Juan Carlos becomes King of Spain and ending the Bosnian war

27:30Then, in August 2015, Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel did something few expected. Social Democrat Aiden Azuz, Germany's immigration and integration minister at the time, has been speaking to Josephine McDermott. The Syrian civil war is displacing millions of people, and there's ongoing violence in Afghanistan and Iraq. People are looking for new lives elsewhere and start arriving in Europe in higher numbers than usual. In 2013, we had the first movements. I said to a journalist, in the end, it will be again a big problem for all people who are migrants or have a migration background in Germany, because every time when people come with a higher number, and at that time we didn't know how high this number would be, in the end, people start to be a little bit hostile, start to reject people.

28:31and politicians start to say things like, you know, every fault is on the migrants. At that time when I said this, one person of my staff said, please don't say this again. And it was weird to me because, you know, I said, but I know this will happen. Aydan's life experience meant she was in a good position to know. She was born in Germany to Turkish parents and was the first person of Turkish origin to hold a top post in the German federal government and the first Muslim. By June 2015, hundreds of thousands of people, mainly Syrians, were being illegally smuggled across the Mediterranean. The BBC's Gabriel Gatehouse reported from a vessel rescuing migrants from overcrowded boats.

29:15Mohamed Mahmoud, a 31-year-old software engineer, has become separated from his wife and three children. They left Libya at the same time, but on a different boat. I don't know where is my wife, I don't know where is my three children. I was thinking all the way. Down below, it was very hard. It was like you cannot breathe. The coastline of Italy comes into view. It's clear this journey has been motivated by a combination of necessity and choice. The push of repression and the pull of prosperity. It's a beautiful level. Beautiful, very beautiful. Look like factories. If there is factories, actually, there is work.

30:01Most migrants were arriving in Turkey having travelled through Balkan countries, waiting there for their chance to get to Greece, the gateway to the rest of the European Union. Angela Merkel asked Aydan to go to meet the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, with her. She invited me to come to this lunch and I just listened to them. And then Erdogan said to her, well, send me your state minister and I can take a helicopter and show her what is going on in my country and what we are doing and how many tents and whatever we have. And at that time, it was quite clear that Germany and also other countries in the EU really wanted Turkey to hold the refugees there and not let them all pass.

30:49So she went. I went to Kilis, which is a place that my father came from, which is quite at the Syrian border. To Kilis, there were so many people coming. They showed me that, you know, it was almost more people from Syria in Kilis than from Turkey. They showed me all these places, how they helped, you know, and what they did for them and how many tents they had established. But they also wanted help from the EU. The prized place to get to was Northern Europe. But European leaders were unable to agree on how the refugees should be distributed across EU states. Then something out of the blue happened.

31:31Angela Merkel opened the borders. On 21 August 2015, Germany's Federal Office for Migration and Refugees suspended the Dublin Regulation Procedures for Syrian Nationals. That basically meant that Syrians didn't have to apply for asylum in the first EU country they arrived in anymore. In effect, if they could get to Germany, they could apply for asylum there. It blindsided even some ministers. Angela Merkel was, of course, talking to some people about this, also the foreign minister, but also the minister for inner affairs. But in the end, I know that none of them expected this. They were in trouble in the places they were.

32:14They didn't really know what to do. They didn't really know where to put the people, where to bring them, how to really take care of them. My interpretation about thinking this, and this was something that we discussed also, was maybe at this time, Germany, who had started two wars in this continent, should be the country who helps in this very situation and opens its doors. We expected, to be honest, that maybe then others would follow. Do you remember being privy to conversations where there was frustration about other European countries not doing more? Of course, there was. What was really, really frustrating was that we have this EU.

33:04All the countries, they don't move towards a direction like how can we do it better together? It seems to me that every time you have a real problem, every country wants to neglect it or reject it or do it on itself. You know, always like, how can I come out of this best? And this is not what I really understand being the philosophy of a European Union. On the last day of August, the chancellor declared, wir schaffen das. We can do it, interpreted by many as extending open arms to the asylum seekers, a sentence that is politically loaded and debated to this day. I'm simply saying that Germany is a strong country, and the motivation behind our approach must be that we have already achieved so much so we can do it.

34:05We can do it, and where there are issues along the way, they must be overcome and we must work on them. I don't think that she, even in this moment when she said it, it was one sentence. You know, it was a sentence like, oh, people, come on, we can do this. It was, you know, not that sentence, which it became then later on. The world's press were at a Munich train station a few days later when people waited to greet migrants as they arrived.

34:42After two months, the Dublin regulation was reinstated. Angela Merkel didn't receive the level of support she wanted from the rest of the EU. In 2015, Germany registered more asylum seekers than any other nation in Europe, about a million, although at about 1 % of its population, less per capita than several smaller nations such as Sweden. The decisions taken continue to have a political impact, with critics arguing it's led to a rise in the far right. Angela Merkel stepped down as Chancellor in 2021. Josephine McDermott, she was speaking to Aydan Azuz, who's a serving member of the German Bundestag.

35:20That 2015 European migration crisis was just the latest iteration of the ebb and flow of populations displaced by war. Twenty years earlier, in the 1990s, as the former Yugoslavia fell apart, an estimated 100 ,000 people were killed and millions fled their homes. The war in Bosnia came to an end in 1995 with the Dayton Peace Accords. In 2010, Lucy Williamson spoke to Milan Milutinovic from the Serbian delegation about the final 24 hours of negotiations. It's November 1995. Wright-Patterson Air Base, Dayton, Ohio. For three weeks, delegations from the war-torn regions of former Yugoslavia, Bosnian, Croatian and Serb, have been trying to agree a peace deal under the fiery mediation of American negotiator Richard Holbrook.

36:11The end of the conference is approaching. An outline deal is on the table. As the clock moves towards 2am, someone is stirring inside the airbase. The Americans came to me and said, please, would you be so kind to wake up, Mr Milosevic. everything is failed. There is no chance that Bosnians is going to side. Milan Milotinovic was then the Yugoslav foreign minister, his boss Mr Milosevic, the Serbian president. The Americans occupied a strange position, leading the negotiations and militarily involved in the conflict. But weeks of living and negotiating side by side had led to a complex set of personal relationships.

36:55We know each other as friends, so to say, and for us it was really touching. You say they came to you and said, please wake up, Mr Milosevic, it's failed. Is that what you did? Not immediately, that was at 2 o 'clock, and I consulted Mr Bulatovic, who was president of Montenegro in that time, and he said to me, oh, why to wake him up? You will say him tomorrow. And after that, I start to think, you know, that this crisis is too high risk and I said, no, no, no, I'm going to wake him up to call the Americans to come back again and we shall see what shall we do. So I did it. After 15 minutes, I wake him up.

37:46Mr. Milosevic was very upset. He can't believe that such things happened. Starting to shout things that's impossible, are they crazy? We have to do that. At stake was the future of Bosnia. Cracks between its Muslim, Croat and Serb populations had splintered the region, drawing in US and NATO forces. The Dayton Plan divided Bosnia into two new entities, a Muslim-Croat federation and a Serbian republic. To stop the fighting, all sides needed to agree on how to divide up territory and political power. As the delegation scrambled behind the scenes to stop the plan unravelling, US State Department spokesman Nick Burns began to talk down the likelihood of a deal.

38:32We think that an agreement is possible. We think if the parties can work very hard together in a spirit of cooperation, that they ought to be able to do this. But it's not a foregone conclusion and I can't guarantee we're going to get there. Was Mr Holbrook a good negotiator?

39:16will be the sticky points. In the talks that you were party to, were they emotional? Yes, in some moments, of course, especially from the Bosnian Serbs. But according to Milan Milutinovic, President Milosevic decided at the 11th hour to press ahead, with or without his Bosnian and Croatian counterparts. He said in an international negotiation, when the agreement is on the table, it's open for signing, so who wants to sign, he will sign. So we can't go to Belgrade and not sign after so much effort. And so Mr Milotinovic says he was sent to tell the American Secretary of State, Warren Christopher, that the Yugoslav delegation would be signing the agreement unilaterally.

40:02I said, OK, every side could sign when they want and when they're ready. We're ready to sign. It's better that we signed. We can't go back to Belgrade without signing this. Maybe one day Croats and Bosnians are going to sign. And Mr. Warren Christopher asked me, is it true that that is possible? I said, yes, it is possible at this international practice. So he asked Mr. Milosevic whether it is possible that he persuade Mr. Tudjman to sign. and Mr Milosevic said yes I can and they made an early morning appointment let's say 7 or 8 o 'clock in the morning after one hour Mr Milosevic persuaded Mr Tudjman and he said that he's ready to sign What did Mr Milosevic say to Mr Tudjman?

41:00I don't know, I was not present on that meeting because that was a tete-a-tete meeting but of course he said our arguments because we said we shall be guilty side if we don't sign. There was massive international pressure on Croatian President Tudjman to sign the agreement, not least from the Americans, who, in a last-ditch effort to save the talks from collapse, were also homing in on the Bosnian leadership. We delivered that agreement to Mr. Christopher and he said, now it's my job. and they had very long talks with Bosnians at the end. They literally crying, saying, OK, I mean Alija Izetbegovic, and that was the end of the story because everybody was ready, let's say a few hours before, to have a commemoration, a closing session instead of celebration.

41:57The war that's ravaged Bosnia for almost four years is over. This evening, a comprehensive peace agreement has been signed at Dayton in Ohio, bringing to an end the bloodiest conflict in Europe since the Second World War. The deal establishes a single state, with the Muslim Croat Federation controlling 51 % of the territory and the Serbs the remaining 49%. Sarajevo will be unified and there'll be freedom of movement throughout Bosnia. The three Balkan leaders returned as partners to the same room in which exactly three weeks ago, as adversaries, they began what seemed an improbable quest for peace.

42:29They entered one by one, taking their places at a long raised table covered by a red cloth. There were smiles of a kind and handshakes. The mood is very good between us and Americans because we overcome unexpectedly an extremely big obstacle. Let's just cheer you up and, you know, drink champagne in the evening. It's three o 'clock in the morning and we have been happy that we find the window to succeed. In many ways, there was much to celebrate. Dayton brought an end to the fighting in Bosnia and created new political structures to secure it. But the system it put in place is a complex one, forged in a time of conflict, and ethnic tensions still simmer below the surface.

43:20Lucy Williamson was speaking to Milan Milutinovic in 2010. Dayton, in 1995, represented a summit meeting with a single focused purpose. Ten years earlier, in November 1985, there was a much broader agenda when two of the world's most powerful leaders met for the first time. With Cold War tensions running high and the nuclear arms race dominating global politics, the US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev came together at the Geneva summit. Using archive recordings, Megan Jones explores what happened during this landmark meeting. Forty years ago, two of the world's most powerful leaders met for the first time.

44:02US President Ronald Reagan and leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev came together at the Geneva summit, a key moment in Cold War diplomacy. I've been working with archive material for this programme, so you'll hear different voices reading Gorbachev's translated words. It's the 19th of November, 1985. The world's media are gathered outside the Villa Fleur d 'O, a historic residence in Versoilles near Geneva in Switzerland, and the venue for the first US-Soviet summit in over six years. Both sides have stressed today that they are in realistic mood. Both of them are looking for positive results.

44:39It's just before 10 o 'clock in the morning, and an apparently bulletproof black limousine pulls up outside. Stepping out into the bitterly cold weather is Mikhail Gorbachev, the newly appointed leader of the Communist Soviet Union, or USSR, dressed in a winter coat and scarf. My colleagues and I arrived in Geneva to discuss issues that are of vital interest to the peoples of the Soviet Union, the American people, and I believe the peoples of Europe, no less, and other continents in the world. Walking down the steps to greet him wearing a suit and tie is US President Ronald Reagan, a committed Republican and anti-communist.

45:21We don't like their system. They don't like ours. We're not out to change theirs. I do feel sometimes they're out to change ours. There isn't any reason why we can't coexist in the world. They shake hands and step inside, marking the start of a diplomatic relationship that would reshape East-West relations over the coming years. The Cold War began soon after World War II, a long rivalry between the Soviet Union and the West. After the US dropped the atomic bomb in 1945, the USSR developed its own by 1949, triggering an arms race. By the early 1960s, tensions were high. President JF Kennedy called for cooperation over confrontation.

46:05It is therefore our intention to challenge the Soviet Union not to an arms race, but to a peace race. In the 1970s, relations briefly improved, a period known as detente. The US and USSR signed a treaty aimed at limiting nuclear weapons. Another agreement followed in 1979, but it stalled soon after. They called on all those in the province who have been for various reasons with anti-government terrorist groups not to lay down their arms and fight against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In response to the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan, the US imposed sanctions, withdrew the treaty and boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics.

46:49To ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil. In 1983, Reagan announced the Strategic Defence Initiative, or SDI, a plan to destroy nuclear missiles from space. A non-nuclear strategic defence makes good sense. It's better to protect lives than to avenge them. The media called it... Star Wars. Star Wars. Star Wars. Star Wars. Star Wars. The Soviet Union saw it as a threat, as Gorbachev explains. There are weapons on Earth and beneath the sea.

47:31There are weapons in waves above our heads. You only have to look up. You can imagine so many weapons and rockets that they collide with each other overhead and send bits falling out of the sky. Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union in March 1985 and introduced reforms called glasnost, which means openness and perestroika, which translates to restructuring. At the funeral of his predecessor, Konstantin Chinyenko, Reagan sent a letter, hand delivered by Vice President George H.W. Bush. You can be assured of my personal commitment to work with you and the rest of the Soviet leadership in serious negotiations.

48:13In that spirit, I would like to invite you to visit me in Washington at your earliest convenient opportunity. As to a venue for the meeting, I thank you for the invitation to visit Washington. but let us agree that we shall return again to the question of the place and time for the meeting. Despite their different views both sides saw the summit as a chance to open dialogue and once Geneva was chosen it could finally begin. President Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan arrived by Air Force One greeted by Kurt Furgler, President of the Swiss Confederation. We are honoured that our country has been chosen to be the place of your meeting.

48:52We deem it the token of trust in neutral Switzerland. I'm convinced that American-Soviet relations need a fresh start, a genuine give and take on regional conflicts, on human rights and on the reduction of arms. The private meeting began. Gorbachev wasn't impressed.

49:14The president from the very start started to speak in a kind of lecturing tone, as though I was a suspect or maybe a student. After a frosty start, it warmed up quickly. The first meeting was scheduled for just 15 minutes, but lasted an hour with only the leaders and their interpreters present. Their first agreement announced by a White House spokesman was to impose a complete news blackout until the summit is over. So it could have ended there with silence. But there are things we can talk about, as some details did emerge. They discussed nuclear weapons, human rights, regional conflicts and, reportedly, alien invasions.

49:58They met by fireplaces, shared meals and took turns hosting. And while the talks inside the villa remained off-limits to reporters, there was still plenty for the press to cover. Already emerging as a star of the summit is Raisa Gorbachev, who began the day at a Swiss clock and watch museum and was suitably impressed. It's beautiful. Nancy Reagan was also on public relations duty, but she took the more expensive tour. After that, the Swiss gave her just about all they'd got. Broken legs, rehabilitated drug addicts and an instrument she couldn't get home, even if she wanted it. Once the public appearances were done, it was time for their own meeting.

50:40The media called that the Tea Summit. They both agreed they wanted better understanding. Perhaps they'd visit each other's countries. It was a momentous day, but according to Mrs Reagan, the start was low-key. Mrs Reagan, what did you say to your husband when he went out the door this morning for this rather historic occasion? What were your last words to him? Have a good day. Back inside the villa, the main talks continued. Over two days, Reagan and Gorbachev reportedly spent more than five hours alone. No treaty was signed, but they agreed to expand cultural exchanges and speed up arms control talks.

51:17They also issued a joint statement saying, a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought. I leave Geneva today and our fireside summit determined to pursue every opportunity to build a safer world of peace and freedom. There's hard work ahead. We're ready for it. If we really want to succeed in something, then both sides are going to have to do an awful lot of work. In 1986, Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik in Iceland. Although torts collapsed over Star Wars, they later signed a treaty to eliminate an entire category of nuclear weapons. Reagan's SDI plan was later dropped before being revived in a different form.

52:02Meanwhile, Gorbachev's reforms reshaped Soviet society. This morning in the Soviet Parliament, a handful of deputies went through the motions of formally voting the Soviet Union out of existence. It was a rather pathetic end for the Parliament, which once saw ferocious debates and Gorbachev glasnost at its best. By 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. The Cold War was over. Megan Jones recalling the 1985 Geneva summit with the help of the BBC archives, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and other collections. On our website we have an extensive collection of first-hand stories from the history of the Soviet Union, from the Russian Revolution in 1917 through to the collapse of communism.

52:43It's really well worth diving into. It's at bbc.com slash witness history and then look for the collections tab. Finally this week's sporting witness. For this we're going to the heart of one of the many heated controversies to have surrounded the long history of the cricket test matches between England and Australia known as the Ashes. In the 2005 series in England, a substitute fielder grabbed the headlines when he ran out the Australian captain Ricky Ponting. Uma Dereswamy has been hearing from that substitute fielder. My name's Gary Pratt, I'm a substitute fielder in the 2005 Ashes. We'll hear more of Gary in a minute, but first, you need to know the basics.

53:24It's August 2005 and England are playing Australia in the Ashes at home. And in the cricket world, the Ashes are a big deal. The Ashes is still the ultimate. You grew up just observing it, admiring it, and then daring to dream. The butterflies are that much more pronounced. The stakes are that much higher. Convicts versus Mother England, I guess it goes all the way back to that. Australia would rather lose a series to any other team in the world than England. they're properly haters. So you get the idea. England hadn't won it since 1987, so were desperate to prove themselves. But Aussie swagger was real.

54:10This is my third Ashes tour now to England, and every other time I've been here, they've spoken it up 12 months out, saying that they've now got the team to beat us. Ashes is coming home, all that sort of stuff. I'm going to expect to win every Test match we play. Glenn McGrath thinks Australia are going to win 5-0. I personally don't see that, but it's life's about opinions at the moment. It's great to see.

54:38Meanwhile, Gary had been playing county cricket for Durham in North East England when he had been selected to be part of the squad as a substitute fielder, or 12th man. But what did they do? Oh dear. Well, basically, just looking after the players and making sure they have everything they need. Obviously drinks, gloves when they're batting, towels, get stuff ready for them if they need to, help them prepare the best you can, really. You've got to think that everybody that plays for England are also England fans as well. So I guess for me, it was the next best thing to be picked to play was to be still around amongst it in the dressing room and have that opportunity to be 12th man, which in itself was a great honour again.

55:19Whilst the Australians had experience in their squad, England had a lot of new players, some who'd never faced Australia, but they backed themselves to beat them. There were a lot of big characters in that dressing room and I think they mainly knew that this was their time to beat the Aussies really. Everybody was hitting the peak, playing really well. Obviously Michael Vaughan as captain, great captain, such an aura around the dressing room. He spoke and everybody listened. I think everybody had confidence in themselves and their own ability and they actually believed that they could go out there and beat them and express themselves, which they were going to have to, to win that series because obviously Australia were a fantastic team, some of them coming to the end of their careers, but yeah, it was always going to be a tough series to win.

56:02So let's get back to the action. It's day three of the fourth test and it was slightly warmer than normal for an English summer and the batting conditions were good. The two Australian batsmen, Ricky Ponting and Damian Martin, look to be in a position to chase down England's run total. Simon Jones, one of England's best bowlers in the series so far, hurts his ankle and goes off the field to get some treatment. This is Gary's moment. From a selfish point of view, you kind of want to get on the field and try and make an impact as such, just want to touch the ball and just take some of that atmosphere in.

56:38And unfortunately, obviously Simon Jones was injured. Then I got my chance to go on and field for a session, which was great. Michael Vaughan just came up and said, look, you're coming out with us for the last session. and that was as complicated as it needed to be really. Nothing more than that. It was great when somebody comes up and says, right, you're coming out there to field in the last session in an Ashes Test match. I mean, what isn't to love about it? So you just have to take it all in and really enjoy it, which I did. Now, I'll be honest. If this was a big-budget TV documentary, I would have paid for the rights for us all to hear what happened next.

57:16But it isn't, and I haven't. Instead, let's hear Gary watching it all back on his phone and describing it to me. Let's go. I'll just get this loaded up here. Oh, sorry about that. How many times do you watch it? Oh, very rarely. Really? Yeah. Oh, Gary, come on. Very rarely. I've seen it a few times. He's too modest. Yeah, so basically just a good ball from Fred and dropped into the offside, just ran round. And Damien Martin should be getting all the blame for you rather than me getting all the praise. Yeah, it was just a textbook pick up and throw really and hit the base of the stumps. I didn't really know at the time if it was 100 % out.

57:57All the lads kind of thought it was 100 % out, but until they came up on the big screen and said it was out, then that was good. Before he was run out, Ponting was on 48 and looked like he could go on to make a big score. Gary's instinctive action stopped all that and it was the turning point of the game. I mean, it was like euphoria, just the crowd went wild, the lads were wild, and yeah, it was a pretty big moment in the game, because obviously Ricky's a fantastic player, world-class player. To get him run out in a big game like that when he was set is pretty special, really. It's a massive boost for everybody.

58:36He was the glue that was just holding them together, really. Obviously Ricky was walking off and there was a few choice words said with obviously disagreeing with substitute fielders. Then the guys kind of knew that it was different, there was something different about the whole situation and they'd never seen him react like that and they really thought that they got under the skin of the Aussies. So absolutely great for me, great for the guys. Obviously Ricky won't think the same but it's history now. The reason why Ricky Ponting was so incensed and shouting at the England team as he walked off was because he was run out by a substitute fielder, something the Aussies didn't agree should be used.

59:12They felt it was unfair that bowlers could come off for a rest, England would put on another fielder, in this case Gary, and once the bowler was rested, they could come back on and Gary would go back to the dressing room. Live news, live sport. This is BBC Radio 5 Live. The Aussie captain Ricky Ponting apologised for a verbal outburst in the direction of the England dressing room after he'd been run out by Durham's Gary Pratt for 48. Ponting said, My frustration was compounded by the fact that I was run out by a sub-fielder, an issue that has concerned us and one we raised before the series. But the England coach, Duncan Fletcher, has little sympathy.

59:49I mean, that's up to them how they think about it. You know, in today's game, the guys are told to drink a lot of liquid. You see them people running around in the water at some stage, you've got to go off the field. In this case, it's a classic example where Simon Jones was sitting with his leg in an ice boot to protect it. we needed someone out there and if you hit a ball straight to cover you expect to get run out if you're taking a high risk single. I do get where Ricky was coming from with regards bringing a substitute on for a baller to go and get a shower and get freshened up which was at the time within the laws of the game so nothing really could be done maybe a little bit ungentlemanly but it is what it is.

1:00:24That one occasion where it really kicked off with Ricky and obviously the whole run out situation wasn't the kind of best timing because obviously Simon was in hospital and he hasn't played since so it was a genuine injury which obviously even nowadays you can have a substitute fielder for a genuine injury. Despite his apology Ricky Ponting was fined 75 % of his match fee for the outburst. England went on to win the Ashes and as is tradition both teams gathered in the winner's dressing room at the end of the final match. Yeah there's no hard feelings whatsoever I mean it's just it's sport at the end of the day I mean I had a chat with Ricky after the series finished and just ended up sitting in his seat in the dressing room at the Oval and then we just sat there and had a beer and yeah there's no hard feeling whatsoever he just kind of smiled and shook my hand really it wasn't really I don't think you really want to bring it up that much but I was kind of sat in his seat and I just kind of asked him if I could have a couple of pairs of his boots really I don't think he came and said oh do you want these it was just like a matter of me said oh what you do with these boots and he just said oh you can take them if you want them so because all the guys always leave all the kit behind after a long tour it's not really worth to take him back home with them.

1:01:32So, yeah, I just managed to get a couple of Fruhevies boots, which was a good memento, really. They were pretty original, though, because obviously they had nice-ass boots with punter, his nickname on them, and I got them signed, and it was quite nice. Gary Pratt, who now works in a cricket shop in County Durham, was speaking to Uma Dereswamy and remembering the moment in 2005 that he arguably changed the course of Ash's Test Match cricket history. That's it for this edition of the History Hour. We'll be back with more first-hand stories from the past for you next week. So until then, this is Max Pearson.

1:02:06From all of us here, thank you for listening. Goodbye. From the pioneers. We weren't going to ask mission. We were just going to do it. And the celebrations. You feel you have, you win. I feel it. I was first. I was first. We were so proud of ourselves. And Cameron was proud of us too. I still cannot believe it. It was such an amazing feeling. It was incredible. To the humiliations. I did cry most of the half. Oh man, I'm failing. I'm failing this sport that I love. Sporting Witness takes you to the events that have shaped the sports world through the eyes of the people who were there. It's not just about the sport.

1:02:47It's about all the other things that people with disabilities learn from each other. For nine minutes, you become a fan in the stands as we take you back in time to examine memorable moments from all over the world. There's a magic during those moments that carries your soul. We were truly blessed to be a part of history. Sporting Witness. Subscribe wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

1:03:12I am Nina Khrushcheva, the great-granddaughter of Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union in 1962. And I'm Max Kennedy, the nephew of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. We explore what was a terrifying moment in history. The story of the Cuban Missile Crisis. How close the world came to nuclear war. And what they had to do to pull it back from the brink. The bomb, Kennedy and Khrushchev. All episodes available now, wherever you get your BBC podcasts. If there was a big red button that would just demolish the Internet, I would smash that button with my forehead. From the BBC, this is The Interface, the show that explores how tech is rewiring your week and your world.

1:03:57This isn't about quarterly earnings or about tech reviews. It's about what technology is actually doing to your work, your politics, your everyday life. And all the bizarre ways people are using the internet. Listen on bbc.com or wherever you get your podcasts.