How Korean culture went global

10:15John Dimoia:Michael grew up understanding that Korean experience through America. But as an adult, he moved to South Korea to live.

10:23Heijin Lee:Growing up as an Asian American in the United States, you don't really necessarily understand your Korean part or your Asian part. And so I think that's one of the reasons why I decided to research Korean history and then later return to Korea, where then I start to encounter my Korean side.

10:41John Dimoia:And in his studies, Michael came to understand that the ambivalent relationship between the U.S. and South Korea didn't actually begin with the war. In fact, long before American boots touched Korean soil, American culture had already arrived.

10:59Heijin Lee:Why haven't you come before?

11:01John Dimoia:I couldn't. I was afraid to.

11:03Heijin Lee:But you could have ridden. It's been almost a year since you escaped. But I haven't escaped.

11:08John Dimoia:It came with the Japanese occupation.

11:20Michael Kim:From 1910 to 1945, the Japanese Empire ruled the Korean Peninsula. The occupation was brutal. There were executions, forced labor, and near-total repression of Korean culture. Koreans were forced to adopt and integrate Japanese culture into their lives.

11:49Heijin Lee:So if you're among the wealthiest and most educated Koreans, Then, life under colonialism, you would have an opportunity to attend Japanese universities and learn Japanese and become very much kind of Japanized in many ways.

12:12Heijin Lee:But then the typical Korean, they would still be living in their villages and hardly untouched, completely untouched by what happens with the rest of Korea. In that they're still living in poverty, then farmers losing their jobs. And so there was quite a lot of economic disruption. But the Japanese continued to industrialize the peninsula. Because it was a colony, the Japanese actually invested considerably in the latest technologies like the radio, the railroads. And so the infrastructure was laid down in a way that, of course, benefited the colonizers, but it could also be appropriated in ways that maybe nobody expected.

12:51Michael Kim:Like opening the door to American pop culture. Well, you can just quote me as saying that Eddie Singer was a good boy.

13:08Heijin Lee:Both Japan and Korea was also one of the largest markets of export for Hollywood. So in 1920s and 30s, it was not unusual for a Korean who had the means to watch a Hollywood film. And so if you read the magazines, they would be like a third of it would just be talking about Hollywood stars and the latest movies and trends. And so Korea very early gets exposed to the global media escape.

13:35John Dimoia:And when American soldiers replaced the Japanese as occupiers, they brought their own soft power in directly.

13:45I'm an armed forces radio announcer on the air with the news of the world as soon as it happens.

13:51John Dimoia:Sports roundups, current events. There's music, lots of it. both popular and classic, all designed for one thing, to keep the serviceman informed. However, civilians find the programs of interest too, and often listen in.

14:09Heijin Lee:AFKN, the military broadcast station, where you're constantly exposed to American TV and American radio because of the large troop presence in Korea.

14:20John Dimoia:There were many disillusioned by the conflict and uncertain of the future. Poverty and disease. The camp followers of war were everywhere. Thousands of homeless...

14:30Heijin Lee:We also have to then think about how devastated the economy was in the 1950s, right after the war.

14:36John Dimoia:The republic was a shambles. Property damage as a result of the communist invasion was so extensive, accurate estimations were impossible.

14:49John Dimoia:South Korea had been run into the ground. The land carpet bombed to dust where food was scarce, economy was non-existent, and the government unstable. The country had one of the lowest per capita GDPs in the world. It was a precarious moment.

15:05Michael Kim:Then, 1961, a military coup. Park Chung-hee takes power.

15:11Heijin Lee:And then he becomes an elected president. Winner by a surprisingly narrow margin is General Chung-hee Park, who headed the junta. Whether its results will liberalize the government or continue a one-man rule, only Park can say.

15:36Heijin Lee:The Korea of my parents is really what we call the Park Jung-hee era. President Park and the era of high-speed development.

15:46Michael Kim:Though some ancestors were aristocrats, Park was born into an impoverished rural family. He made his name in the military, where he served as a lieutenant for the Japanese during World War II, and then as a general in the Korean army. And once he took power, he ruled with an iron fist. Civil liberties and political freedoms were limited, and citizens were highly surveilled.

16:09Heijin Lee:During the era of Park Jong-e, people had curfews, you couldn't stay out at night. And people would go around measuring your hair. If it was too long, they would cut it. They would measure skirts.

16:28Heijin Lee:But what that led to was a development of a night culture where because you couldn't go home, people just stayed out all night.

16:39Heijin Lee:And so you would go to a bar and then you just stay there until the next morning because you couldn't be allowed in the streets.

16:50Heijin Lee:and so within these kinds of like speakeasies and bars you had american rock music and all kinds of foreign influence

17:07Heijin Lee:so there was a kind of a huge inflow of culture both smuggled in as well as official and then a kind of a space where people would enjoy themselves despite the military restrictions.

17:24John Dimoia:Still, daily life for many Koreans remained harsh. Park Jung-hee's goal was to transform Korea's economy. And to do that, he demanded self-sacrifice. He made this clear in a translated letter to the president of Seoul National University.

17:40Heijin Lee:The survival of one generation is finite. but the country and its people's lives are eternal. Everything that our generation achieves through sweat today is not to live well today but to pass it on to tomorrow's generation. Koreans imagine themselves all to be of one country. There's a kind of idea that Korea is this kind of harmonious society that everybody works hard and they do everything they can for the nation.

18:16John Dimoia:Park hammered this message through culture and media. He censored content that didn't support his vision for Korea, and instead mandated that propaganda songs play at least twice a day on TV and radio, promoting hard work and patriotism.

18:35Heijin Lee:And then he unleashes the economic miracle.

18:41Michael Kim:The message, the long hours, harsh working conditions, and low pay were all worth it, because it was all for the future of the free and independent South Korea. But for the citizens who were receiving this message, who'd been scarred from war and division and repression, nothing about this path was optional. There was no choice but to survive and toil on.

19:08Michael Kim:When we come back, South Korea follows the road to prosperity and self-sufficiency.

19:18Michael Kim:At a very high cost. Hi, I'm Lily. And I'm Rose. And we're calling from Oxford, England that is. And you're listening to ThruLine from NPR.

19:29John Dimoia:Support for NPR and the following message come from 20th Century Studios, The Dog Stars. Only in theaters and IMAX August 28th. Visionary filmmaker Ridley Scott returns with a gripping post-apocalyptic thriller. When a mysterious radio transmission shatters a lone pilot's isolated existence, he embarks on a dangerous journey in search of hope. Starring Jacob Elordi, Josh Brolin, Margaret Qualley, Allison Janney, and Guy Pearce. The Dog stars only in theaters and IMAX August 28th. Get tickets now. This message comes from Poshmark. Shop millions of listings from thousands of closets, each curated by someone with their own style, designer pieces, and more, all in one place.

20:11John Dimoia:Download the Poshmark app today and use code NPR for$10 off your first purchase. This message comes from Mattress Firm. Different sleep preferences? Mattress Firm's sleep experts can match you with a Tempur-Pedic Split King sleep system. Visit Mattress Firm's best sale of the year and save up to$1 ,400. Restrictions apply. See store for details.

20:33Michael Kim:Part 2. Horangie's 출생 A Tiger is Born

20:52John Dimoia:The Korean company Hyundai called its first original car the Pony, perhaps a small nod to America's iconic Mustang. It made its international debut in 1974.

21:05Heijin Lee:They call it the national car.

21:07John Dimoia:The Pony. Power and agility in a compact, superbly bred package. It was the first Korean car on the global market. The Hyundai Pony. Built in the Far East, using a lot of British machine tools and designed by an Italian, Jujaro. A car inspired by the world, but built by Koreans.

21:25Heijin Lee:Wasn't necessarily the best car ever produced, but it was affordable for everyone.

21:29John Dimoia:It was a big success. For a while, it was actually the best-selling car in Canada. And even though its popularity waned, the pony showed the world that Korea wanted to be, and could be, a major economic player.

21:43Michael Kim:Under Park Chung-hee, Korea underwent a massive transformation. But it started off slow.

21:49John Dimoia:You do get the investments in the beginnings of small, first, low-level industries.

21:54Michael Kim:That's John DeMoya, a history professor at Seoul National University. University.

21:58John Dimoia:Textiles, weirdly basic materials because they're building so much.

22:01Michael Kim:And then the Vietnam War happens. The U.S. still had troops on the ground in South Korea, and Park saw an opportunity. The war would bring billions into the country's economy.

22:12John Dimoia:Koreans make hundreds of millions of dollars doing the dirt underground labor and also supplying for the Vietnam War.

22:19Heijin Lee:Because of the need to fight the Vietnam War and develop its allies, the United States then opens up its markets to Korean products. The pace quickened.

22:31John Dimoia:Yeah, it's the Bali Bali mentality, which is like faster, faster.

22:34Heijin Lee:The investments in heavy chemicals, shipbuilding, steel mills, and so on.

22:40Michael Kim:Park also built up Korea's conglomerates, or Chables. They operated as family-owned corporations and helped maintain family wealth.

22:48Heijin Lee:The Samsung and Hyundai and LG, all these companies that many people are familiar with today, they kind of grew during this period, right? But back then, they were kind of like soldiers on the front line.

23:01Michael Kim:So by the time The Pony debuted, Korea was exporting goods, strategically adopting and taking elements from around the world to make Korean products.

23:11John Dimoia:And they were doing it fast, with people working night and day, often sacrificing their well-being in order to make South Korea's economic miracle possible. Park cultivated that spirit of Wancho. We came off the war. We're obsessed. We're angry. We're going to catch the Japanese. We're going to catch everyone else. And we're going to beat them all.

23:35Michael Kim:There is a new government tonight in South Korea. Park Chung-hee, who ruled the country for more than 18 years, is dead.

23:42John Dimoia:Park's dictatorship came to an end in 1979, after he was assassinated by the head of the Korean CIA. and fractures within his regime reached a breaking point.

23:52Michael Kim:Now, these troops, which clamped military control on two southern Korean cities, have been ordered to enforce martial law in the capital city of Seoul. Martial law is the only certainty with a strict overnight curfew imposed throughout Korea.

24:07John Dimoia:South Korea's pro-democracy movement already existed under Park's rule, but the assassination lit a fire across the country. Students, workers, and ordinary citizens took to the streets only to be met with soldiers. And the loudest calls for democracy came from places that Park had not invested in.

24:27Heijin Lee:Korean economic development was highly uneven.

24:30John Dimoia:Places like Gwangju, a city in the southwest of Korea, which had been left out of the country's development.

24:36Heijin Lee:The people of that area did not really partake in this rapid economic development.

24:45Michael Kim:In May 1980, the people of Guangzhou took to the streets to demand the end of martial law and protest Chen Du Huan, the military strongman who was rising to power.

25:01Michael Kim:It was an unprecedented event. The government heavily censored all coverage of the protest and the response. Everyone, we must step forward. Let us protect our students. Let us drive out martial law troops and protect our city with our own hands.

25:23Michael Kim:Under Cheundu Hwan's orders, the military entered the city and attacked and killed their own people, claiming they were North Korean-influenced communists.

25:33John Dimoia:After nearly 10 days, the siege came to an end.

25:45John Dimoia:Chen Du Hwan and his military regime had won. The violent stifling of the Gwangju massacre cemented his role as the new leader of South Korea. Once in power, Chen Du Hwan's government started promoting distractions.

26:00Heijin Lee:He wants to encourage the students to sort of engage in more entertainment rather than protest. So President Cheong DeWan is very famous for launching what we call the 3S policy, sports, screen, and sex, and that he encourages the development of the Korean media and cinema and brings in sports leagues as a kind of a diversion.

26:23John Dimoia:He established Korea's first professional baseball league, followed by soccer and basketball. He loosened the curfew, allowing for Korea's underground nightlife to flourish in the open. And he relaxed censorship laws, which encouraged the production of erotic films, which opened up the door for more Korean film production.

26:41Heijin Lee:And so what happens is many of these Korean broadcasts start to get exported out of Korea into these media markets throughout Asia.

26:50Michael Kim:Koreans made K-dramas into attractive products for other Asian countries by exporting them without any sound.

26:57Heijin Lee:Which then allowed the Chinese to sort of dub it over or, you know, whatnot, as well as the Japanese broadcasters. So they would use the images, but they would then add their own sign tracks to it.

27:08Michael Kim:The Korean wave was starting to swell. And all the while, its other business ventures were booming. Korea was still exporting steel, textiles, and now VCRs. And the U.S. was one of its biggest trade partners.

27:23John Dimoia:So we should pay attention to them. These are tremendous economic competitors. And if we don't pay attention to them, We don't learn our lessons, what they're doing right and what they teach us about what we're doing wrong. They're going to continue to grow at our expense.

27:38Michael Kim:In spite of the side eye from an ambivalent U.S.

27:41John Dimoia:Koreans were like, we've done it. We're first world. We're rich country and rich nation. And within the country, things were slowly changing because the three S's had unintended consequences. As Koreans gained more freedom, the call for democracy rose. And in 1987, South Korea had a democratic election. It was on the rise. But the promise of globalization also came with peril. And after the rise, came a fall.

28:13John Dimoia:It's a national humiliation. I feel so ashamed. That's Kim Bang-so, a South Korean street vendor in Seoul, speaking with the New York Times. The year is 1997, and a financial crisis has rocked Asia.

28:29Heijin Lee:All of a sudden, there's no more liquidity in the global markets.

28:32John Dimoia:In a matter of months, companies go bankrupt, banks close, and people see their savings and investments vanish.

28:42John Dimoia:Well, it's not a large amount, but 50 million won is big money for us.

28:49Michael Kim:Korea turned to the International Monetary Fund, the IMF, for help. That didn't sit right with many South Koreans. Some felt like their country was being colonized all over again. Even if the IMF is an international organization, everybody knows it's run by the U.S. And the U.S. is using it for its own interests. The IMF ultimately granted South Korea a nearly$60 billion bailout on a day many call National Humiliation Day. In some ways, the country found itself where it was at the end of the Korean War, feeling beholden, but compelled to rise again. And Koreans took it upon themselves to pay the loan back, contributing in whatever way they could.

29:37John Dimoia:Tens of thousands of our fellow citizens have taken jewelry and other items out of their drawers to donate or sell to banks and civic and media organizations. Koreans can unite to rise to the occasion in aid of their troubled nation. There were metal, like gold and silver gathering campaigns, and people literally brought in their wedding rings and their personal possessions and melted them down for the government.

30:02Heijin Lee:They would sell the gold in order to build up the gold bullion necessary to back the loans.

30:08Michael Kim:Over 3 million Koreans donated 200-plus tons of gold in a show of patriotic unity.

30:14Heijin Lee:And so, yeah, actually, the IMF crisis shows you that Koreans still had this sort of unity, right, and desire to sort of defend the country in case of crisis, right?

30:25Michael Kim:South Korea managed to pay off its debts in just four years.

30:29Heijin Lee:Because of various measures that the government takes, they're able to repay the loan.

30:33John Dimoia:But the IMF loans do change the country's economy. Their money comes with strings attached, including a three-year deregulation plan. Kang Bangkyung was Korea's Minister of Finance and Economy at the time.

30:48Heijin Lee:Korea's old economic system, which helped the nation grow rapidly in the last decades, will be transformed into a free market system.

30:57John Dimoia:Interest rates shot up. Foreign investments flowed in. Chaibols downsized. Job security disappeared. Unemployment tripled. All the gains of the past 30 years felt like they had all been lost.

31:17John Dimoia:If we thought we could survive after being laid off, we'd consider it. But the social welfare system is simply inadequate, so we cannot survive layoffs. Korea had to change once again. A few months after the economy crashed, South Korea elected a new president, Kim Dae-jung. And he was a little different than past leaders. I solemnly declare in front of the people that I will faithfully carry out my duty as president.

31:52Heijin Lee:So he has this kind of colorful history of being in jail, human rights and democracy activists, right?

32:01Michael Kim:The son of a farmer, the second of seven children, Kim Dae-jung was from the Chole region, where the Gwangju massacre happened. No stranger to hardship, he was determined to charter South Korea into a new future. Remember those K-dramas without sound? Well, Kim Dae-jung saw how popular they were becoming around Asia, and he had a lightbulb moment.

32:25Heijin Lee:He's kind of like, OK, now we're going to be a soft power.

32:28Michael Kim:The Korean wave had already been swelling. All the government had to do was harness it. So Kim Dae-jung went all in. He passed laws that established the government as what was called an entrepreneurial state. It became the government's responsibility to develop, finance, and promote cultural industries from film to TV to music. This included everything from building concert arenas to regulating karaoke bars.

32:58By the 2000s, this idea of Korean soft power, that Koreans can actually find a place in the world,

33:06Heijin Lee:not through the hard military economic power, but through cultural influences, that actually captures the imagination of a lot of Koreans.

33:14Michael Kim:And the investment in Korean K-drama, movies, music, beauty products, and food began to pay off in South Korea and way beyond it.

33:31Michael Kim:Coming up, Korean culture goes global.

33:46Michael Kim:Hi, this is Sylvia from San Juan, Puerto Rico, and you're listening to ThruLine from NPR.

33:53John Dimoia:Support for NPR and the following message come from 20th Century Studios, The Dog Stars, only in theaters and IMAX August 28th. Visionary filmmaker Ridley Scott returns with a gripping post-apocalyptic thriller. When a mysterious radio transmission shatters a lone pilot's isolated existence, he embarks on a dangerous journey in search of hope. Starring Jacob Elordi, Josh Brolin, Margaret Qualley, Allison Janney, and Guy Pearce. The Dog Stars, only in theaters and IMAX August 28th. Get tickets now. This message comes from Poshmark. Shop millions of listings from thousands of closets, each curated by someone with their own style, designer pieces, and more, all in one place.

34:35John Dimoia:Download the Poshmark app today and use code NPR for$10 off your first purchase. This message comes from Mattress Firm. Different sleep preferences? Mattress Firm's sleep experts can match you with a Tempur-Pedic Split King sleep system. Visit Mattress Firm's best sale of the year and save up to$1 ,400. Restrictions apply. See store for details.

34:57Michael Kim:Part 3. Goso-Bie Mecca. The Mecca of High Consumption.

35:10John Dimoia:One controversy that is really a big one right now is eyelid surgery.

35:17Michael Kim:This is Liz.

35:18John Dimoia:Liz is a Korean-American who recently underwent a surgical procedure to alter her eyes. Now, it's one of the most common plastic surgery procedures for Asian women. Some say it's wrong, and others say, no, no, it's just making them prettier.

35:33Michael Kim:In the first decade of the 2000s, this story started popping up everywhere. And it always played out the same way. Korean women are getting so much plastic surgery. I had eyelid surgery to increase the size of the fold.

35:51John Dimoia:A flap, I guess, or a second flap in the eyelid.

35:55Michael Kim:So it's not so much about necessarily just a droopy eye. It's also about wanting to look more Caucasian. But you said you wanted to have more of a Western look.

36:03John Dimoia:Absolutely.

36:04Michael Kim:In fact, you said you were ashamed of your eyes.

36:07John Dimoia:As South Korea's economy grew in leaps and bounds, American media picked apart what they saw as a country devoted to overconsumption with a twisted obsession with beauty. Much of the coverage suggested the plastic surgery craze was all about Korean women's desire to look whiter. Even Oprah devoted a segment to it on her show in 2004.

36:28Michael Kim:And Oprah says something along the lines like, are these women trying not to look Korean? That would be like me trying not to look Black. That really seemed inconsistent with my own personal experience.

36:45John Dimoia:This is Hye Jin Lee. She's a professor of women and gender studies at the University of Hawaii.

36:51Michael Kim:I'm Korean American, second generation. I grew up in Southern California, which is home to the largest population of Koreans outside of Korea. So the way that my community and my family were talking about it was much more that this is something that my older cousin did, my older sister, and I want to look like them, or I want to look like, you know, a Korean actress or a pop star. I had never heard anyone say, I want to look white.

37:20John Dimoia:In fact, the double eyelid procedure actually dated back to the Japanese occupation. In some ways, it had nothing to do with America at all.

37:28Michael Kim:Of course, American media had influenced South Korea for decades. But there were also other factors at play.

37:36Heijin Lee:Korea is one of the most competitive societies that you'll encounter. In a society where women often don't have the same level of opportunity, right, they are going to invest in their beauty as a way of getting an edge, of getting ahead. And cosmetic surgery in Korea, I would argue, is actually a form of being competitive in an intensely competitive environment.

38:05Michael Kim:When it came to plastic surgery, American media might have misunderstood Korea. But one thing was for sure. American media's obsession with Korea signified a shift. President Kim Dae-jung's economic experiment was working. His investment in cultural products like Korean dramas has started the ball rolling.

38:28Michael Kim:So when we think of the intense fandoms that we see now with K-pop, This kind of begins in the early 2000s with K-dramas. They really first make a big splash in other parts of Asia. And it is, you know, a lot of middle-class housewives that are obsessively watching these dramas and becoming very intense fans of Korean pop culture. This growing fandom was hungry for all things South Korean. That's where we start to see the interest in Korean beauty. These women in these different Asian countries become the sort of first targets. Cosmetics, face masks, lotions, and of course, plastic surgery. South Koreans are defining the current beauty standards.

39:18Michael Kim:And they're making a lot of money doing it. And by 2007, there's an oversupply of clinics, which is what leads to South Korea establishing its medical tourism industry.

39:30John Dimoia:Medical tourists from all over Asia started to travel to South Korea for some of the procedures, like the double eyelid surgery, that had been popularized by K-dramas.

39:39Michael Kim:So I interviewed a representative of the Seoul Tourism Board in 2010. And she said to me, we don't spend as much money advertising our cosmetic surgery market as you would think. Hallyu, or the Korean wave, Korean pop culture, is our biggest marketing strategy.

40:01John Dimoia:And there's one part of South Korea in particular that becomes the epicenter of all of this, the place where Korean pop culture and Korean beauty trends collide.

40:12Michael Kim:So the place with the highest concentration of clinics is Gangnam, made world famous by Gangnam Style, size 2012, viral hit.

40:29Michael Kim:Gangnam Style. The music video was the first YouTube video ever to reach a billion views. And the song was written about a neighborhood of Seoul, Gangnam. He's talking about the richest neighborhood in South Korea, Gangnam. It is also home to the largest concentration of plastic surgery clinics. It's about 500 plus clinics in a 15 square mile neighborhood.

40:54Heijin Lee:You'd have tourists come from all over Asia to Seoul in order to shop. Not just to shop, but to see what the Korean women are wearing and what cosmetics they're using, because that kind of sets the standards for all of Asia. Gangnam is very much sort of the mecca of high consumption.

41:14Michael Kim:Gangnam style took the world by storm.

41:16Heijin Lee:It is really getting a lot of reaction in the U.S., isn't it, Shannon?

41:20John Dimoia:It was a classic example of K-pop. Catchy chorus, booming bass, a candy-coated, highly produced music video full of absurd outfits and bright colors.

41:31Heijin Lee:It's the video to watch, and I have to admit I've watched it probably about 15 times.

41:35John Dimoia:It did what no other Korean pop song had done. It broke into the U.S.'s notoriously exclusive music market. Normally I say these are my people, but today it's side people! If you're not the worst, say it. What?

41:56John Dimoia:But there was something crucial about the song that flew over a lot of non-Korean speakers' heads.

42:03Michael Kim:After the IMF crisis, the gap between wealthy and poor Koreans widened. The rich got richer while others' wealth declined. Youth unemployment rose. and there was a growing sense that no matter how hard you tried, you couldn't make it in South Korea.

42:19Heijin Lee:The whole entire song, Gangnam Style, is really kind of a parody of this lifestyle that a lot of Koreans are not actually living. But it's a sort of image that's there of this high-consumption lifestyle which every Korean wants, but not every Korean is actually experiencing. Some of the lines is that you're one-shotting your hot coffee, right? You're doing it just because you want to look cool doing it, even though you're burning your mouth with hot coffee.

42:43Michael Kim:The message behind Gangnam Style resonated with Korean audiences, even though the rest of the world didn't always catch on. But those same themes of cynicism about economic inequality would reemerge from South Korea years later, only darker. A poor family living in the underbelly of Korean society who are determined to claw their way out of poverty, dream up an insidious con on a wealthy family. Hundreds of strangers ensnared by debt, so desperate that they'd literally battle to the death just for a chance to climb out of the hole.

43:22John Dimoia:Will you go back to living your old and depressing lives, getting chased by your creditors, or will you act and seize this last opportunity we're offering here?

43:31Michael Kim:And the whole world was captivated by these disturbing stories, especially the United States.

43:38John Dimoia:And the Oscar goes to Parasite. And the Oscar goes to...

43:46Michael Kim:Peng Joon-ho. Peng Joon-ho. Parasite. Well, this is the show that everyone is talking about.

43:56John Dimoia:How cool is it that this show right now is just so big?

44:00Michael Kim:Squid Game is number one in 94 countries. Squid Game and Parasite were the center of a cultural firestorm in the U.S. For the first time, American audiences were watching Korean faces on screen and seeing themselves. We were looking at something made across the world to understand the fears and problems that plague us at home.

44:23John Dimoia:Many Americans watching didn't speak Korean. They didn't understand the cultural references. They watched with their phones out, Googling things like how much was 45.6 billion won in U.S. dollars? How many people live in basement apartments? and did kids actually play that cookie-breaking game? But despite all these cultural incongruencies, American audiences were hooked, mesmerized by what they saw on screen.

44:53Heijin Lee:I think one way to understand why Korean cultural products are so popular and so successful is that in many ways, they're not so Korean. So with Korean music, you have a kind of a combination of all these elements from around the world packaged as Korean song. And I think it's because Korea, whether Koreans wanted it or not, was sort of forced to be open to all these outside cultural influences. They're then able to master different segments of it and then repackage it as a Korean version.

45:29Michael Kim:That's Won Jo at work Koreans drawing from global cultural influences But not just mimicking them Owning, reworking, and embodying them Becoming the source, the wellspring of culture And being on the same level as the very best in the world Which brings us back to where we started Because no K-pop group has become more emblematic of that Than BTS, the best-selling artist in Korean history

45:56Heijin Lee:It's like when they got to LAX, it was like the Beatles were here. You guys are the biggest boy band in the world. And so when Koreans talk about hip hop, they don't talk about Koreans being the best Korean hip hop. They talk about Koreans being the best hip hop artists, period. Phenomenon is not even a word.

46:13John Dimoia:You have to invent a new word for this group.

46:15Heijin Lee:Or the best dancers. They're not trying to become the best dancers in Korea. They're trying to become the best dancers in the world.

46:26Okay.

46:27John Dimoia:Come on. Come on.

46:31Michael Kim:BTS debuted in 2013. Since then, they've taken over the world.

46:37John Dimoia:It's just been non-stop for you. You won three American music awards.

46:42Heijin Lee:You're all the cup, BTS. Thank you.

46:45John Dimoia:Have you heard something from the Bangtan Boys and their band BTS? A phenomenon that came from Korea, which the group called BTS is now.

46:55Michael Kim:BTS is highly anticipated speech delivered at the United Nations on Monday.

47:00John Dimoia:I'm with BTS, and it is a great honor to be invited to the White House today to discuss the important issue.

47:07Michael Kim:So here we are in 2026. BTS still dominates. The Korean wave has become a tsunami. Two decades ago, President Kim Dae-jung bet that there was a global market for Korean culture. And that bet has paid off. Korean cultural exports like movies, gaming, and music generated over$19 billion last year. The era of America's total dominance over the global cultural landscape is starting to fade. We see again Korean culture, pop culture, and economics becoming a competitor with the U.S.

47:45John Dimoia:And when the scales started to tip, that's when this fear emerges. Fear of what a shift in power could mean for the U.S.

47:52Michael Kim:The uptick in anti-Asian violence and this kind of simultaneous, you know, obsession with South Korean culture, I think, are definitely related. South Korea, vis-a-vis, I think, its pop culture industry now occupies a kind of space that allows for young people in the U.S. and around the world, right, to sort of place their aspirational desires onto South Korean-ness. but that can exist alongside a sort of condemnation of Asia as invading our culture or becoming too much of a competition.

48:36John Dimoia:There's this push and pull between the U.S. and Asia. In the U.S., we're coming to terms with the fact that we've got competition. We don't hold the singular spotlight on the world's cultural stage anymore. And in South Korea, things are complicated. The country is free, but the U.S. still has nearly 30 ,000 troops stationed there. In the span of a few generations, they've seen a dizzying rise to the pinnacle of culture. Growth that came with steep costs for many Koreans, as inequality soared and social divides deepened.

49:06Heijin Lee:Of course, Korean society itself is just as complex, just as controversial as any other society. And so I'm very wary of presenting sort of just the package version of Korean society and Korean history when there is actually so much trauma and so much destruction and death and suffering within it. There is this sort of idea that we have to share in the prosperity because there was this kind of common misery of the past. My parents these days, like with many elderly parents, are watching YouTube all day, right? But they often are watching these broadcasts that celebrate, that sort of are amazed by the fact that, well, now the Korean culture is the most successful in the world, or Korean products are the best in the world.

50:02Heijin Lee:Because they grew up in a Korea where that wasn't the case.

50:13Thank you.

50:42John Dimoia:We cannot function for 24 hours without cobalt.

50:46Michael Kim:The dark reality that fuels those rechargeable batteries in our phones, laptops, and cars.

50:52John Dimoia:And as a consequence, the lives of the people living in that part of the Congo descended into just a catastrophe.

51:02Michael Kim:This episode was produced by me.

51:04John Dimoia:And me and... Lawrence Wu.

51:07Michael Kim:Julie Kane. Anya Steinberg. Yolanda Sanguini. Casey Miner. Christina Kim

51:13John Dimoia:Devin Carayama

51:14Michael Kim:Jennifer Etienne Fact-checking for this episode was done by Kevin Bockel.

51:18John Dimoia:Thanks to Alex Chong, Jay Devengracia, Zarina Devengracia, Jeff Pierre, Javier Kim, Manuel Martinez, and Jun Im for their voiceover work. Thanks also to Kimberly Sullivan, Lindsay McKenna, Tamar Charney, and Anya Grunman.

51:34Michael Kim:And special thanks to Janet Woo-Jung Lee, Kyung Jin Lee, Sarah Chang, and to the San Diego Pengmul Institute for the use of their musical performance.

51:44John Dimoia:This episode was mixed by Josh Newell.

51:46Michael Kim:Music for this episode was composed by Ramtin and his band, Drop Electric, which includes Anya Mizani, Naveed Marvi, Sho Fujiwara.

51:55John Dimoia:And finally, if you have an idea or like something you heard on the show, please write us at thruline at npr.org.

52:02Michael Kim:Thanks for listening.

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