even at its most annoying, I think the celebrity chef phenomena is, on balance, a good thing for the world. Tony would, I guess, hate to be called a celebrity, although he definitely was a celebrity. He was the first celebrity chef, as in someone who came out of the kitchen and was a true ambassador for everything that is about food.

1:00:52And setting the table became a different experience. people started to appreciate that sitting down with someone and sharing a meal could in fact deepen a relationship and create warmth. And that friendship with Philip was particularly warm, that over the years, Tony invited his old boss and friend to film with him across the world. They made a pact to one day retire from their busy lives. As much as he enjoyed the success, If you had given him the choice, I think that, you know, he would have done what I have done and which was our project, which was to move to Hoi An in Vietnam and just, you know, keep it easy.

1:01:39And so it was always kind of the secret garden that we were dreaming of. Anthony Bourdain died in 2018. His TV programs, books and essays are still enjoyed. I don't remember exactly. The last time I saw him, it was probably at a restaurant. And when he passed away, I was actually in Vietnam on a trip. And right there and then, I just decided, well, that's it. He didn't get to do it. I'm going to do it right now. And I moved to Horean, and I've been happy ever since. Philippe Lajonnet was speaking to Surya Alango and remembering the chef, writer and TV presenter, Anthony Bourdain. A bittersweet way to end this edition of the History Hour.

1:02:23We'll have another collection of first-hand stories from the past for you next week. So until then, this is Max Pearson. From all of us here, thanks for listening. Goodbye. Sporting Witness takes you to the events that have shaped the sports world through the eyes of the people who were there. We weren't going to ask permission. We were just going to do it. It was such an amazing feeling. It was incredible. He started to write a story about how he came up with the idea for the red and yellow cars. I got to go. We cried a bit. We laughed a bit. It was wonderful. There's a magic during those moments that carries your soul.

1:02:55We were truly blessed to be a part of history. Sporting Witness. Subscribe wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

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