#476 – Jack Weatherford: Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

30:20She has no idea, but they're coming. They're coming in the dark. They're coming for a woman. They know there's a girl there. This family of outcasts has acquired a wife, and they know. They're coming for that. And so she leaves such a goal the other wife. She leaves this old lady, Granny Colloxin, who actually has her own cart. And she leaves Burshtach. They pile into Granny's cart and it's only an ox to pull it so they don't get too far before the attackers get there. But Mother Erlin is right. She's able to get her children off to the mountain and to Borghatt -Haldun to to the mountainside away from them because the men are so focused on this cart and finding out how many women are in there and who they are and all.

31:07So Mother Erlun saved her family, but at a cost suddenly, Timudji realizes he is obeyed his mother, but he's lost the most important thing in his life. And I do think this is the defining moment of his life. The story began back when his mother was kidnapped, but now the kidnapping of his wife, I think it's the defiant, what will he do? What should he do? What can he do? Is he going to just resign himself to it? Is he going to go out and look for another wife? life. And he decides that life is not worth living without burst. He has found something good in this life. And if he has to die trying to get her back, he will die trying to get her back.

32:01And this is the early steps of the military genius born because in order to get her back, requires an actual organization of troops. He needs allies. He goes to a man who ruled a Karyak people in central Mongolia, and a told river about where the capital Ulaanbattar is today. He goes there because that Vanghahn is his name or Torkal Han. He goes there because Vanghahn had been the Lord over his father at one point and his father had gone on raids for him, and so he went there. And actually he took a gift. That's because Bush's mother had brought a sabre coat as a gift for Mother Erlun at that time of marriage.

32:51So he took the coat and he took it and he gave it as a gift to Wang Han and asked for his help. And Wang Han said, yes. And he said, I will send some troops, but we need more. And you need to ask Jammuqah. Jammuqah. You need to ask him to come also. He said, I will send a message to him to get troops. You have to tell the story of Jammuqah. Because the story of Jenghis Khan is one of people abandoning him, being disloyal. And here is a person who's not of his kin, but becomes as in a way brother, in a way loyal, and as you've described, he's both the best thing to us happened to Jenghis Khan and one of the biggest challenges in the later years to Jenghis Khan.

33:47So who was Jammuqah? Jammuqah was a boy about the same age as Timu Jinn. And his family had winter camp close to where mother Erlun was living with her children. And so the two boys met during the winter time. In fact, they both claimed descent from the same woman about four generations earlier or five, it's a little unclear. She was a Urihankhae woman who herself was kidnapped. And actually, Jamakhawaz, the descendant of her from the fact that she was pregnant at the moment of kidnapping. and then Tamujin is descended from her through the new kidnap, a botan -chart, her Zen sister. So they're both through the, is the Mongols who say from the same womb, they come from the same historic origin.

34:35However, their lives were similar and they both lost their fathers very early, but Jamaica also lost the mother. So he grew up in the household sold of his grandfather. He had no siblings unlike Timusion with whole house of siblings. He grew up with his grandfather and his grandfather had several wives, so he grew up with a bunch of old women, which later he thought was an influence on his life. But the two boys meet. So they come from different backgrounds and Jamaica is not as deprived by any means as the life of Timusion, but he has a certain emotional deprivation, I think, having not had mother, father, siblings, and he lives with these old old people.

35:16The two boys meet, they become good friends playing on the ice. And so they're playing on the ice, and then very early on, I think when they're about 10 or 11 years old, they decide to make a pact. It's called being coming anda. Anda is more than a friend. A friend is like nuch in the language and there are several different types of friendship but Anda is a friendship that's beyond a friendship. It's something for life and they swore that they would be there forever to protect each other, to help each other in every moment and they exchanged knucklebones. So each one of them had the knucklebone of a robot or deer.

36:00And knucklebones are used in these games that they play, but it's also used to forecast the future. You can roll them around and all. And it's very strange. On the ice, I will say at the winter time in Mongolia, it can be up to 50 degrees below zero. And it doesn't really matter at that part where the students tell us, you're so fair in ice, or what it is. But you slide something across the ice, and it's just absolutely smooth like silk. And it goes on for a long way. And if you put your ear down to the ice. You hear this celestial sound that is unlike any sound on the earth. It's just like the angels are singing under the ice.

36:42So once they've sworn this relationship of Ande, then a couple years later they swear it again, but this time there's slightly older boys and they have bows and arrows and so they exchange arrows with each other. In fact, the text is very specific that Jamaica took the horn, cut it off of a two -year -old calf, and he whittled it down, and then he drilled a hole into it in order to make a whistling arrow, which is used for several purposes among the Mongols. It's used for signals, for one thing, for one person to another, but also when you're hunting, if you want to move the animal in a certain direction, you send a whistling arrow in the opposite direction to make the animal move.

37:27So it had a lot of uses. So their boys had exchanged roboc knuckles this time they received. And so they had been close friends. And Vang Han said, okay, Jammu Kha should raise some troops and go with you. And he did. So the three set out some troops from Vang Han. He himself did not go as too old. But he sent some troops. and then Jammaka and his troops, and then basically just to Mugin and his family. He just had his brothers. That's all. They set off to find the mercant people of the Seleng River, which flows into Siberia and on into Lake Baikal. They had to go through some extremely rough territory.

38:07And you see in this episode though, Jamaica is already a little bit fierce, without necessarily thinking it through carefully. He gives us long speech about all the things they're going to do to the market people. We're going to jump through the tunnel, the smoke hole in the top of the gear. We're going to jump in there and we're going to kill them all. We're going to kill the men and the women and the children. We will destroy these people forever. He has an extremely militant rhetoric at least. And he's also rather critical of the elder people. Van Hans people came late and he gave them his long lecture about we are Mongols.

38:52And if we give our word, our word is our promise forever and rain, our sleet, our snow, So it doesn't matter, we be there on time. So he's dressing down his superiors. He's very aggressive, but he's very helpful. So these troops, they move in on the market camp. They also come in at night. And so there's a small amount of warning because some men are out hunting. He's sables, the market men, and they race back to the camp and they tell the people, and out as fast as possible. So, Bersht has no idea who's coming. She doesn't want to be kidnapped again. It's just somebody. So she and the grandmother coaxing again and so she go there loaded into a cart to go away.

39:45So, Tamuchin comes in and there's a full moon that night so they could see what they're doing. And he's really searching for her. He's not paying too much attention to the battle. And he's calling for her and she hears his voice. She knows who it is. She jumps off the cart and she runs to him and they're reunited and he grabs her and braces her and then he said, this is the goal. This is why we are here. We don't need anything else. He was very clear about that. And that was his first full -on military engagement. Yes, aside from the things, yes, his first full -on military engagement. Now along the way, in addition to escaping all these horrors, he had killed his older half -brother, Bichters.

40:40And that too was a deeply formative experience. So what was that about? Can you explain among society the role of the older brother and the power struggle there? And not to moralize, but there's also the ethical foundation behind the murder. The killing of Bechtur, that's one of the things that's totally unknown outside of the secret history of the Mongols. None of the Persian chronicles, none of the Chinese chronicles, none of them knew about this until the secret history was deciphered and translated. But Bechtur was the older child of Sotchical, and as such, the older brother has complete authority over the younger siblings in the Mongolian society.

41:27They have to refer to him with a special pronoun all the time, Ta, and he refers to the M .S. Chi. It's like a formality. And in his word goes, he is the father in the absence of the Father. But also it's quite common that if a man dies and his brothers, he has no brothers or his brothers do not marry his widow, then if he has a son by another wife, she will become his wife. So it would have been common that Baxter eventually, when and he passed through puberty within perhaps Mary Mother Erlun. Now I don't know that that happened, but I think either it did, or Timuchin was trying to prevent it, because it was bad enough that he was the older brother, but he comes the older brother and a stepfather.

42:23I think Timuchin just couldn't handle that. And he was already, Bector was ordering him around, so he would take things like a fish or bird that was in a caught, and that's perfectly acceptable in the Mongol hierarchy. So, Timurjim would catch a fish, and Bector would take the fish. Yes, it's only recorded once, but perhaps he'll have it in several times. So, that's an okay thing to do for an older brother. Just take stuff. Yes, he can do anything he wants just about with his younger siblings.

42:59But Timujin is not going to stand for it. Mostly in the record, they kind of put the blame on this fish. I'm not so sure that's really the blame. The boys had actually taken the sewing needles from their mother. They were using them for fishing. I think it was more complicated than that. But for whatever reason he and his next brother, Haasar, decided to kill him and they did. Why to use it more complicated than that? It feels to me like stealing of a fish is like the final straw. Here he's being abused over and over and over and the fish is a symbol of that. So here he takes matters into his own hands.

43:44I think it is the symbol of that and it can be the thing that pushes him over the edge, but it's all these other tensions of what's going on with the family. Because they shoot him with arrows, they kill him. But what happens afterwards is also interesting for the dynamics of what was going on before, because we hear nothing from such a goal. She and her younger son, Belgatai, they stay with the family, they don't go away, but the one who is outraged is Mother Erloon, his mother. She screams and hollers at him in the longest kind of tirade you can imagine. About you will never have anybody in your life except your own shadow.

44:26And you know, you were worse than everything that she could name. It could be worse than she was outraged and went on and on and on about it. So she was obviously extremely distressed about it. Where such a golden mother of the boy, she may have been distressed. I don't know, but nothing has shown up in the record. So he does have this episode of having killed off his brother, but I don't think it was a deeply meaningful, I think it was important, but I don't think it was a mostly deeply meaningful for Timujiin. The brother was gone, the problem was solved, Mother is extremely ticked off at him, but But it does show, in fact, it's interesting if it's not a big deal for him.

45:13It does show that he's willing to resort to murder, to take care of a bad situation. Yes. He is capable of doing anything that needs to be done to resolve what he sees as a problem. Bector was a problem, and he resolved it at a very young age. So he had that experience behind him. But now, his vector's younger brother, Belgatai, is on the raid with him and with Jomokal when they go to capture Bersta back. So he has both loyalty and Belgatai stays loyal to him, his entire life, his entire life. It was very interesting. So actually if we return to Bersta, is it normal to have such love story across many years when you're separated and sort of having that kind of loyalty because it was too way loyalty from Bersher to to Timbergen and Timbergen to Bersher and this is like before he was Jenkins Conn.

46:20I think as children he was too preoccupied with staying alive and getting kind of on fish and roots to eat and things like that to really be pining for her all the time but for whatever reason she came and it could be that her family liked him in some way, or that she remembered him, or that she had no other suitors, because at 17 she should have been married, actually. So I can't explain why, but it was certainly a strong love story after the fact, if not before. I mean, those two were loyal to each others throughout their lives. She was, I would say, the most important person to him after that.

47:04He went to the literal war to get her back. He risked everything. He was willing to die. He was willing to kill. He was willing to die in order to get her back. And he got her back. And now he's reestablished his relationship with Jammu Ka. And so they decide to stay together and they all go off to the Horknag Valley.

47:33And she is pregnant. This becomes a huge issue forever. It's one of those things that to this day almost it's an issue. and what happens. But as he says much later in life when his own sons rebel against him and they call that first child a mercant bastard, he defends his wife visibly. He's his own sons. He says, you were not there. You do not know who loved who and who did not. You did not see the sky turning around. You did not see the stars falling. You did not see the earth turn over. You don't know what was happening. And if I say he is my son, he is my son. Who are you to say otherwise? You were not there.

48:24You come from the same warm womb. And if your mother could hear your words, her warm womb, womb, would turn to cold stone. So he defended her forever. But he's off now. We go back to the beginning. She's pregnant. There in the Hortarnak valley. And he and Jumuk decided to renew their vows of being under to each other. So this time it's more serious and it ceremony in front of the whole. We can't say tribe, it's not big enough yet for a tribe, but the whole clan that's there. And then Tomoko takes off a gold belt which actually he'd stolen from the market at some point. and where on earth they had a gold belt.

49:15I don't know. He took off a gold belt and he put it on Tamuchin. And then Tamuchin gave him a mayor who had never had a fold, had never given birth. And it was an unusual mayor who had a little growth on the front of her head which they called a horn. So it was an unusual gift. And it has meaning, but I don't know all the meanings behind it. It's sort of odd to me. about golden belt and kind of sort of think about it in different ways. But the belt for the Mongol man is really the sign of manhood. And in fact, this belt of boost, a woman was often then and even now called person without a belt.

49:58Because that's how they were at that time. Today, women wear belts, of course. But they still use the word, wasquee, wasquee, with no belt. So it's a very important symbol of manhood. So he gave that to Mujnd and they celebrated, and in the words of the secret history, they stepped apart under the same blanket, apart from the other group, and they were happy together. And then when the baby was born, to Mujnd name the baby, Duc, which means visitor. And some people say, Well, it's because the child was really the market child. Other people say, no, it's because he was a visitor on the territory of Jammuq at that time.

50:43And other people can say, well, but Jammuqqq's ancestor, who had been born from the kidnapped woman who was pregnant, they had named that Jorigidae, which was a foreigner. So it's kind of like a parallel, the visitor, the foreigner. And so Jammuqqq's clan took the name from him, they were called Jardalhan. and so there are all these things that sometimes we can't quite understand because we don't have the total mentality of that time and we're not there. But we should say that, I mean, it's a pretty powerful part of this love story is that the child is likely not his and he accepted that child as his own without and defended it as it becomes much more important later as this first child.

51:35Yes. He defends this child through his entire life. But not long after the birth, he and Jammu Kaubraikopart are really, it's Tammujiin breaks apart at the urging of a burst. She said, he lords it over you too much, he orders you around too much, you need to be free, we need to break away. And she urged him, and he loved his wife more than anything. I think that it is a certain way that most important other character in his life, adult life, would be the under relationship, which gets up big and severely tested in the future years, but they run away through the night. They go all night long to escape from him.

52:24But he obviously loved birth to the most and took the baby, of course, with them as well. So here is this breaking point of the Unda. How did that relationship evolve? The two of them never claimed to break it. They had just separated. And now we have the Vang Han is the most powerful ruler on the step who's ruling out of central Mongolia of the Carried people and so Jammakah remains loyal to him, but at first so does Tamujin. They're both loyal to him, but they're fighting in different kinds of campaigns and all. So for a while, they're not fighting each other. But eventually some things happened that separate Tamuchin.

53:14Tamuchin was making all of these great victories for Vang Han. And he even got the title Vang which means from Chinese, meaning Prince or King. Vang Han received that from the Jin dynasty because of all of these conquests against the Tatar people. So Tamuchin was rising up and then he wanted his son to marry the daughter of Vang Han. And Vang Han said, no, his own son, sing them, he's told the father, no, no, no, no, we don't marry those little people. They're Mongols. They're not like us, you know, we are carried people. They're not going to marry them. And so then now war, you could say, breaks out our feud, really.

54:00It's more of a feud. And Himuchin has to flee far away into the east, a place called Baljuna. He goes to Baljuna and at this time, then Jammaka is going to fight on behalf of his Lord, Bhanghan. The two of them do not meet in combat, but now their forces are fighting each other. And they didn't see that. I mean, there is an obvious tension there. There's an obvious slight breaking of loyalty, right? Yes, it's hard to know what's going through their mind at that point. We only have it later on when the relationship is being resolved in unfortunate ways that they claim that neither one of them ever truly broke it because they never harmed each other directly.

54:54And in fact, then, Then Timurchin eventually defeats Van Hanh. So he takes over Central Mongolia. He's starting to really rise up now. And he has the title from his own people of Chinggis Han. They give him that at Blackheart Mountain by the Blue Lake. It's a very beautiful, special place. But he takes that title. That's not a title that anyone had ever held that we know of. Chinggis Han. It was a new title that he just thought up or somebody thought up or somebody thought it had auspicious meaning behind it. It's very close to the word tangish, which means the sea. It could have had something to do with that.

55:37Mongolians really like, we might say, puns of, they like words with multiple meanings. And that's very important to them. The more meanings a word has, the more power that word has. So it has different meaning, different languages. So in Mongolian it sounds like strong chin, chingas. But in Turkic, and there are many Turkic people including the market themselves, mostly Turkic people, it sounds like the sea, thingas, thingas. So it's exciting to them when there's this double meaning. Yes. And the double meaning plays with each other and that excites them. Especially with names. Yeah. I'm like today in Mongolia, well I've been there so long.

56:18I think the fat is passed now, but about 20 years ago it was popular to name children Michelle Girls because it's a French name an American name and it means smile In Mongolia, so it's the power of three great languages and three great civilizies and so many names are like that And so I think Tengus it doesn't have one meaning. I think it means powerful. It means the sea. I think it means many different things But so he had become a Khan and he was ruling over here And so Jammuqah now switched loyalties to the next kingdom over called the Nyman people who are farther west and He becomes the Prodeche could say of the Nyman people but When jingas Khan attacks the Nyman and Jammu -Kha deserts the Naimon.

57:11He tells them these people have snouts of steel, and they eat humans alive. And he was telling all these horrible things about the Mongols, you know, and Taeyang Han, the leader of the Naimon, he was rightfully scared about him, and he was left there, and he, in fact, was very quickly also defeated. So, Tomaka has not fought against Temujiin in this campaign. And he's off with some of his people, Jadurran clan people. He's off with them and they see the turning of the tide. But he now wants to become the great con of the steppe. He has very few followers. But he takes the title Guran, which is a very old ancient important title, but because Wang Han is gone, Torgh Khan gone, that he can take this title and pretend to be the great Khan of the steppe.

58:18But his own people turn against him and they capture him and they think they will take him to Chinggis Khan. It's not Ching -A's gun. They'll take him and they'll be rewarded perhaps for turning him in. And Ching -A's Han does reward them immediately. He kills them all because they have betrayed their leader who is his Anda. It's a very strange encounter. And so supposedly, Ching -A's Han says to him, come back to me, save me, be beside me, protect me, be my shadow, be my safety guard in life. And supposedly, Jammuqa says, but I did betray you, when my people fought against you, and you will always know that, and you will never completely trust me.

59:20I will be like a louse underneath the collar of your tunic. I will be like a thorn in the lapel of your del. He said, kill me without shedding my blood. Let me die. And if you do take my remains up to a high place and bury me, and I will be the guard, I will be the protector for you and your people forever. So they obviously, the Mujin did not participate in the killing, but he ordered the killing. And he was either, it's not specified how he was killed without shedding the blood, but the Mongols had several ways, because the most honorable way to die was without shedding blood. The blood contained part of the soul, and if you lose it, you're losing your soul before you die.

1:00:18So they usually wrap them up and felt carpets and then beat them to death or trampled into death with horses, something like that. There are a couple other methods, but I think that's probably the method by which Jammalco was killed. And so he was killed, and then Tamujin had, or Chikazhan had his remains taken up and buried in a high place. This is over near Tuva, which is today part of Russia, but until the 20th century was a part of Mongolia, the Tuva and people very, very close culturally to the Mongols. It seems that both of them, under the under -relationship, had a deep value for loyalty.

1:01:01And so the way, you know, it's not worth living after you've been to soil, which is the the the the the Johnalco perspective, right? He had become very practical at this point. And he understood that you needed complete total loyalty and trust with everybody around you. And I think for this reason he was willing, either to accept the the plea of of Johnalco and when Chingat Han was asking him to come back and to be his shadow and to be his safety guard again, maybe that was just a formality that he knew would be rejected, or maybe when Jamalka offered to be killed without setting the blood, that was a formality that he thought would not be followed through.

1:01:53Nevertheless, to me just reading a work and understanding the history, this relationship it seems like a really, really important relationship that defines the nature of loyalty. Yes. Forging us. I would say in both negative and positive ways, it was the most important relationship of his adulthood aside from Bertha, but that relationship really did not seem to have many negative aspects. They sometimes disagreed on things, but small things. So she was put, she was by him and she was positive in every regard so far as we know forever, although she was not submissive, but she was always on his side.

1:02:34And someone got, it was just a little too hotheaded for me, you know, I mean in my evaluation of them, that these things like, oh, we're going to drop down on the market and we're going to come through the smoke hole, kill everybody and all. and he had a flair for the dramatic, given in a way giving the gold belt to Mujan. But Jammuqah also he explained himself at the end of life. And he said, you know, we both lost our father, but I also lost my mother and you had a strong mother to raise you. I did not. And he said, you had burst, you have a very strong wife to help you. And my wife just used a word like Pradler, like she just sort of complains and prattles along and we did not have a relationship.

1:03:29So I think something about that rings true that there were some elements of that that were true. But he, John McCutney certainly didn't have the intelligence and the real genius for dealing with people, dealing with soldiers, especially in warfare that Tommudian had. Yeah, there's in that relationship, there's a contrast because Jinguist Khan did not accumulate riches or accumulate power in a way that was for the sake of the riches or for the sake of the power. It was always very practical in what is the way to maximize the success of this operation. Yes. Yes, I often wonder, what happened to the gold belt?

1:04:17It's appeared from the story. And our gold belt doesn't just disappear. What happened to that? It's so interesting because Timuch was never interested in material goods. And when his jing is kind as the ruler, in some ways you could say became the richest man in the world Because he controlled the most wealth flowing through him But he always dressed simply he always lived in the tent and he said I eat what my Soldiers eat I dress the way my soldiers dress I lived the way my soldiers live we are the same So he had no interest in the wealth and And he had cited before with Vang Han, which was very advantageous because they had more trade goods and wealthier people and all, but he just didn't have the temperament, I think, that was going to be helpful for Jingu's cons continued rise.

1:05:11That is one of the powerful things about the Jingu's cons stories. He came from nothing. From absolute nothing. And he didn't from what I see and understand becomes sort of corrupted by the riches or change. He fundamentally remained the same person who does not have value from material things. He changed and matured in various ways over life as we all do or we hope we do, but he never became everish person anyway. He was never greedy. He was never acquisitive. He kept the simple life. And part of the simple life for him meant that no one was allowed to write about him. No one was allowed to make his like this.

1:05:51They couldn't paint a picture of him. They couldn't make a statue of him. No building could be built dedicated to him. No palace, no tomb, no temple of any sort. Not even at the point of death, at the simplest gravestone. Nothing, nothing. It's fascinating that a kid, like a boy, It doesn't know the world would have the intelligence to understand how corrupting that is. The moment somebody builds a statue of you, it's like a slippery slope towards becoming not seeing the world clearly, not seeing surrounding yourself with sick of hands that don't tell you the right, the information, not being able to select the right people to lead the armies or to lead the territories that you conquer.

1:06:38So it's interesting that he had the foresight of don't record don't worship That's because that's a dangerous road to go down for a leader and it's very hard to explain how he Stuck to that how he got it. You're so easily corrupted by power and And and yet he maintained this very fierce attitude towards his relationship was with the people around him, his guard mostly, the private part of the army that went with him, the central part of the army. That was his relationship, his family, he had four wives. This was what was important to him. In fact, no portrait was painted until 1278. By then, he already been dead for 51 years.

1:07:32And then 21st century. Just incredible. But let's go to the document that you reference several times, the secret history. The secret history is a very unusual document and not happened to love it very much. But I said, you know, Chinggis Hanodau nothing to be written about him in his lifetime. People couldn't take notes. Even the army was not he. Chinggis Khan ordered the invention of the alphabet for the Mongol people and it was adapted from the Wigar people. And so to this day it's often called the Uhr al -Fabet, the Wigar al -Fabet. So he had ordered that and he'd ordered his children to learn to read and write.

1:08:11And some did, I think most did not, but some did. But one of the things he did with every campaign, even the one at the market when he risked Goodberta, was he always adopted one orphan and that child became a full member of the Mongol nation in his household. His mother Irwin would raise the child. So she eventually had a whole household full of boys of different tribes but they all became very high -ranking members of the government and one was that's a a tar boy who turned out not to be so great as a soldier, but he could read and write. He was the best. And later eventually he became the supreme judge appointed by Ching -Hit Khan of course.

1:09:02And so when Ching -Hit Khan died, he recognized it was important not just to write down the law. That's all Ching -Hit Khan allowed to be written in blue books, only the law. Nothing about him or campaigns or military anything. But Shigihutuk was his name. Shigihutuk realized that this was going to be lost. This is a great historic thing that has happened. So he compiled the work. Part of it, I don't know other people contributed helped him. It was a little bit unclear. Among those, they're no specify. They always tell you exactly where something happens. So we know exactly where it happened. And one guy, you can still go to that spot where he wrote it.

1:09:40That's very important to the Mongols. and we also know as a year of the Maoist, so it was a 1228, Tsinghis Khan had died in 27. So he wrote down at begins with what we would say are the myths, all the not sure they're myths, but the origins of the myths, it begins with the marriage of Greyblue Wolf with a tawny deer. Then some people say, well, that's kind of myth, it's totemic. And Mongols mostly, they look at me, I asked them about this, they said, what? But he was named, Blue Grey Wolf, she was named Tony Deer. They married, you know, very practical about it. And they think they're real people.

1:10:21Maybe they were or not. I don't know. But so this earlier history is just the genealogy as it should be. Who knows? But it's also in there because like Bodinchar, they call it Bodinchar the fool, the ancestor of Timuchin. He's cast out because he's just so dumbed. The rest of the family doesn't want him. And his father is undetermined who he was. He kidnapped a very hungry woman. She has this child who becomes ancestor of German. So it's a confusing mess, but I tend to think it's probably accurate. It has a lot of good information. And by the time you get to the life of Timudian, the reason we know these intimate things is because that person, Shiki Houtok, he was there, sleeping in the same gear with the people.

1:11:05So we even see in there he will record instances where burst a sits up in bed And tells her husband, okay, you got to do this you got to do that you can't do this anymore We can't think of you know, it's all recorded right so it's a very intimate document And this is one reason that it was secret it was only for the family They were trying to upholding his hands prohibition against Putting out information about the family. So a secret for a very long time So much so the scholars began to think it didn't exist. And then in the 19th century, a Russian academic who was working in China at the time in Beijing, he discovered a manuscript which was very, very odd that people didn't think was anything because it's all Chinese characters, but it makes no sense in Chinese.

1:11:58but he recognized, but if you read it, pronounce it, it makes sense among Goliath. So it was in this code that had been used to record the information in Chinese. So they're recording the sounds? The sounds, correct. They use Chinese characters to record sounds. It was always problematic in some little areas here, not exactly sure what the name is or something like. But it was a very unusual document. And then once they found it, they realized that some of the Persian documents had incorporated part of that already. So that was very helpful to me, because some of the Persians I trust very much, and I liked their work very much.

1:12:42And so it was helpful that it had already existed, and all of it, some of it existed in Mongolian, other Mongolian sources that were written later. Some of it was just incorporated. So it seemed to be fairly genuine, but it wasn't 100 % pure. It had little things had happened to it along the way. Some things have been stripped here and there and a few words changed. Like sometimes for Timuchin, they call him Chikas Han while he wasn't the Han then. And sometimes they call him Han, which is like chief and other times Han, which is emperor. Well, it's a big difference. So there are little things like this that move around that you're not sure why, but it's a document that I have great faith in.

1:13:27It was not published in English until 1982, but Francis Woodman Cleaves at Harvard University translated it in the 50s. It was ready for publication and he was having trouble with the publisher and so it didn't appear for nearly 30 years. It was supposed to be two volumes. The The first volume is the translation. The second volume was going to be the notes, and the second volume was lost. To this day, it hasn't been found. I would love to see that. But, anyway, now it's in all languages, it's about in the world. Can you clarify? So there's two volumes. The 19th century Chinese manuscript covers the first volume.

1:14:11Yes, that was translated and then published by Harvard University. But the notes were just the notes from the scholar Francis Woodman Cleaves. Those were his notes, not Mongolia notes. There are Chinese notes that went with it because Chinese had trouble understanding a lot of things. And they also disapproved of some things, so they would try to put their own notes in of margins to kind of correct the story and explain away why the Mongols women would be often marrying their stepson. It just did not match with Confucian ethics. So there's several things like that that they try to skip around.

1:14:51But so it's interesting just to read the Ming dynasty notes that are attached to it. But the document itself, Wangli Nutshtupchul, It's just so important. For me, it was the guiding document. I didn't want to be guided by anything else first. Everything else I would check, they're correlated and fill in blanks and give more information. But I went to Mongolia to travel around to those places because they are so exact in there and to feel it. And it's so important, I think, because history does not live in books. History does not live in archives or even libraries. as much as I need them for my work.

1:15:34But history lives into people. History lives in the memory of the people and the culture. And for example, the episode with the kidnapping of Berchtes, so went to that place, and I didn't know when it happened, what season it happened. It was very important for figuring out the Berchtes that came afterwards and other events that were being correlated. Very important to me. And so I'm just talking to the people who live in that valley, the nomads there. They said, oh, it's clear. It was the winter. I said, oh, where did you read dead? I said, no, Granny Coaxon was on the ground and she could feel the vibrations.

1:16:11She said, look, this is summer time now. You're not going to feel any vibrations. The ground here is so soft. Suddenly, a whole important piece that I've been searching for just came together from some nomad And sitting there next to his horse, and he was absolutely right, it could only happen in the winter. And that also correlates with the time that reading was done. So it correlates with other historic factors. But then that gave me the time basis for figuring out a lot of other things. History lives in the people. Just the only thing on that point, you visited different places that were important to the story of James Con, what did it feel like?

1:16:58What are some memorable things about just the experience of standing there? I really said, I'll mostly visit the cities he had conquered across Central Asia and all. And there was so little to learn. I mean, everything was kind of known of whatever the chroniclers had recorded. The archaeologists had found whatever they had found and I get there and he hadn't spent much time there He didn't identify with it. I wasn't feeling anything but in Mongolia I would go to these places and I would know if Ching -as -Han came back today He would know exactly where he is There's no road. There's no sign. There's no building.

1:17:37There's no Power line going to nothing and just to smell the air to feel it, to see the animals and to see what kind of animals live here. What kind of plants are growing here? You begin to get a feeling for how he was thinking and then you begin to see, ah, I know which direction they came from, the only direction they could come from was that way. You begin to see it and his life starts to unfold in a very dramatic way that I have the text, but the text is like it has no scenery, no props, nothing like that. The Mongols all understand their way of life. They don't need to explain anything. They know which way the gear faces with the sun.

1:18:21They know all these things. But for me that's how I learned it. It was from being with the people. It was the most important thing. And this was in starting in the 1990s and the people, there were At this time, they were amazed that I would come. The Soviet era had just ended. Socialism was just ending. Democracy was starting. And Chinggis Khan had been forbidden to them for almost the entire century. And every known descendant of Chinggis Khan was killed in Mongolia. Following the secret history, that became the key to writing what I wrote. Take the history, which is difficult to understand. You have to go over and I often never understand different parts or I change my mind and think it was yes, now it's no.

1:19:12But the secret history is a valuable document. And to me, also, it's the opening document of Mongolian written language. And I think it's very important how do people begin their written language. and they begin it with the words deri -thinges. From highest heaven came the destiny of the blue wolf who was married to the tawny deer and their descendants who came from the great sea to live at the base of Mount Pheon Haldun. And then integrating the spiritual elements of nature, the mountains and the see in this kind of, just like a deep connection to nature that they have. Mongolia is a world that for the most part is the same as when Ching -as -Han was there.

1:20:09We cannot say that for any other place in the world. I mean, certainly not for America, but just a few hundred years ago, it was entirely different. People, languages, everything. But you can't say it for London or Moscow or or Istanbul, Constantinople, all of these things have changed so much. But Mongolia is still Mongolia. It's one of the largest countries in the world in space with the fewest number of people, about today, 3 .3 million. And they're spread out. And they live in their environment in such an intimate way. This was important for learning about Chinggis Khan, how he thought, how he hunted, how he strategized for war.

1:20:53You learn that from the people today because they are still there. They're still living. What's the open Mongolian step like? As we return to the feeling of Timurjan and Jenghis Khan, what's it like looking at this place that has not changed since his time? The first thing I think about this step is that you can see forever in every direction. There's no building, nothing to stop your line of view. and it's like being in the ocean in many ways. So you have this extremely open space and the wind is usually blowing through it. But it's extremely fresh. It's coming out of Siberia, it's coming out of the Arctic, it sweeps down across Mongolia, cold as the dickens sometimes, but it's always fresh, always fresh.

1:21:42So you have the wind coming in, you have the smell of the wind, but also then there's grass. The smell of grass becomes very important. Now, because of the particular location, from one year to another, one area may have grass one year and then drought the next year, another area has grass. So you don't always know if it's not grass, it's dust. You have dust going in, the dust doesn't smell so good, it doesn't feel so good. But that's just one more part of the country. The waters are mostly pure. Unfortunately, there has been pollution in this century from mining in several areas. But even when I was there, even today, when we go to someplace like the Sailing River, where we were talking about the market lift, so it's a place of pure waters.

1:22:37And that's how Mongolians define their world, is by the water. They don't, Chinkha Sahn does not give lands to his sons to rule. He gives waters and people to rule. They do not refer to the earth as land. They refer to the earth as Dalai, ocean, the sea. And so water is very important to learn the rules about water. You don't camp by water. If you camp by water, your animals and you are going to be polluting it, messing it up. So they're back maybe in our modern terms about a kilometer back you take the animals to the river To drink and then you take them away You do not bathe in that river you take the water away from the river and you bathe away from the river So you do not pollute the river The rules are very strict and very clear and they're from the time of Chinggis Han About how to deal with what also it's dangerous to live close to the river because there are flash floods in the summertime time, you could suddenly have it and it could wipe away if your camp is right there by the water.

1:23:47So the people, they live with nature in a way that I don't see anywhere else in the world. And even today with the changes with the cell phone and with solar panels and they could get TV out in the middle of a step. Still, they're living a similar life. The young people, of course, want to drive a motorbike, but they're still hurting cows and yaks and camels. If it's on a motorbike, okay, they're still doing it the mongol way. But then if we go to the time of Timbergen, a James Conn, another component is the horses. Can we talk about the relationship of the horse? They're thinking about this open step.

1:24:30From a young age, they've been all mongols are trained to master riding horses, as you write, while standing on the horse. So they learned how to ride while standing on the horse from a young age. While standing on the horse, they often jostled with one another to see who could knock the other off. When their legs grew long enough to reach the stirrups, they were also taught to shoot arrows and to lasso on horseback, making targets out of leather pouches that they would dangle from poles so they would blow in the wind. The youngsters practice hitting the targets from horseback at varying distances and speeds.

1:25:11The skills of such play proved invaluable to horsemanship later in life. Can you speak to the relationship of Jengus Khan and the Mongols to horses? The Mongol and the horse are inseparable. I wrote one line in the book that the editor removed because that was insulting. I said, Mongol and the horse, they lived together, they know each other with every twitch of the muscle and they smell the same. Well, I was saying it just not to be insulting about anything, but they have that deep intimacy and the horses do know their owner from the smell. This is very important. It's also important for Ching -as -Han because they made the flags with the called the sult, out of the horse hair from their own horses.

1:25:58And so in battle they used it for a very practical purpose and that is the horses would return to their source because they knew the smell of their flag. It was the other members of their own herd. So the language itself I have never ever mastered all the words just for the colors of horses, much less for all the other things about it. I can remember Mongolians being out there in the countryside and they say, oh, I want to learn English. I say, okay, yeah, that's nice. You teach me some words and I'm going on. I teach you some words. Okay, say what color is that horse? I say brown. They would say brown.

1:26:37I say, yes, okay, what color is that horse? Brown. Then it's about, you said this color was brown. What color is this? Yeah. So what? I mean, I, I, it's just amazing. I mean, they have words based on sort of how smooth the coloring is and the variation in the texture and all the different today in English. Sometimes you can put them together. We say like yellow brown or brown brown or, you know, but the words for horses by, of course, by sex and then they have three because they have gildings. So they're very important to and by age and by whether or not they've reproduced in the case of the females, all these things are important parts of the horse.

1:27:20And the horse, a few years ago, a presidential candidate ran under the slogan, raised in the dust of many fast horses. It just resonates with the Mongolian spirit, and the dust itself is important. The Mongolians, they will wipe the sweat and the dust off the horse and wipe it onto their own forehead, which is the most sacred part of the body, where the soul resides. This is how intimate the relationship is with the horses. And they're hard on them in some ways. They train them very well. They ride them very hard. But the horses are also trained for that. They use a very small crop. It's a little bit like a stick with those slide quip at the end of day, hit the rump of the horse.

1:28:10Never anything else. They're horrified at Western people who use metal spurs and metal to harm the horse and the stomach and to harm the head of a horse. They say it's a capital crime. I mean, I don't know anyone's ever executed for it. Well, you never ever harm a horse's head. So the horses are important in every way, even religiously important with the making of the fermented horses milk that the mother goes out every morning and she throws some to each of the four directions to start today and they use it for every kind of thing that but you know some things puzzled me that in my watching I remember one day being with a very nice family it happened to be on a gilding day when they were out there gilding the would -be stallions who don't get the best stallions.

1:29:04But this family, they had a bunch of boys and only think of like one or two girls, like four or five boys. And one boy was maybe 11 years old. He fell from the horse. You could see it, not so far away. He fell from the horse. He didn't get up. No one moved. In fact, they all kind of turned attention away. And I thought, what am I supposed to say? This boy fell down somebody go get him no and then the boy was trying to hobble back He still had the reins or his horse. He was right but he couldn't rebound and he was trying to hobble back So his little brother went out to help him come in and they came into the gear and they sat down The mother just turned her back and I'm thinking how on earth can you do this?

1:29:50This is a child. This is your child you know But two weeks later by chance Once another boy who is practicing for noddom, the annual races, like this boy had been doing, he was often in an area right close to the forested mountain area, and the horse bolted, took off to the woods, he was knocked off by a tree, and then the horse went deeper into the woods. The boy followed him, the boy became lost. The boy was 12 years old, he was lost for two weeks, and he lived. I would have died in 48 hours. He lived. He said, well, he slept at the daytime when it was warm. He walked at night when it was cold, even though this was a summer time the nights can be quite cold, especially on a mountain.

1:30:34And he sang loudly all night long to keep the wolves away. And he knew what to eat. And then he walked until he found water moving and then he would follow that water down to the neck. He lived. And I realized the boy falls from the horse. His mother's not going to be there. She knows that. It's probably hard for her to see her boy self -rebutt. She knows. Just a small tangent. There's a restaurant in Caricola and he tells the story about mental toughness that the first time he saw truly mentally tough people was when he visited Mongolia for a wrestling tournament. And he remembered that they were taking showers in ice cold water.

1:31:24And you know, all the other wrestlers, they would take the shower and the one water hits them. You could see a little grimace with the mongols. There was just nothing. It was emotionless. So like ice cold water or any other kind of hardship. Yes. It you build a hardness to that. And I Suppose that falling from the horse is just an example of that. There's a mental hardness and a mental toughness. You have to be able to take care of yourself. And with the weather, for example, often in that time, it's still today, some people, if they can have the privacy to do it, the midwill strip naked in the first heavy snow and roll around in the snow in order to prepare for the coming winter.

1:32:11And I, and the valley where I lived, the rest, the rest of the rest of us come there to train in the summertime for the competition. And the water is very cold coming down from the mountain. And every day when there's a break they go down, they take, again, they do not get in the water, never. But they take the water and they pour the cold water over themselves. And yes, that's refreshing to them, refreshing. Well then getting back to the horses, the value they had for the horses and the horse riding skill they developed throughout their life created one of the most unstoppable military forces in history.

1:32:49So if we just talk about the mounted archery that they've employed in war, the Mongols were able to do targeted shooting accurately at 200 meters or more while riding fast. up to speeds of 60 kilometers in hour I read. So there's a lot to say. Like, you have to time and just watching some of the videos, it's just incredible how stable you could be on top of a horse. And I guess you're supposed to be shooting at a moment of the gallop when all four of the feet of the horse are off the ground. And you have to time all of that. You have to position your body to maintain balance. And then there's the skill of the actual holding and shooting the bow accurately.

1:33:36And there's obviously the technology of the bow, the composite bow, the recurve bow. They've also already used crossbows later, they've adapted the technology. And there's a particular kind of thumb draw that you use for shooting with the composite bow that works for a horse because the thing is bouncing up and down. Right? So you have to like not drop the arrow. It's incredible to be able to shoot while the horse in close 60 kilometers hours and hours. Anyway, can you speak to this kind of exceptional excellence that the Jenga Scott and the Mongols had for riding horses and engaging in war off of the horse?

1:34:19The Mongol, the horse and the bow were a perfect combination and it was the most lethal weapon known to the world before the modern era. It was incredible the synchronization and the timing of the movements and also the years of skill, the fact that from absolute birth the Mongols would be on a horse and by three years old they would probably be riding alone on the horse. Now when I first went Montemongolia in the 1990s, at that time, all jockeys on horses for races had to be under six years old. That was the age limit, the cutoff was six years old at that time. And so you had some as three years old racing out there.

1:35:06It's absolutely incredible. Of course, at that age, they can't even have a saddle because they can't even be used. So they're just, all they're doing is staying on the horse. The horse has been trained to do what it has to do, and they just stay on it. But by staying on it, they learn the horse, they become one. And not just one horse with one rider, but one rider with several horses. They usually five is the number that you should have for you when you go off the battle. And this ability then is shoot. You have to defend your animals. There are wolves around, foxes, other than some areas, there are even tigers and other animals that would come in.

1:35:42and you had to be able to shoot to defend it against other people who might be raiding you. So they became excellent archers that had composite bows that were very powerful, much more powerful than those of most sedentary people. Now I say all that because it's very important, but those are all sort of nomadic traits of the great step. anyway. I mean in an earlier version you had the hunts who came out of Mongolia and hun is just the Mongolian word for human. Hoon, that's to this day that's what they say for a human being. So they came out of Mongolia and all the early Turkic groups came out of Mongolia and they had similar skills.

1:36:28So you have this perfect weapon but also you have to have perfect strategy and how to coordinated and organize it and use it. And this is where the genius that I cannot explain at all, but the genius of Jinguishan came in. Other people, I think, had been very good in earlier times, a number of Turkic leaders and also, or even, Attila the Hun, who, of course, was actually born in the West. But they were charismatic leaders and very dramatic leaders and they were so excellent in their strategy. They were very good in warfare and that's what carried them through. Tsinghis Khan's army was extremely good in warfare but small.

1:37:12He never got probably above 100 ,000 at the most 110 ,000. That is small. When you're going against China that has millions just in the army, not to count in the country and you're going against Russia And you're going against the Middle East and Persia and Afghanistan and these areas. Your whole army has to be as finely tuned as each rider, each bow and each horse. That's the weapon. What the army becomes the super weapon of Chinggis Han, how he organized it and how he used it and the strategies that he put together. Yeah, when you have a small army, just think about that. a small army that conquered the world.

1:38:01It would fit in a stadium today in America. So there's extreme, efficient coordination of units, mostly cavalry, right? All cavalry. That's all cavalry. He had no infantry and he had no baggage train. He had no backup commissary. Early on, no engineer corps. later one was added much later, but no, all cavalry. There's light cavalry and heavy cavalry and breaking down units using a decimal system 10 ,000 ,000. There's a hierarchy where you delegate authority, but to the degree there's commands, they must be followed strictly. Yes. So for like extremely efficient, accurate, precise deployment of these troops in the battlefield and the dynamic movement of the troops, including all the interesting tactics that were utilized, you have to have really good communication and coordination.

1:39:09And for that, orders must be followed. Yes. Is there something to speak to that? Like how do you tune this kind of system to where everybody is working together so well? Now, I think the first point is the extreme loyalty of the people whom Ching -Azhan chose. His kinsmen, as we said, had deserted him. His anda was a crystal -well relationship, but all the others that he found were just common people, herders or hunters, very common, and they were loyal to him and never, ever revolted against him, never betrayed him. So he had extreme loyalty. And then as you may see, he organized his decimal system.

1:39:49So the smallest unit of the army was the out of the 10, the squad of 10 men. They were put together and in the head of that squad, he had total control over it. But the men knew that they were going to protect each other. And they had to come back with every member or everybody. You don't leave anybody behind. So this was extremely important. So if you submit to the orders of the man in charge, you know that he's risking his own life for you also And you know that your brother on the left and on the right is risking his life for you The army was They were organized with five horses each man They had their bow and they had a lot of arrows as many as they could have But they also retrieved arrows at the end of their battle and they also would retrieve the enemy arrows This was a great advantage, but where they hit Russia, because the Russians could not use Mongolian arrows.

1:40:47They could knock them in their bow, but the Mongols could use Russian arrows. But so all these little things, but it's not even just the arrow, and also they had to carry needle and thread. Every soldier had to be able to sow. And sometimes that could be a torn garment. It could be a piece of skin or a wound that somebody has. It was a very odd thing. The army of Ching is Han, and they're carrying everything themselves. They don't have any pack train behind them. And that one of the things they have to carry is needle and thread in order to sew up things. So complete self -reliance in that regard?

1:41:26Yes. They also carried dried dairy products, it's called, with a dry curd, and they can keep it for a couple of years, even. But you dry it and then when you need it you can put it in a flask of water You ride all day it joggles up and down boom boom boom and terms into kind of thick protein It said that the Mongols could easily go three to five days without ever building a fire They had enough food there with so all these little things at the lowest level were important as well at the highest level of his Loyalty of his men to him and it went all the way down Loyalty was extremely important. And he organized the army into left wing, right wing, or east and west.

1:42:09Mongols, the word for left is east, the word for right is west. So those two wings, and then in the middle was the goal, the center, this moving center, that was his bodyguard and his unit in the middle. Then you see they would have a vanguard and a rear guard. Sometimes the Vanguard would go out as much as two years in advance to clear the land, run to people away, scare them, make them go away so that the grasses left there for the army when it moves through. And they never marched the way other armies do it in a line of one following the other that would always go in long lines spread out in wings so that each horse is on its own path, you can say, but all parallel together.

1:42:58So, they had very precise ways of doing things. And this, I think, was the secret with him. And he used the best people, but he also, he was willing to train them as much as possible. He never punished them for what happened. So Shiki Hutuk, for example, the Supreme Judge, he was a command one time of a group in in the battle in Afghanistan, and he lost the battle, which is very, very unusual for Mongols. So Chinggis Han went out with him, said, okay, let's go to the battlefield together and look it over. And you explained to me what you did, and then we will talk about it. So he was very thoughtful in the way that he was training the people around him.

1:43:47And they knew they were gonna be punished. It's not like these countries where the general comes back and gets executed because he lost. No, she thinks how knows every general is going to try 100%. And if they retreat, fine, they're saving Mongol lives, they know what to do. He respects that. So all these things like that fit together. But I think a part of it that was important for him. So I had this base from step warfare already, the horse, the archery, and how that all fit together. But he was very quick to embrace any kind of other technology that he saw. I think that sedentary armies, like sedentary civilizations, they get stuck in their ways.

1:44:32This is how we do it. And we're going to make it a little faster, we're going to make it a little bigger, a little stronger. But this is how we think. Chinggis Han had no said way to think. And when he encountered the first walled cities around 1209, after founding his nation in 1206, he went out on these raids. And I really think there were raids not wars at first. So he went into Tangut territory of what's now in northwestern China in the upper reaches of the Yile River. So he went there and of course the cities have walls around them. Just a man who's never encountered a wall in his life. Well, he did, but they were made out of felt.

1:45:09The walls around his tent are, you know, filled walls. Yeah, just imagine what it's like for the first time in your life seeing a wall. Yes. When you come from the Mongolian step, well, there's no, there's very few even natural wall -like things. Right. Well, they have a wall cliffs in some places. They're familiar with that, and they can climb them. But they don't have people at the top shooting down the mountain. So he looked, but he looked at everything around him, and he saw, Okay, they have this river and they have all these channels and they're always moving water around and like We said for a mongol anything that moves is a potential weapon anything that doesn't move is a target You've got moving water.

1:45:52You've got a standing non -moving wall So he said okay the men are gonna dig Channel and they're gonna bring down the wall of the tonguewood city Well, they did it and they didn't know exactly what they were doing and the embankments weren't high enough and too much water came in from the yellow river and actually flooded out the Mongol camp. But okay, it happened. We learned that lesson so we're gonna prove it. And that became a strategy that actually worked for the Mongols for the next 50 years. All the way to Baghdad. They were able to use it when they conquered back that in 1258. So this is this ability to see things and to try them and if they fail to try them in a different way but a better way.

1:46:42We all think we learned from our mistakes. We all, oh yeah yeah I learned from that. And what do we do? We repeat the mistake. I think it's just a part of human nature. Well it didn't work the first eight times but I'm going to do it one more time. I think it's going to work. I know I'm going to win the lottery this time because I got the right, that's how we think. But he had that real ability to, first of all, to be humble before these other things he didn't know about technology, understand that he didn't understand, but he could understand it in his own way. And he did over and over the Mongols were excellent at putting together new things and new ways and using them against So rapid extreme continued innovation.

1:47:30So you couple that with a, I mean, you have to say a revolutionary idea that promotion should be based on merit. That idea combined with the innovative approach to military is, it just feeds on itself. because the people who are learning from their mistakes and constantly improving are the ones that get promoted in the positions of power and then they inspire everybody else to do the same. And so just if every action is judged based on the excellence of that action, then over time repeated iteration in war creates a more and more powerful army. Yes, yes. And they were able to do that for three generations, to create an army that was ever expanding, ever changing its tactics and its technology.

1:48:25And they got worse at it over time. But Chinggis Khan was what innovated it. He was the best with it. And he used to throughout his lifetime, and he was getting better over his lifetime with using foreign information, foreign technology, foreign ideas. is he just had a genius for that. If we can go back to the horses, you mentioned every soldier had five horses. The reason for that is the horses get tired. Yes. And so you can cover a lot of ground in a single day. Yes. Usually the way the rotation of the horses would, the horse would usually ride for one day and then rest for the next four to five days.

1:49:08And then another horse would be riding the next day. One way to measure it is that later at the time of the death of a good Ehahn, the word went from Mongolia to Hungary in six weeks. Mongolia to Hungary in six weeks. So let's just imagine this army that's able to move at such high speeds. Does not need to follow roads because it's used to riding in the open step. So you can do all kinds of dynamic movements in encircling a place. And then also one of the other famous things is the fanged retreat that was used continuously. Can you explain how that worked? The Mongols did not fight for honor the way we often think of brave soldiers, Achilles and the Hiliad and things like that.

1:49:59They fought for victory. That was the one thing. So to retreat to save lives, no, there's no shame in that. So the Mongols would often retreat and Chinggis Khan basically, he himself never fought a battle that he thought he could lose and he won every battle he fought. There wasn't a true for every general under him, as we said for Shady Huttuk, for example, but he won every battle because there There was no shame in retreating and not fighting, not engaging enemy. However, that also becomes a tactic and that they were sent in a small group of soldiers to attack. And domangos were able to fire, of course, going forward on the horse.

1:50:41They were able to then act like they were defeated and turn, but they could still fire backwards, which was the Parthian shot, which is unusual in the world, not totally unique, but unusual to fire backwards. But the Mongols also could lean down and fire under the neck of the horse so they protected, they had many different ways. So they're firing, coming, they're firing, going, but usually the soldiers who were against them would break ranks to chase them. They want to go, they want to get the weapons, they want to kill the Mongols, and if they didn't immediately break ranks, the Mongols would often start throwing things out like loot from some place and valuables around and so just usually couldn't resist it.

1:51:26So they'd come chasing out after the Mongols sort of pale male going in every different direction and then they would get to a certain point and from behind the two hills the Mongol army would come and slaughter them. Over and over this tactic worked. It's like the one with the water I'm thinking to people How can they not know this is what the Mongols are doing? How can they not know that human nature? There is something that when the forces are retreating you want to follow you want to follow that you can't help it Yeah, yeah, I don't know what that is that's maybe the animalistic, but take that with the ability at high speed for the Mongols to In circle and attack the flanks.

1:52:11Yes, which There has been many great military historians who have written about the great military forces throughout history. And one of the things you write about in a general is the Mongols don't get written about almost at all and don't get credit for the military tactics and the military genius exhibited through the different strategies. This kind of idea of the fein retreat and then attacking the flanks, that's, you know, been if not invented and perfected by the by jangus. He really was a military genius, but there were other things too, you know, they didn't like roads You know, they just didn't like the roads.

1:52:59So they would often be coming from some direction that nobody ever came from and the people would be unprepared for that. The most famous example is probably in Bukhara This is a beautiful, wonderful old city, a great place in the world to this day. And they came across the desert. Well, nobody had ever attacked across the desert. So people see dust coming. They think, well, Caravan, they don't even know what's going on. But it was the direction there was a surprise element in that particular case. So he was able to think in ways that the other people were not thinking yet and to be able to surprise them.

1:53:36What do you think it again felt like to have this Mongol armada, the horses? And most of the ground was shake when you have that many horses. What do you think it feels like to be in a town when Jeng is caught in this approaching? I think the terror was one of the greatest weapons that he had. That he cultivated this reputation of ferocity. Not only did he win battles, but he didn't allow people to write about him as we said, but he encouraged refugees and when he conquered the city, he always made sure there are plenty of refugees to go to the next city because it's gonna weaken them It's gonna weaken their food supply and they're gonna terrorize the people with tales of the millions of people that the Mongols killed with their steel Chisel teeth and eating children in all kinds of horrible tales.

1:54:30Tinkerson encouraged it You know, this is propaganda, it's terrorism of a mental sort, the weak in the enemy. And so when you hear, or even if you know they're coming, you see the dust, you hear the kind of roar that comes with all those horses and the trembling of the earth, it must have been truly terrifying. So the psychological warfare was a part of the whole process. But as I understand there was always an offer for the towns and the territories being attacked For them to surrender peacefully without the loss of life Yes, and the Alternative would be the near complete loss of life. Can you speak to that?

1:55:14It's a good hand had a precise system Exactly he sent in on voice first to explain to the people a little bit about the Mongols already much was known, but explained to them that if they surrendered, all the lives would be spared, and they could continue in their professions, it's just that now the rulers would be the Mongols, they would have to pay the taxes and usually be the same taxes they paid before, but now they would go to the Mongols. That was kind of the general system. And because you only have 100 ,000 soldiers, you can't leave a detachment there. know, so you're going to leave the local people in charge to run their country or their city and their area the way they have done in the past.

1:55:55He was absolutely faithful to that. In one episode in the north of Persia, modern Iran, his son -in -law, Toghatar, he violated that and was stealing and looting from the people who had surrendered. Chinggishan called him in and he stripped him of his rank and he said, the next city you go first as a common soldier. And of course he was killed in the next battle. I don't know the name of the daughter unfortunately I've tried to figure that out. But anyway it was a close relative to him and he was killed in the next by violating this law. So that was the law. So then if the city fought and among those one they did not kill everyone.

1:56:43What they served them well and they usually kill the army because they couldn't incorporate the army into their own. The army had failed but the one thing that they valued were all the artisans, everybody who had a skill and that skill could be making a pot, it could be hammering out a metal plate, it can be weaving carpets, it can be translating or just reading and writing, meaning every person with a skill was spared. So the killing of the people who were defeated wasn't so severe. What was truly severe was if you surrendered. Many of them did and then they knew they would not be harmed. So they're not harmed.

1:57:23The Mongols go on, the Mongols are hundreds of miles away and all forget about the Mongols. Check out Hans' head word that we're supposed to send so many cows or sheep to help out. Forget about the Mongols. They're far away. It's a remote. No, he stopped. He returned. He conquered the city and he killed everyone. That's the way it worked. So the most drastic slaughter happens when there's an agreement and a betrayal. Yes. And as it turned out, I would say it was more the Middle East, the what we call around Iran and Afghanistan were these were the worst cases. And I would say only only in Afghanistan it's sometimes the emotion of the slaughter take over an unfortunate way.

1:58:13But he had a grandson whom he loved very much and that grandson traveled with him. and he had the happy childhood that Timujin had not had. And I think Ching -Azhan just loved that about him. But in Afghanistan, he was sent off to conquer the Valley of Bamyyan where the great Buddhists are actually. He was sent to Bamyyan and his son of Persian history, the thumb of fate fired the arrow that shot him down. He was killed. And for Chingu's Han, he had never lost a family member, not one. None of his sons, none of his grandsons in battle, he had not lost them, are now to lose the most valuable grandson you have, the one that's your pride and joy in so many ways.

1:59:08And so he called the father, his own son, to him, and did not tell him, he did not announce it to the public and the son came and the son didn't know why he was being summoned. And Tsinghishan said, you have to tell me that you will not cry or moan when I tell you this. But your son is no more. And the father There was no one was allowed to moan. No one was allowed to cry. No one was allowed to do anything. You just, he said, make them cry. You know, he came down on the people of Afghanistan so harshly. And it went on for weeks and weeks, the killing in Afghanistan. And then it just kind of wore itself out.

2:00:08He recognized that he had allowed his emotions to overcome practicality and the slaughtering of these people should stop. And so he did. But that's the only time I know of that he really kind of lost control of his own emotions. And it's something we can all understand, but his response was truly extreme. We will not cry, we will not mourn, they will cry, they will mourn. So that goes against the cold rational way he approached war, which his peace has offered. And then betrayal is punished. I should add, he did not slaughter the people in a peaceful town. What happened was the killing of the, what people thought was the heir and he well may have been of Chinggishan.

2:01:00and the killing of him revitalized a lot of people's hopes, and a lot of cities revolted. The ones who did not revolt were not killed. But the cities who revolted, he killed them all. There was a mass slaughter. There are estimates that James Conn and his Mongol Empire were responsible for an estimated 40 million deaths, approximately 10 % of the world's population. So to put this number in the perspective of the modern day, that would be equivalent to killing about 800 million people in today's population. So how should we think about the brutality of numbers like these? The number itself is difficult to deal with.

2:01:41Millions of people were killed. For every family that lost someone, it's a total loss. It doesn't matter what the number is. It's a tremendous loss. And there was tremendous loss of life as in every war. I don't think we should judge him any differently than other conquerors in history and other countries today that fight wars, including our own country. If we, whatever we are willing to permit our country to do, we should be able to understand why Chinggis Khan or the Mongols did it. You look today in the world, people are killing children, women, civilians, every day, every day. And it's always the name of something, in the name of peace or in the name of God or in the name of our nation.

2:02:36There are always reasons for the killing. And the United States has certainly evolved with, involved with that, supplying the weapons for bombing people, invading Afghanistan, invading fighting in Iraq, fighting in Syria. The United States is very involved in that, and it's always, oh, but we're defending democracy, and yeah, we bought a hell of a lot of democracy to Afghanistan. We killed a lot of people. You can even look back to World War II, our great moment of democracy and bringing freedom democracy to Germany. We dropped a palmy bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Those were not military targets.

2:03:18We were not doing anything strategic against the country other than terrorizing the country by killing women and children. That's America. That's us. My father fought in that war. In fact, he fought in all. He fought in Vietnam. He fought that war and he fought in Korea. And he was a good America. I mean, there's nothing wrong with it. And I'm not, I don't even condemn America, but I'm saying, how can we condemn one set of people for doing it and then excuse it in ourselves? But we tend to do that. We, especially barbarian people, people from the step, for example, we tend to demonize them or any enemy we have, we tend to demonize them.

2:04:02You said a lot of interesting things there. So one is just the very nature of war, the war's hell. That sometimes things like dropping the atomic bomb, which is an act of essentially terror in the same style as Jenghis Khan in an attempt to prevent further war. It's a justification. People are always fighting for peace, always fighting for peace. World War I was to make the world safer democracy in peace. And then World War II, but what happened? We went to war in Korea. We went to war in Vietnam. We bombed Cambodia. We bombed Laos. We bombed Afghanistan. We bombed Syria. We bombed Iraq. We're always fighting for, you know, and I'm not a pacifist.

2:04:52I am not. I grew up a surrounded with the Sosers and I am not a pacifist, but I have tried to be a realist that all nations kill and happens everywhere. So can we universally also then in the way you're passionately criticizing wars of the 20th century? Can we also criticize Jangus Khan and Alexander the Great and the wars fought by Caesar and others in the Roman Empire that they're essentially, you know, wars of conquest. And in some human way, we're not necessary or we're not defensive. They're just part of this human drive to expand, to explore and to accumulate power. Maybe this is a good place to also talk about somebody I respect a lot.

2:05:41Dan Carlin of Hardcore History Podcast. He did an an amazing series on Jenga's Con and the Mongols called Wrath of the Cons. I recommend people go listen to it. So he had a lot of interesting ideas there. One of them he presented the idea of historical arsonists, so referring to figures who cause immense destruction, but also paved the way for new developments and progress. Basically making this complicated case that destruction often in history pays the way for progress. So what do you think about this idea. Creative destruction, it certainly works in some aspects of life, even with ourselves.

2:06:19For example, if we can creatively destroy some of our habits and build new ones, it sometimes works. Or we can destroy relationships that are we're in in order to create new ones that can work. When you start applying it to a world history, it does become a little bit more difficult. I certainly think that these episodes create great changes. You can see great changes that happened because of the Mongol Empire. Now, whether or not that's a good reason for the Mongol Empire having happened, it seems like a bit of a stretch for me. You know, the Mongols helped to unify many countries. You can think Korea had been three, basically, kingdoms, push them together.

2:07:05Everything that you see in China today was a part of the Mongol Empire. They put together North China, South China, Tibet, Nigeria, and it was a little bit larger under the Mongols. Even Russia was so many little kingdoms and duchies and dukedums, and the center had been in the Ukraine and Kiev, and they shifted the focus out of Ukraine and more towards into what we call Russia now, and they began the process of the unification and had a great impact on the country. So, in a way, it's a new creation. Yes, it does arrive out of the destruction. But also, I think we need to look where does the destruction come from?

2:07:44And it often comes because the powers around them have been so debilitated and so corrupted and so decayed of their own lack of moral fiber that it was easy to conquer them. Case of Kubla Khan finally conquered all of China. He was conquering a decayed dynasty. When the Mongols conquered Baghdad and overthrew the Caliph, they were conquering a very decayed institution. No one likes war and I certainly don't like war, but I'm not 100 % against it. I think that there are times that people are going to do it for their own protection, if nothing else, or of their family. and it's justified in that sense to themselves.

2:08:31It may not be justified in a world sense, but I just make the case for being tolerant of what the Mongols did if we can tolerate what the Americans did. And I am American true and true. There's no question about that. But we overlook all of our things that we did. That's interesting, for example, in Afghanistan. We were there for some 20 years. We had made the Taliban stronger before, when they were fighting against the Russians, and then we kicked them out, and then they kicked us out. But some of the Taliban leaders are from the Judron clan, who's descended from Jammuk family, from his clan.

2:09:12This is what I mean when I say that the ramifications from that time are still with us, and we don't even see it. And when Saddam Hussein went on television for the last time in Iraq to plead with his people. He said, the Mongols, many Americans, the Mongols have returned, the Mongols have returned. And he said, the Americans are just the new... I can see it. I don't accept it. But I can see how people think. If we can be honest with ourselves and strip away our own lies about ourselves, then perhaps we will be more ethical in our dealings with other people. And there's effects that you could talk about.

2:09:57I mean, the unification of China, Mongols are otherwise as a very important step in the history of China that permeates to today. And then there's a lot of stuff that we'll talk about, the ideas of religious freedom, the postal network, the trade routes, all of this. There's a lot of progressive consequences of the Mongol conquest and the Mongol Empire. We'll talk about that, but let's linger on the heavier topic for a little bit longer. Like we were talking about Dan Collins, he was critical of your work a little bit, showing it respect, but also a little bit critical as being a bit to emphasizing and focusing seeing a lot on the positive impacts correctly and accurately, but not giving enough air time or describing the brutality of the killing, the hell that is war.

2:10:58So can you understand his criticism? Guilty. I'm guilty. Still man. I mean, Carl is a very smart man. I respect him very much. I like him tremendously. And he's right. But that is not what I want to stress. It's not that I want to deny the killing. It's not that I want to deny the warfare. But that's pretty much the same everywhere in the world and how much do we need to say about how the wall was broken down? How this unit was defeated and no, it's what comes afterwards. You know, it's just as the story of our life begins far earlier than we are born. The story of our life goes on for a long time afterwards.

2:11:42If you have a nation of one million people and you are ruling over hundreds of millions of people, hundreds of millions of people, China, Russia, the Middle East, you do not do that through warfare. You conquer them initially through warfare, but you do not rule them through warfare. You've got to be offering something that they want, something that they like and all the things you've mentioned from the trading system, the postal system, the religious freedom, the rights of women, the rights of minorities, these were things that people responded to. And so the world benefited tremendously from the life of Ching -Hit Han.

2:12:25But all we want to talk about, and I don't deny it, is the conquest part. Okay, that's 20 years. If it went on for another 150 years, There's more to the story than just conquest. And there is a point that you correctly identify, and you've also written about Native Americans and so on, that history does seem to be written by the non -barbarians, but in reality history is not divided in this kind of way. And the barbarians are not these crude, brutal, plain, simple people that there is a sophisticated, deep culture within them as well. Yes, all the different Kinds of people that came from the step.

2:13:08Yes. I guess if there's one thing that I try to do in my career of writing It is to get us to recognize the importance of tribal people in the history of the world We tend to have two categories for them. There are barbarians who kill people and eat one another or Their victims and we should feel sorry from them and nostalgic about everything about them and maybe we're some of their beads or some of their clothing to show how much we sympathize with their suffering. That's the two roles for tribal people. But I'm trying to show them in a different light that they conquered. Yes, they were conquers, but they also created great things in the history of the world.

2:13:48And that the Mongol Empire was really the first modern empire in the way that I'm putting together that story. and Chinggis Han was the genius behind that who created this idea that there could be one world in which there would be one set of supreme law, but all people could follow their own law. You could have any religion you wanted, but ultimately you had to obey kind of the great ethics of the sky. And there were things like that about his vision that I think very few people in history had a vision. And I look around the world today in my lifetime. Since the time of Roosevelt's death, I look around.

2:14:33I don't see much vision. I see lots of slogans, lots of talks, policy papers. Oh my God, we can produce it. Where's the vision? It's always, we're going to have peace and we're going to have a better life. And you know, vote for me or vote for my party. and we're really for the people and we're, what the heck are they talking about? There is no vision there. So what is this country? What should this country be? What is this world? How should we, no, no vision? Well, those figures, I mean, they're rare through history. The legendary figures that come along that have vision, but they're able to capture the public imagination and mine with the vision, but also have the skill to execute and implement it and all of those things combined and have the mental fortitude not to be corrupted by success along the way all of those things.

2:15:32That's very rare in history. And when they come along they change the direction of history. We could linger on some of these world defining ideas. religious freedom is just surprising and incredible that James Con was able to enforce, inspire the value of religious freedom throughout all of these disparate lands from religion was a very powerful force. So can you speak to that? Some empires in history and some rulers have been a tolerant of various groups. I mean, Rome to some extent was reasonably tolerant of different sects and religions, not of the Christians, but reasonably. But what happened with Chinggis Han, the first campaign he had outside of Mongolia was for the weaker people who lived in Western China.

2:16:27They at that time were being ruled by, actually we had mentioned before, the Naimon King Taoyang Han. His son Gutsluk had fled no good worthless well son but Gutsluk had fled into what is today the area around Kyrgyzstan and they ruled over the Weeger people. He had been a Christian, the Neiman had been a Christian tribe but he converted to Buddhism. Well his subjects were Muslim and he outlawed the Muslim religion and he made all kinds of things happen. So the weakest sent a delegation to Chinggis Han. At this time, they knew that the emperors of China were too weak to protect them. So they sent delegation to Chinggis Han and asked him to come and save them from him.

2:17:14And he did. He sent down a detachment. He didn't actually go himself. He sent a task put down there. They drove Goodslook from power, Goodslook fred down towards Pakistan in that direction. They caught up with him. They killed him. That's what the Mongols did. And then Chinggis Khan made the first law that he ever made for people outside of Mongolia. So up to this point he's been tribal law. And he saw, as we had mentioned before, that for the tribes we're mostly fighting over women. So you outlaw the kidnapping of women, you outlaw the sale of women, and you cut down on a lot of the feuding. But he saw that civilized, quote unquote, people fought a lot over religion.

2:17:56They weren't fighting over the way, they fight over religion. And so he made the law. Now this was very interesting. We talk about religious freedom, religious freedom comes in many forms. One form is to allow institutions to do what they want. So we're going to allow the Mormons and the Catholics and the Jews and the Muslims each to do what they want and the organized churches that they have. His law was not that. It presumed that. It allowed that. But he said every person has the right to choose the religion. No one can stop them, no one can force them. The idea that it was individual choice, no one in history had ever thought of that, that it belonged to the person.

2:18:42I mean, that's a really, really powerful statement. That alone, I mean, that's why you talk about Thomas Jefferson being deeply inspired by James Conn. That... Religious freedom, yes, of the individual, but it's like such a powerful illustration, manifestation of just individual freedom period. If you in the world, in history, are allowed to practice any religion you want, that's a, I mean, that is like one of the biggest ways to say that the individual is fundamentally be free in this society. Yes. There was a great source of power for him also. You know, I don't say that he did this because of some ideological reason.

2:19:29It's just like he didn't outlaw the kidnapping of women for ideological reasons. He didn't come to it through studying ideas of more. Right? He came to it through practical experience of life. His mother was kidnapped. His wife was kidnapped. He knew that that was a crime against every ethics that you can think of in every form of morality. That's why he did it, not for ideological reasons, but practical reasons. It hurt people. It hurt people. It was the same with religion. He gave this right to everybody because it was going to be their own personal right to keep them from being hurt. And then that gave him tremendous support from minorities of many types.

2:20:09And so they flocked to him. Minorities. After that, this was a minority effort of the Muslim Wigast to come to him. many people flocked to him for the same reason for that kind of religious freedom. So that religious freedom and also the other things you mentioned, they create a stable society, and that allows him with a small army to administer a large empire. And also I will say in a more more practical, political sort of way of thinking, he recognized the power of having a balance of power of like Shiite and Sunni, that both are going to be allowed equal rights. One is not dominant over the other.

2:20:51And Christians and Jews, they all have... Well, that keeps the society from fragmenting against him, or uniting against him, and it's a kind of fragmentation that he's taken advantage of. I don't think there was this main reason, but I do think he was quite aware of that, that you give every religion the right. Now, unfortunately, the only religion he didn't recognize as a religion was Confucianism. He said, what do they do? To Taoist can do magic on the earth and they can give people magic, formulas, and they have all this kind of stuff going on. Well, what do the Confucianists do? So, still, the people could be Confucianists.

2:21:35That was okay. But he didn't expend all the tax -free rights. See, that was another thing. He dropped all taxes on religious institutions, all types. But since the Confuciusness were not necessarily classified. But then, of course, eventually, there was abuse so much because the religions were then, can everybody to know a property, you can still use it, you can still farm your lab, but it's ours. And now you don't have to pay taxes on it. You just give us some money, you know, got abuse. But it started off as a good idea. And, and, and January as I understand, maybe you can correct me. Of course, there's the practical aspect of those, those policies, but he himself was just curious about the different religions as well as I understand.

2:22:21So he never chose any religion except the one from which he came. I guess I mean, can you describe what he believed spiritually himself? It's interesting, you know, we said after the death of Shirimon, his grandson in Bamiyan, and the slaughter that followed that, he went through a new phase in which he summoned religious scholars of all sorts, of famous Chongqing from China who despised. But anyway, he came with all of his magic formulas for things, and then a bunch of various Muslim leaders came. So Ching -A's Han was exploring all these different religions, and not just in a simple way, he had organized public lectures from these people and public debates, not an antagonistic debates, but discussions among groups of people who hated each other, would never discuss anything, and suddenly this powerful man summons them, and he asked to say, okay, well, explain your religion, explain yours.

2:23:25And even in sometimes you can't just explain it in terms of your own scripture. What do you say to the people who believe it? So he was exploring, but no, he never changed at all. He was an animist, we would say, that's not the only term we know to use. Early in life, he worshiped that mountain where he took refuge several times. What Hanhaldun? What Hanhaldun was the great refuge of his life. He would go to the top, he would pray, he would take off his hat, he would take off his belt, he would stand there before for the sky and pray. Also later on, this became rather dramatic. He would sometimes go away to pray, should we invade these people?

2:24:06And so all of the subjects are waiting to hear what's God gonna tell Chingas Han when he goes up to mountain. And so there were episodes like that, but he was very sincere, but I think what happened, the Mongols have so many spirits in the water, the mountains, everything around him, and you have to know them personally and pray to them and know what they like and don't like and should you sing to them or should you offer some milk products or what do you do? You have to know them. You get away from Mongolia and this was a problem in China. They didn't know the spirits. This caused great consternation for the Mongols.

2:24:44You've got a land here and the spirits don't like us. They're hostile lands. We don't even know who they are. We don't know these spirits in China. It took a long time. And so gradually Chinggis Khan, he kind of moved from just the spirit of the mountain that he worshipped, which remained his main focus because of worship his whole life, he removed that to the sky. That was the one universal spirit. It was everywhere in the world. The sky was the same for every people. And so for the Mongolians in their language, the word for sky and the word for heaven and the word for God and the word for weather are all the same.

2:25:24Tanger, tanger. And so, or Munchuchtinger in the case of the eternal sky, when they're talking about it in religious terms, the eternal blue sky. So, he became more universalistic in this animus vision of the world. And so then the sky could embrace all religions, all religions, and all people were trying to attain the same form of enlightenment, well, enlightenment is too specific or word, but the same form of moral life and guidance from the sky. He felt that each person knew morality. Each person could communicate and know morality within themselves. They didn't have to just be taught it by somebody from a book.

2:26:10And in fact, as one of his Grants of Monk Han said, you know, you people talking to all the others, to the Christians, the Jews, the Muslims, the Dalaias, the... You people have your scriptures and you don't live by them. We have our spirits and our shamans and our drums, and we live by them. And I think it's true. It's just as throughout this conversation, just blowing my mind that the kid from the mongols that that lost everything right lost just had the hardest of lives is is now yes a military genius but also this kind of sage type character to understand the value of religious freedom I mean there is a cynical way to see all these things because he did awfully a lot of things that look like he's a feminist And you're saying, well, the cynical way to see that is what he saw the value of promoting women in positions of power because they create a more stable society.

2:27:15And, you know, there's less power struggles all that. But the reality is, there's a lot of things that look awfully progressive about the things he's implemented and they stayed. I'm not trying to say it in modern terms. You know, when you have one million people, you've got to use everyone. And the men are fighting, and so he left women to administer a lot of things inside the country, the economy in particular. And then in some of the ancillary Turkic kingdoms around the Mongols, such as the Angut, the Tararlith and different Mongolia and the Wigar, even were administered by his daughters primarily.

2:27:50And then his wives were in charge of administering the land of Mongolia itself and handling the economy. So he was using the women in a very practical way, but it wasn't necessarily in our ideological way. I think it's the same with the environment. I'm not trying to say he was environmentalist in our modern way, but he passed very strict laws about the use of water and also about not using water, that you couldn't move water into an area to irrigate it. That was violating the earth and violating the water. So they think a lot of the historians, they think the monks are so stupid, they let the irrigation system be destroyed.

2:28:31No, it takes more work to destroy an irrigation system than it does to create it. They destroyed those systems out of a policy and that was this is going to return to past your land. This lasted a Kublikhan was the one who changed that actually and then started allowing for more irrigation and the movement of water and things. But Chinggis Khan, we can't use these modern terms of like human rights crusader, or I'm saying he's a Democrat, the modern sense or environmentalist or feminist, but all of this was a part of it. Another part was the protection of onvoys. He said, every envoy, every ambassador, every messenger, he's protected from arrest, from torture and from killing.

2:29:15And if you kill one of ours, we will wipe you out. And in 1240, that was the destruction of Kiev. This is after Chinggis Khan already. You know, there's a good day Han, his son, the happy, happy drunk. A good day Han, his army had come there under Subhadayy. Great, great, the greatest general of the history of the world, I would say. Subhadayy, a person who's not so good. I was a Jinguist Khan for the military part. He was the greatest strategist for organizing everything together. But the military part was Subaday. So Subaday had been there and they sent in an ambassador who happened to be a woman.

2:29:54Now some of the Westerns say, sources say a daughter of Jinguist Khan. I have no evidence of that and I don't quite believe it. But maybe she was kind to him or something. Some say she was a daughter of Jinguist Khan. Others say she was a witch. The people of Kiev decided she was a witch and killed her. Okay, that's it. That's it. Kiev was destroyed for killing a Mongol envoy. The envoy is a method of communication in diplomacy. And so if you destroy that method of communication or disrespected in any way. Exactly. And that sends a signal to everybody else. Yes. We send an envoy, you respect it.

2:30:36That's why these plans, I say that the making of the modern world, most of the ideas have, we accept the idea we don't do the practice. All of us accept today diplomatic freedom. Diplomats are killed around the world yearly. We accept the idea of female equality and emancipation of everything, but in fact they're enslaved in many parts of the world today. We accept the idea of religious freedom, but not those people. That's not, there's isn't good. but there's religion isn't right. But our religion, we will tolerate them, but they gotta be more like, no, we only save these things, but the world still hasn't achieved something.

2:31:16And he did achieve these within his empire in his time. He achieved those. So one of the things we've mentioned, but I think it's really, really fascinating. And maybe in a measurable impact that Jinguist Khan had is on trade. And you know, you could say a lot of stuff, but basically establishing a unified trade network that spanned I don't know how many thousands of kilometers and There's a lot of interesting things that were done to enable that trade one is providing Safety and security of not just the on was like we mentioned for communication in the military context but for the merchants. Can you speak to the what James Conn did for the trade network connected to the Silk Road as an example?

2:32:08No matter how much in general or are interested in trade and throughout most of history they have been the traders who carried the goods from one city to another, one oasis to another. And so the Mongols were also extremely interested and extremely dependent. They could create very little in their home country. They couldn't grow hardly anything on they didn't have the technological skills for most of the crafts So they're very dependent on trade Well, they raised the status of merchants very high And this was particularly a problem in the Chinese world It wasn't so much in the Christian or the or the Muslim world But certainly in the Chinese world where merchants were considered extremely low And all of a sudden he raises them up above scholars They're going to have certain rights.

2:32:54For example, they get to be taxed one time. Whatever the national taxes that's it, they're not taxed every time they stop in some new town. And he created a set of what we would call rest houses or recuperation centers where they could get fresh horses, they could get food, they could deposit their money and get paper receipts that could be used anywhere in the empire. They were guaranteed protection if they had to pass to an area where it might be dangerous, then a small group, a squad of men and horses would go with them. So trade was extremely important. And then the Mongols, they also, they supported trade in a very odd way.

2:33:41And that is, the merchants would come in and they would ask for an outrageous price for some goods. You know much more than they should get waiting for the Mongols to bargain them down And the Mongols would say I'll give you much more than that ever since and as he's grandson or son a good thing on was once asked Why do you do that you got to stop doing this? This was a Muslim financial advisor he'd called in you're told him Well, you've got to stop paying more than people ask and you know good. They said where's the money gonna go? It's still in my empire. It's going to come back eventually. And so they had a much different attitude with great respect.

2:34:21I think a symbol of that is in the time of Kublikon when we see that his uncle and father went to China and came back from China. And in the second trip, Marco Polo went with them to China and back. They were safe the whole way. Their goods were safe. They came back with tremendous amount of wealth. They were never harassed and the mere fact that they could cross it took two years But the mere fact that they could cross the whole continent safely and come back There was unprecedented. We really don't have any well -documented case of anybody say from China visiting Europe or Europe visiting China before the Mongols But since Chinggis Khan there's never been a year Without contact between Eastern West it was permanent once he created it.

2:35:07It was permanent I don't think it's possible to measure the positive impact of that because it wasn't just trade of goods. It was also exchange explicit or implicit along the way, exchange of ideas, whether that's exchange of technologies, exchange of philosophical ideas, scientific ideas, technical mathematical ideas, all of this spread throughout and constantly circulating. Can you speak to that aspect of it? Yes. It was an exchange of ideas on every level. Ideas, technology, ideologies, beliefs, scientific information, everything was being exchanged, and even agricultural goods of new crops for new areas.

2:35:55But Chinggis Khan, he had a part of his genius of organization was knowing what skill people had that would contribute towards his empire. For example, the Muslims were very good with arithmetic. In fact, he conquered the little empire of horrezim from which we get the word algorithm, because there was a mathematician there who invented algorithms. And so, a horrezim belonged to him, conquered it very quickly, very easily, no problem. But it belonged to him. But the Muslims were using the zero. The Mongols were absolutely impressed with that. Chinese less so, they're very suspicious about the zero.

2:36:34But the Mongols were very impressed because herders, numbers are important to them for keeping up with their animals. In fact, the Mongols have a simple system. They reduce all animals to the number of horses. You can ask somebody how many animals you can have and they can say, oh, one hundred horses. And it doesn't mean they have one hundred horses. It's going to be like Five cows count as four horses, five sheep or five goats count as one horse, four camels count as five horses. So they reduce it all down like that. The Mongols take a census of everything. And that's one of the first things Chinggis Han did.

2:37:15And that was one of the demands he made of every place he went. Is a complete census of your people. And every house had to post outside. outside. How many people, how many animals, what did they do, the occupations, all this information? So they needed good mathematics for this. The Muslims provided it. So they took the Muslims to China, these Middle Eastern scholars and all. Unfortunately, they were rather ruthless sometimes when it came to implementing the tax policies, but they became the financial advisors to him. Other groups of people had other roles like that, and he He was moving them around constantly.

2:37:56And so you had a combination, as I said, he himself had that genius for combining new bits of technology. But it created a new kind of cultural spirit in which other people were also combining technology at other levels and being encouraged. It was no longer heresy or the devil's work to bring in this thing. So we had the spread of printing, for example. We had the partial spread of something that's just print money, for example. We had all men X being created now through printing that combined different calendars and different information that was coming along. But one simple but lethal form of technology was that for example Chinese had gunpowder.

2:38:41Mostly it was used for fireworks, religious things, and then sometimes in warfare was used for a kind of primitive hand grenade or a primitive bomb that could be thrown with a trebuchet. And this is in the time of Kubla Khan more, the grandson. But so they had that. The Middle Eastern, the Muslims, they had, and the Byzantines especially, they had naphtha, what we call Greek fire, flame throwers that could set things on fire. The Europeans did not expel Excel very much in technology. They were behind in almost everything, but they could cast bells for churches. Okay, let's take that bell and we're going to turn it on its side.

2:39:24And we're going to use the principles of the flame thrower and we're going to use the gunpowder from China and you've got a cannon. So the Mongols even early on by the time they got to the siege of Baghdad, but not I think in the lifetime of Chinggishan, but soon thereafter in his sons and grandsons. They were using some very primitive forms of canon and even some sort of like firing rods. We can't even call anything like a rifle, but it could fire a very small ballistic device at all. So just combination of metal, urging gunpowder, flame throwers, you put it all together and you come up with something incredibly different.

2:40:09So if we jump around a little bit, sort of on the topic of a canon, what are some technological developments that Jingu's Khan and his son and Kublai were using? So how much gunpowder were they using? In general, what was their approach to the siege warfare, for example?

2:40:36What are some First of all, he changed a lot of the strategies. There were no longer work in the Mongol system work perfectly on the grassland. But by the time you get to Hungary, the grassland starts to give out. By the time you get to Poland, it's so many farms. It's hard for horses to get through the farms and they don't want to go on the roads. By the time you get to the Indus River, it's too hot to humid. The bows are beginning to wilt. The horses are exhausted. It's not working. So to conquer South China, Kublokhan had to come up with new things. One thing, the South Chinese had built a great wall.

2:41:13It was called the Great Wall of the Sea. This is before the wall that we know as a Great Wall, which is really the Ming Wall of the Ming Dynasty, but the Great Wall of the Sea. And they used it as a defensive navy. That the largest ADAV in the world, it was defensive. And it was more literally defensive. And that came time for warfare, they would chain the ships together across the mouth of a harbour to protect the city. And so it became a wall. So actually if we rewind Kublai Khan, who was he? And what was the state of China at that time that kind of sets up this idea of ships and siege warfare?

2:41:53In 1215, Tsinghoshan conquered the city we now know as Beijing. It was the capital of the Jin dynasty of northern China. And at that time, southern China was ruled by the Song dynasty, or usually called the Southern Song. He had already conquered the Shishia kingdom of the Tangut people. And so most of northern China was under the control of the Mongols from about 1215. And then he conquered Middle, later his descendants conquered Middle, and then Kubla Khan was the one to take on the South. But Kublai Khan was born that year in 1215, about three months after the capture of Beijing. And he was nobody.

2:42:35He was the second son of the fourth son of Chinggis Khan. Well, he's got lots of cousins out there who've been riding around. They've conquered Russia and they've already burned down Kiev and they've conquered different places in the world. They're real mongols. That's their whole life. And he's born and he doesn't meet Chinggis Khan for these about seven years old. Because Chinggis Khan was away on a conquest in Central Asia. And Chinggis Khan came back and he met him and he said, oh, he doesn't look like a Mongol. He looks like his mother's people. His mother was Saurakhtani who was actually a part of the royal family of the market people, whom he had conquered sometime earlier.

2:43:17And it looks like his mother's people who is a little bit more tawny. Mongols tend to be very white with very bright red cheeks and have a certain very round face. So he looked different. And for whatever reason, his mother, I think she recognized the difference and treated him differently. Her oldest son was called Monch, a later Monchhan. Monch, and she wanted him to become even though her husband was a drunk who died out on campaign drunk. And she took over Northern China and she began to put it together and she wanted her son to become the Great Han, the Emperor of the Mongol Empire. And this wasn't in line.

2:44:03This wasn't going to happen because he's the fourth son out of three others way in line, way ahead of her. But she caused a revolution. She made it happen. She put her son in Mohan in 1251. He became Great Han. He only lived till 1259. He died of something. It could have been cholera or there are different stories. I don't know the truth of it, but he died on campaign in China, time to conquer southern China. Well, up to this point, Kubla Khan had not been distinguishing himself. His mother was, she was a Christian woman, but she had a Buddhist nurse for him and she had Chinese scholars come into tutor him, she had a very good education for him.

2:44:48And I think that she planned that he was going to be a great administrator under his older brother, and he was going to administer the lands in China. And so he was learning all this stuff for it. But the older brother, he insisted on sending him out on campaign. Oh, but he was overweight. He was fat. He had gout. He needed to go rest. There was always some excuse. And the But brother was assigning people, Odeh Hang Da, who was the son of Subhidai, the great general. He assigned him to teach him warfare. He wasn't great on the battlefield. He really was not. But he was very smart. And at first a little bit lazy, like talking about the religion, sitting around, go hunting, as long as he had many with him to do the shooting and then to prepare to food and all.

2:45:35And his territory in northern China was just being run in the dirt by these administrators, the Mongols had brought in. They were just overtaxing the people, cheating the people, doing everything wrong. And his mother basically just pulled his chain and she said, go to your land. This is your land. You have to administer this land. You go there. You live there. You take charge. and everybody was terrified of the mother and so he ran off the China and he started administering his land and he started learning how to do it. Well, when his brother died in 1259, he was down on the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, on a campaign that he was sent by his brother.

2:46:15He was having no success at all, but he thought, okay, the brother's dead, I should finish the campaign. Meanwhile, his youngest brother, Arichbach. Arichbach was another hot head mongol like their father, Tolo. He was rather hotheaded and he was back in Mongolia and his tolerance for religions, he was headed to oversee the debate one time between the Taoists and the Buddhist because the Mongols thought the Taoists were overtaxing everybody, the Buddhists. So he had to oversee it. He got mad and he picked up a statue of the Buddha and beat the Taoist representative to death. So he just wasn't good for moderating debates.

2:46:54So he was going to be the new great con. So he was declared the great con in Mongolia, but this was the turning life for Kubla Khan, who had never achieved much of anything other than talking to people. So his wife Chabi sent him some coded messages, basically telling him, Forget about southern China. It's gonna always be there. You can conquer that some other time. Right now your brother is taking over the empire. You should be the new emperor. You are the next son after Munkhan and Somehow she invigorated him and he came back and even though he didn't have all the military strategy He had northern China the resources where he meant he could cut off Mongolia Mongolia It was very dependent on Northern China for food.

2:47:46All the Mongols supported Aarikbole. All the ones in Central Asia, all of them were supporting Aarikbole. And so he went to get food from them and then they didn't want to give up their food. Yeah, we want to support you for great Han but we're not giving up our food. So he was basically kind of starved in just submission in 1262 and then he was taken prisoner into China, and then he mysteriously passed away in 1264. While a legal case was being brought against him for trial, but he never made it to trial. He was gone. So Kubla Khan are not really distinguished himself very much, but he didn't have the genius of his grandfather.

2:48:35I won't say that, but he was smart and clever. He understood more about China than most Mongols did, and he understood most more about Mongols than most Chinese did. So the great thing left, the Chinggishan said on his deathbed, finished conquering China. You know, that was the great objective. So Kubele was going to fulfill this, and they didn't know how. The great wall of ships was protecting the Southern Song. This huge Yangtze River was so bad, wide, the ocean on the side, all of these things were protecting them. So he had one of his very smart generals named Aju, who was a real Mongol, but he was also able to think of it in a way.

2:49:22He was the grandson of Subaday, and he went with his father Uri Hanh Gadi on the conquest of the Red River of Northern Vietnam against a the Diveat people. They went down the river. They were trying to surround the Chinese territory. So we're going to hit them from the north, from the west and from the south. So they went down the red river and to conquer the Diveat, the Diveat moved their army up on the other side by boat and then they had a whole core of elephants. So they have the Mongols on one side, the river on the Diveat forces on the other side. But Hengadai was a smart man, not a genius, but smart.

2:50:03And he already knew from campaigns in Burma that the only way to route the elephants was with flaming arrows to the feet. That was it. But he recognized that they came up on boats. Mongols didn't like boats. They crossed the river on a goat's skin. They wanted to do something organic. A boat was like a cart. A cart belonged to a woman. It was a floating cart. I am not going over in a floating cart. I'm gonna ride a goat skin across the river So he assigned one detachment you have to burn the boats so the Diviet cannot escape when we are out the elephants Well the war battle. I mean got started the elephants are running wild all kinds of chaos is going on the The group that sent the burned the boats their Mongols They want to go to war.

2:50:55Why burn a bunch of women's carts? It's just not flirty. So they go and join the battle. They leave the boats. Well, the Mongols won the battle, but the Divy had forces gone to boats and sailed back to what's now Hanoi. Then they evacuated the city, took all the food, everything out of the city, and they disappeared into the delta. The Mongols arrived, they conquered, quote unquote, Hanoi, the capital city, and they had nothing. They had nothing. They won every battle, they lost the war. They retreated. Aju was the son of Hengadai and he saw all this happen and he recognized the importance of water and boats and so he knew.

2:51:37And he spent his time studying the Yangtze River and every little river around it and the cities. The crucial thing he saw was the cities are heavily, heavily fortified on the land side because invasion comes from the land and they expect this little line of boats to protect them on the water. And so the city walls are weak, the defenses are weak on that side. That's where we have to attack. So how? They sent off the Ilkhanate to Persia where Chingu's uncle was now dead and his cousins were ruling. There are his nephews, we would say, cousins nephews. So they sent over engineers to build a special kind of trebuchet, a catapult.

2:52:21And they had to play around with it to adapt it for a boat, because they were usually made for stable ground, but they adapted it for the boat and for throwing heavy things and also for some incendiary bombs. They developed it. They attacked the first city. It fell. They attacked the neck. It fell. They had something that was working. They worked their way down the Yangtze River, destroying city after city with this navy. And then the army would move in after the Navy had broken down. So this is a catapult on a ship? Catapult on a ship, but it's a, yeah, we call it type of shape for this type of catapult.

2:52:58So this is an engineering solution for people who are deeply uncomfortable with boats? Yes. And they've accepted it. Yes. Now it's a great weapon. It's like, it's no longer a woman's cart. It's a bow and arrow. It is a giant bow and arrow. Yes, fascinating. So they hit them hard on the walls on the weak side. Yes. Where there's no the army protection. Yes, and they conquer their way down to Hungsho the capital of the Southern Song. They've been in power for a long time since 970 are now already into the 12 70s. That's a long time. They are dissipated. They've been had child Emperor. They've had imbosiles ruling all kinds of things going on.

2:53:47And at this point, we have a child in command. What Hubele makes a very strange move. He says, okay, let's invade Japan now. Is there what? We're fighting against the Song Dynasty. And most people describe it to all kinds of things. But actually, I think there was a great logic to it. One was he had abolished his grandfather's policy of defeat and destroy until they are no more. That was the phrase that was used for their enemies. And he had replaced it with a kind of mercy policy. I tried to incorporate them into your army if possible, but be merciful. He did not want to destroy, and he was not.

2:54:31He had a lot of defectors coming in. And because the Mongols prized people with skills, a lot of very clever people with shipbuilding and engineers and these people were flocking to the Mongols, whereas the scholars were all hanging out in Guangzhou doing calligraphy and poetry and having contests over who could sing or paint or I don't know what scholars do. They were being scholars. But there actually, I think there's a very, very good reason for invading Japan. several. The main one was to cut off the supply of sulfur. They needed it for gun powder in South tongue. They lost their sources in northern China when they were driven out.

2:55:16They got it from Japan. It was a great source. But I think there were other reasons if they could trade they could also perhaps flee to Japan and they didn't want that to happen. And then there's this idea of, you know, like kill the chicken to scare the monkey. It's like, okay, we'll go do this and then maybe they'll just surrender down there if they see us conquer Japan. Well, it was a total failure. You've got a bunch of ships that are mainly great on the river and right along the coast. And you're crossing some treacherous water there. And the Mongols basically just did not know what they were doing.

2:55:53OK, you can arrive with the Tramishae and you can throw grenades at the beach. It's not really going to do a lot of damage. It might scare a few horses, but you're not destroying cities. and the Japanese cities were more in. They weren't there on the beach waiting for Mongols to come and bathe. So he failed in that invasion. So we should say that this is the time of the samurai, right? Yes, the samurai. So there was never a real test of like that. No, there was some fighting and the samurai learned some very valuable things. The samurai had such a ritualized way of life, like the Knights of Europe coming out with armor that had to be lifted up on a crane onto a horse.

2:56:33And I mean, it was just craziness, crazy, that's the summer riot almost at that point. You ride out in front of your enemy and you recite the story of your genealogy. Oh, what, you know, Mongols, they have no use for that. They're there to fight. They're there to win. But on the other hand, this was a known territory to them. And the weather did turn against them, but I don't want to give too much credit it to weather, I really think that the Japanese defeated them. The Mongols weren't well prepared. Their ships were not very good. They were defeated in the first invasion. Could they get off the ships onto the beach?

2:57:11They had some skirmishes or small battles on land. Yes, they did. But they didn't successfully complete them. So they couldn't do their usual Mongol thing. You're right. Well, see, they don't have enough horses for one thing. Yeah. You know, and there were many tactical things that they had done incorrectly. It's the first time anybody had ever tried to have such a massive invasion. Yeah. So they're just learning the basics of what it means to have a navy. So he has failed to conquer, and he's thinking like a mongol that you rule those waters and lands, but he ruled the ocean. He stopped the trade.

2:57:49He stopped the supply. He cut off the possibility of the Song Dynasty fleeing to Japan. He won in a certain way. He lost, but he had won his objective of cutting off southern China. Also, it gave him navy some experience with the ocean, and now they were ready to move out into the ocean around southern China. So they were closing in then. Aju was in command, but actually the head command was a man named Bayan, who was a mongol who had been raised more in Central Asia. He was perhaps born close to the Fagana Valley in that area. We're not exactly sure where he was born, but he grew up over there, and then he eventually was living in what's now Iran.

2:58:37What he came on, he took over command of the army. He was very cosmopolitan, sophisticated, intelligent. Aduh should have been in command, but Bian recognized that, and he and Aduh worked together very well. Aduh knew how to fight the war. Bian was able to negotiate things back with the capital city and handle things, so Bian is in command. And so the generals are deserting the South Song right and left. The artisans are all coming up to join them. Mongols, they paid. The generals are loading up the boats with all the jewels, and they grab a couple of brothers to the little five -year -old emperor, and they put them on a boat, and they're fleeing.

2:59:21They even deserted their own families. The generals were corrupt cowards who fled. The person left in charge was the Dowager Empress, an old lady, child no children. She was her name. The Dowager Empress Shea. They said she was missing an eye. She was ugly. They called her, ugly Shea. That's what they called her at that time. She was in charge. And she offered the Mongols everything. I'll give you everything. Please let the Empress stay. Okay, even if you demote him to just being a king, please let him stay. Bion said no, total surrender, total surrender. So she decided to surrender. Well she said yes, we will surrender the capital.

3:00:07So Bion came in with a small group of soldiers, they looked around and she invited him to come to the palace to surrender. And he said no, I didn't win this war in the palace. My soldiers won this war in the field. You have to come with the emperor in front of my soldiers to surrender. But he did not harm her, he respected her, and there was no looting of the city. Now, later, they take everything in a very systematic way. They take the archives and all this kind of stuff away. But there's no wholesale looting and killing of people, nothing like that. So they've taken the capital, and she comes out, she surrenders, she bows on the ground towards Beijing, and then she takes the child emperor, and they slowly make their way.

3:00:58She was a little bit sick. It took her a longer time to Beijing, and they surrender again in a public ceremony bowing to the Kubla Khan. He gives each of them a palace. He gives them a new new title. Iparate, he's trying to show the world. This is the new face of Mongols. We don't kill off the old people anymore who are really, we're going to give them a palace, treat them nicely, and all. But the Navy that had fled did not defend the city, those cowardly generals. They made the new little boy, seven -year -old, half -brother, to Emperor Gong, was his name. They made him the Emperor.

3:01:44Well, they're just floating around in the ocean, losing all support from city after city. The Muslims who were controlling the trade and controlling many of the ships of that area, they were Chinese Muslims, but they were still Muslims. They switched sides to the Mongols because of the religious freedom thing and because they were merchants and their status would be raised. So the Muslims were switching over. The fleet was kind of a fleet lost without a country out there. They had some loyal supporters, some places. They dropped the emperor into ocean. How do you drop the emperor into ocean? They accidentally spilled him into ocean and then they fished him out, but he died.

3:02:33So fortunately they had one more seven year old half brother. So on Lentau Island, exactly where the Hong Kong airport is today, the new, well it's not so new anymore, but I still think it was the new airport. on Lantau Island. So they went there and they had a big coronation ceremony and all. But the people there were not supportive enough. It certainly wasn't Hong Kong then anyway. The delta of the Pearl River. So they sailed out farther south to another island and then they took it over and of course the first thing they did was well we have to build a palace. What? The Mongols are chasing you and you're going to stop and build a palace.

3:03:13So these are like the remains of the Chinese Yes, the generals and the generals army and the Navy and there was a real Competence issue. Yes. Okay So they're gonna build out we're gonna protect it with a great wall of the sea They chained together the boats across the entrance to the harbor and they put a palace boat so called in the middle The generals didn't trust their own soldiers enough So they made all of them leave the island and go to the boats to fight the Mongols So, Mongols arrived in over and over and over, they asked them to surrender. You won't be harmed all this kind of stuff. And but the Mongols now took over the land.

3:03:55So they had the water all around them and they had the land. And once the fighting started, they could just shoot down from the highland right onto the ships. And they've cut the ships off from the fresh supply of wood and water. So they can't boil rice. They have to try to eat rice and drink seawater. They're all sick as dogs out there and The leaders refused to surrender the little boy is their seven -year -old emperor Bing was his name with his pet parrot That's the only thing he had left in life with his pet parrot and then the Mongols they offered every opportunity but But the Prime Minister so called, coward that he is, although he's treated as a hero today in China and throughout their history.

3:04:46But coward that he was, he said, we will not disgrace the country by letting them capture the Emperor. So first he threw his own wife and children into the water to drown. And then he took the Emperor and held him, the seven -year -old, he was seven years and one month. He had just turned seven years old and jumped into the water with this child. A child murderer. He's a child murderer to do that. Somehow, in the whole Ruckus, the cage came undone with the parrot, and the parrot fell in the water too. So the seven -year -old boy and the parrot died in the water. That was the end of one of the greatest dynasties in the history of the world.

3:05:32The song Dynasty, they were intellectually great, they were artistically great, they were technologically great, they were just one of the greatest moments of world history. And it ends with this coward killing a child and his pet parrot in order to save the honor that was betrayed by this woman. The men lost the war, the men lost the war. Who's to blame? on old one -eyed ugly lady, Empress Shea. Well, the bigger picture there is probably is become the institutions became corrupt and stale and the army weakened and the politician class probably have lost their skill and competence at ruling and all that kind of stuff.

3:06:19All that is true. And the Chinese summarized that with losing the mandate of heaven. Right. I mean, everybody has their perspective, maybe if the way you told the story has a very kind of objective sort of way of revealing the absurdity and the cowardice of it. But, you know, this probably the Chinese perspective that they tell the story is some kind of maintained honor to the last to the last moment. They very often, most scholars, depict Impression as the traitor to the country. And I say, no, that boy lived on for another 45 years. And so she did not betray the country. She protected Impra that she was supposed to protect.

3:07:07It was the man who killed the child Impra, who killed young Bing. So what was the lasting impact of Kublai Khan unifying China? Well, first of all, he had unified China in the largest sense of the word, with Korea, Tibet, Manchuria, Mongolia, part of Central Asia. He had unified it. But he did so at the expense of his empire. They didn't recognize him as the great emperor. And there was a great opposition from the Golden Horde of Russia, and also from the central region, which is called the Changatayid, the descendants of Sagadeh, the Second Sun, the Chagatai empire and then from the Ilkhanate of Persia.

3:07:51These are the different sort of fracturings of the Mongolian sons of Jingu's cons. And only the Ilkhanate was still loyal to him, but they're so far away. But now he has a navy. But this is, I mean, even the four pieces, the whole thing is gigantic and even the pieces are gigantic. So, I mean, it's very hard to keep an empire of this size together. Yes, but he had China. It was unified under him and then he he sent out the first expedition to sail directly to Persia There had been trade all throughout Thousands of years, but I was usually port to port You know different merchants shading goods.

3:08:34No, he organized a great fleet to send them A queen our princess to become queen in the Ilkane to marry the the Ilkhan of Persia It's Persia and Azerbaijan and Armenia and Iraq and part of Syria, all of that area. So he said, organized this and it so happened that Marco Polo was ready to go home because they knew Kubla Khan was about to die. In fact, he only had about one year left to live. And they wanted to get their riches out before they didn't know what's going to happen. This is a new dynasty. They've been in total control of China for one generation. and they didn't know what was going to happen.

3:09:16And also, just before that, there had been a bad time because Kubla Khan had tried to invade Japan a second time and he had failed a second time. And the second time, I think again, he had a practical purpose and that was he had this whole huge song army that now he's the new enlightened Mongol who doesn't slaughter. So he's got what is he going to do? They're not reliable, they're not safe. So he sends a bunch of them up into the Amur River of what's down the Russian Far East or we call Siberian English, but the Russian Far East, the Amur River. He sent expeditions up into Tibet, exploring options up there, but there wasn't enough room or enough agricultural area for a huge military colony.

3:10:00But most of his ships were loaded with former prisoners of the war from the Song Dynasty, and they were not armed. They had hos and implements for farming. He wanted to create, obviously, an agricultural military agricultural farm in Japan to help feed northern China, because it was very important, just as they were doing with the Amur River, but it was more complicated. So again, they lost. They didn't have it. And part of it reason is the exhibition was massive. And they organized it in the Mongol principles of left wing, right wing. This didn't work at sea because the left wing is from Korea.

3:10:45There's Korean ships built up there. The right wing is from southern China, mostly, with ships built down there. They're not the same. They have a head, but there's no center point. Tchigas Khan always had the goal, they called it, GOL, the center or QOL, actually, but they had the center in command. No, he sent the two without a clear, and they were arguing with each other, not cooperating, not helping each other, sabotaging each other. They get there, and once again, they have the same problems, even though they've come with lots of grenades this time. Again, the grenades are exploding, They're scaring the horses.

3:11:23You know, it's impressive, and a lot of silk screens are made later showing these impressive battles, but they're lost. And again, a typhoon happened to be the final destruction of the Navy. But I think it's... Japan had defeated the Mongols, I would say. Japanese deserve credit for that victory. And then the thinking of the ships was more caused by the typhoon. But already the Japanese had developed good strategies while the Mongols had been away. They knew how the Mongols fought. And they knew that at night they could fire flaming arrows at the ships, set them on fire, and they were doing great damage.

3:12:09So again, Kublokhan lost the invasion of Japan, but the soldiers were gone. They drowned. He didn't kill them off, was his deliberate plan, but the problem was solved. It's one of those ironies of history that is quite understand. So this had happened, but then Kubla Khan was coming to the near the end of life, and Marco Polo and those wanted to get out. They were ready to go, and Kubla Khan allowed them to sail on this expedition with Huxchen was her name, the Princess Huxchen, to go to a Hormuz. And so they went, and that began a whole system of trade back and forth, back and forth. Kublikon died soon after that.

3:13:04His grandson who is not so well respected in history because he's often called a drunk, but his name was Timur, Timur and Jetu. But he was a drunk when he was young, but his grandfather had him cained a couple times in public and he cured him of drinking. And actually he was not a drunk later on and he was first he knew, reassemble the Mongol Empire. He did. The golden horde declared loyalty to him, recognized him as great Han, as emperor of the whole empire. The Tugatahid of Central Asia, they declared loyalty to him. The Il Khanate was already loyal to him. They all declared loyalty. He had reassembled the empire and he had the greatest navy in the world and he sent out on voice to every place they had attacked or traded with to say that era is over.

3:13:57We're no longer attacking anybody. We're changing from conquest to commerce. We want to trade with you. Come to China, bring your goods. We're going to trade with you. He instituted it was short, unfortunately, didn't last forever, I wish it could have. But it was a great era of the exchange of all kinds of things going back and forth, all the way to Africa, because from Hormuz they had connection to Somali land, and some people say, can you already at that time? I'm not sure, but very wide, very wide. So technically he ruled over the largest size the Mongol Empire ever had. Yes, but although actually the Golden Horde of Russia, they were quite independent by now, and he let them be independent, but they were loyal to him.

3:14:50And they were still exchanging back and forth all kinds of things. So there were Ossetian soldiers in China that had a whole contingent of Ossetian soldiers there and from Russia, from the Caucasus areas of Russia. And how do they communicate? Are they using like the postal service? Are you have to, like, You have to literally deliver the letters. No, over time those groups started intermarrying with... They were allowed to intermarry. The Chinese were not. But they were intermarrying with Mongols and they were switching to Mongolian language slowly. At first I don't know. It's not clear. But again, Kubla Khan thinking in this internationalist way said, okay, we need a new alphabet for the world.

3:15:38Everybody in the world writes with one alphabet. Chinese, Mongolian, Russian, Arabic, everything. It didn't work, but he tried it for a while and some inscriptions are still there to this day. And we should maybe briefly mention Markopoul that you've talked about. So he is this now famous explorer that traversed the continent, the Silk Road, and then and stayed with KublaiCon for a while. And I guess one is one of the primary documentaries of everything that's been going on. Is there something else interesting to say about Marco Polo and about his interaction with KublaiCon? I like Marco Polo.

3:16:23I use his work a lot. I find him very reliable in the areas where he's not reliable. You can kind of tell because he wasn't there. but the places he was, he reported a lot of stuff. And so I'm very much indebted to him for a lot of things, because with something like the Princess Hukjin, and also another fighting princess from Central Asia, named Hutulung, he wrote about that, but I also needed other sources. So if I could find Chinese sources or Arab sources, or something else, or Persian to support it, then I really felt a lot of confidence with him over time. But pieces were romanticized and you have to always discount it, but it's very good.

3:17:09However, I believe the best work written about Marco Polo, aside from his own book, which was actually written by Risticello, dictated in prison in January, you know. In the 20th century, Eugene O 'Neill wrote a play that became a comedy on Broadway called Marco Millions. That was both a play on what he was called El Milioni, the million one. Because he had talked about cities of millions of people and about money in the millions. And things that people in Europe just couldn't believe could happen. He then published his whole play as a book to show people what he really meant. And it was an ironic look at capitalism.

3:17:55because this is 20th century already. Versus the idea of like a philosopher king which he saw in Kublaqan. It's a Marco Polo becomes a symbol of capitalism, not at its worst, but at its most basic. And that is like the princess in this story, this is not in real life, but this is in the play written by Eugene O 'Neill, but I think it captures a lot. The Princess Hookshin says, Marco is an excellent judge of quantity. And there are things like that. And then in the play, Bayon, the great general, he talks with Kubla Khan, and he said, look, these people are dangerous from the West. We should go conquer them now while we can.

3:18:47Kubla Khan tells Bayon, again in the play, this is fiction. but he tells by on, they are not worth conquering. And if we conquer them, we will become like them. And he said, Marco Polo has been in our land. He has seen everything. He has learned nothing. He has seen everything. He understands nothing. For me, this was such an important moment in the history of the world. Symbolically, with Marco Polo and Kubla Khan, the coming together of two worlds. It could have gone a different way. It could have gone a different way. And I am, other than I'm anti -capitalist, I'm pro -capitalist, but the way so many things worked out, it was a misstep in history.

3:19:36Maybe we took the wrong step at that moment, and we could have learned more from cooperation. They didn't quite integrate successfully. No, but today we've returned to that, I think. The East and the West are confronting each other again on more equal terms. For a long time, the West was so dominant and the East was so downtroddened by colonialism and other things. An internal rot and other things. But today, there's none there's any quality but there's more of a balance and which way will we go? And again there's a lot of room and a lot of energy for division for misunderstanding versus integration.

3:20:27Like the East is demonized in the West and one of the great regrets I have that I hope to alleviate is just how little I understand China and the East. It's just sort of not just from kind of economics, politics, you know reading a few books, but like the way you've understood and felt them ongoing and step, like understand the Chinese people in that way, because it does feel like from that understanding there could be integration of ideas. You know, my work is often classified as Chinese history, which I think is ironic because for me, it's always a Mongolian history. But for the last book I wrote, which dealt a lot more with China, because it was about Kubla Khan.

3:21:20Then in that book, I deliberately did not go to China. I'd been there numerous times before. I deliberately did not. I'm an outsider. I do not speak Chinese. I'm not a Chinese scholar. I never even had a course in Chinese art or calligraphy or anything. And I wanted to be very clear. Mine is an outside perspective. But I think it's possible as an outsider to still have respect for that culture. Even if I disagree that they point this one as a hero and that one is a villain, I disagree and they'll say, oh, I'm wrong. I don't understand their history and they're probably right. That's quite possible.

3:21:55But this is an outside view that is different and tries to be respectful of what happens in that part of the world. Just as I'm respectful towards Chinggishan and the Mongol Empire, I respect China very much. I'm an American. I love the ideals of my country. I love so many aspects of our culture and there are many aspects I don't, of course, because it's impossible to love everything, even about the members of your own family. You know, and I do hope that through understanding one another or just making the effort to understand, even if we understand wrongly, and we're incorrect in it, just to make the effort to understand, will help us a lot.

3:22:41And the West has had a long couple of centuries of extreme arrogance that they are there to teach the world. And I sometimes dismayed, I meet these young people all over the world who have come to help. They're an NGO and they're going to teach the people how to take care of the environment. They're going to teach the women how to exercise their rights. They're going to bring in microfinancing to help liberate people. We are arrogant beyond words. And we need to be a little bit more humble and try to put ourselves on an equal basis where some of these people, not as a period basis. Beautifully put.

3:23:32How did the Mongol Empire come to an end? How did it fall?

3:23:39Despite the fact that Timur al -Jetuhan had united the empire, at least symbolically, all of it, and they had the trade going on, the Mongols never adapted well to China, and they began having problems in different areas. So in some areas of the world, they became more like the local people. So in central Asia they became Muslim and they got more absorbed into that world and broke away from the Mongol Examples from before Russia lingered on longer under Mongol domination But it got weaker and weaker over time and it was based around the Volga river But the week until the point that they just became Attributary people minority within a Russian Empire, but the Mongols had left because the framework for Empire for Russia That's something Russians don't want to hear anymore than they want to hear me criticize the end of the Song Dynasty.

3:24:37But it is true that even Yam, Yam is the word that it was used for this postal system. And that's the ministries today in Russia. And there are many, many other things in Russia. So even Mao Qing is a herder. Mao is a person, is an animal and Qing is a person, a person who takes care of animals. You know, it's all kinds of influences in Russia that some people wanted to die, but there's always a great powerful strand of research and scholarship in Russia that supports this understanding of the Mongols and I depend on them tremendously. It's not just a gumbel yawf is one of the famous ones, but he was a little bit too romantic with his ideas and all, but I depend upon a lot of the research and done by Russian scholars and by early German scholars in the 19th century on the sponsorship of the Tsar.

3:25:33So I depend on that work. So you had a great influence there, but it was weakening. So bit by bit, 1368, the Mongols have become so weak within China that they were overthrown. But they weren't absorbed into China. But the Mongols have been there since 1215 to 1368. They packed up, went back to Mongolia. It was just another seasonal migration. Yeah. You know, it was just amazing. And they said, okay, we're still the Yuan Dynasty. We're not giving you the seals. We're not acknowledging the Ming and they'd ever did throughout the whole of the Ming. In fact, went down one time and captured the Ming Emperor, took him back to Mongolia.

3:26:19And then they tried to ransom him. And the Chinese said, no, we're going to point to another emperor. So the Mongols decided, OK, the worst thing we can do to the Chinese is give them back the old emperor. So you had two emperors, you know, back, OK, let them work it out. And the empire just weakened from internal reasons for the Mongols. But some external things from nature, And I think that was the great plague. You know, everything in history, everything that's good comes with something underneath that that's bad. And everything that's bad seems to have something underneath that sometimes works out good, in a way.

3:26:58But this great system that united, it's called the Yam or Orto, or To, that united everything, people could move back and forth quickly, that it could also take the plague out of southern China into all parts of the world. And I do think that's what happened. And the plague destroyed the Mongol system. And if all of these people are ruled by Mongols because they're benefiting so much from this system, and now the system collapses, yeah. They don't need the empire anymore. So it just fell apart after 1368, just fell apart. And most of them stayed in Persia and Iran and Afghanistan, the Hazara people are still descended from the army there.

3:27:50And then in Russia, some of them stayed, but then finally, in the time of Catherine the Great, a lot of them were returned, little pair, they had pinned there for hundreds of years. and then they returned to Mongolia in the 1700s. And so many Mongols came home. They were still Mongols. Despite hundreds of years of exposure to other cultures, they came back to their tent and squatting around the fire and drinking fermented milk and eating dried curds. It's interesting that the Mongolian spirit is so strong that it persists Yes, through centuries. Yes. And they just returned right back on the horse riding in the open step.

3:28:38Yeah Well, it was actually very difficult because they were a little bit lazy and they weren't so good with doing the task and so It became difficult actually to support so many people coming home And eating up all the animals the Mongols in China had been used to just eating they hadn't been producing much for 150 years So, just to return to Jengus Khan, when we talked about Dan Carlin and Dan Carlin said that Jengus Khan's army was the greatest military force in history. And many other historians agree that before rifles came into popular use, Jengus Khan would basically beat every single army, including Napoleon.

3:29:26And you mentioned the samurai, the whole formal setup, same with Napoleon. There's a whole, you know, like several hours to set up the chess pieces on the military board. I mean, you can just imagine what Jenghis Khan and the dynamism, the speed of everything, what that would do to Napoleon. So I guess the question is, do you agree with that notion that Jenghis Khan's army is the greatest military force in history? So it answers yes, absolutely. No other power in the history of the world has conquered Russia and China and Persia and Central Asia and Turkey and Korea. No power in the world has done that.

3:30:19Not Alexander, not the Romans. Nobody will ever do it again. Nobody's gonna conquer China and Russia again and rule both countries. It's just not gonna happen. What lessons can you take from, that's applicable to modern warfare? Oh, I think there's a very good lesson. The Mongols took Iraq. They took Baghdad, they held it. The Americans, we followed the exact opposite strategy of the Mongols. Mongols' strategy is first you take the countryside. They're country people. They think in terms of countryside. You take the countryside, you occupy the countryside, and you cut off the city. It cannot live without the countryside.

3:31:05And that's how they did it every time. They would come in as I've seen. In some cases, two years in advance to clear people out so they would have room for their horses and have pasture for their horses and all. And you take the small towns and then the small cities and then the last one is the big city. Americans, they said, no, we're gonna take Baghdad, we're gonna bomb Baghdad, we're gonna have this shock and awe, we're gonna go in, we conquer the country from Baghdad. So they go in, they get trapped in their little tiny green zone. They never conquer Iraq. The strongest army in the world, you know, this is something that worked in Europe, World War II.

3:31:41Yes, we bombed the cities and we took the city because that was the city, the center of production for the modern era. But the countryside is the place that produces the food. The Mongols were very aware of that and supplies the water. You cut off the water from the city, you cut off the food from the city. What's the city going to do? They're going to surrender. The Americans were applying something that worked in Western Europe to conquered Germany. It did not work to conquer Iraq or Vietnam or even Northern Korea or Cambodia or Laos or Syria or God knows it worked only in Grenade. I think that's the only in my lifetime that's the only successful war we had.

3:32:21Lasted a couple of hours we went in conquered the little tiny island. Otherwise, we've been chased out of every country we've lost it, tail between our legs. We dropped more bombs on Cambodia than we dropped on Germany.

3:32:42It's hard to believe. Hard to believe. We dropped more bombs on Cambodia than on Germany. We did nothing because Germany you destroy the cities that people surrender. Dresden's gone, Frankfurt, Fortsburg, Berlin. In Cambodia, you can bomb the countryside forever. You can kill the people and they did. You can use chemical warfare and they did. And you could still go into the eastern part of Cambodia and you could go to a large areas where you don't hear birds singing because of the chemical warfare of American bombs. So we still do it, but we don't want to admit it and we don't want to go into win.

3:33:27When World War II, the Americans did have unconditional surrender. Well, I mean, you could support the war, not support the war. We did it right. We did it wrong. These are all issues that people can argue. But we had a clear policy. We go into Afghanistan. We're fighting terror. We're going to bring democracy. We're going to free the women. What? What? I mean, to absolute sheer insanity, the things that we did. And we killed people. Not only did we use chemical warfare and kill a lot of people in Vietnam and Laos and Cambodia, we killed American soldiers. We killed American soldiers and my father was one.

3:34:08He died from agent orange disease. Oh, but that doesn't count. He didn't die on the battlefield and we didn't mean to kill him, it doesn't count. Modern warfare is brutal. And we just paper over it sometimes, you know. Can you explain it, Jean -Arge? It was designed to kill all vegetation. This is going to be a humane way. We're going to kill all the vegetation in the jungle and that way they can stop moving the army through the jungle and they can stop the supplies from coming. That was American strategy. Yeah, Henry Kissinger, Nobel Prize winner. He is now resting in hell as exactly where he belongs for what he did to Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

3:34:56The bombing was just absolutely horrendous. So Agent Orange comes in, they defoliate, which means they wiped out the crop so people are starving literally in the case of Cambodia, starving to death.

3:35:12The soldiers died by the thousands, not immediately, not on the battlefield, not right there. They go home, they have the disease, they linger, they take the whole family down with them in an emotional trauma of becoming slowly paralyzed and dying. We did that to our own people. So yeah, warfare, I don't think we're more humane with it any better today than in the past. It's just we can hide parts of it more easily and deny it more easily. If you're killed by a mongol, it's very clear you're killed by a mongol. You're killed by friendly fire in American war. So different matter. It seems that what people mean when they say that war is hell, that in some deep sense everybody loses, no matter the narrative you put on top of it.

3:36:11Yes, yes. I'm not a pacifist again, but I think I've wore it's acceptable in some situations, but the more controlled it is, the better. My effort is not to do away with all the things that happened under Ching -as -Han, with the brutality and all like that, but it's to measure it against what goes on today, in the world today. And we have the different images. There are two images of Ching -as -Han. One is our image. He's a barbarian on a horseback killing people and raping women all the time. The other image is the Mongolian image. And when they finally built an official statue of him in this century for the 800th anniversary of his founding of Mongolia, that to think about how to present him to the world and to themselves.

3:37:04And they chose the Lincoln Memorial as the model. He was the late great logriver of the Mongol nation. So he's seated there in front of the Mongolian parliament. There's another statue that's better known, but it was a private enterprise that created him on horseback, but not with weapon what he's on horseback out in the countryside. But the official one for the government is Chinggis Han seated like Abraham Lincoln and they issued stamps to show that he is the great law giver. And the truth is somewhere in between. Well, depending on where you are and how you want to see it, you know. Yeah. There are many things that happen that were terrible and horrible.

3:37:53And for For people who lose a war, it's going to always be terrible and horrible. Let's return back to Jenghis Khan's life and the end of it. How and where did he die? After conquering the Hordeism Empire in Central Asia, Chinggis Khan returned and then they had a great, called Nautama, a great celebration that went on for a whole summer just about it. They had so much wealth to distribute to everybody and everybody was being given all kinds of things, you know, for what they have done, including the people who helped save him when he was in the in the kankan, in the ox yolk. They were rewarded with everybody was rewarded.

3:38:34It was a great time. But the first place he had attacked outside was the Tangut nation, and they had sworn allegiance to him, and then when he went off to the Middle East, they refused to send troops. He didn't forget that. But he's going back to the Tangut nation, and he's going to conquer them again. As he was crossing the Gobi, which takes a while, and you crossing the Gobi, he was distracted a little bit by hunting the Hulan, which is the wild, we say the wild ass, or I used to say wild horse, it sounds a little better, but the Hulan, to say Hulan of the Gobi, he was off hunting Hulan, he fell from his horse, and he injured his leg very badly.

3:39:18And he seemed to decline from that point. And it took some number of months, before August of 1227, he was very much near the end of life. You can read online the exact date, and it's all very specific, but the truth is we don't know exactly which day he died in that time, because he's one of his wives -wise running the camp. And they were keeping it secret until the defeat of the Tangut Tanggoot was completed and the Tanggoot offered all kinds of things to for the Mongols to go away again the second time and Chinggis Han told his family no except nothing and then when they surrender you kill the royal family kill them all so that the idea they were They were Buddhist people the Tanggoots were Buddhist and the idea was usually you can be reborn into your own family But he said, no, you kill off the whole family so they can't be reborn.

3:40:21So he died there. How is he successor chosen? Oh, the succession issue was always difficult. He did not have the right to appoint a successor that was not the mongo way. He can nominate somebody. So before he set off for the Middle Eastern campaign, One of his wives said to him, you know, even the biggest tree falls. You've got to make a plan and talk to your sons about the future. So he did. He called the sons together. So this is Zuch, the oldest boy who was born while the father was allied with his Anda Jammuk, and he was named Visitor Zuch. And then the next one was Chagaday and the next one was a good day and the next one was Tullah, the father of Kubla Khan, but he was still alive at this point.

3:41:23So all four of them came. So Chinggis Khan explained to them, he wanted to talk about the succession and to get some consensus from them about the succession. And so he said, the Mongols always call on people to speak by order of age. They also serve tea or food, anything by order of age. It's always done that way from then till now. So he called first on zhuch. And he said, what do you say zhuch? Ching is Han favored zhuch. This is the one who was a christian paternity, but he always favored him. You know, the youngest tiller was too hot -headed. A good day was a heavy drinker. Cegate was very rigid about the law of the Mongols, you know.

3:42:04But he thought he seemed to favor Zutch as a more reasonable, good warrior, but reasonable person. But he called on Zutch my son speak. Cegate, the second one who believes in Mongol law, supposedly. He jumped up and he said, this is when he accused his father of all the wrong. all kinds of things. He said, how can you call on this Mongol, this market bastard? If you call on him first, that means you want him to be the great Khan. He should not be the great Khan of the Mongol Empire. This is Mongol Empire. Now on and on, you know, you can imagine kind of seen. Well, Chinggis Khan is the greatest ruler in the world.

3:42:43He's sitting there being lectured by his second son. And this is when he gave that impassioned speech to his now in the Actually, the way the secret history makes it look like it was his assistant speaker who said it, because very often the great power doesn't say the words directly. They let somebody else say them form, have a spokesperson. But anyway, I think it was his words, and I think he said them on that day. That's what I think, on this business of, you do not know you were not there. The stars were moving in the sky. The head was turning around. The earth was turning over. You do not know who loved whom.

3:43:22You do not know who your mother loved. You do not know what your mother did. And if I say he is my son, who are you to say he is not my son? By the way, pretty just really high integrity, really respectable to do that. To have that respect and honor his wife in this way, and his son in this way. It's really powerful. I believe that I don't know if she was alive at this point or not. We do not have the death recorded. Mongols are not good at recording death. They don't, they usually just say Somebody finished their age or they have some euphemism for it but He made that in passion speech and so God they had to submit and he said yes You are our father and we accept what you say but a Deer shot with words cannot be loaded on a horse a Deer shot with words cannot be eaten

3:44:26So, Teng is Han knew. So he said to the boys, the boys, I mean these middle aged men, they're not boys, but he said to the men, what do you want to do? What do you want to do? And he said, I don't favor Tegade because of his attitude in the situation. and Talo is still hot headed and he actually ended up being drunk and dying early. So what the other guys say is they said, well, a good day. They chose him because he was the most generous and the bond vivante and he was for every party and drinking every time. Yeah, one time, Chiki Hutuk, the great judge who wrote the secret history. Chiki Hutuk was sleeping at a cart one time for whatever reason.

3:45:16I don't know what I think he also had passed out drunk perhaps, but I got it came out drunk and grabbed him up and pulled him back into the party and a good he was a party guy. And so he was chosen as the next great hon of the Mongol Empire. But fortunately, there was sort of a plan B and that Chinggis Khan had set up very powerful women, his daughters. but also he had chosen wives for each of his sons, very, very capable wives. And for a good day, he had a wife, it wasn't even his first wife. The first wife would usually be somebody closer by a certain clan or something. But he had a very intelligent woman, Mae Doricin.

3:46:00And then she was more or less ruling in his last few years. And then after he died, she ruled Empire in her own name. She was the ruler of the greatest empire in world ever ruled by a woman It's incredible the genius of James to set it up that way yes and To not you know, there's probably a Very widespread discrimination of women at that time and to have not care about any of that and just making the right decision Yes for like what it will keep the empire together And Doris did was, actually there was peace, she stopped all campaigns. There was peace during her time. And the women, like such as Doris in, and those were extremely into economics and trade and running these, they had these private corporations called Orphalc.

3:46:53She was running her Orphalc and everything. So she became much more interested in economics of the trade and running the empire. And it was the time of peace. And she recognized that peace was better for trade, it was better. And so it was a peaceful time. But like all of us, we have our weak points, and she favored a worthless son to become the successor. And none of the sons actually were great, but a good they had favored another, but anyway, she favored Gwielk, her son, and so she arranged to have him made a great emperor while she was still alive. And she had her primary minister was also a woman named Fatima from the Middle East and unfortunately they organized a purge of her court and Killed off a lot of these people who had been supporting her and a lot of them were Muslims and he killed off a lot And then he was gonna march against the golden horde because they weren't supporting him So he set off and he died.

3:48:01He was only in office for 18 months and he was gone. And then his wife took over Ogalhamish. Unfortunately she was not capable as her mother -in -law, Thorajan. Ogalhamish was a bit greedy and she didn't start any new wars but she just kind of messed up things and she didn't rule for too long. And this is why Kubla Khan's mother, Saurakhshtani, was able to have a revolution. She united with the Golden Horde. She was on one end on China. She had Northern China, the Golden Heart had Russia, the two of them united against the center, and they overthrew Ogalhamish, and she put her son, Mon Khan in, who was succeeded by Hubei Han.

3:48:46And we should say probably that, you know, this whole succession by Ken probably goes against the initial spirit of what James Constad stood for. Yes, yes. In the end, he was a father, and he favored his sons, even knowing they were not so capable, and he had lost the grandson that he loved.

3:49:11But he organized it, though, as what we take call today almost a corporation. All lands belong to everybody in the family, everybody. So Kubla Khan, that's why he had soldiers, there were Christian soldiers, Ossetian soldiers and Kipchek soldiers. He had 10 ,000 of each come in. And then they owned the Russians with own silk factories in China. The Ilkhanate would own silk factories and jade mines in China. The people in China, the Mongols, they would own villages in Persia and in Iraq. So he organized it. All this, everything was owned by the entire plan. It didn't last too long. I like that because of the divisions that developed.

3:49:58So the Great Han was primarily in charge of conquering and expanding the land so they had more lands to own. That was going to be the job. And Kubla Khan fulfilled it. Monk Han to some of the six sent fulfilled it. Oh, good day did. Guik did not. It was family ruling the land. All the different territories. Yeah. And they weakened with every generation. Yeah, every generation. But that reminds me of a very popular idea about the J .A .K .S. Khan.

3:50:36Articulated in the 2003 paper titled The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols. So that paper has a finding that estimates that 0 .5 % of the world's male population is descended direct descendants of J .A .K .S. Khan. I've heard you kind of be a little bit skeptical of this paper, but I actually really like its findings. I talked to a good friend of mine, Manolis Kellis, who's a biologist, computational biologist and geneticist, and he likes the paper as well. I find it really convincing, but I think your skepticism has to do not necessarily with the paper's contents, but more the implication that it speaks to like the thing that maybe the people who think of James Conn as a brutal barbarian, assume that the reason is 0 .5 % of the population is because of some institutionalized mass rape conducted by James Conn.

3:51:36But to me, and we actually spoke about this, you can't get those kinds of numbers with rape. If you want for the empire to propagate the gene, if you're a person that wants to propagate the genes, you would make sure that all the lands you conquer are stable, flourishing, and happy. And so actually, what this is, this is much better explained in the paper, or indicates this, is better explained by, it was of high value, like social status value to be associated with the lineage of Jenghis Khan. And so that means that for many generations, people loved the great Khan, the Jenghis Khan. And so in that sense, given how vast the land was all the transformational effects it has on trade, on culture and so on, it makes total sense.

3:52:37In fact, the 0 .5 % just so people understand is just male descendants. The way it works, that means if this paper is at all correct in its estimate, that the number of people descendant, not direct male descendants, but the way trees work is like there's women on each step. So the number of descendants could be much larger than that. So I think that's pretty interesting. And I think there's singular figures like this in history, but none like Jangers. It's interesting, it's fun. Where did they get the DNA from Jangers Con? Oh yes, so one of the criticism you have is like, well, they don't have one shred of scientific.

3:53:25They're supposed to be scientific. No, they found that the bunch of people are connected. Yes. And then they... No, no, no, no. To one person. To one person. Yes, but they choose Ching as Han. Right. But there's no evidence that it was from him. No evidence. It's from that time. It's one person. But from that time, or 200 years before. It could be 200 years before it. Yes. See, I mean, actually, I would like for it to be true in a certain way. I would. And I do think there is a truth there. I think that by attaching it to the name of Jinguaskhan, they've done a disservice to themselves, but it gets a lot of publicity and a lot more funding and it's exciting and so on.

3:54:04But I think it's to that mongol experience. But Jinguaskhan's descendants were almost everyone categorized and recorded. I mean, he said at large, it's conquering the world. You do not have just children popping up all over the place. He had four wives all the time. he had children with two of them. So it's not a lot of descendants. We know mostly who they are for many generations. His brother Hasser had many more children than he did. Many more. And they caused a lot of problems later on for the empire too by by rivaling the power. So it could be that one of these other people bought and charged a fool.

3:54:42It could have been the origin of this. It could have been back well before for Chinggis Khan. I just don't believe in Mongolia today, we have nobody who claims they said from Chinggis Khan. Well, claims is a different thing than biology, right? So the reason I say this is, this methodology is pretty solid. Oh, I believe that they found some connection of people. Yeah, but they have no evidence that it's really a connected to Chinggis Khan. I think it may be tangentially to connect it to him. Yeah, but it's somebody from the Mongolia region. Yeah, I think that's quite possible But we've already had the Huns come through.

3:55:27We've had all the Turks Every one of the Turkic nations is to send it from Mongolia. Yeah, they all came out of Mongolia You're I mean you're right. You're right. Well in the other hand, I wish they could get Some proof. I mean, I wish it could be true. Yeah, I just can't believe it the way it is We have no DNA. Nobody knows where he went. So they don't know where he's buried. Okay, Chinggis Khan said, let my body go. Let my nation live. And he chose to be buried in an unmarked grave. And the Mongols believe very strongly, it should always be that way. Most of the Khan's who followed him were also buried in a similar way.

3:56:12The Chinese emperors, you know, were buried in very elaborate tombs, but not the Yuan dynasty, no. And so Kubla Khan was buried back with his grandfather in an anonymous grave. And not everyone, like Gouik died when he was on campaign to Russia. He was died out there. I mean, he was buried out there. I think his I think his father, Gouik, he was also buried out there. That was more their homeland. But many of them were buried with him. And it's known at the same time. You know, it's officially you should not know it. You cannot know it. It should never be disturbed. He should never be disturbed.

3:57:01We're not going to have a tour group come in. But you're saying like the people of Mongolia, they have a sense. They believe he's in a certain place. Yes, and they believe they know where the place is, but they it's sacred. You can do nothing nothing Just leave it as it is that's No no roads no buildings no killing of animals no chopping of trees Nothing can be done. It's a holy land Dedicated to him and his family It's pretty amazing unmarked grave. Yes for the greatest conquer in the history of humanity, for good and for bad, the most impactful, one of the most impactful humans in history. Yes, I believe in his thing about let my nation live, let my world go, let my nation live.

3:57:52And I say to people, what did he look like? And I say, well, the portrait was painted 50 years later by somebody who never saw him. And actually, if you look at the portrait of Kubla Khan and Jengus Khan, they look alike, except one's old and one's younger. And I think that's because Kublai was trying to establish, he wanted to establish his legitimacy as a real monk, that they looked alike, but his grandfather said he didn't. And then, a good de Han and a good de Han and monk Han looked different. They looked different. So there was nothing but I say, if you want to see the face of Jinguist Khan walk in any gear in Mongolia, the first challenge you see, that's the face of Jinguist Han.

3:58:29It's his nation. He created that nation. That's his face. Does that make you sad that there's no, you know, from his time capturing of his image that he really made himself sort of disappear into the land? Does that make you sad? No, not at all. No. Because he's everywhere, you know, when you have these plans that are still operating in Afghanistan and the Russians are still using the Yam system. There are many aspects of him that are out there in the world. And I think there, I find personally inspiration the same way that Thomas Jefferson did. He found so much inspiration in the life of Chinggis Han and the books of Chinggis Han that you can still read.

3:59:21He gave, he bought so many copies and gave like to the Library of Congress, the Library of Virginia, the University to Virginia and to his granddaughter. You know, these ideas live on and we still have not fulfilled them. We do not have religious freedom. We do not have the protections for women. We do not have the protections for unboys and ambassadors. The ideas live on and the rulers do not live as the common people. To eat the same food, we're the same clothes, sleep in the same, that not a bed in his case, but sleep in the same situation and simple home. No. I have tremendous respect for leaders that live just as the people who they lead.

4:00:12It's yeah, mostly not done, but when it is, they've just infinite respect for that. That is the way. What lessons can we learn from Jangus Khan that applied to the modern world? You've already said religious freedom, some of these ideas. Well, I think those, his policy ideas, I think are important. We can still learn from that about protection of diplomats, not buying and selling women, not kidnapping women, and having religious freedom of individuals. But also he had interesting things. He had tax -free status for all religions, all physicians, and all teachers. They didn't pay taxes in his empire.

4:00:57As a former teacher, I embraced that idea out of pure greed and self -interest. But it's not to me the idea of saving the money. It's the idea of focusing on that as something important for the society. He He didn't say tax -free for any other category of people, as I recall, just for those. And he's highlighting the health of the people, the education of the people, and the spirit of the people there, spiritually. That's very important. That's a profound approach to life. And so these are policies that I'm not advocating so much to policies, but I think some of the general principles of being willing to learn from our mistakes.

4:01:40It's a great mistake to admit your mistake to yourself, correct it and go on with your life. All of us say it's important, but we don't do it for the most part. We don't learn from our failures as much as we think. The other idea of promoting people on ability, I think that's certainly an idea that is very valuable, not in the simple way of meritocracy that we've done it with, or if you passed exam with this score, you get this or that, but really evaluating people and their ability. I think it's a very good thing, not the only thing, but I think it's very important. And even though he failed in the end in his own life and he turned power over to his sons and his family, it's a principle that he lived by most of his life and we can learn from that principle.

4:02:33The other thing I think is just his global feel for the world. His global understanding, here was a man who had had no education in any formal sense. And he had this sense that the world should be united. We should have things that unite all people. Everybody should have their own law, but there should be a higher law of heaven to govern people. And this later was translated, everybody should have their own language, but they all write the same alphabet by Kublikon did work or his idea he tried to impose the use of paper currency in Iran, the Persian Il Khanate, Chinese paper money. It didn't work.

4:03:13The people there weren't used to do so there. But all this international spirit of their empire, I think that we need today, we talk about all globalization, we're all connected, it's just incredible and we're more We are just so provincial and sometimes we use all this technology to help preserve our provincialism. And we can't think in global terms, we can't think about the world. It's just amazing to me how narrow -minded we are. I also saw the Mongol proverb, of if you are afraid, don't do it, if you do it, don't be afraid. They you especially celebrate. I mean, there is something to that.

4:04:01This, in many ways, in Jenghis Khan's representation of a person, like a self -made man, that person from nothing willed an entire empire into existence. And everything against him that you can think of, your own family deserting you, your father, dying at an early age, all these things like that. But as Jammuka said, he had a good mother and he had a good wife.

4:04:37And there were many crucial points at which it was either his mother or his wife who made the deciding point. And his wife, Bush, was the one who caused the first break with a Jammu Ka to go away. Later on, when the shamans had become too powerful and they had humiliated his younger brother, she was the one who said he had to clamp down on the shamans who were exercising too much power. And she guided him a lot. It cannot be understood how important critical women are in the story of the Mongol Empire. It's fascinating. Sometimes, we can say they're not behind the scenes because they're always out front.

4:05:25In the Mongol court, they always set up front. They're always out front. In this, this horrified, the Chinese who are very good confused, it horrified the Muslims. It horrified the Christians. They didn't know what to say. the women even drink in public. Okay, yeah, they drink in public, you know. They do what with it. So sometimes it was like that, but other times it was with Dorogen, she's actually the ruler or the case of his daughters, such as Al -Qaeda Beck, who ruled over a part of the Northern child, they call the Ongoot people and the other daughters who ruled over different, they ruled in their own names.

4:06:05And he's very, this is something about the secret history that upset me. I get to chapter, all the sections are numbered. I get to chapter number, section 215. There's only half a sentence left. In 214 he's just awarded a girl, he calls his daughter, so she's probably a cliente, but she lives with his mother at this point. His youngest son, Talo, is only four years old. A Tatar comes and a mother Erlun gives him food because because you food everybody. He realized this is the mother of Chingushan, and that's the child of Chingushan. He grabs him up and kidnaps him and runs out, and he's holding the child in one hand, and he's pulling out a knife with another hand.

4:06:48Altani raced out, and she grabbed his arm and held it down. And two men, Jeb and Jill, they were back behind the gear, slaughtering an ox with an ax, because you have to do it in the shade behind the gear, that's, you don't do it in the light. And so they were back there doing that. And so they raced out with the axe and they killed the man and so then Chigas Hanu is rewarding everybody for all their great deeds and gentlemen and chip They wanted to be rewarded for saving the life of Talon You should know you kill the Tatar Altani saved his life because she held a hand that had the The knife until you got there to kill him She saved it and now we reward her so he's finished that story in 214 We get to 215 and he says, now let us reward our daughters.

4:07:38It's actually only a phrase of, that's, I said it as a complete sentence, but it's not quite complete. The rest is gone. Cut out. It's missing. And I was just so, and I looked at all these different translations of how to different language. And most often they translate it as, and now let us marry our daughters. Oh no, oh no, he was very clear in his wedding speeches to his daughters. I give these people to you to rule. You have three husbands. You have your honor. You have your nation, and you have the man that I give to you. But the man I give to you goes in the army with me. I'm bringing you soldiers.

4:08:29Gee, stay here and rule the people. Brilliant. The Chinese, when they arrived in the court of Altani, they didn't know what to think. There she is ruling this area of the ungood people. And they said, well, she can read and write. And she's a supreme judge. And she doesn't allow any death sentence without her permission. But they didn't say which language is she could read and write. That is really puzzled me a lot. So you're saying the secret history as we have gotten access to has been edited to remove the significance of women even though they're still there. In that case, I mean, other cases with his mother, they did not and all, but I think in that case, because what happened is most of these women had few offsprings because their husband was gone to war.

4:09:19And Altani, of course, she married several times. Sometimes, oh, the sons of the last one, you know. But they were going off the war and they weren't reproducing. Only one Tetsukut who was ruling in Siberia, Sue us the one who had a whole bunch of daughters. They wouldn't be going off to war. And so they actually spread out through the empire and did a lot of, I had a lot of power later. But what happened was the area for Al -Akaibeq, for example, was taken over by Kublikon. And then the areas, all the Turkey areas, one by one, were taken over by their nephews as they died out, not in their own lifetime.

4:10:00They didn't kill the women off. But as they they died out, the men took it over. And so then they just wanted to kind of erase it. It's like, no, northern China, even though it was ruled by Sauraktani, it always was Mongol. She was ruling because her husband was Mongol and her sons were Mongol. Therefore, they had the right to rule it. So they cut out the women for those reasons. I think any time it threatened the power of a particular man, then there were other little things that are added in there. Sometimes you can find a phrase and it's like, this is not the phrase was not in the original.

4:10:35Yeah. In studying human history, what have you learned about human nature and just the trajectory of humanity throughout the past several millennia. I tend to have a certain love for individuals and persons, but not a love for people in general. And especially not for institutions. I have a tend to have a great suspicion about almost everything in mistrust and institutions over and over. And I think that's my own prejudice, and then I find reasons to support that. And Chinggis Khan was very good at destroying a lot of institutions or bringing them to heal within his empire. So then I like that, and I stress that, and I see those things.

4:11:25I think that's one thing. But other things that I learned from the Mongol people in general, not just about their history in all, but how is possible to live for thousands of years in a place? But for many people, it's not the most beautiful in the world. It's austere. You have a band of mountains and with some trees and then big band of steppe and then a big band of sand gravel desert to goby. And for many people, it wouldn't, it's not appealing. It's just open. There's too much space. It's like we need to build something over here. You can have a condo right there. We can have a building. We can sell them off And they haven't given in to that.

4:12:05They really value their country. They protect their country. Even now only 1 % is privately owned. They keep it down. And in Mongolia and records, farm in city count is one category. It's just because it's settled people. It doesn't matter. You settle on a farm, you settle in a city, settle people, one category. And they lived there in this land that Chinggis Han would return to and love. If he returned to the capital city, he would not know where he was. He would have no idea. And all the people would just say, oh, be Mongol, hold on. I'm Mongol, yeah, I'm Mongol. I have the hat, I have the bell buckle.

4:12:48I have all the del that's all embroidered. You know, yeah, I'm Mongol. And Chinggis, I was going to say, where's your horse? all keeping the countryside. He wouldn't recognize the city, but it's still his country, his people. They worship him in a literal sense, not the way we would worship God, asking for favors, but in the sense of worshiping him with praise, they have so many songs to praise him. And about half of the hip hop in the country is in praise of Jinguaskan. It's something we can't understand, because when we pray, we're usually saying, you know, oh, thank you God for this and that and the other, and you're so wonderful, and I love you.

4:13:30So would you please give me, and would you please do this, and would you please stop this pain in my knee? We're asking for things all over the place. Let's think as Han No. No, no one ever asks for anything. They just honor him. They just praise him and honor him. If I weren't to visit Mongolia, what would you recommend? What's the right way? Well, start with my home. Let's start there. You come over there. It's a nice valley. I have a nice valley there. I think almost any direction you go outside of the city is going to be interesting. It depends a little bit on your purpose. Most people go south to the goby and they do a loop to the goby and around to Caracorum, Hohor in the old capital from a good day Han, but it was abandoned by Kublikon.

4:14:23And then they circle back to the city and they may stop off to see what we call Pryszwalski, though the Wild Horse, but they call Taki. To see the Taki, or they may go up to Huff School Lake, a big beautiful lake, somewhat like Baikal, but much smaller. So that's a beautiful trip. If you want to see the more Turkic area where they hunt with eagles, the far west is where the Kazakh people live, and the mountains are absolutely incredibly beautiful. Most mountains in Mongolia are gentle, beautiful, but gentle. The farther west you go, the more dramatic they become, the more pointed and peaked and snow covered.

4:15:04Then if you go to the eastern Mongolia, it's, tend to be very flat. There are massive, massive flocks of cranes that come in every year. Millions and millions of cranes. There are also tundra swans that come in and golden ducks and all kinds of beautiful birds out there. So each area has something special. If you want particularly the history of Ching -as -Han, And the Mongolians love him, they worship him, but they don't do too much to capitalize on his home area, the Hinti. You can go to the Hinti, there are areas you cannot go to, large, large areas, it's forbidden, but you can go, but they don't capitalize, like this is the place.

4:15:50No. They go there themselves out of respect. But the only one place they built this statue of him, which is the largest equestrian statue in the world, but it's the place where they say he found his whip, which is when he was coming back from being at the camp of asking Orgelhahn, or Tautical Han or Wunghahn, to support him and he's coming back to his family and on the way he supposedly found whip there, which is just a small stick with a couple of strands of raw -hided end of it. That's used. But for the Mongolians, it's a symbolic thing, because obviously it's used for a horse. But for the Mongols, your destiny, your self, your will is your hemore, your wind horse that lives inside of you, your wind horse that guides you and gives you opportunities.

4:16:48But it's up to you to ride that wind horse. It's up to you to use the wind horse, not to just go wild with the wind horse. And so I think it's a that crucial moment. He's on his way back home and to go with Jammuka and the other soldiers to the market to rescue Bersta. And so symbolically he found a whip there. But I think it means that he found the way to control his destiny, his fate. That's very important, very important. And that he did, that was the beginning of this thing. Yes. And it symbolized in that statue. Some people think that he's holding this stick, that it's a baton or something like that.

4:17:34But no, it's that what they call the equip, or to shoot. We've talked a lot about the past. If we look out into the future, what gives you hope for human civilization, for us humans? Well, almost every day I'm totally dissatisfied with everything on earth. It's just that kind of old man. What are they talking about? My grandchildren are talking to me. I don't understand the word they say. What are they? What? And who are they talking about? I never heard of this. You know, it's kind of like that. And who's running for office? Oh my God. Oh my God. You know, it's everything like that. But then almost every day I meet somebody, just one person, you know, who gives you some kind of hope.

4:18:24You just see somebody doing something nice. And or they do something nice for you. And I do find in Asia that happens a lot, you know, that people just do nice things for old people every day. And so then my dissatisfaction with all the big things in the world and the way my grandchildren talk and the way young people are. And then I see something like that. And often it's something with the young people, something that the young people do. And in an Asia, they're always bringing me things. They bring me dried curge. They bring me strawberries that they picked in the forest in the summer. Or they bring the pine nuts that they found.

4:19:14Or they bring me the milk. And various forms are yogurt. Oh yeah, everybody thinks you got to eat the yogurt. This is from my grandmother. and all the other yogurt in the world is not good by my grandmother. She knows how to make best yogurt ever. And so over and over and over, I find despite my all intentions to be in a bad mood, somebody spoils it with these little nice acts that are really very touching, very touching. Yeah, it reminds you that there's that little flame of goodness that burns in everybody. I believe that that on the whole will keep humanity flourishing, keep evolving and changing towards something better with every generation.

4:20:06Yes. You know, the people in Mongolia take such good care of me all the time, all the time. And I think my wife had MS, I've talked about this before sometimes, she had MS and slowly declined for many years, becoming paralyzed, not able to speak, not able to control her movements or anything. And we lived half the years still in Mongolia. Part of it was because the climate and the altitude were better for her situation. It was very helpful for her, but also to people. There was a poor country, the sidewalks are broken, everything's not working, But I would go out with her in a wheelchair alone and I knew that every bump Some arm would pick her up on pick up the wheelchair and lift her over that and not make me do it We could go to the opera and you had to go up this Magnificent set of Soviets stairs to get to the opera, you know We would go and I had no worries.

4:21:05I knew Two guys would come from one side two guys for the other side They would carry out and they do not say excuse me man help you They do not wait for you to say thank you, nothing. They just do it and they walk away. They have such respect. Singers would come there all the time to sing to warm up the house for my wife. And they even dancers would come sometimes to dance and or play the horse head fiddle, more than who to play that, to warm up the house for her, to see how they treated a totally disabled person. And if I was feeding my wife and somebody, anyone anybody saw it, they would come in immediately take over and start feeding her in their place.

4:21:49Children would come up to her in America. They're often afraid that she's somebody in a wheelchair. They just kind of look. They don't know what to do. But over there, the children would always come to her. Always. They were very kind. You just learn something about the people and living there in a country where you, out the countryside, you come to a gear, you never ask for permission to go in. You certainly don't knock on the door frame. That's, no, that's hugely offensive. And you ask, it's like insulting the people like, what, you're not good hospitable people. I have to ask you for something.

4:22:24No, you walk in and you sit down and they fix food for you. It's an incredible thing. And these These are the things that give me hope. It's no institution in the world, not the big things and not the pop culture and not all the platitudes. Oh my God, save us from the platitudes of modern life. You know? Yeah. It's true. It's the family that will fix tea for you in two in the morning because there was a flash flood and you got stuck and now you're cold and wet and they build a fire and take care of you. or you just show up and you make camp somewhere if you have your own tent. And I swear within one hour some child is going to be there with water and milk.

4:23:10I think where did you come from? But the mother sent them over. Oh, there's somebody over there in the forest. They believe that they're obligated to take care of one another. Anybody in your area, you take care of them. And things like that, But on individuals do give me hope. People one by one are a few at a time, even though I'm lost in the modern world. Well, I'm glad you find you way. You mentioned that your wife is no longer with us. What's a favorite memory you have with her? Well, like I'd say, a favorite picture is a lake we used to go to called Uki Nuur in the middle. And somebody, a very nice friend, took a picture of us towards the end.

4:24:06We're just sitting there watching the sunset over the lake that we've been to many, many times in life. And you know, she's holding hands. She's in the chair paralyzed. And we're just sitting there staring off in the distance. You know, that's one of my favorites. But with my wife, I was just blessed with a good wife that was exciting. She was the most beautiful woman I had ever met in my whole life. She was smart. She would talk to people about anything. She talked about jazz or physics or art. I mean, my life is so small and narrow. But my wife, she's the one who gave me a life. She, the truth is, people don't believe sometimes.

4:24:54I failed English in college, I barely got in college. Nobody in my family, I'd gone up with my grandparents mostly because I, and they had third grade education. My father had seventh grade, now we'd to live with him after the grandparents died and my mother. There was no big education there in the family, But I somehow got to college. My father told me to go. He didn't want me to go to the war in Vietnam So he volunteered to go because there was the rule that they couldn't send two people from one family against their will That was mainly designed to protect brothers But he could go as the father and then I could go to college, you know So I got to college and I can't say oh I was drinking and having a party in not serious.

4:25:36No, I was trying like hell to pass that course I failed English. I failed it and And this was just a huge shame to me. In fact, after one year I was put on probation, to be kicked out of the school, my grades were so low overall. And then, so it took me a long time to confess this to my wife after we met. I met her briefly known her in high school, but just not well or anything. But anyway, we met later and I told her, and she just looked at me, she said, What is a professor? No, it's just a professor. You could write anything you want. And she had the power to make me believe everything she said.

4:26:18I don't care what she said. I would believe it. And I always say, yeah, that's right. That's just a professor. Yeah, what, you know, and she inspired me. But she also, she supported me all the way through graduate school. She was taking some courses of her own and she was doing graduate work, but she inspired me, but she told me I Said I want to write for more people than just for other scholars. I've done this dissertation of PhD and it's just dry as that's a hard -ass, the goby desert, you know and and I Didn't know what to do and she said Just tell the story to me but I can't see you while you tell it.

4:27:00You're on the radio and I'm listening in my car driving somewhere. Just tell the story to me. And to this day, almost every word I write, as always, just tell the story to her the way that she would like it. And I always read the books to her. Even she You couldn't comprehend too much, you know, but she just loved hearing the book because it was mine. And you know, in the last years of her life, I gave up the teaching and we went back to our original home in South Carolina and I said, okay, we're just going to live here and watch the ocean and do things like that and just be worthless teenagers.

4:27:45And my wife used to have episodes of clarity. I had no idea what would cost me. It might be two hours, it might be seven or eight hours. And we would talk a lot. And so one time she said to me, she said, this disease is going to take my life, but it's taking your life. She said, you gave up teaching and you gave up writing. And she said, how do you expect me to die in peace if I know that you gave up everything to this disease? She said, you should write. And so every single day we sat together by the window, I moved it into the dining room, overlooking the water, we sat there at the desk and she sat in the wheels here next to me and sometimes we would play a little soft music in the background a little bit.

4:28:44And for the most part she couldn't talk but she liked to just sit there, bot, hide me working and she knew that she was inspiration. She knew. She was the battery that kept me going, you know. How on earth I ever had a wife like that I don't know. That's beautiful, Jack. That's really beautiful. You know, I just hit the jackpot with her. And I see so many people that get by and they even like each other or their friends or something. But in my life, there was one person. I love my children. I still do. I love my grandchildren. I don't understand them. But yeah. But there's one person in my life.

4:29:32And that was my wife. For 44 years, and her funeral was on our anniversary. That's just the way life works out, you know. But I was very lucky, very lucky. If the two of you lived and met a few centuries ago, I might be reading a history book about you, Conqueror. No, no, no. And if she said, you know, you should do this. Maybe you would say. And she said it, I probably would have believed. Exactly. She was too busy enjoying the world. And in her final, I could not ask her questions. And I would not say, oh, you remember that? No, I never would say that because I knew she could remember. But when she was being restless or something in the night, I used to recite scenes from our life and just give the scene without saying to you remember.

4:30:31But the last night I certainly didn't know that she was going, but it was a rough night. And we went back to the first night that we had in Moscow. We came in December in the winter and the snow was so beautiful and white and the yellow lights shining on it. And then the most beautiful night we went to the ball show. And she had this elegant blue wool coat from her grandmother from the 1920s with a huge, so ironic, it was a blue wolf, but it's gray blue, like the Uncle Hensers, gray blue collar, this huge collar. She just looked like a movie star from the 20s or something. And we went to see Maya Plisette Skaya.

4:31:24And it was one of the most beautiful nights. But her last night, I told her that story again, you know, of all the details. I'd gone through it many times, but her coat from her grandmother, whom she loved very much, the snow and the yellow lights. So we arrived at night,

4:31:46because of course next night going to the Bolshe way and all those beautiful things from Russia. That was it. She was an inspiration. I have many, many nights or many days of great memories, you know. You're going to make me cry, Jack. Oh no. That was beautiful. You're a beautiful human being. It's really an honor to talk to you. This was such a fascinating journey through human history, about one of the most impactful humans in human history. Well, I thank you very much. And the amount of research when I realized how much research you had done, I felt like you're gonna know things I don't know when you could pull something out.

4:32:29And I'm gonna be shamed in front of the whole world. There's only one piece of research left that's me going to mongolian and riding there on the step. That would be incredible. So, come, come. I will. Thank you so much for talking to me, Jack. Thank you. Thanks for listening to this conversation with Jack Weiford. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description and consider subscribing to this channel. And now let me answer some questions and try to articulate some things I've been thinking about. If you would like to submit questions including in audio and video form, go to lexfremend .com slash AMA.

4:33:08or if you want to contact me for other reasons go to LexFreement .com slash contact. And now allow me to make a few comments on the ever evolving moral landscape of human civilization throughout our 10 ,000 year history. I was listening to Dan Carlin's excellent eye -opening five and a half hour episode of hardcore history titled Human Resources. It covered the topic of slavery, theory, the Atlantic slave trade to be exact. One of the lessons I took from this episode is that the long arc of history is full of atrocities, as we modern day humans understand them, with the wisdom of time and moral progress.

4:33:52But during each period of history, as Dan documents, it was difficult for the majority of people to see just where the line between good and evil is. We humans, after all, forever like to weave a story in which we are the good guys. Listening to Dan discuss and later myself reading First Hand accounts of slaves, of torture, of rape, of separation of families, is incomprehensibly heartbreaking. By the way, in this topic, First Hand accounts of slavery can be read in slave narratives, a folk history of slavery in the United States from interviews with former slaves. I can recommend a book that I've been reading which is Voices from Slavery, a hundred authentic slave narratives.

4:34:37It all seems deeply and obviously wrong by today's standards, but slavery was seen as normal through most of human history. Thomas Jefferson, the man who wrote all men are created equal. J .I .T .T. is one of the most powerful lines in all of human history. He himself was a slave owner, making him a fascinating case study of contradictions. In fact, there's evidence that Thomas Jefferson drew from J .I .T .T .'s ideas about the importance of religious freedom. Pulling as he did, foundational ideas of human freedom from the jaws of deep history. And Dan, in his episode, documents these contradictions and complexities quite well.

4:35:21The full range of human psychology involved, including how violations of basic human rights breed generational hatred. This I think is an important lesson to understand. The consequences of our moral failings can reverberate through decades even centuries. And that is perhaps one of the values of studying history. It is laden with atrocities, but it also contains people who, while flawed, dare to rise in some way about the moral decrepitude of the day to try to build a foundation of a slightly better future world. As the MLK Jr. put it, the arc of moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice.

4:36:06And now please allow me to say a few words about Gaza, Israel and Palestine. I'm not sure I'm eloquent enough or know quite the right words to express what I'm feeling. But let me try. I think what is happening in Gaza is an atrocity. And I think that the Israeli government is directly responsible for it. And to the degree the US government is assisting the Israeli government in this, which I believe it currently is, it needs to stop immediately. For me as an American makes me sick to know that my government has any role in this atrocity. This needs to stop. Yes, there's geopolitical and military complexity, nuance and historical context that I'm told by some so -called experts that one must understand.

4:37:04And perhaps they are smarter than me. But like mentioned before, unlike the more complexity of deep history that I've often spoken about, from the Roman Empire to the Atlantic slave trade, this is the 21st century. This is today. In this the 21st century, I see things quite simply. And clearly. To me, the death of a child is a tragedy. It doesn't matter what their skin color is, what their religion is, or what plot of land they call home. In my view, they are all equal. And the death of each child is a tragedy. Hamas did a definitively evil act on October 7th, brutally murdering over 1 ,000 civilians.

4:37:55But now, the acts of war conducted by the Israeli government have led to the death of over 60 ,000 people in Gaza, likely over 80 ,000 people, of which at least 17 ,000 are children. 17 ,000. I'm not smart enough to know the path to peace and flourishing of all the peoples in the region. But I do know that what has been happening in Gaza cannot be the way. Suffering at this kind of scale breeds generational hate that leads to more evil in the world, not less. To more destruction. To more suffering. This has to stop. 2 years ago, I spoke with many Palestinians in the West Bank, on camera and off.

4:38:52There's a video of it up if you want to hear their voices for yourself. It was a deeply moving experience for me, and I'm grateful for it. In the future, I hope to find a way to talk to people in Gaza. I still think it's valuable to talk to leaders, historians, soldiers, activists from all perspectives, But the most powerful and moving conversations for me on Mike and off have always been with everyday people. This always felt like what the truth is, the deeper truth of life, of pain, fear, of hope. And I still have hope. I believe we humans are good at the core, and I know we'll find our way.

4:39:39Thank you for listening. I love you all.