#289 - AMA #56: Cancer screening: pros and cons, screening options, interpreting results, and more

0:10Hey everyone, welcome to a sneak peek, ask me anything, or AMA episode of the Drive Podcast. I'm your host, Peter Atia. At the end of this short episode, I'll explain how you can access the AMA episodes in full, along with a ton of other membership benefits we've created. Or you can learn more now by going to peteratia -md .com forward slash subscribe. So without further delay, here's today's sneak peek of the Ask Me Anything episode.

0:39Welcome to Ask Me Anything episode 56, and once again, joined by my co -host Nick Stenson. In today's episode, we focus the entire episode on cancer screening. Cancer is what I refer to as one of the four horsemen of death, and it's certainly a killer that we've all been affected by in some way or another. It's a topic that has a lot of confusion around it, that is the screening part of it, and it's one that we see a lot of questions come up. In today's AMA, we gathered those questions, and we cover the following. The arguments for and against cancer screening, and why some trials, may show no benefit to cancer screening.

1:19The various modalities that are available to people to screen for different cancers in the pros and cons of each of these. And then we discuss what people should know and how they should think about undergoing cancer screening individually. And other result of these data focus on the population. But the question is, how do you take those population data and bring them to your own life as you make decisions? We talk about how you should interpret results. And we talk about how people should think about this if they plan to go outside of the relatively narrow and confined screening guidelines and pay out of pocket for various types of screening tests.

1:58I think this is an especially important topic because unlike the other horsemen, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and metabolic disease, cancer is the one for which we have the least insight into how to prevent the disease. We know the obvious environmental triggers such as smoking and poor metabolic health, but the reality of it is, many cases of cancer arise for purely bad luck. In other words, there are many people who are doing everything right and they still get cancer. And as such, early identification of cancer is an essential part of cancer strategy. The reason for that is simple.

2:40The lower the burden of tumor, the greater the outcomes in cancer therapy. If you're a subscriber and you want to watch the full video of this podcast, you can find it on the show notes page. If you're not a subscriber, you can watch a sneak peak of this video on our YouTube page. So without further delay, I hope you enjoy AMA number 56.

3:06Bitter. Welcome to another AMA. How you doing? Very well. How are you? I'm doing good. Any stories you'd like to share before this AMA starts? I asked this question with nothing in particular. Mine I'm just curious if anything jumps out to you. Yeah okay that's funny you say that because I was worried that there was something that I didn't know that I was supposed to be aware of, but no, there are no stories to share. Okay. All right. With that, we'll get rolling. So today's AMA is going to focus all around one topic, and it's a topic we see questions come through weekly. And it seems like there's a lot of confusion around this topic, and that topic is cancer screening.

3:45And ultimately, we see questions around how should I think about cancer screening? Is it important? Is it beneficial? There will be sometimes articles in the news talking about how cancer screening is beneficial. Others talking about how studies came out in cancer screening is not beneficial. And so I think it just creates a lot of confusion for people around this topic. And so what we decided to do is just gather all these questions for today's AMA and just kind of go through cancer screening in general. This will be the cases for and against cancer screening, why some trials may show benefit while others don't, what modalities do people have and more of the different options for cancer screening, including the pros and cons of each of them.

4:28And then also what should people think about when they get cancer screen, whether it's within traditional guidelines or what we're seeing more so now is if people are paying out of pocket outside of traditional guidelines. And so I think it will be really good. I think at times it can get a teeny bit technical, but I also think that's the price you have to pay to really understand and how to think about this. So all that said, anything you wanna add before we get started with first question. Nope. I think it'll be really helpful to set the stage for people understanding how common is a cancer diagnosis and then from there, how common is it for someone who gets diagnosis to die from cancer?

5:11I think that will be helpful for people to understand why it's worth putting the time and effort and to understand in this topic at a deeper level. I remember when I was training, you always wanted to keep things sort of simple. So the really simple, heuristic that we used to keep in mind, which you'll see in a moment when I provide more detail, is actually not perfectly correct, but is reasonable, is that a person in the U .S. has a lifetime incidence of cancer, about one in three, and about half the time it's going to be fatal. So, one in three chance of getting cancer in your lifetime, one in six chance of dying.

5:47Now, it turns out that that's an underestimate. So, what are the most recent numbers? Most recent numbers are that men have a lifetime incidence of just under 41 percent, and indeed about half of those are fatal. So, 20 .2 percent lifetime risk of dying from cancer. For women, the numbers are slightly better. 39 .1 % lifetime risk of cancer diagnosis, with just under half of those being fatal. 17 .7%. So again, the adage that it was 1316, you could see is an underestimate there. I think a more relevant way to look at this though is not just to look at it through that lens, which by the way, people have probably heard me say many times and I certainly talk about it in the book.

6:32cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and globally second of course only to ASEVD, but I think it's probably more Maybe insightful to compare this through decades of life and rather than just have me rattle these off Let's pull up the first table Nick I will of course rattle these numbers off because I know that there are people who are only listening to us But this certainly sets the stage The way this table is organized, of course, is by decade. So we're looking at people aged 25 to 34, 35 to 44, etc. All the way up to 85 and plus. And we're looking at kind of three things.

7:10So the first is what percentage of deaths in that decade are attributed to cancer? Then we're looking at the actual rate of cancer death. And this is always done in deaths per 100 ,000. So what is the number of deaths per 100 ,000? And what is the rank of cancer relative to other types of death within that decade? And for the cases where cancer is not number one, what is number one? With that said, let's start at the lowest end of the spectrum. This is lowest in terms of lowest mortality because the number you really want to anchor to is what's the absolute death rate. And that's going to be in how many cases per 100 ,000.

7:49So in that first decade, we compare in the ages of 25 to 34 cancer accounts for eight deaths per 100 ,000 individuals not many people fortunately are dying that young it represents 6 % of total deaths ranking third So there are two things that rank significantly higher and not surprisingly the number one cause of death in that demographic is accidental death. And of course we've talked about this before, accidental death, the number one cause of that is hands down overdose death. Okay, so you go up to the next category 35 to 44, the percent of deaths attributed to cancer goes up from 6 to 13%, and the rate of death goes up threefold, goes to 26 deaths per 100 ,000.

8:37It is still the third leading cause of death, Trailing accidental death, again, the leading cause of death. And again, tragically, that turns out to be overdoses as well. So we go into the next decade. This is where I sit plumply, 45 to 54. Here, cancer now accounts for 23 % of all deaths in someone my age. The rate of cancer deaths again jumps sharply from 26 to now 88 per 100 ,000. And it technically ranks second, although I put a little asterisk here because here is where cancer and ASCVD are constantly switching with each other. So I would say it kind of ranks first or second here and it's either ASCVD or cancer that are in the number one spot and then accidents tends to fall to number three here.

9:27So you go one decade up 55 to 64. The percentage of deaths attributed to cancer is now almost a third. It's 30 % of deaths and by the way this is almost the maximum share of cancer deaths you'll see It now rises to the number one cause of death in that age group and it now accounts for 267 deaths per hundred thousand. This is a very big number Go up another decade and it basically is the same story It's 31 % of deaths attributed. It is the leading cause of death and it now has doubled to of 553 deaths per 100 ,000. Now you've made it to the age of 75, what happens? Well, it turns out that other diseases are kind of exploding.

10:13And so cancer now falls to second. Again, ASVD takes over, but cancer still accounts for a quarter of deaths, but the absolute rate continues to rise. It doubles again to 1 ,036 deaths per 100 ,000 people. Again, ASCVD is number one, and when you go out past 85, ASCVD holds on to its number one spot, and cancer takes the number three spot. It tends to fall, although its absolute numbers go up 1649 deaths per 100 ,000, falls to 12 % share. So here a neurodegenerative disease tends to come up and take that place of cancer. So again, why do I go through all of those stats? Well, I think the point I'm trying to make here is there's really no decade of life in which cancer is not at least top three causes of death and by extension then I guess anybody listening to this is probably thinking of cancer.

11:10The other thing I would say is it would be impossible to listen to this and not know someone who has either battled cancer or who has outright died of cancer. Yeah, Peter I think that's really good for people to kind of see decade by decade just how prevalent it is and start to see how once you hit that 45 plus range, it starts to become much more relevant, which is vast majority of people listening to this. And so I think the next question then is how does cancer screening fit into this? So why is cancer screening something important for people to think about if hearing that their goal is to not die early from cancer?

11:48I think we want to sort of take a step back and compare again cancer to ASCVD. It shouldn't be lost to anybody that ASCVD is the leading cause of death at this point, but we understand what drives ASCVD so well. We really understand the relationship between lipoproteins, hypertension, smoking, and metabolic health. And those are basically the big four drivers of ASCVD. There are certainly genetic things in there that one has to pay attention to, such as LPLItLA from a hypercholestral lemian things like that. But again, those tend to be relegated down into issues that can be managed pharmacologically.

12:27And so in other words, we have a clear understanding of how that disease progresses. And we can monitor a person's progress towards that disease. We have the biomarkers that predict risk. Furthermore, we have tools like CTNGograms that allow us to at least somewhat grossly look at the anatomy of the coronary arteries and get a sense of how advanced disease might be. When it comes to cancer, none of that's really true. Outside of smoking, and as we'll talk about certain genetic conditions, poor metabolic health, it's still a little bit of a black box as to why people get cancer, and more importantly, what one can do to reduce risk.

13:05So we've talked at length about the things that one can do to reduce risk, and we won't rehash that here. Here, what we have to acknowledge is that we have two things working against us in the cancer equation that we have working for us in the heart disease equation. So one is just that right. We have a far less command over the biology of the disease. Secondly, we have far fewer effective treatments for the disease once it is advanced. So I think the easiest way to understand that is to look at both five and ten year survival curves. So we pulled these up for just a couple of the most common cancers out there.

13:40In fact, these are the five leading causes of cancer death, only in alphabetical order. The rank, of course, goes lung first and pancreatic would be the lowest in the top five. But point I want to make here is when you look at five years survival, you look at this in two stages. You look at what we consider early stage one, stage two. So this is regional cancer or local cancer actually hasn't even spread to a lymph node. You look at stage three, which is the cancer has spread to a lymph node, but no further. And you look at stage four, which is to say this cancer has now left the lymph node and gone to a distant site.

14:16So you can see that in breast cancer, by the way, we always think about this in two forms. We think about her two new positive and negative estrogen receptor positive and negative and triple negative. And if anybody who needs a refresher on that, we have a great podcast. We did on breast cancer that explains why these are three basically very different diseases. But you can see the difference in survival between all of these cancers at an early stage, where it ranges from 92 to 100 % stage 1 to survival. To stage 4 where you have metastatic disease, it's 13 to 40%. So significant difference. And by the way, those are much better numbers than they used to be.

14:57Breast cancer is probably one of the bigger success stories of the past 20 years in terms of stretching out median survival. When you look at colorectal cancer, if it's a colorectal cancer that is caught before it's gone to the lymph nodes, we're talking about 88 % for five years survival, but if it's gone to lymph nodes, that goes down to 70%, and if it's spread to the liver, it's down to 16%. Lung cancer ranges from 59 % early to 6 % late. Prostate is 100 % early, 33 % if it spreads. And of course the worst of all of these is pancreatic. If you can at least catch it in stage one, stage two, it's 38 % 5 -year survival versus 3 % if it's distant.

15:40I won't go through the same analysis for 10 -year survival for the sake of time, but we'll include the table so that people can see. The only thing I'd point out is of course the trends are even more dramatic when you start to go to 10 -year survival. In other words, the difference between stage one and stage two survival versus stage four survival at 10 years is even a bigger chasm. So why do I bring this all up? Why bring this up to say that despite all of the advances we've had in the past 20 years and clearly hormone therapy for breast cancer and immunotherapy for a number of other cancers, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, still leave us with a lot to be desired, especially when it comes to late -stage cancer.

16:29I think that just leaves anyone who thinks about this realizing if you're going to get cancer, you certainly do not want to be in the position where that diagnosis is being made once the cancer is advanced, once the cancer has had a chance to spread. You really want to be able to diagnose cancer and manage it when it's in the stage one stage two phase. Peter, I think that leads to one of the questions that we get asked about by far the most, which is people reading stories, reading studies, and really wondering, do clinical trials on cancer screening show any benefits in reducing cancer deaths?

17:06This is really the crux of what we're here to talk about today because this has become a controversial topic. Thank you for listening to today's Sneak Peak AMA episode of The Drive. If you're interested in hearing the complete version of this AMA, you'll want to become a premium member. It's extremely important to me to provide all of this content without relying on paid ads. To do this, our work is made entirely possible by our members, and in return, we offer exclusive member -only content and benefits above and beyond what is available for free. So if you want to take your knowledge of this space to the next level, it's our goal to ensure members get back much more than the price of the subscription.

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