Sir David Attenborough's first Zoo Quest and a WW2 sabotage mission in Norway

27:23I'd been put in to rebuild this extraordinary club. The momentum was on our side, the anticipation was huge. It was raining lightly, which was a little uncharacteristic. We knew the stadium would be more than packed. Kotoko chairman Herbert Mensah is in the VIP area. And there was a huge buzz, rival fans teasing one another and people had left. And this match, even from neighbouring countries to come across, to come and watch the match, it was huge. Asante Cotico are the visiting team and are leading 1-0 towards the end of the game. Hearts of Oak equalise and then... It was a late winning goal from the home team Hearts of Oak, which brought rival fans to their feet in the Accra Stadium and set the scene for the tragedy that followed.

28:10Angry fans of the visiting team, Asante Kotoko, began throwing seats onto the pitch. It was marked with controversy, not so much for the result. The supporters were up in arms about the subjectiveness of the officiating, triggered outrage amongst segments of the supporters. And so at the end of it, the supporters had had enough. They weren't fighting amongst themselves. They'd pulled some chairs, the plastic chairs, thrown them down, which was wrong. And you then had a chain of events with some members of the lower establishment overreacting. That's what brought the commotion. But there was no fighting between the rival fans.

28:55That's not what it was about. Police fired tear gas into the stands, sparking a stampede. With access to the pitch fenced off, many of the dead either suffocated or were crushed to death. And it was at that point that I was then called from where I was sitting with supporters coming and running and shouting, Chairman, Chairman, people are dying.

29:20It was raining and it was the dirt from the rain and the confusion all around and some of them looking for loved ones and not quite sure what to do. Herbert gets down from the VIP area and rushes the 50 metres to the away stand and what he sees there is truly harrowing. There was just a melee of bodies, entangled, trying to escape the tear gas, couldn't get out. Many had fallen from a tremendous height onto the concrete floor, and others were just tangled. It was just horrific, absolutely horrific at that point. It was madness, because when I saw that you couldn't get through to the bodies, You literally run up five metres of steps, then across 20, 30 metres, and then I run down to the ground to find that that gate was locked.

30:14I then run back across upstairs the same route in, and then literally started picking any body I could find. Fireman's lift, body on shoulder, up, across, down, and then laid the body, shouting all the time for people to help. With blood on his shirt, Herbert goes back and forth, ferrying around 30 bodies from the stand to where cars and pickups are waiting to take them to hospital. We didn't have a choice. You either get in there to save people or you just go away and read it on the news and then it's you and your conscience and your God. But what do you do? You see somebody in pain or in suffering.

30:54You have to help. I was screaming my head off, come and help, come on, get up, come and help. The injured had to be carried from the stadium. Hospitals quickly filled up with the casualties as an inquiry began into Ghana's worst ever sporting disaster. Herbert goes to the main military hospital to see those being treated. And the ridiculousness of it is that so many of them were having sympathy for me. Made no sense. They're the ones who had gone through this ordeal. And they were saying, Chairman, it'll be OK. Chairman, don't give up on us. and then we went from there into the morgue of where there were 96 bodies laid down but you just realize how pointless it was and you know it's always it's always the ordinary person who suffers isn't it and i called the king and i said to his majesty because the football club was his i just said this is what has happened he said he's seen it on the news and he just said look be strong There are three days of national mourning.

31:58A statue is later erected and the plinth states it's in remembrance of the 127 people who lost their lives. But Herbert says that number may be higher as some people weren't officially at the game. We followed the families and we've seen the survivors, the mothers who did not know that their kids had gone to the stadium. The wives, who didn't know, had their husbands had left to come to the big city to watch a football match. And they lose their lives simply because of a football match. That makes no sense. That makes no sense at all. Herbert sets up a charity to help bereaved families, the May 9th Foundation.

32:40So I then embarked on the programme of, you can't visit everybody, but visiting huge numbers of the families. and every year since then, on and around May 9th, we come together, break bread, spare time. During the year, we've helped a lot of them, helped a lot of the families with school fees, medical bills, taking care of problems. Following last month's tragedy in South Africa, in which 43 football fans died, accusing fingers are again being pointed at crowd control and safety standards in Africa's stadiums. I went back a few days after. It was terrible. There was still blood on the walls and on the floor.

33:21You know, the nations clearly didn't know what to do. A commission of inquiry set up after the tragedy blamed the police for an excessive use of force. The report called for improvement in the conduct of referees and good behaviour from soccer fans during league matches. It also made recommendations about stadium security, improvements to gates at the ground and the creation of nationwide rapid response teams. In Ghana, we rebuilt stadiums, changed access points. You'll see that the main stadiums have changed, a greater investment in stadiums. And I always keep a quiet eye out for the way stadiums are being constructed.

34:02Decades later, the events of May 9th are far from forgotten, even while shopping on a recent trip to England. And as I grabbed a trolley to pull, there was somebody working who just ran up to me and said, look, thank you. And I said, what are you talking about? And he said, I was there. I said, where? He said, May 9th. And I saw what you did. So you're touched. We've made sure that nobody forgets May 9th. Nobody in Ghana forgets May 9th. I thank God for the lives of those who survived, because it's not about me, it's about them. And I'm humbled all the time. It's made me a better person. And I'm hoping that it's made others the same.

34:44Herbert Mensah, one-time chairman of Kotoko Football Club, is now president of Rugby Africa. He was speaking to Jendale. Next, we've got a very personal story from the deeply traumatic civil war in Algeria in the 1990s. It became known in North Africa as the Black Decade. More than 100 ,000 people died. Caught in the middle of the conflict was a small community of Augustinian nuns. Among them was sister Lourdes Migueles, who's been telling Colm Flynn about those turbulent times. We heard gunshots. People were shouting, run, run. They shot two foreigners. Then they shouted, Lourdes, Lourdes, Lourdes.

35:36They shot Katie and Esther. In the early 1990s, Algeria was torn apart by a brutal civil conflict. After the government and military cancelled national elections that an Islamist party was poised to win, armed groups took up weapons against the state, reported here in an episode of BBC Assignment in 1991. Martyrs Square, Algeria's city centre. Algeria's fledgling democracy crushed between a repressive state machine and Islamic extremists. And what followed was a decade of violence. Islamist militants targeted politicians, journalists, well-known figures and foreigners, accusing them of supporting the government.

36:23All foreigners were urged to leave the country, and many did. But Sister Lourdes Migueles was part of a group of Catholic nuns who decided to stay. I am Spanish and I am an Agustinian sister. I have been here in Algeria for 53 years.

36:44Lourdes arrived decades earlier, sent there by her religious order. At first it was hard because I understood absolutely nothing. I didn't understand Arabic, I didn't understand French, I didn't know Algeria at all. But little by little, I discovered what a vast country Algeria is, and I loved it.

37:08Lourdes trained as a nurse and worked in a hospital in the capital, Algiers. When I began nursing, I was the only foreigner in the entire paramedical school, and that allowed me to really immerse myself in the culture and in the Algerian way of life.

37:29That's where you discover all the difficulties, but also all the beautiful things. I never had problems in the hospitals, quite the opposite. I was always very appreciated.

37:45The fundamentalists had swept the board in last year's local elections, and they were outraged that the government had now rigged the ballot to cheat them out of victory in the upcoming national elections. By the early 1990s, Algeria was changing rapidly. After decades of single-party rule, the country had opened to multi-party elections. The Islamist Party was the Islamic Salvation Front. They had won a landslide in the first round of parliamentary elections in December of 1991, and were widely expected to secure an outright majority in the second round. And that's when the army stepped in, cancelled the vote, and banned the party.

38:26Campaigning in the Arab world's first free multi-party elections ended here in tear gas and shooting. Outraged, armed Islamist groups began attacking representatives of the state, intellectuals and public servants. And foreigners too were seen as symbols of outside influence and were warned they could be targeted as well. They gave signs to the people to leave. People were telling all foreigners that they should leave the country. but we were so deeply rooted among the people that we didn't feel like foreigners. We were loved. We loved the people. We were part of the people. Lourdes and the sisters thought they were safe because the work they were doing was non-political.

39:09They were simply serving in the hospitals and caring for those in need. Then in May of 1994, two priests were killed in the capital, Algiers. That's when the embassies wanted us to leave the country, but we didn't want to. We said we will stay here with the Algerian people. They welcomed us when everything was going well. Now that they are suffering, we cannot abandon those we love.

39:36Another one of the reasons Lourdes and the other sisters decided to stay was that many other priests and nuns had already left and the church was struggling to cope with supporting the needs of the people. And we wanted to stay with the church as well, because the church had been greatly diminished. We knew the risk, and we accepted the risk of death.

40:04By 1994, the conflict had escalated. Killings were no longer limited to officials, and attacks on civilians, aid workers and religious figures had become more frequent. And as I sit with Lourdes in the small chapel in their convent, she remembers that day, October the 23rd, 1994, when she and three other sisters were walking back from the hospital.

40:38It was like today at six in the evening. We had worked all day at the hospital and it was World Mission Sunday. And when we arrived, we were laughing. But at the same time, we had been warned to be careful. And when we were about to leave, I said, all four of us are not going out together. We'll go out two by two. If they kill two, they won't kill all four. So the others went ahead, and the provincial superior and I went behind.

41:14And when we arrived at the community door where we were going to celebrate the Eucharist we heard gunshots People were shouting, run, run They shot two foreigners Then they shouted, Lourdes, Lourdes, Lourdes They shot Katie and Esther

41:42The two sisters walking ahead of them, Caridad Alvarez and Esther Panigua, were shot and the gunmen fled. The news travelled back to their home country of Spain, reported on TVE, Spanish national television. Two Spanish religious people died last Sunday in Argelia in arms of Islamic terrorists. A little bit of 100 metres from here. They were killed about 100 metres from here. And when we arrived afterwards, we went out again and they were still on the ground. But the people were gone. We never knew who did it.

42:22After the killing, Sister Lourdes was ordered to return to Spain by her superior, a move she didn't want to make. I cried a great deal when I arrived in Spain because I felt like I had betrayed something, that I had abandoned the country I loved and suffered for.

42:44Sister Lourdes left Algeria during the darkest years of the conflict. And when she returned years later, the worst of the violence had receded. The civil war that had defined the 1990s was finally coming to an end. Today she lives in Algiers, where she runs a small community. and sitting in the convent chapel where those two assassinated sisters, Caridad Alvarez and Esther Panigua, were walking to on that fateful day. I asked Sister Lourdes Migueles what made her stay in Algeria, when it was so dangerous, and why she chose to come back. I wanted to return to build something beautiful. Where there had been death, life had to be given.

43:28That is why we're here now, for the children, for the after-school support, for helping women. This is a place of welcome, a place to build something beautiful together. And that is my wish for everyone, that we may all live in peace.

43:52Sister Lourdes Migueles speaking to Conflin in Algiers. Finally, a story to gladden the hearts of fossil hunters everywhere. On August 12, 1990, the world's most complete skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex was found in South Dakota, USA. In 2015, Dina Newman spoke to one of the team involved in the landmark discovery. Since I was a young child, I loved collecting fossils. And, of course, I never thought that I would be able to actually collect a Tyrannosaurus rex. that's like the dream of every child who loves dinosaurs. Peter Larson is the founder of the Black Hills Institute, one of the biggest commercial exporters of fossils in the United States.

44:35He's based in South Dakota, which, due to its unique geology, is rich in fossils. Peter and his small team strike deals with private landowners, and they sell fossils they find on private land to museums and collectors all over the world. Peter will never forget the day his colleague Sue Hendrickson showed him two bone fragments she'd found on a nearby ranch on an Indian reservation. It was from a very, very large vertebra, and it was filled with this honeycomb pattern. And the only animal with a vertebra that size would be Tyrannosaurus rex. So, of course, I got very excited because we'd never collected a Tyrannosaurus rex before, and I asked her if there was more there, and she said there's lots more.

45:19And so we ran the two miles back to where she had found it, And the whole ground beneath this cliff face was covered with pieces of bone. And there were three articulated vertebrae just poking out of the ground. I was absolutely sure that that was going to be, you know, a complete T-Rex, because there was so much bone exposed on the surface there. For the next 17 days, Peter and Sue stayed right there on the cliff digging. Peter knew they were about to make history, so they filmed every stage of their laborious excavation. We went 30 feet up above where the bones were coming out of the ground and started digging 30 feet above, knowing that a T-Rex is going to be about 40 feet long if it's stretched out.

46:01This one shouldn't be stretched out, but we needed to get back into that cliff face enough too. And that's a lot of rock to move. We did that all by hand. Once they finally got to the skeleton, the challenge was to stop the bone fragments from breaking up once they're removed from the earth. To do that, they applied a special consolidant to the bones. And finally, they mapped the position of the fossil on paper. I actually laid these long strips of paper out on the surface of the fossil and mapped the position of each of the bones. That's important to try to understand the series of events that led that fossil to be preserved that way.

46:41As work went on, Peter and his team pieced together the story of the dinosaur. It was female, 66 million years old, and they called her Sue. It's almost, this is going to sound kind of weird, but it's almost like a religious experience for me to have the privilege to unearth something like this. This is not just a pile of bones. This was an individual animal that lived. She was this life form that was on this planet that occupied the same space that we were occupying while we were collecting her. She stood right there and died right there. If you don't get that, I don't think you should be digging dinosaurs.

47:26The Native American landowner, too, seemed excited about their amazing discovery. He was very happy that we had found the T-Rex. We paid him$5 ,000 for the skeleton. But you must have understood at the time that this T-Rex was worth much, much more than$5 ,000. No, well, no, not really. No one had ever paid that kind of money for a dinosaur before. In any case, Peter insists they never looked at Sue commercially. We have a museum in Hill City, South Dakota, and we wanted something spectacular for that museum. And this, of course, fit the bill. What could be better than the largest and most complete dinosaurus-rec skeleton that's ever been discovered?

48:12And it was going to put us on the map as a major museum. And everybody in the town was excited that it would bring more visitors to Hill City. And they would buy gasoline in Hill City. And they would shop at the grocery store. And they would stay in the motels. And the entire town was just ecstatic that this dinosaur was going to be there. Initially, Sue the dinosaur stayed at the Black Hills Institute, while researchers took the opportunity to learn more about her violent death. We found actually parts of a couple of other T-Rexes with her. You could see that the bones were broken when they were very fresh.

48:48Perhaps there were two family groups together that came together, and whether they were fighting over territory or fighting over a carcass, we don't know. but we do know that she and this other one were killed by other T-Rexes. But as the news spread of their extraordinary discovery, several legal objections were raised by the landowner, by the government, and by some in the academic community. Finally, in May 1992, Peter got the knock on the door. Two FBI agents said that we were hiding this dinosaur on our premises, which was ridiculous because even in the back room where she was being prepared, we had a little guest book, and more than 2 ,000 people had signed that guest book.

49:30Despite Peter's indignation, the T-Rex's legal status was ambiguous. The landowner had changed his mind about the deal he had struck with the Black Hills Institute. Meanwhile, his land was in government trust, and the government objected to a private fossil collector prospecting on its property. So Sue the T-Rex was confiscated. despite noisy protests from Hill City residents supporting Peter and his institute. Peter was charged with numerous offences to do with his trading in fossils in the USA and abroad. He was jailed for two years for two offences related to carrying foreign currency. Neither of his convictions was linked to sue the T-Rex.

50:15But the judge decided that the fossil belonged to the landowner. Eventually, the T-Rex was auctioned off for a staggering$8.6 million, making her the most valuable dinosaur in the world. We had a friend who had offered to try to buy her back for us, and he had actually bid$1.2 million or something like that, which was beyond what his accountant told him he could do. When he was outbid, I was sad, and then as the bidding went up and up, I became more happy about it. I thought, you know, that's really good because it shows that fossils really do have value and that it also showed what a good job that my team of preparators and collectors had done.

51:01To everyone's relief, Sue the T-Rex was purchased by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Most academics would have hated to see her disappear into a private collection. Some scientists object to any commercial fossil collecting and trading, But Peter Larson remains unapologetic about his business. He points out that museums would not be able to survive without private prospectors. Museums these days do not have field crews that can do this. They don't have people who can mount fossils. People I know think it's immoral to sell a fossil, but sorry, that's the way the world works. To prepare, to clean, to mount and all of this, a T-Rex takes about 25 ,000 hours of work.

51:43If we had not collected Sue by now, just the rate of erosion on that cliff face, the pelvis which was protecting the skull would have been completely eroded away and the whole front of her face would be gone. Would be completely gone. After his release from prison, Peter Larson completed his PhD in paleontology. He still lives in Hill City, South Dakota, and still runs the Black Hills Institute. Sue the T-Rex, the most complete T-Rex skeleton in the world, is on display at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Peter Larson was speaking to Dina Newman in 2015, and you can see Sue the T-Rex, well, her fossilised skeleton at least, in a photo on our website, where you will also be able to uncover a whole treasure trove of first-hand stories from the past.

52:31Go to bbc.com slash witnesshistory. Finally, this week's Sporting Witness. Now, they say that justice delayed is justice denied, and that applies in sport just as it does in criminal law. At the Sydney Olympics in the year 2000, the Nigerian 4x400m relay team surpassed expectations by winning silver in dramatic fashion. But in the years that followed, revelations about doping in the winning team, the USA, began to emerge. Here's Tim O 'Callaghan.

53:09I want you to imagine that you've just won a silver medal at the Olympic Games. The crowd are cheering, and whilst you won't hear your national anthem being played, you'll stand on the second step of the podium, probably feeling pretty proud of yourself. But what if it should have been gold? And what if you didn't get that gold for another 12 years? How would you feel then? Well, that's exactly what happened to the Nigerian 4x400m relay team at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. I was not disappointed with my silver medal. It was one out of hard work and a lot of sacrifices. But then for them to cheat and forfeit the goal and the goal given to me was something that we were very happy about.

53:52Also on the positive side, it made our story unforgettable. That's Enafiok Udo Obong, who goes by the name Eni. A talented athlete in school, he dreamt of making it to the first Olympic Games of the 21st century, a goal he achieved at the age of 18.

54:13The athletics team was coached by the legendary Nigerian 400-metre runner, Innocent Ebeniki, who had won bronze in the relay at the LA Olympics in 1984. He was impressed by the times the 400-metre runners were producing in training. At that point in time, he started believing that probably something special could happen to Ross in Sydney. I didn't go to the Olympics to win a medal. I went there because it was an opportunity to travel out of the country, to go to Australia, to meet different kinds of people and different kinds of cultures. So the mindset wasn't really there to win. But then he changed my mindset.

54:50As the days went on, as the training went on, everything changed. And I think the final thing that changed my mind that, look, we are in serious business and things could be real, was generally when Cathy Freeman won the Olympic gold. Australia's indigenous 400-metre runner who had lit the Olympic torch during the opening ceremony. I was there in the stadium watching the whole atmosphere and I felt the whole emotions. Everything was just wonderful. It was a feeling that I had never felt before and I just looked at the coach and I said, coach, I want to be on the podium the way she is. The 4x400-metre relay was one of the final events in the athletic schedule at the Sydney Olympics.

55:30On day one, Eni and his teammates won their heat and posted the quickest time of anyone in the competition. They also won their semi-final but were the sixth fastest team overall. In the final, all eyes were on the USA team because this was going to be the final race of the great Michael Johnson's career. He'd won gold in the 400 metres a few days earlier and was the world record holder in that event and the 200 metres. I was just directly behind him as we were entering into the stadium. In a mixed zone, there were lots of journalists, lots and lots. It was a crowd, and he had come up with these new golden shoes, and everybody wanted to see Johnson and take a picture of him.

56:08And they actually pushed me aside. So I got very, very angry. I said, look, we're all going to run a race, and I'm not going to be pushed aside because of Michael Johnson. I mean, we all have two hands, two legs. That actually helped me throughout the race because it pushed away all the nervousness I had, all the anxiety I had, and it was just anger, nothing but anger. that, look, I've got to run, and I've got to prove to people that everybody can run. Eni watched as his teammates, Clement Chukwa, Jude Monye and Sunday Barda, all ran their parts of the race. Going into the final leg, Nigeria were in fourth, a long way off the USA in first, and about a second behind the Bahamas and Jamaica, who were battling for second place.

56:49Eni had just one thought in his mind as he waited his turn to show the world what he could do. All I knew was that, get me that button, and I'm going to bloody well run. As Eni rounded the bend into the final home straight, he was still behind Jamaica and the Bahamas, who were almost neck and neck, when he noticed a gap appear on the inside of the track. I think the Bahamas guy was trying to block off the Jamaican guy from passing him on the outer side. So he opened up the inner lane. And I just saw that within the race, he just flashed through my head within a second. And look, it's an opportunity.

57:24So I just gave it everything I had got, All my training flashed before me, everything my coach had said, just everything. I just pushed it out. The energy of the crowd, because the Australian crowd was amazing, was marvellous. 80 ,000 people were shouting all through. It was like watching a football match. You just had that energy. Eni put on a tremendous burst of speed and surged up the inside lane of the other two athletes and dipped for the line. When I crossed, I knew I had a medal. But my teammates, I think it was Jude Moyer, sort of shouted, silver! Then they all ran towards me. It's silver, it's silver, it's silver.

58:00So it dawned on me that, yes, something amazing had just happened. Eni and his teammates got their moment on the podium. And that really is where this story should end. But four years later, there was a development. One of the Americans, Jerome Young, tested positive for a band substance. He had run in the semi-finals, but not the final. And so it was decided that the Americans would be allowed to keep their gold medal. We felt a tinge of disappointment. But we had to be very real. We said, look, he didn't run the final, so we still think that we deserve the silver and the Americans deserve to win.

58:38We also thought, in a sense, at that point in time, the Americans basically could bring three relay teams and they would win gold, silver and bronze. But there was to be another twist. In 2008, Antonio Pettigrew, another member of the American team who had run in the final, admitted to using banned substances and this changed the view of Eni and the Nigerian team. No, this is very, very bad and then we started feeling that we should be calling for the redistribution of the medals and the disqualification of the Americans. Michael Johnson then announced that he would give up his medal, calling it tainted.

59:13He spoke to the BBC about it in 2011. It was news because he was one of the guys that I just never would have suspected. And I was very disappointed when I found that out and what it did to me. I'd always been a five-time Olympic gold medalist. Because he didn't need to be using performance-enhancing drugs to run fast, number one. Two, we didn't need him on the relay. And so it was really disappointing, so I gave it back. Antonio Pettigrew took his own life in 2010 in the aftermath of the revelations. On the 12th of July 2012, the result of the 4x400 metre relay at the Sydney Olympics was officially overturned by the International Olympic Committee.

59:56And 12 years after the race, Nigeria were declared the Olympic champions in the event. When we heard that this was going to happen and then we started hearing the stories of this was going to happen, we were hoping that we would be invited to London at the Olympics and then have the medal presented to us in front of the crowd, which would have been much better. It would never have been as good as having that 12 years earlier, but at least we would have had that feeling of victory and pride. Our national anthem being sung and our flags raised when we are on the podium. But at that point in time, nothing like that was arranged.

1:00:31There was a ceremony held in Nigeria by the head of state, the president, Good Luck Jonathan. So in front of his executive council, his cabinet, During an executive meeting, they invited the whole team to come and the president of the Nigerian Olympic Committee presented us the medals in front of the president and his ministers. As an athlete, the kind of recognition you want was not really what we got, but I think it's better than nothing. One member of the Nigerian team who didn't get his golden moment was Sunday Bada, who died before the result was changed. A gold medal was presented to his family.

1:01:08Eni believes the saga can still be used to discuss the issue of doping in athletics. If we just won the gold it probably would have been almost a forgotten story. There are many gold medalists after that. But because of the peculiar way in which the gold came about people can look back and say oh what do you think about doping? We can now have different conversations about different aspects of the sports which we would never have had if we just had won the gold on the field.

1:01:36Eni Udo Obong was speaking to Tim O 'Callaghan and remaining philosophical about the 12 years it took for him and his Nigerian teammates to get their gold medals. And that's where we breast the tape at the end of this edition of the History Hour. We'll be chasing hard to bring you more gold-standard first-hand stories from the past next week. So until then, this is Max Pearson from all of us here. Thanks for listening. Goodbye. Sporting Witness takes you to the events that have shaped the sports world through the eyes of the people who were there. We weren't going to ask permission, we were just going to do it.

1:02:07It was such an amazing feeling, it was incredible. He started to write a story about how he came up with the idea for the red and yellow cars. I got to go. We cried a bit, we laughed a bit. It was wonderful. There's a magic during those moments that carries your soul. We were truly blessed to be a part of history. Sporting Witness. Subscribe wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

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