Can we use zero point energy?

24:15Let's take a break. And when we get back, Daniel will tell us how much energy we're talking about.

24:29Eczema is unpredictable, but you can flare less with Epclyst, a once-monthly treatment for moderate to severe eczema. After an initial four-month or longer dosing phase, about four in ten people taking EBCLIS achieved itch relief and clear or almost clear skin at 16 weeks. And most of those people maintained skin that's still more clear at one year with monthly dosing. EBCLIS, LibriKizumab, LBKZ, a 250 milligram per two milliliter injection, is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older who weigh at least 88 pounds or 40 kilograms with moderate to severe eczema.

24:59Also called atopic dermatitis that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin or topicals or who cannot use topical therapies. EBCLIS can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to EBCLIS. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. Eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with EBCLIS. Before starting EBCLIS, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection. Ask your doctor about EBCLIS and visit ebglis.lily.com or call 1-800-LILY-RX or 1-800-545-5979.

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27:10We're back. And Daniel was telling us that we are talking about a non-zero amount of energy in our fields here. But Daniel, you were telling us that it's not zero because it can't be zero because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, but it's small, I thought. And so if it's a small amount of energy. I thought you said it's not a small amount of energy just a second ago. How much energy are we talking about here? Yeah. So it sounds like it should be a tiny amount of energy, like just a little bit of residual at the bottom. You can't quite scrape it out of the box. It's like when you finish your juice box and there's a little bit left there and you're like slurping and you're like, okay, I'm never going to get all the juice out of the box, right?

27:50Do you still have juice boxes, Daniel? No, but I still remember them. I love juice boxes. Oh, I stuck with you. It really did. Especially at the end, you're trying to get like the straw into that last distant corner to like really get out those last little bits of juice. And then you find an extra pocket and you get like, you know, a last little delivery of juice. It's wonderful, right? The little joys. Anyway, you might be imagining it's like that, but it's not like that. Not at all. It's more like you're drinking a juice box and you're floating in the Pacific Ocean of juice. Oh. Because if you add up all of these zero-point energy contributions from all the quantum fields, right, you get a ridiculous number.

28:30You get 10 to the 113 joules every cubic meter of universe. What? Yeah. That's a big number. And let me give you some context. If you add up all the energy stored in all of the stars and planets and rotation and everything in the universe, the whole observable universe, you get 10 to the 73 joules. Okay. But now I'm telling you that the zero point energy in quantum fields is 10 to the 30 bigger every cubic meter than all of the energy in the universe. So like way more energy next to me in a cubic meter than there is in the sun. Yes. Daniel, you're wrong. You recorded this incorrectly when you were taking your notes.

29:20How could that be possible? This is why I'm telling you the cutting edge of physics is much more exciting than the grift. I mean, this is crazy stuff, but this is what the numbers tell us. So, of course, nobody knows what to make of this. Nobody takes this seriously and is certain that it's correct. This is a deep problem in physics, understanding what is the vacuum. You know, we have a model of quantum field theory. It seems to work really, really well, and yet it has this bonkers prediction. and this prediction also is in conflict with the other half of physics, right? General relativity, which describes the universe and its expansion and motion of stars and planets.

29:57Now we're talking about so much energy that it's going to have general relativistic consequences. If you take all this energy and you put it in the universe, it's going to gravitate. It's going to change how the universe is curved. It's going to be very, very confusing. And so this is what's known as the cosmological constant problem. The fact that we observe an energy density in the universe that's very, very small compared to what we would calculate if we just sat down and said, how much energy is there in all of our quantum fields? Our quantum fields have 10 to the 120 too much energy compared to what we observe out there.

30:35So add this to the reasons why it's hard to do quantum gravity, because we just don't know how to make a universe work with both of these theories. And I was going to say, so do you think this is wrong? But then I guess something is wrong somewhere and it's hard to know where. Exactly. This feels wrong. It feels very wrong. But you know, just because it feels wrong doesn't mean that it is. There's so much about the universe, which is bizarre and surprising and confusing and yet real. And that's the joy of physics. That's why we do experimental science, because we want to discover the universe and not just speculate about what it might be like.

31:10And that's why we follow the math and we look for evidence and we don't just dismiss things because they smell weird, right? Because sometimes reality is much weirder than any human could imagine. That's the whole reason we're doing this. Those are the best moments, right? So we have this calculation that says there's 113 joules of energy every cubic meter, right? And again, that's every cubic meter. So if the universe is infinite, that means that the vacuum has infinite energy, like literally infinite energy. Like, how do you even think about this stuff? Right? Yeah. So we should have no energy problem.

31:48We just need to harness this. And now I'm the grifter. Yeah, exactly. Right. So let's tap into this, right? Power our goats with the quantum fields. I'm sure somehow, maybe goats know how to do it, actually. I just realized that. Maybe that's why they are the greatest of all time. Oh my gosh. Amazing. Amazing. What I kind of appreciate about farm life is that like, there's a prolapse and then you've solved it and it's gone. And you're like, problem solved. Whereas you're like, oh, we're off by 120 orders of magnitude. Who knows how to solve this problem? I mean, there's something nice about problems you can solve in an afternoon.

32:27But on the other hand, it is exciting to have these big unsolved problems that you need, you know, you need to work on. There's that probably apocryphal story about Einstein spending an afternoon chopping wood and being like, wow, this is so satisfying. You spend time, you make progress. How rewarding. Whereas we all know that like research, you know, there's no correlation between time spent and progress made. It could be like six months of banging your head against the wall and then suddenly one afternoon it all comes together or not ever. Yeah. I like having a mix of those things in my life.

32:59It's nice. Yeah. So this brings into sharp focus the question we asked earlier, which was like, you know, an abstract philosophical question. Are fields real, man? You know, pass this kind of stuff. Pass the banana. Pass the banana peels, exactly. Thank you. You know, does it really matter anyway? Well, now it seems like it really kind of does matter because the fields are real and they're bursting with energy. and our whole existence is just like this tiny juice box on the Pacific Ocean, it matters because our lives are limited by energy. I mean, we're literally at war right now over energy. It's crazy.

33:40If energy was freely available, you don't think we're at war over energy? Is this going to turn into a political podcast? We have quantum fields. We have goats. We have politics. We have it all today. I think that energy is playing an important role in how this war is playing out. Maybe we will go there. All right. Definitely energy is important to our lives, right? And if energy was freely available, infinite energy freely available to everybody, it would change what it means to be human on this planet, right? So if we are surrounded by nearly infinite energy, we should figure that out. It's no longer just a question for the halls of philosophy.

34:19it's like, is this real? And sometimes people describe the quantum vacuum in terms that make it sound more real than it is. People sometimes describe this in terms of virtual particles. And you'll hear lots of popular science descriptions that the vacuum has particles popping in and out all the time. And I think this is a little bit misleading, and I think it's worth digging into why that is. Yeah, sure. What does that even mean? Like lots of popular science, it has its origins in the truth, but there's a fundamental misunderstanding there. The issue is that there's two ways to tell the quantum story of the universe.

34:56One way is the way we've done today, which is say fields are the fundamental thing. Particles are ripples in those fields, right? And there are special ripples that move in a coherent way. Everything's nice. But in that sense, particles are not fundamental. Fields are the fundamental thing at the heart of the universe. The foundation of the universe is fields, right? that's cool and that works. Some people don't like that because they say, you know, how do we know the fields are real? We never observe a field, right? You can only see a field's effects on particles. You want to know, is the magnetic field there?

35:27You put a particle in it. You see the bend on the particle. Why are we using fields at the foundation? Let's use particles at the foundation. And you can do that. Mathematically, you can say, I'm not interested in fields. When two electrons want to interact with each other, they don't do it through the electromagnetic field, I'm going to say they do it through a virtual particle. And you often hear this description in popular science, that two electrons exchange a photon when they interact, right? That electromagnetism, for example, is mediated by a photon exchange. That's really a very different way of describing the universe.

36:01It's saying particles are the foundation. Everything is particles. Get rid of fields. Don't talk about fields. And that works too. You can use the particle picture to say particles are at the foundation of everything. But then these particles, that are being exchanged between the two electrons, they're not real particles, they're virtual particles. And they're not really the same as real particles. We have a whole other episode about what virtual particles are. But in a sense, they're just another way to think of the same mathematics. Like if two electrons exchange a bunch of virtual particles, or if there's a ripple in the field, it doesn't really matter mathematically, makes all the same predictions.

36:37It's just a question of like, what's your interpretation. But these are not real particles. And so you can think about the universe either as being filled with fields or having an infinite number of virtual particles. Either one works. And so that's where this notion comes from, that the vacuum is filled with particles. But it's not filled with real particles. It's not like there are electrons popping out of the vacuum that you could capture and use. It's just another mathematical way to describe the same thing, right? That you can't access this lowest energy state. Either it's the lowest buzz that the field can do, or it's a minimum number of virtual particles.

37:15But virtual particles are not observable. So it's just, it's a mathematical trick. And because they use the word particle, it sort of pumps your intuition in certain confusing and misleading ways. And so it's not that the vacuum is like popping out particles that you can collect and treat as real particles. Got it. Okay. However, there are ways to probe this quantum vacuum, right? If the field is there and it's real, possibly we can interact with it, right? And so people have done experiments to see, like, can we see if the quantum vacuum is real? And these experiments are fascinating. Maybe the most important one is called the Casimir effect.

37:54That's a good name. I mean, not as good as like the Wienersmith effect, which I hope to one day, you know, create. I mean, for most things that you think about, like the most of physics and the large Hadron Collider or, you know, superconductivity, none of this matters. We just think about relative energy, not like the absolute. Like, are we, you know, seven joules on top of zero or seven joules on top of 10 to the 113? It doesn't matter because we're only thinking about energy differences usually. but you can sometimes create experiments that are sensitive to the absolute scale. And so the Casimir effect is super cool.

38:30You take two mirrors, basically two sheets of metal, and you put them really close to each other. And because these two sheets of metal are conductors, conductors have this property that they can't have electric fields inside of them. If you have an electric field inside a conductor, the electrons just move around and rearrange to cancel it out. That's why, for example, you can't get a cell phone call when you're inside an elevator because an elevator is made of metal and the metal inside the walls moves to basically cancel out your cell phone signal, right? Because if there's an electric field and there's electrons just hanging out, it's going to push those electrons in exactly the way to cancel it out.

39:09Okay, so you have two sheets of metal and they can't have electric fields in them. What that does is it suppresses certain kinds of frequencies between the two sheets of metal. Okay? So if you were going to have fluctuations in your quantum field, think of them as waves, right? Now you can only have waves that happen to have zeros right at your two sheets of metal. If you were going to have waves that would be non-zero inside your sheets of metal, those are canceled out. So when you put these two sheets of metal really, really close together, then you change which frequencies can exist between those sheets and which frequencies can't exist between those sheets.

39:50It's sort of the same reason why having a mesh in front of your microwave protects you from those microwaves because it insists that the electric field is zero in all the places on the mesh which means that there's no solution for the waves to be on both sides of the mesh and so it protects you. In the same sense having these two conductors really really close to each other means that there's no solutions, even for the quantum vacuum, in certain frequencies between the conductors. But that does not break the Heisenberg uncertainty principle because why? Oh, great question. So outside of these plates, you can't have modes below a certain energy because it would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, right?

40:35What happens between the plates is that those modes are just disallowed. So it's not that the modes have lower energy. They just don't exist. And so between the plates, you have only some frequencies of the vacuum are allowed. Outside the plates, all frequencies are allowed. So you end up with lower energy between the plates because some of the frequencies of the vacuum are not allowed. So it's sort of like you've changed the conditions and now the vacuum is different. Not that the vacuum is now violating the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It's just that there are only some modes in there, some frequency modes.

41:11All of those modes obey the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, but some of them are disallowed because of the conductor. So the nature of the vacuum has changed, essentially. But it is the case that now at every spot in the field, you know the value is zero. You're right. If the value of the field would be zero, that would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. But at those frequencies, there is no field there. It's not that it's zero, it's that there is no field. Oh. Yes, because that field is no longer compatible with this configuration. Okay. So between the two sheets, you have a certain number of modes of the vacuum.

41:47Outside the sheets, you have all those same modes plus more. The vacuum can do more outside than it can inside. Okay, cool. Right? Very clever trick to sort of change the nature of the vacuum. And you might think, all right, that sounds cool, but we're still in banana peels mode, right? No. That's this whole episode, Daniel. All right, go on. Are the goats going to eat the banana peels at the end? That's going to be the emotional arc for the goats. Goats will eat banana peels, right? Well, you've got to get back to bringing my goat back from the abyss. And so maybe the banana peel is what will bring it back.

42:20I'm going to sell a machine that generates goats from the quantum vacuum. Yes. Yes, to farmers. Great. Okay, love it. All right. So what happens now is you have a greater energy density outside these two sheets than inside, right? Because you have more quantum modes accessible to the vacuum now because you haven't changed the vacuum on the outside, only on the inside. What that means is that there's a pressure. You have a greater energy density on the outside, lower energy density on the inside is a pressure on these two sheets. So if this is really happening, then you should be able to measure this.

42:57You should put two sheets together and you should be able to see them get squeaved, not by any other force, just by like the energy density gradient of the vacuum itself. And we're going to take a break. And when we get back, we're going to find out, does that really happen?

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43:58EbGliss can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. Don't use if you're allergic to EbGliss. Allergic reactions can occur that can be severe. Eye problems can occur. Tell your doctor if you have new or worsening eye problems. You should not receive a live vaccine when treated with EbGliss. Before starting EbGliss, tell your doctor if you have a parasitic infection. Ask your doctor about EbGliss and visit ebgliss.lily.com or call 1-800-LILY-RX or 1-800-545-5979. Every business has an ambition. PayPal Open is the platform designed to help you grow into yours with access to business loans so you can expand and hundreds of millions of PayPal customers worldwide.

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46:02All right. We are back and we have been enjoying our banana peels during the break. And we now have two plates. And in the middle of the plate, there is fewer frequencies, less energy. outside the plates, there are more frequencies, more energy, and that should make the plates smash together or at least move closer to each other. I'm being hyperbolic. But is that what happens, Daniel? So for a long time, nobody knew. This was predicted by Casimir in 1948. Very cool idea. I love when physicists come up with clever ways to trick the universe to reveal what's actually happening, right? That's like the real genius of experimental physics.

46:44But this is not like a complicated experiment. Why does nobody know? Why not just do it? Not a complicated experiment. You have to have mirrors separated by like microns. This thing is going to be a small effect. And so it wasn't measured until 1997. Steve Lamoureux at University of Washington pulled this off. He didn't have two sheets. He had a plate and then a sphere. The idea being bring the sphere really gently close to the plate and see if you can measure any force between them. So he has a sphere over a plate and he's shining a laser onto the sphere and then measuring to see like does the angle of the laser change.

47:24The key is to set it up really clean so you can measure really small effects. Because if you have two mirrors with an area of like a centimeter squared and you're able to put them within a micron of each other, not easy, right? Then they're going to have the attractive Casimir force of about 10 to the negative seven newtons. That's like the weight of a water drop that's half a millimeter in diameter. So this is a really, really small effect. And then the idea would be that that effect would ever so slightly bend the laser and they'd be able to measure the bend in the laser? That effect would move the sphere and the laser is bouncing off the sphere.

48:03So it changed the path of the laser. Got it. Okay. Here they're using a laser just to tell where is the sphere. Got it. Okay. It's sort of like in torsion experiments when you want to see like, is my pendulum bending at all? And so you have a mirror on it and you shine a laser. It just amplifies a small effect into a measurable effect. It's part of the experimental cleverness. Yes, yes. Anyway, so this was finally seen in 1997. It was confirmed at just the size that Casimir predicted, right? So not only does it happen, it happens exactly the rate predicted by the calculation. Wow. So you're like, whoa, that's awesome.

48:38What does that mean? Does that mean the vacuum is real, that we're actually sitting on a Pacific ocean of juice slurping out the last details? But then doesn't that make all of the space-time stuff not work? Like, shouldn't? Yeah. Okay. Yeah. It definitely breaks everything about the cosmological model if it's real, right? And so there's a raging debate about this. people say, yes, it's real. Other people say, actually, there are other ways to explain it. So Bob Jaffe at MIT, not like a fringe guy, like a very well-known physicist, after this experiment came out, he was like, I don't know, this is crazy.

49:15I'm on team Bob. He came out with this paper called Casimir Effect in the Quantum Vacuum in 2005. And it argues that what you're seeing there is not necessarily the quantum vacuum. he was able to derive the same effect just using van der Waals interactions, just saying like, look, I know what the charges are in these conducting plates. Can I use my knowledge of nuclear forces to predict the same thing? And it comes out to be an effect of the retarded van der Waals forces, basically the fact that information doesn't flow at infinite speed. And so there's like a time delay based on where things are, and this adds up in a certain way.

49:54And so that's fascinating because he doesn't ever reference a quantum vacuum in his derivation and gets exactly the same numbers. But then philosophers weigh in and they say, okay, you can calculate that in this context, but it's sort of a pedagogical point saying that this effect is due to the materials we have there in space. When that's also what Casimir was saying. He's saying you put these materials in space, you change the nature of the quantum vacuum. This goes to the heart of the question you were asking earlier, right? We've changed the nature of the vacuum by putting those plates there.

50:30So there's still a raging philosophical debate about, does this show that it's real? Is it just Van der Waals? Does that mean the same thing anyway? And in fact, these are two different ways of computing the same thing, which makes it philosophically very confusing about what it means. So I guess being on Team Bob is the same thing as being on Team Casimir. Yeah, exactly. In the end. Or a better way to say it is that there's some philosophers who say, actually, you guys agree. Yeah. Okay. But there are other ways to see the effects of the quantum vacuum. There's like the Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom.

51:05There are energy levels that, according to the Dirac equation, should be totally identical energies, but they're slightly different because they are interacting with the vacuum. Vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field nudge the electron, slightly shifting its energy. And this has been measured and it's totally accurate. The lamb shift is a real thing. And again, this comes down to a philosophical question like, okay, it's not like there are particles popping out of the vacuum that you're interacting with. The field is there. The field has this energy. You can interact with the field. And so this is another piece of evidence that it's out there, right?

51:41It's real. So I think in the end, the weight is in the direction of the quantum vacuum is out there. It's real. We don't know what that means from a cosmological point of view, but it certainly seems like all our predictions are saying that we're sitting on this massive ocean of energy. But the question of the episode is not, is the quantum vacuum filled with energy or where does Kelly have to put her hand inside a goat? It's, can we make use of the quantum vacuum? Yeah. Well, and when you brought up the lamb shift, I thought you were going to bring us back to prolapses, but I guess you didn't.

52:15How did I miss that obvious connection? I'm thinking of Willis Lamb. I wasn't at all prepared to make that joke. I apologize to all the listeners. I am a little disappointed in you, but that's okay. That's all right. We're going to move on. We're going to move on. Okay. So it might be a real thing. Is it a thing that we can use? And should you be paying$50 ,000 to buy it to make energy to cook your toast? Yeah. Don't buy an over-unity machine. The issue is that to make use of energy, you need an energy difference. right? You need a gradient. You need a high and a low. You know, like if you have water on a mountain, you can't use the potential energy of the water being up on the mountain unless you can flow down somewhere and then you can extract that energy.

52:58It turns into kinetic energy. It spins your water wheel, et cetera. Or if you have like a voltage difference inside of a battery, you can take advantage of that. So what you need is a difference. But this quantum vacuum energy, this zero point energy. This is the lowest energy of the field, right? You can't go lower. And so if you can't go lower, not only can you not extract any energy because it can't go lower, right? But also there's no gradient there. There's no difference. There's nothing to use. But there's all that energy there. That's all that energy there. And it feels like, but didn't we figure out how to use it?

53:35I mean, we have the Casimir effect. It applies a pressure. Can't you somehow extract that energy, you can turn Casimir pressure into energy. You have a little PSO electric device, which creates electricity. When you squeeze it, you can put it between Casimir plates, right? Casimir plates, squeeze it, you get electricity. Oh my gosh, have we built a Casimir over Unity machine? Should we be selling these to our listeners for$50 ,000? Well, this works once, right? The plates get pulled together, they generate energy, but then you have to reset them. And so in effect, all the energy comes from the configuration that you built.

54:11It cost energy to put the Casimir plates in that setup and set everything up. And then you recover that energy when they collapse, which is like carrying water up a mountain and then saying, look, free energy, it flows down the mountain. Cool. But now you've got to carry it back up the mountain, right? And the original energy came from you carrying it up the mountain. So Casimir batteries are not useful, right? It's the configuration of the plates which cost energy. You're not really mining the vacuum. Do you think there's any chance that we could figure out a design where you could extract energy?

54:45All right. So here's what Daniel sounds like, a grifter, right? Yes, absolutely, because we clearly don't know what's going on here. Like we have this bizarre situation where we have a very accurate theory of physics, like quantum field theory predicted up the wazoo and down the wazoo 12 decimal places. It works, folks. It's amazing. It works so well that I almost had a spiritual experience when I first saw these calculations, and I thought, this is not the hand of God, but this is the underlying mechanism of the universe itself. This is the territory, not the map, right? On the other hand, it makes this bizarre prediction, which is deeply at odds with our knowledge of the expanding and accelerating universe and everything we know by gravity and cosmology.

55:32So something is clearly wrong. And the best part of being on the cutting edge of physics is the humility it requires, right? Something we know is fundamentally wrong. And in 50 years, people are going to look back and be like, wow, how did they not see it? It was so obvious. They just had these two things in their head at all times. It's nuts, right? And so something here is wrong, which means that everything we've said today could be totally wrong. And it could be that we discover the quantum vacuum is very different from what we thought it was. And a theory of quantum gravity gives us new insight as to what's going on.

56:07And there isn't energy out there in these fields, or there really is. And quantum gravity shows us that these rules we think are hard and fast about quantum field theory, that there's a minimum, zero energy, you can't go below. Maybe that can be broken sometimes, right? Maybe quantum field theory is emergent. It's not exact. And so there's some situations in which it doesn't apply. And in those situations, you can do crazy things and get to negative energy to stabilize wormholes and all sorts of crazy stuff. So yeah, it's definitely possible that in the future, we're going to be extracting energy from the vacuum due to an improved theory of physics.

56:43But with our current obviously flawed and incomplete understanding of physics, there's no way to get energy out of the vacuum. And so if somebody out there is trying to sell you a machine, ask yourself, has this person invented quantum gravity and yet I've never heard of them? And now they're on the internet selling devices for$50 ,000 instead of collecting Nobel Prizes. Hmm. Ask yourself if that makes sense. Okay. Well, so that's exciting. We're either going to have a Nobel Prize winning discovery in physics where that absolutely changes the way we look at the universe. Yes. Or we're going to be able to extract almost infinite energy.

57:20Or both. Or both. Who knows? Or both. Maybe both. Exactly. Yeah. And nobody knows where that discovery is going to come from or who is going to make it. These grand revelations sometimes come in the most unusual, unexpected places. Probably not from prolapsed goats. And you never brought my goat back, Daniel. No, that's what I was about to do. You never know where you're going to find it. So sometimes you've got to pull on those gloves up to your elbows. And you've got to dig around inside the weirdest of places and keep an open mind for what's in there. It could be quantum gravity, Kelly. Oh, wow.

57:53When your goat gives birth in a couple of weeks, who knows what's going to come out? It could be secrets of the universe. I know. Ada said we're going to name the first goat Sprinkles, but maybe we should name it Quantum Gravity. Casimir. That's right. The Casimir effect and quantum gravity. We'll see what happens. All right. Well, I've got high hopes. It's too bad there's not a kid effect in physics because that would be a great name for Lottie's babies. Yeah. Yeah. Anyway. All right. Well, we covered a lot of ground today, probably a surprising amount of ground today. But we had a lot of fun and we ran away from politics as fast as we could.

58:28And thank you for joining us on Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe.

58:39Thanks, everybody, for listening. Please go and do us a favor and rate the show on whatever podcast app you're using. It really helps people find us. Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe is edited by the amazing Matt Kesselman he really is a wizard you can also find us online on Blue Sky, Instagram and xDNKUniverse come engage with us you can email us at questions at danielandkelly.org we really do want to hear from you and you can find our website www.danielandkelly.org where you'll also find an invitation to join our discord where everybody comes and talks about the amazing universe. And we also have the most amazing moderators.

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