Mexican history: A love song and a gas explosion

25:24For Virginia Martinez-Tejas, the San Juanico explosion continues to impact her life more than 40 years on.

25:35I'm hypersensitive to the smell of gas. I get really upset, very alert. When there's a situation like that, it really affects me. In fact, I developed a kind of anxiety because of it, what you would call post-traumatic stress. Virginia Martinez-Téllez, survivor of the deadly gas explosion in San Juanico in November 1984. She was speaking to Jen Dale. We all can agree that housing is expensive. Rent, mortgage, it doesn't matter which one you're paying, it stings every month. But BUILT can make you feel a little better. Let me explain. BUILT started out rewarding members on their rent. Now, as of 2026, BUILT members can also earn points on mortgage payments wherever they live.

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28:11Still to come, how Mexico played a part in the making of the film Titanic. and the fight to get equality for Mexico's indigenous women. Before this Honourable Congress and hundreds of indigenous municipalities in Mexico, the voice of women begins to be heard. But first, a landmark moment in Mexico's democratic past. Helen Ledwick is taking us back to the year 2000 and the presidential election which saw a change in government after 71 years of continuous one-party rule. 10pm on the 2nd of July, election day. And in Mexico City, the main opposition candidate, Vicente Fox, is at party headquarters with his team.

28:57They've been camped out in what they call the war room, monitoring the results as they come in. TV screens, phones, faxes. They've even hired their own satellite feed so they don't have to rely on official channels. And then... it happens. So before we had the official results, Fox received a call from President Zedillo telling him, you won. Francisco Ortiz is the campaign's marketing strategist. He's in the room when the call comes through. So, well, I'm now getting... I'm feeling the same excitement that I felt at that time because President Zedillo called him telling him you won. President Zedillo of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, the PRI, has just conceded.

29:49Francisco's boss, Vicente Fox of the National Action Party, or PAN, will be the next president of Mexico. I mean, we were extremely happy. At that time, I thought I may die now. It was the feeling, I mean, that you already accomplished a big, big task which look like an impossible one. Impossible, because the PRI had won every single presidential election since it was founded in 1929, leading to decades of mistrust. And even though there'd been changes to make elections more transparent, it was hard for people to believe that another party could win. So, a year before the election, Fox's team decide they need a fresh approach.

30:33Someone outside of politics. Someone who knows how to build brands. Someone like Francisco, who's working for a big media company. The headhunter called me and told me, are you interested in handling a presidential marketing campaign? And I said, how is that? Because here in Mexico we have only a ruling party, which is PRI, and there is no another position, I mean, that has the possibility to win. And he told me, no, have you heard about Fox? And I said, yes, the TV station in the US, Fox Television. I said, no, no, no, no, this is the governor of one of the Mexican states, which is Guanajuato.

31:12So I run and buy a political magazine, which is called Proceso, trying to understand who is Fox. This is how the BBC described him at the time. Vicente Fox is a tiring man with a brisk moustache who looks like the chief executive of a big company. That's not really surprising because that's what he used to be, head of Coca-Cola in Mexico. So a businessman, but in signature cowboy boots, a wide-brimmed hat and a silver belt buckle that spells out F-O-X. And he grew up on a ranch. He's a marketeer's dream. The character was like a Mexican superhero, you know. He was a very, very good product. Francisco is in and it's full on.

31:56Fast-moving, modern marketing, nothing like the traditional campaigning that voters are used to. The team churns out 65 TV adverts in just nine months. And at first, not everyone gets it. As a matter of fact, the first TV commercial that we produced, I remember that day that we were at the PAN building and we present the TV commercial and everybody says, what's that? Because the only thing that we were saying was, ja, ja, ja. Ja, ja, ja, ja, ja, ja, ja. Which is, do it now, do it now, do it now. Showing that you are tired of all the other things, but the only thing that you was looking at was people only saying, yeah, yeah, yeah.

32:43And doing this signal with the fingers, which is the B of victory and the B of Vicente. Voto por el cambio, Vox Presidente. So nobody expects to see this kind of things. so it helped us a lot to position us against the official candidate which was Francisco Labastida for the PRI. At this point, Labastida is leading in the polls, the clear front-runner. But as the campaign rolls on, Fox narrows the gap. In spring 2000, there's a televised debate with Fox widely seen as the winner and now a second debate has been lined up. The next one supposedly was intended to be only between the three top candidates, which were Fox, La Bastida and Cardenas, which were the top three parties.

33:36But they didn't want to have it. I mean, the PRI didn't want to have it because they knew that we won the first. They didn't want to have the second one. So when the day arrives, a last minute press conference is called. You can see the whole thing on YouTube. Three candidates sitting side by side in a garden, surrounded by reporters, arguing. Fox's opponents are saying the format hasn't been settled. The TV networks haven't agreed. And Fox said, no, I want the debate today. In Spanish, it will be hoy. I want it hoy. Lo quiero hoy. I want it today. I want it today. El viernes. Hoy. El viernes.

34:15Hoy. Francisco is worried, and he's right to be. the polls drop and the headlines are brutal. I saw him in the morning and I said, well, all the newspapers say, stubborn folks, stubborn folks. He didn't understand that we can conduct the debate, blah, blah, blah. So all the media was against folks. So at the end of the day, I said, well, what are we going to do now? Francisco calls a crisis meeting, but the other candidates are one step ahead. Cardenas and La Bastida start with a commercial that say, you don't want a president that is very stubborn. And they use the image from the meeting in which Fox was today.

34:59Today. So we said, OK, let's apply the jiu-jitsu strategy. Ah, the jiu-jitsu strategy. They're thinking, can we flip this on its head? Here in Mexico, we have a saying that says, don't live for tomorrow what you can do today. So we said, okay, these old politicians, they want to do all the things that has to be solved today, tomorrow. But folks want to solve all the problems of the country today. So what do you prefer? So we put it on air and we reverse, we shift the tendency of the polls. And then we start being up. It was a very, very, very key day for us. When election day finally arrives, Fox's team is confident.

35:52And at 11pm on the 2nd of July, only an hour after that phone call, President Zedillo goes on television and publicly concedes.

36:05Then we had a big celebration inside the party with Fox at the balcony. and then I decided to go and have some tacos before going to El Ángel de la Independencia because I maybe have not eaten in the last three days, I don't know. And then I went and celebrated the winning. Tens of thousands of Fox supporters are out on the streets of Mexico City surrounding the monument known as the Angel of Independence, chanting, celebrating, car horns blaring. It's a proud moment for Francisco. We had a ruling party that was more like a dictatorial party, I mean, because we didn't have any opposition during 71 years.

36:50So it was very important for Mexico, but for Latin America too, because then you show that there is a possibility to change government. So it opened the possibility for another party to win. Vicente Fox went on to govern Mexico for a six-year term. Francisco Ortiz stepped away from politics in 2003, but stayed in marketing and still works in Mexico City today. He was speaking to Helen Ledwick. Another key moment in Mexico's politics, next, which came about on the 2nd of October 2014. That was when the lives of millions of indigenous women in the country were completely transformed. And it happened because they had finally won the right to vote and stand in elections.

37:38Jacqueline Payne has the story. The system of usos y costumbres has meant more than 500 years of living in silence without the right to raise our voices or to express the right to govern and to choose the rulers of our own destiny. That's Euphorzina Cruz Mendoza addressing the Mexican parliament in the capital, Mexico City. She's an indigenous woman who grew up in the mountainous state of Oaxaca, and she was explaining how local traditions, or usos y costumbres, meant that women were held back and discriminated against, because those old practices said women should serve men and look after the children, and not hold political positions.

38:27I probably went up with a lot of fears and my voice trembled. That girl from the mountain was standing there in front of the crowd. Born into a Zapotec community, an indigenous population in southern Oaxaca, Euphrazina faced a different future to her brothers. You have to get up at 3am, like my mum, like my aunts, to wait and to serve. I didn't know what it was like to have a voice. I didn't know how a girl laughed. I didn't know how a girl could play because my eyes had never seen it. I saw the daily work of what was said to be the role of a girl becoming a woman. Because you don't grow up playing dolls, you don't even play.

39:12As a child, you grow up learning to be a woman at 8, 9, 10, 11 years old. Because at 12, you're ready to become the wife of a man you don't even know. I had to help my mom make extra tortillas to eat, take care of my brothers, and from there go to the field to work. So effectively, we are doing a double work day. It was a normal custom in these environments. Euphrazina's anger grew at the system around her, especially when she saw how it affected her sister. Because at 13, my sister was already the mother of a child. And at 31, she was already the mother of nine children. She learned about the menstrual process after giving birth to nine children.

40:01And that is the story of thousands of women in my country and around the world. While such practices were not acceptable in the rest of Mexico, Oaxaca had a special law dating back to colonial times that allowed indigenous communities to self-govern. Many of these local or customary laws were even stronger than the state's laws, with the aim of protecting the community's traditions. But those self-same traditions also stated women could not govern or take part in any decision-making. In my community, women could not participate in being presidents of our communities. We were invisible by a system called usos y costumbres, Her town of Santa Maria Chiegolani had no electricity, no hospital, no road, only a primary school and some girls grew up unable to read or write.

40:57She was one of the lucky ones when a new teacher arrived. Joaquin helped Euphrasina to learn Spanish, taught her she could change her life and encouraged her to fight for her rights. At 12 years old, my teacher who inspired me, my teacher who had to walk more than 12 hours to reach my community and was the one who taught me the first words in Spanish. And that's where my inspiration was born. My dream of one day speaking like my teacher, right? I had to flee my community because my dad was going to marry me when I was 12. But thanks to my teacher who inspired me on that mountain, who taught me that there was another colour, that there was another smell.

41:44When you're born into so much adversity, there are times when you just need a spark to start questioning and asking. She refused to marry against her father's wishes and eventually convinced her parents to let her stay with her uncle in the city of Salina Cruz, four hours away, to continue studying. That part of Oaxaca was not governed by traditional laws. And there, she began to examine her life at home. And I began to question what was happening in my community environment, where public space was not for girls or for women. My mum had never sat in the town court. There wasn't a basketball tournament for girls.

42:27There was for boys. And that's when I started to question things and started going to those spaces. I became the crazy girl in my community, the girl who hung out with all the boys in town. But I understood that was the price that I had to pay to start changing things. After graduating with a master's degree in 2007, Euphra Zina felt inspired to change her society. She decided to run for mayor of her hometown. Many people in power didn't want her in government, but she was allowed to take part because no one would vote for a woman, would they? Euphorzina won the election, but customary laws meant that as a woman, she was unable to take office.

43:11And that's when I realised that there was no institution that would embrace us as indigenous women. 19 years ago, in the Mexican constitution, the word woman was not written for us. and what did that mean? We couldn't even vote or be voted for. But she didn't give up. Jufresina began campaigning for women's rights and in 2010 she became president of the Congress for Oaxaca helping secure political rights for indigenous women. Four years later on the 2nd of October 2014 the Mexican Senate approved a constitutional amendment guaranteeing indigenous women and men the right to vote and stand for election on equal terms.

43:57It meant that women's suffrage, introduced in Mexico in 1953, would override customary laws. The reform was brought in quietly, without any comment from lawmakers. Some said it was politically too sensitive to challenge traditions linked to cultural identity, even when those traditions excluded women from voting or taking office. Before this Honorable Congress and hundreds of indigenous municipalities in Mexico, the voice of women begins to be heard. In 2010, I changed the Constitution of Oaxaca. In 2014, I changed the Constitution of Mexico. And also in 2014, the UN adopted my proposal, which says no customs can deny the participation of women in the elections of their communities to participate or be presidents or whatever they want to be.

44:58And that's allowed today in all the indigenous municipalities of Mexico. And women are now part of that decision-making in their communities. They can sit at a table. They can participate in churches. They can go to the courts. Today, there is parity in my town, 50 % women, 50 % men. Today, there are two secondary schools. There are primaries. And most girls are going to be architects or engineers. Why? Because we broke everything that the world shouted at us that was our custom. It was what violated us. And it was a system that denied us and made us invisible. And we had to take it away to be named in the constitution of our country.

45:48That's why I tell them today, my nieces, my mother's great-granddaughter, my sister's granddaughter, to never ask for permission again to be in that public space that my mom and sister and myself were told wasn't for us. Jacqueline Payne was speaking to the remarkable Euphrosina Cruz-Mendoza, who continues to campaign for the rights of indigenous women in Mexico. There's a photo of Euphocina on our website, and her story will be added to the Women in History collection there. Find them by searching for bbc.com slash witnesshistory. For this week's Sporting Witness, we go back to 1988 and a football scandal in Mexico which rocked the country.

46:34Some believe it cursed the Mexican national team at the World Cup. Timo Callaghan has the story of Cacharules, which was uncovered by a young sports journalist called Antonio Moreno. It was like a bomb for Mexican football. But what was the cause of that explosion? And how do some think it's potentially cursed Mexico at the World Cup? Well, it's April 1988 and Mexico's under-20s side have just come second in the Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football Tournament, or CONCACAF, in Guatemala, meaning they qualify for the FIFA Youth World Championships a year later.

47:22I'm a journalist who likes to investigate and accumulate information. And there was something happening in Mexico that was common knowledge and it was becoming really normalized. Football players who were older than the age limit were able to play in tournaments with altered documents and so I wanted to reveal this. But how was Antonio going to uncover this? Covert recordings, forensic examination of documents, a confidential source in the heart of the Mexican Footballing Federation. In 1988, the Federation of Mexican Football itself created a magazine with information and they had the ages, the correct ages on there.

48:12So they exposed themselves. So I arrived home and I checked the age of each player and there were four or five who were too world. And I thought to myself, how can the federation itself give out a document that has these? Basically exposing their own game. And I was completely surprised. So the very next day, I published Innovaciones magazine that the federation was cheating and that they were saying so in their own annual report. Other journalists pick up on Antonio's reporting and begin to interview the players accused and also try to obtain the players' birth certificates from the Mexican authorities.

49:01Two players are found to be two years older than the permitted age. One is three years older and the captain, Aurelio Riviera, was four years older than the maximum age allowed to play in the tournament. On the 19th of June 1988, CONCACAF disqualified the under-20s team from playing in the Youth World Championship. and banned several Mexican officials for life, who decide to appeal against the decision. They went directly to FIFA to talk to Joao Avalanche, FIFA's president at the time. Because something important to note is that in 1986, two years before, Mexico had organised a great World Cup and the Mexican directors thought that they were great friends of the FIFA directors.

49:50But it doesn't go to plan. FIFA don't overturn the ban on the officials or the under-20s team. In fact, they extend it to every Mexican team for the next two years, meaning the men's national side won't be allowed to qualify for the 1990 World Cup in Italy.

50:10It was an earthquake. So if we imagine a building, the highest part was the directorate. So they were all expelled for lying to FIFA. and then there was also the players in the under 20s team who went to Guatemala who qualified for the youth world cup they could no longer play in that tournament anymore but it also affected the players in all other categories as well because Mexico was banned from all international sporting competitions and it also affected sponsors and the Mexican Football Federation itself. It was worse because they went to FIFA to talk to them about the punishment, because if they hadn't done that, the punishment would have remained with the under-20s team.

51:02But because they went to Zurich, it made matters worse. Did you have any indication that it was going to be such a big scandal when you discovered it? No? No, because I thought that the directorate would lie and say the publication was wrong and that they would say that it wouldn't go any further. But at the same time, other journalists went directly to the Mexican government and looked for the official documents. So, the official birth certificates and the official passports. And because they had this concrete evidence, the Mexican Football League couldn't deny it. But what we didn't expect was that FIFA would take it so far and use the Mexican team as an example, as a warning for all those teams from Africa, from Asia, from Europe to prevent cheating.

52:00The scandal becomes known as cacharules in the Mexican media. In Mexico, the word comes from like a piece of fabric that you put over something to cover a hole. so for example if you have a hole in your jacket you'd put a cachirulo on it to cover it so in football a cachirulo is someone who cheats who covers up for someone else essentially the players were pretending to be a different age putting a patch over their real age to cover it up and so becoming a cacharule Antonio's role in uncovering the scandal which stopped Mexico competing at the World Cup in 1990, gets a mixed reaction from the public.

52:45The public was divided in two halves. There were those who consider us traitors, because it was the Mexicans accusing other Mexicans and the other half respected us. So they said it's the duty of journalists to say the truth. A theory has emerged since Cacharulés that the men's national team are cursed at World Cup. The only teams to have qualified for more World Cup finals than Mexico are the footballing powerhouses of Brazil, Germany and Argentina. And since the ban, Mexico have qualified for every World Cup. However, for seven tournaments in a row between 1994 and 2018, they are eliminated in the last 16, quite often in agonising circumstances.

53:33In 2022, they don't even make it out of the group stage. So does Antonio think this is all a coincidence or is it a curse? It's real.

53:46It's real. In Mexico there's an obsession because the most we've done is make five games when the World Cup was played in Mexico in 1986, two years before the scandal.

54:00In all other World Cups, Mexico has been knocked out in the third or fourth game. So we have very average goals and we dream of getting only to the fifth game. Because in reality, we recognize that there are football superpowers and we are not a power. And we only hope that one day we will get to the fifth game again. Do you regret that you uncovered this and what it led to, Antonio? Or do you think it would have happened anyway because the Mexican Federation basically uncovered it for themselves? I don't regret uncovering the scandal because I studied journalism and I worked with my boss, José Ramón Fernández, and we respect journalism and we respect the truth.

54:48Telling the truth so we were never party to blackmail or complicit in any lies. We wanted to uncover the truth. That was our priority. Antonio Moreno. He's worked as a sports journalist for the last 45 years, and he's currently the president of the International Football Hall of Fame in Mexico. Antonio was speaking to Tim O 'Callaghan. Finally this week, Mexico and the movies. Jane Wilkinson takes us back to 1997 for the making of one of the most successful films ever, and, at the time it was made, the most expensive. Titanic was called the ship of dreams. And it was. It really was. All right, open your eyes.

55:37It was breathtaking. And I would say that would be one of my favorite parts of the film. When Rose first watches the Titanic, when she looks at the ship, because I think that's how I felt when I first saw it. It was massive. Meet Luisa Gomes de Silva, who was 25 when she began her first job in the movie business, on the set of what was expected to be a major blockbuster. The Titanic is a love story set aboard the liner's doomed maiden voyage in 1912, when it sank, killing more than 1 ,500 people. The film has already attracted huge publicity, mainly because it cost a cool$200 million to make. The budget was not the only groundbreaking milestone.

56:22The director, James Cameron, wanted to film on an almost full-size replica of the ship. And for that, he needed to create the world's biggest water tank. So he headed to Mexico. And they were in a helicopter scouting the whole area. And then they saw this piece of empty land south of the border. And at the time, there wasn't any roads built there. It was like pretty much 45 acres. and they decided that was a good spot for a temporary facility. In May 1996, building began in Rosarito, in the Mexican state of Baja, California. They call it the 100-day studio because at the same time that they were building the ship, they were building the tanks and the sets.

57:05At the time, it had three water tanks. The big one, it was like two sizes of a football field. More than 4 ,000 people were working at the time there. Carpenters, painters, plasterists, plus everybody else. And there was the ship itself. Built in 1912 and 269 metres long, the Titanic was originally the largest object ever to move on water. And the movie version was almost as big. It was a 90 % size replica. When you see the plants, you never realise the magnitude. You could see the facade with all the windows and it had the decks. and all the entrance to the rooms. We had a huge tower crane to lift the funnels, to put the funnels on.

57:54And as an assistant coordinator in the art department, helping the replica to look authentic was part of Luisa's job. Everything had to be historically perfect. So even the carpet was made and it had the stamp of Her Royal Majesty. All the china was also done in the same place that it was fabricated for the actual Titanic. The set decorator even showed us how to fold the napkins, how to set up the table. So everything was perfect. Throughout production, the ship sat in a 70 million gallon tank of water. Its lavish interiors were painstakingly recreated using plans obtained from the Titanic's original builders, blueprints thought lost since the Second World War.

58:40I think it was James Cameron. He is such a perfectionist. Everybody says like, oh, he's so strict and he yells and he does this and he does that. But to me, the learning experience that I had from him, it's that he knew how he wanted things done. Filming took seven months with a cast of hundreds, headed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as the lovers Jack and Rose. We were working very long hours and we were shooting in the middle of the winter and it was freezing. and then you had to wear layers and you can see Cameron in the crane with the hat, with the earmuffs and there were so many extras.

59:20And when the ship started sinking, it was in different stages. Augsburg, run ahead! They get to 90 degrees and that's where everybody starts to jump off into the tanks. People with their dresses and their nightgowns and under it, they had like a sort of a bodysuit or wetsuit because they were many hours in the water. This is it! Hold on! Do not let go of my hand! And these dramatic, panicked scenes as the ship begins sinking are among Louise's favourites in the film. I guess like that part, it shows you the frailty of humans. All of this confrontation between power and the elite and the class, that people do everything they can to save themselves.

1:00:05I think that part to me was like the most shocking. But the scene that probably had the most impact would later be recreated by lovers around the world. Jack and Rose, arms outstretched on the ship's bow. I'm flying! Jack!

1:00:24I'm the king of the world thing? Yes. And we've all did it. We've all climbed into that. Did you do it? I did. I did. And we kept it for a while at the studio when it became like a small Titanic exhibit. But meanwhile, the film's budget was soaring. The average Hollywood movie costs$60 million. The Titanic was priced at$100 million, taking into account the size of the set and expensive special effects. I think it was very tense. We had auditors there, and it was like a creative situation going on at the same time. So you saw the suits, like, discussing money and discussing where to cut. And then you saw James saying, OK, I want this, I want this, I want this.

1:01:08And he wanted more and more. And then he, well, like everybody knows, he said, OK, don't pay me. I'm not taking my salary, but I want to do this. Many, many more people have to see the film if it's to make a profit. Revenue needs to exceed$400 million worldwide. And many, many people did see it. Titanic became the first film to gross over$1 billion at the box office. We had so braced ourselves for just utter defeat and humiliation. And then when the film came out, and not only did it not go down as films are meant to do, but it actually went up on its second and third weekends, and then it just kind of defied gravity.

1:01:47It was like literally watching somebody levitating. That's James Cameron, who in 1998 was named Best Director, one of the film's 11 Academy Awards. The Oscar goes to James Cameron for Titanic. Nobody was aware of the success that the film was going to have. I think we were under such a rush of like adrenaline and trying to deliver. It was just like work, work, work. And the set and Titanic was already being pulled apart. Trying to dismantle this massive ship because the studio was built on a temporary basis, ripping off the carpet, taking out everything. And all the steel was sold. And because of the water, a lot of the props got damaged.

1:02:31So that was, of course, trashed. But like the original, the legacy of Titanic lives on. Louisa still remembers seeing the film with the rest of the production crew, who became known as the Titanic generation. We were invited to the LA screening. And before the show started, James mentioned to everyone, like he said, please watch the film, not as the work you did for it. Just watch it as a spectator. Just see what you did. And I remember that when the credit starts and you hear the song, everybody started sobbing. And even like I started, it was very emotional for everybody. We made it. Luisa Gomez de Silva stayed in the movie business, becoming a film and television producer.

1:03:16She was speaking to Jane Wilkinson. And that's it for this Mexico-based edition of the History Hour. Next week, the first Irish language television channel and Adolf Eichmann. Join us for that. This is Max Pearson. From all of us here, thanks for listening. Goodbye.

1:03:57Sporting Witness. Subscribe wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

1:04:27so great conversation with the CFO. LinkedIn has a word for that. Bull spend. Now you can invest in what looks good to your CFO. LinkedIn ads generates the highest ROAS of all major ad networks. You'll reach the right buyers because you can target by company, industry, job title, and more. So cut the bull spend. Advertise on LinkedIn, the network that works for you. Spend$250 on your first campaign on LinkedIn ads and get a 250 credit for the next one. Just go to linkedin.com slash broadcast. That's linkedin.com slash broadcast. Terms and conditions apply.