ReThinking: Why are people acting like everything’s fine? with Rahaf Harfoush

0:00Everyone wants to intellectualize. We want to zoom out and we want explanations. And my gut feeling tells me that we have to actually feel how scary these turbulent changes have been in order to be able to think clearly because no one's making rational decisions from a place of emotional dysregulation. Hey, everyone. It's Adam Grant. Welcome back to Rethinking, my podcast with Ted on the science of what makes us tick. I'm an organizational psychologist, and I'm taking you inside the minds of fascinating people to explore new thoughts and new ways of thinking.

0:38My guest today is Rahaf Harfouch, a digital anthropologist and the author of Hustle and Float. She's an expert on toxic productivity culture, as well as rapidly changing technology, and a keen observer of the world we're living in today. When I invited her on the show, I knew that was where I wanted to start.

1:00You put a word to something that a lot of people are feeling right now. A word that I had never heard before, hypernormalization. What is that? So hypernormalization is a concept that was initially created or coined by an anthropologist named Alexei Yurchak to describe a very specific feeling where you as a regular person are living your life, but something feels weird. Things feel off. It doesn't feel right. And you're sort of looking around and you're just saying, like, why does it feel so strange? And hypernormalization is that feeling where you understand that the world is changing or that the world is different.

1:46But the people around you, the institutions, the people in charge, your elected officials, they seem to just be ignoring this change and they're insisting to keep going as normal. And so there becomes this weird, almost like emotional mental disconnect where you're like, I know things are really weird right now, but why are you acting like everything is fine? And it creates this like cognitive dissonance that makes you feel like you're going crazy. So fascinating. It seems like there are symptoms of this everywhere. I've never asked so many people, how are you? And gotten back different versions of, well, you know, all things considered, I'm okay.

2:26So what do you think is going on here? So I think we are at this intersection where a lot of different macro factors are like colliding at the same time. You've got climate change accelerating, so people are experiencing flash floods and storms and unpredictability. We have new technology that we're going to talk about that is also just completely changing the way people work, raising a lot of uncertainty about, you know, creative skills or cognitive skills. And we're still sort of grappling with having gone through a pandemic. And so I think we're trying with our very primitive human brains to understand this era of disruption and exponential change, while also grappling with a reality where we are connected to more sources of information than ever before.

3:14So not only are our brains trying to process all of these macro trends that are so abstract, our nervous systems are also trying to figure out how do we cope with every single day having a tiny little device that enables you to consume the entirety of joy, rage, fear, anger, apathy right into your brain, right into your nervous system 24 hours a day. So I can understand how it would feel very destabilizing at this exact moment in time because we are incremental beings that are being asked to navigate exponential times. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. And I think you've pinpointed the major factors that are making people feel this way.

3:55When you talk about how it makes you feel like you're crazy, that reminds me of the psychology of pluralistic ignorance, where the classic Darley and Latine research was about bystander non-intervention in emergency situations. And the basic finding was that one of the reasons a lot of people didn't act was they looked around under uncertainty and they were trying to find signals from other people. Like, is this a real emergency situation or not? And everybody else was doing the same thing. And so everybody internally is thinking, oh, no, something is going wrong. This person needs help. Should I do something?

4:32And then they look to other people who are having the exact same thoughts, but nobody is voicing them because they're all looking around. And so everybody feels like, well, I'm the only one who's concerned. And therefore, it's probably just me. I'm overreacting. Nothing's really going on here. It's not clear what the intervention would be for an individual, given all these macro changes. But at a micro level, is that what's happening, that people are internalizing this feeling but not expressing it, and therefore they think they're alone? I think the reality is a little bit more complex than that.

5:07I almost think it's so big that many people feel frozen just because the complexity of what we're dealing with is really abstract. And then we have this cultural idea, which I think is part of the problem, where in the West we have internalized this idea of hyper-individualism, where we tell people in a lot of different ways that they are responsible for their own success, that they are responsible for their own progress. And in some ways, we've taken problems that require a collective response and we put pressure on ourselves to solve it. Like sometimes I find myself thinking, you know, before I go to bed and I'm like, just my brain is racing.

5:46It's like, how am I going to solve climate change? Just me alone completely. And you're like, that is not a logical thought at all. And I think we have this feeling that we have to find the right solution, the perfect solution all alone, when in reality, the solution is going to be messy. It's going to be imperfect. We're going to need a million solutions by like a million imperfect movements that are going to make a lot of mistakes and disagree and be chaotic. And that's really hard for people to navigate when we've been trained to look for simplicity and look for really black and white answers.

6:20That makes sense. I'm curious about the functions and dysfunctions of hypernormalization. As I hear you talk about it, it sounds like one of the dysfunctions is that people, they feel sort of lost and disconnected and maybe destabilized and dysregulated. On the flip side, it seems like a major function is that it allows people to function. I'm perfectly content to act like in the grand scheme of things, things are okay because otherwise I can't be a good father and husband and I can't do my job and I can't enjoy the world. And I also, of course, want to try to improve the world, but I need to figure out ways that I can add value in doing that.

7:07And freaking out does not help with that. So I kind of feel like hypernormalization is beneficial to the individual, but maybe there's a risk that it stops us collectively from fighting for change. I think it's helpful in the same way that all coping mechanisms are helpful. It's helpful in the short term because it allows you to continue. But coping mechanisms are just like a Band-Aid on like a bullet wound. The problem with hypernormalization is that you pretend that everything's okay and you pretend and you pretend and there's a little crack here and a little crack here and you go, la, la, la, la, la, la.

7:43There's no cracks. Everything is fine. But that means that if we had just patched up these couple of cracks, the whole wall wouldn't collapse. And that's the most frustrating thing about hypernormalization for me is that I look at the urgency of something is wrong and I think, okay, there's a lot of ways that we can address it. And it's very frustrating for me to have to empathize or to try to understand the different perspectives of someone that says, well, it's working right now. I'm going to wait until it's completely broken before I'm forced to address this big mess. Part of hypernormalization, at least for me as I worked through it, was this understanding that I had to shift my mindset psychologically to be able to say to myself, can I actually see clearly the things that need to be fixed, the intensity, the unknown, the unpredictability, and still be a good partner, be a good friend, have joy, and not just like be so overwhelmed with grief.

8:47that I also invent frozen because, you know, you want to move forward. And I think that's the interesting conversation because I've learned that the skills that I need are an emotional expansion where it's learning that this grief can and must coexist with joy and presence and happiness and, you know, all the good things and gratitude. I love that. So that speaks to the next thing that I was wondering about, which is I don't want to suggest that people who are, you know, grappling with hyper-normalization or chicken littles by any sense. But when you talk about things breaking, like, well, yeah, if you zoom in on any one thing, it feels like they're breaking.

9:30But on balance, it seems like people's lives are getting better. Net. I think about the evidence that most things are getting better for most people around the world. I think about Hannah Ritchie, not the end of the world. I think about Steven Pinker, better angels of our nature with violence dramatically declining. I think about Hans Rosling, factfulness, right? These more macro views that if you look at poverty or hunger or disease, yeah, we just had a pandemic, but it also could have been so much worse. So how do you reconcile the sentiment of hypernormalization with this idea that the trend line is actually upward, not downward?

10:09Well, even though the trend line is upwards, we are tiny dots that are living the little up and down of that upward trajectory. So for me, it's about going back to that emotional granularity, going back to the duality, to the complexity of our emotions and saying, I understand that if I had to pick any other time to be alive, I would still choose today. You know, as a woman, as a creative, as a freelancer, the opportunities that we have, the medicine that we have, like I would pick today, no questions asked. However, I can also empathize with myself and say the changes that we're seeing, which are normal, normal cyclical changes, like there's a lot of models that explain very clearly why this is happening in a way that it's not surprising.

10:53It's just sort of the end stages of the cycles of society. But those end stages can still feel very turbulent for the people that are experiencing them on the ground. That's really well put. I can't tell you how many times I've had the thought this would be such an interesting moment to live in if we weren't in it. Yes. It would make for great TV, but it's not necessarily fun to live through flux. I think also it seems that as things are getting better, our expectations and standards have gone up. And I wonder if that's part of what's going on, too, is that we're just more acutely aware of the flaws in our institutions and systems than we might have been if we were facing a pandemic a century ago or if we were looking at land wars a couple of centuries ago.

11:42Yeah, I think about that a lot. I think about the access to the information that we have. And I think about what people had access to before the internet. Or I think about the times where it would take people six months to receive a letter. And I think about how the internet has sort of captured us in this temporal anomaly where everything is now all the time forever. And it's so intense. I think it's very destabilizing. stabilizing. And, you know, we also have seen what's being called the justification, where I think a lot of people are reading just a little bit about a lot of things. So you have just a little bit of expertise to maybe identify some issues where you feel like, oh, that would be so easy to fix.

12:22It's so easy to fix government. It's so easy to fix democracy. And then you miss the nuance of just how hard and complicated, you know, people are. I mean, I'm so curious, Adam, like you tell me, do you feel hyper normalization? Or are you just like examining this concept in just an abstract way? Or am I just your chicken little on this podcast? No, no. I think your perspective is really balanced on it. And I find it helpful that you're optimistic, but also, you know, concern and empathetic. I think that's exactly the combination that I want to have. My instinct is always to zoom out more than zoom in.

12:59I think that's my orientation as a social scientist. And it's also just my disposition psychologically. And so, you know, sometimes I think people are overreacting, but I think they're overreacting in part because, to your point, the information in front of them is presented in a way that's disconcerting. And I've started to wonder if we need to reinvent both traditional and social media so that you could identify one expert on each of the things you want to be informed on. And they could just tell you once a week, here's the stuff that happened that you should pay attention to. Something like that would be incredibly helpful.

13:36It's almost like if you ever watched John Oliver last week tonight. Yes, I love him. If you could have somebody doing that for AI and you could have someone doing that for climate change, you wouldn't need to read the news day to day. Those are blips. Yes. So, yeah, I don't know. I guess to answer your question more directly, I think there have been days when I felt hyper normalization. But I think more often than not, I actually take the historical perspective. I think about other periods in history where people worried a lot about technological shifts or about social changes that turned out just to be blips.

14:15And so I don't want to over-index on the emotions of the moment. That is also my instinct, just to always zoom out, spot the pattern, spot the cycle. But I actually think if we're going to move through this moment, we have to zoom in very, very deeply on the individual. Because I think my theory, this is just my speculative theory, is that I think post-pandemic, we absorbed as a society so much uncertainty, grief, anger, fear, resentment. Like, it's so many emotions. But we never processed them. We never released them. We just sort of pretended like the pandemic was finished and then we moved on.

14:55So you have all of these people. And I think when we spoke ages ago, I told you that my belief is that most of us are just like, you know, childhood wounds in a trench coat, you know, like just walking around completely dysregulated, you know, smarting from something that happened to us when we were 16 or when we were six, trying to make these rational decisions from very activated bodies. And I think as a society, we experience something really scary and really unprecedented, even though I hate that word, and we never dealt with it. So we just shoved it all down. So it doesn't really surprise me that we're collectively acting out through the only mechanisms that we have.

15:34We're temper tantruming as a society, I feel, because we were scared and we were sad and we were lost and we were upset. And then we were collectively told, it's all good. World's open again. Those five years never happened. And so I feel like if we're going to move forward, at least in my own experience, with how do I deal with this, the hypernormalization, just the crippling sense of dread, honestly, that sometimes I feel when I just look around, it's to come back and to say, okay, like, where's that feeling in my body? And am I actually feeling that because I read something in the news or am I feeling that dread in my body because I feel fear and that fear comes from not knowing and that not knowing comes from not feeling safe?

16:14And if I calm my body, will I be able to handle these solutions differently? That's where I think the key is because everyone wants to intellectualize. We want to zoom out and we want explanations. And my gut feeling tells me that we have to actually feel how scary these turbulent changes have been in order to be able to think clearly because no one's making rational decisions from a place of emotional dysregulation. Oh, this is so interesting. First of all, I think the response that you're describing is really constructive and probably more actionable for most people than my default of just saying, well, still the best time in human history to be alive.

16:53That doesn't mean it's perfect, which actually does the trick for me most of the time. Is that what you write on the cards? Sorry you're feeling bad, but well, still the best time in human history. Feel better soon. If you ever get a note like that from me, please punch me in the face. But no, I mean, honestly, that works for me, but I realize I'm I'm probably an outlier. Yeah. So the second thing I like about your response is that it tracks really well with the name it to tame it idea and psychology of affect labeling and then trying to make sense of where is this feeling coming from and do I need to internalize it or should I think about actually changing my emotional response?

17:36That being said, I'm torn because you described part of hypernormalization earlier as grief, or at least leading to grief or stemming from grief. You associate grief with the experience. And there's a whole literature in psychology, Wolfgang and Margaret Strobe are probably the key researchers, on how grief work doesn't always work. That sometimes grief does not need to be processed, does not need to be analyzed. For some people, diving deep into the emotion does more harm than good. And closure is a little bit of a myth. You experience grief as something that waxes and wanes. and when it happens, you look at it, you recognize you're feeling it, you accept it, and then you wait till the wave passes over you and you move on with your day or with your life.

18:24And that also seems to me to be a healthy response. I'd love to hear your take on the tension between these two approaches because they're very different. I mean, I don't know if they're different. I think we're kind of saying the same thing. Like, I'm not saying that you have to spend a lot of time deep diving and unpacking. I just think many of us are, and I'm going to speak for myself here, I am learning to not intellectualize what I'm feeling and to not make stories about it and to just feel it in my body and just let it move through my body. And then at least for me, when I started figuring out how I was going to live joyfully, I was like, I need some tools because this cannot be the answer, the spinning incessantly, you know, or this grieving.

19:07And the easiest thing was being told, like, listen, you're going to have emotions and sensations that come up. You don't need to make an entire story about it. All you need to say is, where am I feeling it in my body? And, you know, what do I actually need right now? You know, it just might be a blanket. It might be a snack. It might be a glass of water. It might be the fact that I'm, like, hunched over my computer and my brow is furrowed and I just need a bit of a stretch. Thich Nhat Hanh, whose book, Zen and the Art of Saving the Planet, was probably one of the most life-changing reads for me.

19:38He really just says it doesn't have to be so complicated. You just have to take care of yourself. There's this quote that I absolutely love. Everybody wants to change the world, but no one wants to do the dishes. And I think of that all the time because we think changing the world, I got to fix climate change. I got to world peace. But changing the world might just be that I learn how to hold discomfort in my body so that I can show up as an embodied friend and a partner and a sister. Because when I act from that place of peace, then my nervous system calms your nervous system. And then maybe we have an interaction that isn't just like both of us activating each other.

20:15So that has been my big learning. You've given us a very Buddhist perspective, which is recognize that these things that are changing are upsetting in part because they're taking things that you accepted as permanent and showing you that they're impermanent. But actually, recognizing that things are impermanent makes the things that are freaking you out a little bit less stressful too, because like that too will pass. Is that essentially where you're landing? I love that because yes, I've been leaning very Buddhist, I guess, unintentionally. But I also think it's this idea that we tell stories about the things that are happening in our lives and we assume that we know what the outcomes are going to be.

20:59And oftentimes we assume that if something bad is happening, that the result of that thing is going to be bad forever, that it's going to be like a net negative. And I think the thing that I learned the most from experience and from, you know, sort of reading about this topic was that you never know what the outcome is going to be. Something bad can actually lead to something good. Something that you think at the time is bad might in the long run be something amazing. And I think the internet was talking about, you know, the burnt toast theory, which is like, if you're making toast in the morning before you go to work, and you burn the toast, so you end up being late for work, but maybe that delay saved you from like an accident on the highway or something.

21:41The idea that in the moment, you never know if the bad thing is actually bad. And so I always sort of Think about this idea that just because something is uncomfortable and disruptive and painful and hard doesn't mean that it is bad. And to remain open to the possibility that it could in the long run very well be good. This tracks with an article I wrote last fall about how we just don't know the second order consequences of events. Yes. And so whatever seems really unpleasant now, that doesn't mean it's negative. And this is a growing trend in psychology, actually, to stop using the term negative emotions and instead call them unpleasant emotions to say, look, the sensation is aversive.

22:26You don't like the way it feels, but you need to separate that from the consequences of those emotions. And as you well know, many unpleasant emotions have upsides and benefits. Mm-hmm.

22:42so i think that one of the best things we can do to handle all of the change and instability and turbulence in the world is to figure out what matters to us and then channel our energy into it and i i think that for a lot of people means like i want to use my time well i want to be productive so you've been a vocal critic of what you call productivity propaganda which i think promotes quantity at the expense of quality and workaholism at the expense of health. Tell me more. There's nothing wrong with the concept of productivity, which is just a metric of performance. But culturally, we've arrived at this place where we're being productive for productivity's sake.

23:25We are bragging about back-to-back meetings. We're bragging about late nights. We're bragging about nonstop output. We're optimizing everything. But it's not actually making our lives better and it's not actually making the work that we're producing better. It's actually harming our mental and physical well-being. And so for me, this idea of productivity as performative art, it means to me culturally that productivity has turned from a measure of performance and it's turned into a cultural measure of deservingness and worthiness and identity. And that's very, very dangerous because you're essentially telling people Your self-worth, your deservingness of good things in life, of your success, of the wins that you have, can all be boiled down to one thing only, and that's how hard you work.

24:13When in actuality, hard work is a very important part of an equation that has multiple variables on it. And I think a more complex story should be told, because the problem is, is that we tell people this is the only thing that matters, right? The American dream. If you work hard enough, you'll be successful. The flip side of that is we say if you're not successful, it must be because you're not working hard enough. So once again, we're taking a collective issue and we're putting it on the shoulders of the individual. And there are people, when you look at the labor statistics, especially in the U.S., people are working really, really hard.

24:50So what does it mean if you're then telling somebody who's working three jobs 120 hours a week? You say, well, the reason you're not successful is because you're not getting up at 3 a.m. to do whatever, you know, bullshit morning routine these billionaires do. And that's the reason why. Not like inherited wealth or access to opportunities or a million other things that also contributed to their success. And my last little rant on this, so I'm like getting very worked up about it, but it's like it would be one thing if the productivity advice worked. Like, sure, it's hard, it's tough, but the end result is worth it.

25:23But the end result is not worth it. We have decades of research now that shows that burnout is like terrible for you. And so I just I get so confused because we're telling people to do something that actively harms everything that they need to be able to do the work that matters to them and to spend their time in a way that's actually meaningful. Yes. Yes. I mean, I think you nailed it. I think this is why I find myself wanting to tell people that effort is not a badge of honor. Yes. That they should not be worshiping at the altar of hustle. They should think about hard work as a means to an end, that it ought to be a path to meaningful goals.

26:01And if you are defining your worth by your work ethic, you are missing out on some of the most important things in life and probably shooting yourself in the foot along the way, which is your point about burnout. Yes. So you have an alternative. You call yourself a sane productivity practitioner. What does that mean? So, okay, I call it humane productivity in the sense that if you're going to build a system, right, because we keep getting sold these productivity systems that you do these five steps and this will make you successful. Well, if you are going to build a system, let's build a system that reflects the realities of us as living, breathing human beings, right?

26:40Because productivity systems were originally borrowed from the Industrial Revolution, which anticipated people working on an assembly line at a machine that had the same capacity and could do the same level of work every single day all year round. We, as human beings, we have ebbs and flows in energy for the seasons, days of the week, days of the month, whatever it is. like our energy kind of ebbs and flows. So wouldn't it make more sense to spend some time like understanding your own energetic reality and then designing a system that allows you to work in alignment with your body, to support your body, to create a compassionate container for your body instead of this weirdly like self-flagellating, if you're not miserable and if you're not crying and if you're not sweating all the time, then it's like you're not working hard enough.

27:31So my whole thing is, yes, let's create and let's be intentional with our time and let's be intentional with our energy. But let's also recognize that not everybody can have the same system of productivity. So instead of you trying to fit yourself in to someone else's system, what I propose is that we take some time getting to know ourselves and then build a system that works for us and our constraints, right? Somebody with kids is not going to have the same flexibility as somebody without kids, somebody who's caregiving, somebody who works shift work, somebody who travels all, like everybody has all these different considerations.

28:04And yet we go online and we see this like one size fits all garbage. And then we make ourselves feel bad because, oh, like I'm not doing what this person, you know, does, even though you don't know their circumstances and you don't know like what's happening behind the scenes. This is especially hard for people who are wired like you and me. I know you've struggled with people-pleasing for a long time. I'm on the record as a recovering people-pleaser. So what have you done to change this? How have you thought about building your system and then creating and maintaining boundaries around it? So what's really funny, such a switch into like my deep psychological wound, thank you for that.

28:43But yes, I'm definitely a recovering people-pleaser. I learned from our mutual friend Nedra Tawib in her book about boundaries that building boundaries is actually a skill. It's a skill. It's a toolkit. It is something that you have to be taught. And many of us were not taught these key skills. Like until I read her book, which was, I think, also another one of like my top five most helpful books to read, I did not even realize that there's a category of boundaries. There's different levels of boundaries. And the thing that really changed my thinking was she has a chapter where she talks about how self-care and setting boundaries for yourself is like the greatest act of love that you can do because boundaries are telling other people what you are willing to accept.

29:29And when you put boundaries for yourself, then you put yourself first in a way that allows you to show up in the most authentic way, in the best, most possible grounded way. And so that was such a shift for me because I realized that you could be kind in setting boundaries, that it didn't have to be this aggressive conflict, that it could be done with lovingness, it could be done with gentleness. And I learned that the reason many of us people please is because we fundamentally are seeking a source of validation or a source of acceptance, or we want to be seen. But I read somewhere, and I don't remember who said this, but that all wounds at the root are self-abandonment wounds.

30:10So essentially, everything that we've been looking for from other people, we are actually looking to give ourselves. This reminds me of Jenny Crocker's research on contingencies of self-worth, looking at what do people invest their self-esteem in? And it won't surprise you to know that across many studies, people who base their sense of value in life on extrinsic goals like beauty and fame and other people's approval tend to be less happy, more anxious and depressed than those who base their self-worth on more intrinsic goals. Like, am I learning? Am I kind? Am I humble? Am I somebody who is curious?

30:53And I think at some level, that's the shift you're talking about because you can gauge those things for yourself. You're not dependent on other people's approval to validate your worth. Yeah, and that's the link to productivity, right? Because like you are worthy just as you are. And the way I always think about this is I think about the people that I love or you think about the people that you love. They don't have to perform to have your love. You just love them. You love them whether or not they've written a book. You love them whether or not that book flopped. You love them whether or not they send you an email asking, are you mad at me 10 times?

31:29You just love them regardless. And then you turn to yourself and you say, well, that's for everyone. That's not for me. I clearly need to perform to earn love and validation. And this is where Richard Schwartz's work on internal family systems can be absolutely life-altering because there's this concept he talks about where it's essentially like reparenting parts of yourself where you have to go in as the adult you and you have to say to that little part of you that's scared that someone's mad and say, you're not in trouble. You didn't do anything wrong and you're safe and I'm year. And I think if more people did that type of work, I actually think it would have such a big ripple effect on the grace that people gave themselves and each other.

32:12This reminds me of something else that we've talked about that I wanted to surface here, which is, you know well, I think at this point, it has always bothered me when people respond to kindness or generosity by saying, I owe you. Yes. And I remember an exchange we had before we ever even met in person where I did something very small that was like the tiny act of kindness. And you responded with, I owe you. Why? Whoa.

32:50You know, it was very small to you, but it was very meaningful to me. I think you were looking for a very specific kind of expert. And I sent an email and that was all I did. And I didn't even know anything came of it. It had a big impact to me. But I owe you one, I realized, indicates that there's like a ledger system of something. And that wasn't at all. It was sort of like, I wanted you to know that I appreciated it so much. And you'll be pleased to note that I have never said, I'll owe you one ever again. And then you said something to me that also really stuck with me, which is you have to give people the opportunity to help you.

33:26And you have to be able to receive. that if you're not able to receive, then you're actually robbing people that you care about of a chance for them to show that they care about you. And that, I thought, was such a big shift because we're always taught to give, give, give, and that we don't want to take anything. And that's part gender, that's part culture, that's part upbringing. So it's actually very hard for many people to receive. So it really helped me re-examine my own attitudes around receiving. receiving. It's so interesting because, I mean, for me, it was literally the smallest thing.

34:02You don't owe me reciprocity, let alone now I'm going to one up your good deed. It's just gratitude, which you had done so beautifully. No, it's not reciprocity. It's community. It's this idea that as a collective, I recognize that even if it was significant to you, that I received care from your gesture. And I want you to know that you are also entitled to receive care. You know what I mean? Oh, okay. So this is a helpful rethinking moment because, yeah, I interpreted it very much as kind of an instinctive matcher response of you did something for me. Now I'm obligated to do something for you.

34:42And the way you're narrating it now, what I'm seeing is you're saying, oh, you gave and I want to show that this is a relationship I'm willing to give to, too. Yes. Yes, that's exactly right. Beautiful. I love that. But you know what I love? You always just like ask for clarity. What did you mean by that? What did you mean by that comment? What did you mean when you said that? And I think that's so important because before I'm going to assume that I'm in trouble and you hate me, what is the actual thing that you meant to say and to give them a chance to explain. Just that small thing has actually also been a really helpful benefit, very much value adding to my life.

35:23For me too. And for a long time, I was afraid to do it. But I remember learning about walking down the ladder of inference and thinking about, this is something I teach every year when I teach conflict now, how often people observe somebody's behavior and then just arrive at a conclusion about it or overthink and ruminate about all of the terrible things that motivated that behavior, as opposed to saying, I don't actually know what their motivation was. And my interpretation might completely miss the mark. And the best way for me to gain clarity is actually to say, hey, I was really surprised by that, or I was really puzzled or confused.

36:03Can you elaborate? And that conversation might be a little bit awkward in the moment, but it's much better than the agony of misinterpreting what they meant or the relationship damage in the long run to arriving at the worst conclusion. Yeah. I think the second you make that assumption, that first assumption, every other thing that that person does gets filtered through that distorted assumption, all for nothing, you know? And so that goes back to like the discomfort, the unpleasant feeling. It's like sometimes everything that you want is just on the other side of that unpleasant feeling, the embarrassment, the awkwardness, the cringe of asking for clarity.

36:41I mean, the first couple of times it feels selfish almost to actually, you know, say it. But when you say your needs, and then your needs are met, and when you ask for people to clarify their needs, and then their needs are met, I mean, that's where true connection comes from. And if the world is ending, then what is the point other than connection, right? What else are we going to do in the time we have left in general than be with the people that we love and be seen and see other people.

37:13Okay, it's time for a lightning round before we wrap. Okay, lightning round. Who are your dream dinner party guests? I think Thich Nhat Hanh. I'd really love to have dinner with him. What's something you've rethought lately? Okay, I used to believe, ugh, I have to move my body and go on a walk for my stupid mental health and do all of these things to like take care of myself so that I age well versus, oh, moving my body is such a privilege. Moving my body is such a joy. Moving my body is something that I'm so lucky to be able to do instead of just movement for the sake of movement. What's the worst advice you see given on productivity?

37:48You have as many hours in the day as Beyonce. That probably would be the worst one. What's your favorite sane productivity tool or tip? My favorite productivity tip is to spend a couple of weeks mapping your own energetic cycle and getting to know your own creativity and then building a system around it because everyone's little creative bird is different. What's the question you have for me? I want to know, has there been a piece of research lately that has just tickled your brain in the best way that you just keep kind of thinking about? Yeah. So I was going to say, this is how I want to use social media moving forward in part is I just read this study and I think it's so cool.

38:29I have to tell you about it. You know, actually, I'll tell you one that I really loved. Yeah. And I was surprised to love this one, but the methods were rigorous. I read multiple papers showing that exposure to nature doesn't just make us happier. It makes us kinder, too. That going in a forest or sitting by a lake or an ocean actually creates not just a sense of tranquility, but also a sense of self-transcendence. Actually, even looking at a picture of nature that evokes awe is enough to get you to think beyond yourself and do more for other people. And I thought that was cool because it was shown in multiple randomized controlled experiments.

39:12Oh, wow. Okay, Rahaf, last question for you. One of the things I love most about your work is I think there's a tremendous amount of overlap in our values. But you always look at problems from different perspectives. And I think a lot of that has to do with your training as a digital anthropologist. Can you close with a piece of advice for how we can all think more like digital anthropologists in our own lives? Yeah, I always think about it like I'm on a digital safari and I'm just going to go into a part of the Internet and I'm going to be around people that I might completely disagree with, not understand, not have any idea about.

39:46And the key is to go in with a really open mind and to have no judgment and just to listen and learn and be curious. And so every time I go online, every time someone says something mean, every time I feel, you know, activated by something that somebody said, I always just stop and I think, you know, this is a person. What assumptions am I making about them? And I think that's just been like a really good approach. I think we could use more of that in the world and we need more of your voice in the world. Thank you so much for having me.

40:20Rethinking is hosted by me, Adam Grant. The show is produced by TED with Cosmic Standard. Our producer is Jessica Glazer. Our editor is Alejandra Salazar. Our engineer is Asia Pilar Simpson. Our technical director is Jacob Winnick. And our fact checker is Paul Durbin. Our team includes Eliza Smith, Roxanne Hilash, Banban Chang, Julia Dickerson, Tansika Sung Manivang, and Whitney Pennington Rogers. Original music by Hans Dale Su and Alison Leighton Brown.

40:50I read this paper from 2015 that said that the more a creature can pierce through the veil of reality and understand the real absurdness of life, the less likely they are to have kids because you need a certain level of delusion to have kids and to procreate. And as somebody who's child-free, they basically called all of us a cognitive mutation because we're basically self-selecting out of the gene pool. and I've been thinking about that one a lot. That's fascinating. Wait, so what you're saying is DeLulu is the DeLulu. A hundred percent more DeLulu for sure.