The Technology Bigger than AI w/ Jack Hidary | EP #68

26:44EKG is not sufficient. The tools we have today are not sufficient. Think about EKG. So there's leads on your chest, picking up electricity. Now where did that come from? So that came from the pacemaker cells in the heart, which is not attached to the chest. It's not at the chest wall. It's a very indirect measure. And what we realize is we can actually build a box. Here is our lovely subject, Stefan B, our scientist. Notice that his shirt is on and there's no leads and there's no wires because we're picking up the magnetic field coming through his bone and tissue. The magnetic field is not dissipated by that bone and tissue.

27:25We're getting the real activity directly from the heart. And it turns out that back in the 80s and 90s, an early quantum sensor knows as a squid, a superconducting quantum interference device, a squid, a cryogenic device, something that has to be liquid cooled, you need a Faraday cage, you need a room, the size of the stage, and you need to protect it and shield it from the Earth's magnetic field, and then you have people come in and they clean them clean and clean them up in Ohio, they have one of these. And it turns out that you can tell a lot about the heart. And that's why Cleveland Clinic still uses it today, a device that was made 20, 30 years ago.

28:02But that form factor does not allow us to democratize it, to scale it, to take it out to the world. One of the reasons why we're so committed to exprise and the all the exprises that take technologies and blow it out to the world is the same reason why we want to take this modality, Magneto -cadiography, MKG, not just EKG, but MKG and take it out in a form factor that's room temperature, that's small, that we can take to clinics and rural areas, take to people all around the world, and of course take to hospitals all across the US, Europe, and other countries. And this allows us to do that. In fact, this is much bigger than we had to make it.

28:41We took our initial designs to the hospital, we showed them they said, don't make it that small. We were going to make it the size of a Rubik's Cube. They said, our doctors will not take it seriously, because it's the size of Rubik's Cube. So can you put some air around it? So 80 % of that box near Stefan is air. Then they said, put it on wheels, because anything that's wheeled around is taken very seriously. If you wheeled around and it's white, it will be taken extremely seriously. And so, and so, and so, and so, this device right now is at UCSF Hospital. Anyone wants to be a test subject, clinical trials open, join us, we're building up the data now, and here's the beautiful thing, Peter.

29:30We don't have to prove it's medical efficacy. That's already done by Cleveland Clinic, by others, using the previous generation of MCG. But now all we have to show is that this form factor also adheres to that kind of thing. And in fact, already today, the standard of care for fetal cardiac diagnostics is magnetocardic. You can't get an EKG lead into a womb and say, how's your heart doing? Mr. Miss fetus, right? And so what you can do though is, again, passively listen, just listen to the heart, magnetic field coming out. There's nothing emanating from our box already presented to the FDA and the FDA said we love this First principle do no harm of medicine you can do no harm because nothing's coming out of your box This is a device that is just listening and waiting for the heart to give it information A spin -out from sandbox a partner of sandbox.

30:24This is no this is one of our devices. This is one of our products Yeah, and so let me now talk about how the AI and Peter you and I've talked about this where does the AI come in to quantum? Well, this device is so sensitive. So by the way, again, the name sandbox, the A is for AI, the Q is for quantum, right? This is the convergence of these two technology. We had to have both. And one of the reasons why this beautiful technology did not come to light until we got involved is that in the hands of the physics departments, again, brilliant that they turn this bug into a feature making sensors.

31:00But look at, let me see, I don't think I have a, no, okay. If you just look at the upper left, that's the signal coming out of the quantum diamond. It's too much information. If Peter, you're standing just a few meters from the device with your iPhone, you're going to set that thing up. You're going to add to the noise of the device. In fact, our first version did not work. Our first version worked great in our lab. We brought it over to the hospital, failed completely. What happened? We were about seven meters from the elevators of the hospital. And the elevators go up and down and have an electromagnetic portion which was throwing off our design.

31:40Now we could kind of ml it out. We said, you know what? Let's go back to the lab and actually we designed it. We did. We're back in there now and we don't have that interference. But we have to build for noisy environments. We don't want to build for a room that has to be caged in with a Faraday cage Right, we want to democratize it bring it out So when you look at the upper left you're like where is the heart signal? And so it took us more than two years of additional ML work to bring it from the upper left to the right We see there. ML is machine learning just to make sure where we can find the actual heart signal And so this is a combination of hardware and physics and quantum making these diamonds more pure, more homogenous.

32:23When I showed you that one area of the nitrogen and the vacancy, this is not just one of those in there. There's a billion plus in one cubic millimeter, a billion plus of those doping that we put in in one cubic millimeter. Amazing. And so this is exquisite technology that I'm really proud of the team having created But also the ML needed to go from complete noise to finding that heart signal And so this is what's possible now Peter to bring this out and to have this impact Are you able to speak about the navigation? Yes, so just to give a little secret. Okay. Just to give a little peek The heart you ask how sensitive is this?

33:05This is 10 to the minus 12 Tesla If you've been in an MRI machine, everyone I'm sure here has, you've been in something that's either 1 .5 Tesla, 3 Tesla, 7 Tesla, maybe even if you felt you had any kind of metal and was pulling like this to the machine, that's like a 7 -9 Tesla machine. In research, I used to use these machines and one time I had small little piece of metal on my shoes, and I almost lost my leg like this to the machine when it was turned on. But But that's one to nine Tesla. This is 10 to the minus 12 Tesla. It's a really important point. And then 11 zeros and a little one, that's how weak the magnetic field.

33:47That's a brilliant excess of fuel. Yeah, of the hardest. And if we want to do the brain, then we have to even go even more sensitive and hopefully that's coming soon. So let's now talk about navigation. Well, what's happening right now in Ukraine? Russia is jamming the signal over Ukraine and it's not just there. The signal of GPS, right? GPS, if you want to go on eBay or other websites, you can buy for $700. Something that looks like a walkie -talkie, but like a big walkie -talkie like this, we can jam GPS for the entire area of Teranella with one little device like this. Because again, we know the spectrum of the GPS satellites and we can have destructive interference.

34:29We're sending out a wave that exactly destroys that particular signal, and you'll have no GPS. In fact, quantissary lines just issued a warning just two days ago. And they said, we're getting jamming when we're near the PRC, when we're near China. GPS jamming are flights with passengers on them have lost GPS due to jamming. Now, why would China be jamming the GPS signal near the Straits of Taiwan? Any guesses? Okay, I'll leave it at that. But the point is that Merisk, the large shipping company, reported the same thing that when their ships are coming into the port of Shanghai, going various places, they lose signal for portions of their voyage, this is a major issue because it's so easy to jam.

35:15So what are the alternatives? Well, you can do dead reckoning, and that's been used for hundreds of years, but we know the drift involved in dead reckoning. You can get your astrolabe out, right? If you can see some stars, but what we realize is that we can be like the bird I just showed you before. There's a turn, an Arctic turn, a bird that travels 24 ,000 kilometers a year in its migratory pattern from the North Pole to the South Pole. Other birds, of course, we know very well migrating during different seasons, whales using the magnetic field of the earth as well. Even turtles, when those turtles are born and they run into the sea, they're actually using magnetic gradient as well.

35:58So nature has figured out that you can use, you can leverage the earth's magnetic field for direction, for navigation. Birds have figured that out. And maybe some evidence that some humans have a little magnetite left in our brains, maybe some people can do it, but most of us cannot. And so we rely upon GPS, But now we have given humans that ability by having a diamond sensor, the kind of diamond I just showed you before for the heart, the same diamond, and matching that now, not with machine learning that looks for the heartbeat, but machine learning that looks for the unique fingerprint of the Earth's magnetic field in every square meter of this Earth.

36:40And this is a revelation to us as well. When we - Blue meal wake. Yeah. When we spoke Peter to the geophysicists and we brought them into our team and we realized that Actually, I know there's a lot of geeks here. Everyone here is a geek otherwise you wouldn't be here So I'll just look geek out for a second on geophysics It turns out that yes We all learned in school about the liquid core There's an intercore ball of iron and around that is liquid molten iron a little bit nickel in there And that's sloshing around creating what's called a geodinamo and that geodinamo is creating the core field of our earth But in fact, there's another modification of that magnetic field.

37:17As lava comes up and has come up for millions and hundreds of millions of years, and then cools down the magnetite, the hematite, the ferromagnetic materials in the mantle as it cools down, modifies locally that core field. And you now have a fingerprint, a unique signature on that spot on Earth. So every square meter of the planet has a unique magnetic signature. that you could map and then use for navigation for an on. Correct. And so right here, this square meter, that square meter, every square meter on Earth. And you could navigate a thousand meters underwater. That's correct. So when you're underwater, you can't navigate.

37:59One of the reasons why the scientists were asking for help down in Antarctica is because when they have their underwater drones, the British Antarctic Survey, Bass, as it's called, had two underwater drones at the cost of two million British pounds each. Both of them now are broken. Why are they broken now? Because they did dead reckoning and they couldn't see where they're going and they bumped into various walls and underwater sea walls and they're both broken right now. Giving the opportunity to have true absolute navigation, not dead reckoning, not inertial, but absolute navigation underwater.

38:32You can't get GPS signal more than a meter underwater. And so when you want to go deep more than a meter you've got to have some way of navigating and this now Allows us to do that. Remember we said about magnetic field. We said about bone -in tissue. It's also true of the water We can detect that Underwater so this becomes Peter and right now I'm happy to say that this device that we created is flying As we speak now on a test plane to one of the largest airplane manufacturers on the planet right now and And there's actually a button that was a very emotional moment for us, was when they sent us a picture from this company and they added a button on the dashboard of the plane, on the avionics.

39:09It's a button called Sandbox AQ, and they flipped that button up. Up comes a magnetic navigation. And we're not saying don't use GPS, of course, have GPS. But if it's getting jammed, if you lose that signal, you can lose it for other reasons, not just jamming. You better have some kind of global backup. and it better be absolute navigation. And finally, we can empower scientists as well with underwater navigation and allowing them to do the exploration and data collection that we all need to find out with. Amazing. Everybody, I want to take a short break from our episode to talk about a company that's very important to me.

39:45And could actually save your life or the life of someone that you love. Companies called Fountain Life. And it's a company I started years ago with Tony Robbins and a group of very talented physicians. You know, most of us don't actually know what's going on inside our body. We're all optimists. Until that day, when you have a pain in your side, you go to the physician and they burn into your room and they say, listen, I'm sorry to tell you this, but you have this stage three or four going on. And, you know, it didn't start that morning. It probably was a problem that's been going on for some time, but because we never look, we don't find out.

40:22So what we built at Fountain Life was the world's most advanced diagnostic centers. We have four across the US today and we're building 20 around the world. These centers give you a full -body MRI, a brain, a brain vasculature, an AI -nabled coronary CT looking for soft plaque, dexascan, a grail blood cancer test, a full executive blood workup. It's the most advanced workup you'll ever receive. 150 gigabytes of data that then go to our AIs and our physicians to find any disease at the very beginning. When it's solvable, you're gonna find out eventually. Might as well find out when you can take action.

41:03Fountain Life also has an entire side of therapeutics. We look around the world for the most advanced therapeutics that can add 10, 20 healthy years to your life, and we provide them to you at our centers. So if this is of interest to you, please go and check it out. Go to FountainLife .com -peter. When Tony and I wrote our New York Times bestseller Life Force, we had 30 ,000 people reached out to us for Fountain Life memberships. If you go to FountainLife .com -peter, we'll put you to the top of the list. It really is something that is, for me, one of the most important things I offer my entire family, the CEOs of my companies, my friends.

41:46It's a chance to really add decades onto our healthy life spans. Go to fountainlife .com, backslashpeter. It's one of the most important things I can offer to you if one of my listeners. All right, let's go back to our episode. And this is probably just, you know, a fraction of the potential applications you haven't thought about yet. Yeah, there's so many other applications, but I think just sharing hopefully tonight, the promise of where this is going and the fact that we're doing this right now. This is something that we invite folks who have ideas. If you have an idea for what we can do with quantum sensors, we're open to brainstorming ideas that's always been the philosophy at X Prize.

42:23It's always been our philosophy as well to partner with folks and think about new ways of helping the planet in this way. So that's in a nutshell, quantum sensing. Where do you want to go next? Yeah, give it up to one sensing. But I just appreciate again how these ideas didn't even exist not too long ago. And what this is going to unlock, I remember when Scott Madrie at International Space University, when the early geolocation pioneers was showing me the idea of geoposition systems. And little did I could imagine of Uber or Google Maps, right? All the applications will be born on top of these things that we can't even imagine yet.

43:18And this is magic. And ultimate cost of this is... Oh, that's an idea. To democratize this, we have to make sure that it's very accessible. If it's once again a multi -multimillion -dollar device like you see in hospitals, we have failed. Yeah, cool technology, but not impact. The standard we hold ourselves to is the impact that we have. And by making these devices room temperature and really small and portable, low power by the way, to power one of these devices is a couple of D batteries. Probably even maybe just four or five AAA batteries, but it's really low power. We don't even have to use lasers.

43:58I showed an example there were lasers because it was easy to visualize. But now actually we've converted to LEDs, you know how cheap LEDs are. So a green LED and then it comes out as red and we detect that. So that's really, really easy. But maybe Peter, we should now turn for a few moments to quantum security, to cybersecurity. Because I know that's on the minds of a lot of people protecting our data and then just a few moments on that and maybe then we talk about medicine and how we can really revolutionize for those. Is that makes sense? Yeah, so I mean we have had this buzz in this conversation year on year about is quantum computing quantum encryption or d encryption going to unlock all of our wallets should we be worried about that and The answer will eventually be yes, but before then you have some solutions Yeah, this is a serious topic that A lot of really good brains are working on it right now around the world.

45:00We're very privileged Peter to be collaborating with incredible centers. I just came from Delft in Amsterdam near Amsterdam where there's a tremendous center for quantum information. One underlying theme Peter, I hope to share with everyone here tonight, is that underlying all this stuff, it sounds like, okay, we have quantum computers and quantum sensors and quantum security. What is going on here? Underlying all this is quantum information science, is QIS. And if we had a moment just like the graduate, the movie, and we want to say one word to the next generation, let's say QIS to the next generation.

45:39I know it doesn't roll off the tongue like plastics, but it's something that is fundamental to our world. Our world at a fundamental level is not the Newtonian world that we're used to. It's not the billion world that we're used to. At a fundamental level, it is a quantum world. And quantum, ultimately, now that we're the first human generation, the first generation of people who can finally harness not just the world of bits and not just shaping furniture and stuff in the macro world, but harnessing the ability to manipulate the atomic and quantum world. We are that first generation. Amazing.

46:17And it's no less than landing on the moon, It's no less than any one of those big breakthroughs that were both Conceptual mental breakthroughs as well as the kind of technology breakthroughs So let's talk about security for a minute. So Peter as you said correctly Quantum computers can do many many positive things in the world, but one thing they also do We know from a 1994 paper from Peter Shore The brilliant mathematician who's now at MIT then was at Bell Labs in New Jersey and And a young researcher there, he's in his cubicle and he's checking out various papers that are brewing in this new field of quantum information.

46:55And he realizes in the piphany that this computer once built will break the encryption that we all use. And already by that time, in 1994, this encryption, an example of that is RSA, extrocredit, what does RSA stand for? Extrocredit anyone here? Revest Shamir? Someone help him? A? A? A? A? A? Aedomin. Yes, good, excellent. So, revest Shamir and Aedomin, three brilliant folks from the 70s and 80s came up with this incredible public key encryption. The ability for us to share information over this wild west of the internet without having to meet in secret. Before public key encryption, what do we have to do.

47:41We had to meet in a bunker and we had to say, here's our one -time pads. We are spies in East Berlin and we're going to share Peter our one -time pads on Monday. We will use this key and you will use the same key Monday. And then Tuesday we move to the next key and we call it a pet. We take off, do we tear off the pages of the pad and we use those. I've seen this movie. Yes. Bridget Spies. And what we found is obviously that that's not scalable. If you want to build a global economy, such as we just did since the 70s and 80s, that global economy was fueled by a number of things, but one of the key drivers was public key encryption.

48:20Can you imagine if Jeff Bezos set up an incredible company, Amazon, in the Seattle area, and we had to all go take flights to Seattle every time we wanted to give him a credit card, we had to go there, drive there, take planes there, ride bikes there, and say, Jeff, here's credit card. We're in secret. I'm now giving you my credit card. I will now go back home and wait for my package. No, that would not be scalable. But instead, because of RSA, because of this encryption, this asymmetric encryption, why asymmetric? Peter, because my public key, which I published over the internet and Amazon uses, and now, in this case, I want to send them a credit card.

48:57So I find their public key. I encrypt my credit card with their, with the Amazon public key. Of course, I don't have to conscious he do this anymore. The browser does this for us when you see that little lock. That's what it's doing. And it's sending Amazon. And with their private key, a different key than the public key, it is decrypting that. So the whole basis of RSA is what we call a one -way trapdoor function. A function that's easy to go one -way, but very difficult to go back unless you have the trap door at the private key. And that's been the basis of global commerce. Without that, we wouldn't have the incredible economy that we have right now.

49:33And so that standard started in 1978, and even right before that with Diffie Hellman and some precursors to that. But basically, late 70s or early 80s, we had that. And here comes Peter Schor, a researcher, Bell Labs, 1994, writes a paper, puts it out. And first a few mathematicians read it and then some cryptographers read it and then some security people read it Then the government reads it and then others read it and everyone realizes whole my god This whole edifice we have just built one day will come crashing down and Nobody knew at that time in 94 would it be possible to build these computers?

50:11And so for many years it went by not really gathering much attention until In the last number of years it became very clear that these seven ways of building a quantum computer that we just talked about We're gaining traction people were announcing new engineering barriers being hurtled again and again here there everywhere all around the world And so it became clear we will build these computers and encryption will fall and That means that all of us in this room everyone on the planet will have to migrate over and here's the good news It's not often repeated we can point to a government program and say that worked.

50:47But in this case, we can because six years ago, number of governments around the world came together and said, whoa boy, we better have a solution for this because this train is coming at us art. And so they got together, made an open call, transparent process and said, come all ye who have an idea for a better protocol that would not be killed by quantum computers. That was more or less the statement. And sure enough, people came in and was 82 different ideas of how to have a protocol for securely transmitting information, just the way we do right now, but to do so, that is not breakable by a quantum computer.

51:24We call it quantum safe cryptography or post -quantum cryptography, PQC, different words, different jargon, but means the same thing. And in fact, after three rounds of calling on July 5th this past year, about eight -night months ago, So the global governments came together with us in the industry and the academics. Everyone said, kumbaya, we have found it. And so the process actually worked. We now have a standard that we're all be using, that is a different kind of encryption. Instead of the hardness of factoring large numbers, that's what RSA is based on, having very large numbers as the public key, and it's very hard to go back the other way to find the two factors that we use to multiply them together to make this big number.

52:08that would take billions of years on today's computers, but only a millisecond on a quantum computer. Instead of that regime, we're moving to something called lattice -based cryptography, a format that is not subject to this kind of quantum attack. And so, and so, we now have the pathway forward. But now the real work begins. This cannot happen overnight. It's not going to happen overnight. In fact, it's going to take a number of years to happen. But now we have a roadway, a road map to make it happen. I just put the slide up, Peter, just to show that, But when you look at banks, banks have been in the news recently.

52:41And among the other things, not just the balance sheets and the number of bonds and the interest rate of bonds and where the interest rate swaps and many other things, but also the IT infrastructure. Because of the amalgamation of M &A that led to all these large banks. And we can say the same thing about Pharma and the M &A and Pharma. And we can say the same thing about other industries, Telco. As an example, does anyone remember some of the early Telco players, Bel Atlantic, anywixtel? Atlantic, NXTEL, NINEX, okay? Anyone? Okay, so all these, when they're merged, it looks good on paper. Lawyers get paid, fantastic for them.

53:13But who actually harmonizes the IT back ends? It often never happens. And so what we find when we go in there with forensic tools, we find old protocols. Protocols that are not just subject to quantum attack. Protocols that have been broken, and we can break it by an iPhone. MD5, SHA1, these are hashing protocols protocols used to store your passwords, passwords that we don't want out there. And so we find this in banks around the world, we find this in governments around the world, we find this in hospitals around the world. These are protocols that have been broken already and we need to go in there and identify these vulnerabilities and then migrate them over to better standards.

53:56So quantum is a great catalyst. This is the positive news. It's a wonderful catalyst for us to finally fulfill this obligation to secure our data. Every time you hear about a breach, you say, oh, how did that breach happen? How did 100 million records and credit cards and social security numbers get out there? It was probably the case that not only was there a firewall issue, but once they got in there, that should have been encrypted. It was not properly encrypted. So there's been a lot of focus on viruses and malware and ransomware and of course firewalls, But we now need to pay attention to the nature of how we encrypt the information, not just how we transmit information back and forth.

54:37That's one encryption called data in motion, but also how we store information, data at rest. And so this is an opportunity. That's how we see it. Of engaging with our world, engaging with our key data that we own, that is our health care data, our banking information, our personal data. And so this is the moment now to relook at all that in the next three, four years and we now need to reestablish the foundation so that we can continue to grow this economy. Otherwise the whole thing comes crashing down or we can all take trips to Seattle every time we might buy some rams. So that in a nutshell is quantum security.

55:16Amazing. Thank you.

55:22That in a nutshell is quantum security explained by a brilliant genius. Thanks. How far are we from quantum computers breaking today's standard RSA option? It's a great question and I just want to put up this slide here. So there's a lot of efforts around the world to build quantum computers. And it's not exactly as if the business plans of these companies is, hey, a venture capitalist Peter, I have a quantum computing idea. We're going to build a quantum computer. And the reason we're going to build it is to break the world's cryptography. That's not necessarily the business plans that you see being pitched.

56:01But the fact is that no matter why you're building your quantum computer, once it gets to a certain scale, we will start seeing encryption fall. And there are also state -sponsored efforts, maybe adversarial, that are building quantum computers and they're open about it and they have thousands and thousands of engineers and scientists on this and this is open information now on the internet. And we look at that information and realize that there is no way to control it anymore. The genie is out of the bottle. This will be built because the prize, the brass ring is simply too big, too valuable.

56:38The ability to have a computer that cracks everyone's encryption is simply too valuable. It will happen. There is no regulation. There is no way to stop it at this point. And one of the reasons why we're urgent around this now is this slide here, SNDL. Store now, decrypt later. Because if I know Peter that one day I will have such a computer and I want to know the secrets of that company, of that government, of that individual, I don't wait until then. What I do is I siphon off, I don't even have to break into your network. I just say, I know Peter lives in the LA area and I know that he's probably on this ISP.

57:19And so I'll just go to a hop over here, I'll tap in and I'll just start siphoning information. And somewhere in there is Peter's communications. And I'll just make a copy, just make a copy, make a copy. I can't read it today because you're using RSA or a similar encryption. But I'll just store it now. I'll store it now and then in a number of years I'll have such a computer and I'll decrypt it later and then when I decrypt it I say oh Peter FYI you owe me five million dollars in ransomware because I have your data Otherwise, I'm gonna release it. Oh, you're a farmer company. Ah, yes I have all your molecular formulas that you've been transmitting to your factories.

57:55I have everything I know you transmitted them securely at that time But retroactively now, and there's probably a Hollywood script in here somewhere, that retroactively, none of it was secure at all. So this is the concern we have now. This is the concern that governments have. This is why you hear various governments, including our own in the United States, issue directive after directive. In fact, Congress passed a law on December 9th this past year. And amazingly, the Senate passed it unanimously. Does that happen every often? No, it doesn't. You, Nanously, 100, yes, said we approve this law that requires our federal government to move to the new standards because of the concern about SNDO.

58:41That law is now signed. It's now the law of the land. And now the federal government is on the move to make this happen. So the good news is that we have a response. We have a roadmap. But this is the concern. The concern, Peter, is that over the next number of years these quantum computers will get bigger and bigger and more powerful. And it's not just little companies making them. They are state -sponsored adversaries who have intense moonshot Manhattan projects that are making these quantum computers. And did we announce that we had broken the Nigma back in World War II? Did we announce that to the world?

59:15I don't think we did. So we may not know when somebody has this computer. But it's too late. The companies have sent this all and they are. So but we now have quantum encryption. Yeah, that's quantum safe encryption. That's right And here's the good news, Peter that we don't need a quantum computer in our hands to be safe against quantum computers We can do this encryption using your current cell phones using the current servers. Don't throw out your machines But what's the date before which All of that we we know that that adversaries probably started siphoning data in great levels probably around three years ago.

59:57Probably around three, four years ago, they started to siphon data, but every day that goes by is another day, and of course, you know, that the world's in, you've talked about this, that the growth of how much data we produce in medicine and other areas, you know. And so this is the moment to start changing now because of S &D. Yeah. And have the major tall companies started doing that? They're starting, right? So if you have a VPN, if anyone hears you use VPN, and that P and VPN, the private, virtual private network, that P is currently secured by RSA or similar protocol. So we have to upgrade the VPNs, we have to upgrade Telco.

1:00:33All this ecosystem has to be upgraded. It's a huge amount of work and this is the work that has to be done collectively. There's no one company or individual who can make this happen. This is a ecosystem that has got to come together. And the good news, I think, Peter, is that this is a moment to relook at all this encryption and say, let's batten down the hatches and let's make sure we have deep security and privacy. Privacy is absolutely critical and have privacy, you need encryption. So this is a moment, I think, for us to strengthen the entire infrastructure and take care of years of stuff we should have done because of all this M &A that went on.

1:01:14Tomorrow morning is our dive into longevity. We have eight phenomenal longevity conversations. And one of the things that we've been talking about is this decade is different than past decades. In terms of our ability to begin to understand at a molecular cellular level why we age and how to manipulate that. But super pumped about this, we heard a presentation earlier from Alex Devaron, coffee CEO of Encelica Medicine and the work that he's doing in global drug discovery using generative adversarial networks. Talk about this because this is something that you're super passionate about and I am too.

1:02:00So, I think everyone here is familiar with the stats on this slide and one stat that people What we may not be familiar with is not only is there a two -thirds rate of failure in clinical trial. I think most people know that what people may not know is that 40 % fail in phase three. Now phase three, Peter. We did phase one and that was our safety phase, right? We did phase two. We showed some efficacy. Otherwise, we wouldn't get permission to go to a pivotal or to go to phase three. And now we're in phase three. It's a cherry on top. It's confirmatory. We're just here to say yes. It works now in more than just 50 or 100 people We're now at a few thousand people or more.

1:02:45We just want to make sure yeah But we have a lot of good news coming in to phase three otherwise are we gonna spend the four five hundred million dollars on a phase three? No, we would not and yet we do and so if somehow I said to you hey Peter and I have a new company Peter makes a company every week and I make a company once in a while, but let's say we had a new company. We had a new company, it's a construction company, and the audience comes to us, Peter, and it says, build us a new hotel, build us a new building. We have a construction company. But we say, hey, audience, sorry. When Peter and I build this hotel for you, there's a two -thirds chance, it will fall down in the first 30 days.

1:03:27That would not be a very promising startup that we have, But in fact, this is what we accept in the bio -farmate industry. This is what we live with. And I started my life helping to run clinical trials at NIH. And this is what we live with then, and this is what we have now. We have not materially improved the situation in decade after decade after decade. We have a lot of new tools. We've talked about this, talked about that tool, this tool. But in point of fact, net net. Any guesses on average per year? How many new drugs are approved by the FDA? Any guesses? I'll start the bidding at 10 new drugs.

1:04:1138. 50. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. a very savvy audience. Yes, about 48, 49, about 50 drugs. And of those, more than half are me two drugs. More than half are, hey, Peter, we're on the board of a great drug company. I think we need a new statin on the market. Yeah, there's only 17 of them. And so, I think you and I should make a new statin. We should modify one of the current stands, pant it. We should make a new statin. Generally, a billion dollars a year revenue. Why not? And so, So why don't we see the breakthroughs? Why don't we see it? What's happening? Why don't we see more effort going to pancreatic cancer and to very difficult cancers?

1:04:59It's very risky. It's very, very risky. How do we change the game here? Encyclical medicine is one of the companies changing the game. We need a set of tools that completely transform the way we think about going from molecule to medicine. This is not working right now. I'll be it for small molecule or for biologic, for proteins or small molecules, it is not working. And so how do we change this game? And people have heard about digital twins. And so what we realized is we needed to put together a team Peter that had the expertise, had the knowledge of how things are done now, but also had the knowledge of AI and quantum.

1:05:38Had the knowledge to say, we now need to take an AI and quantum approach, a physics -based approach that is driven by AI initially. But the last mile must be quantum. Why? Because when one molecule meets another molecule, here's an example. I have right here. And so here in this case, K Truda is a synthetic antibody that you see right in the middle of the diagram here. It's an antibody not made by the body, but an antibody made synthetically to plug up that receptor. That PD1 receptor that you see right there, we want to plug that hole. We do not want the tumor to insert the ligand into that receptor because if that tumor inserts that ligand into that receptor like a locking key, what does it do to that T cell?

1:06:25What can tumors do to T cells? T cells are there for the fight. They've come to the fight. They're here to do what our immune systems want to do to destroy pathogens. In this case, it's a different kind of pathogen, right? It's not a bacterium. It's not a virus. This is something that was a human cell. And so it has a locking key to turn off the T -cell, to put it into sleep mode for enough time for the tumor to grow out of control. And that helps us understand why the conundrum of why our immune system has not been more powerful in helping us take care of cancer. We know it's doing a pretty good job.

1:07:03We know the stats that when people are taking immune -suppressive drugs, Peter, as you will know as a physician for having to say a transplant of an organ. In the two years following that period, in that period where they need to take immunosuppressive drugs, their rate of cancer goes way up. So we know that when the immune system is there, it is pretty active. It is helpful. But in all too many cases, the cancer is able to run away and to evade. And this is one of the methods it uses. That blue and that red spike allow it to go into that receptor and turn off the T cells that came to the fight.

1:07:37And And other drugs like this do a great job of plugging up that hole and saying, no, we won't let that happen. But unfortunately, this drug does not work for everyone and not for every cancer. So we need to experiment and make new drugs that work for more people, more cohorts of folks. For melanoma where this was first approved, it works for about 32 % of the melanoma patients. It helps them. But in about two -thirds of cases, the cancer after a while of remission progresses. And so when molecules meet molecules, what language do they speak? They speak quantum. And so while AI -based AI -driven drug discovery has been very helpful to us, and in terms of taking a landscape meter of 600 million, say, potential compounds, and narrowing it down to say a few thousand.

1:08:25Now that we have a few thousand, we must ask the next question. When that, not just molecule, but now let's drill down further when we have the atom on the edge of the molecule and on the edge of that atom we have an electron. And that electron meets another electron. Does it bind together? Do they meet? Do they bind? And with what binding affinity? And with what characteristics? And what's the confirmation? And what's the shape and so on and so forth? All these are quantum characteristics. And now we're the first again generation right here in this room and around the planet that can now understand this quantum language.

1:09:02Now you might say how about the quantum computers? I thought we needed a quantum computer to make this happen. And what we realized and others realized around both academic and industry circles is that the GPUs were getting so good. The same GPUs that have led to chat GPT3 and then 4 and soon to come 6 and 7. Those same GPUs that initially started as what? What's the GNGPU? Graphics. They started for better video games. So every time a teenager is playing video games, thank that teenager. Because that teenager is saving our butts. That teenager is responsible for the rise of the GPU, which initially was not made for AI, was not made for quantum simulation, but once we in the AI community realized that the matrix algebra, matrices times matrices, matrix times a vector, this matrix algebra that was inherent in how we can have better video game rendering.

1:10:00We can hijack that for representing neural networks. Neural networks can be represented as an image coming in, as a vector, and we can multiply it by the matrix of weights in our neural network and our multilayer network that is the same mathematics in the firmware of it in video chip of an intel chip of a Tesla D1 chip a great GPU that Tesla uses Amazon has one alpha that has one many companies and what we saw five six years ago is that the GPU wars were growing so rapidly that we would get a GPU that not only was great for graphics for video games and not only was great for AI leading to the GPT revolution we see now.

1:10:40But what we surmised five years ago within our team was that by 2021 -2022, we would have GPUs capable of doing a quantum simulation, of simulating this interact. And sure enough, we published various papers just two years ago, and the first time in the world's record for doing that quantum chemical simulation, showing hundreds hundreds of thousands of electrons, meeting hundreds of thousands other electrons in like a speed dating and allowing them to allow us to understand what that interaction would be. So this Peter is what is now possible. And this is already impacting the folks, the bio -farmers we're working with in terms of neurodegener diseases.

1:11:23That's the first one we're tackling right now, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. We've had 35 years of failure in neurodegener. 35 years. And we need these kind of breakthroughs. We all know in this room how much we need these breakthroughs. But we're not going to get it unless we bring all the tools to the table. And now the combination of both AI and quantum finally coming together to say, let's down select from the large numbers that we have out there and use Generative AI as well to offer up new ideas, but then test them through the funnel of quantum interaction to say, let's de -risk this molecule, Peter, before we go to animal, before we go to human.

1:12:09Let's walk into the clinical trial with a much better chance than two -thirds failure. Everybody, I want to take a quick break from our episode. Tell you about a health product that I love and that I use every day. In fact, I use it twice a day. It's called seed health. Now, your microbiome and gut health are one of the most important and modifiable parts of your health plan. Your gut microbiome is connected to your brain health, your cardiac health, your metabolic health. So the question is, what are you doing to optimize your gut? Let me take a second to tell you what I'm doing. Every day, I take two capsules of seeds daily symbiotic.

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1:13:22At checkout. That c .com, backslash moonshots, and use the code moonshots to get 25 % off your first month of C's daily symbiotic. Trust me, your gut will thank you. Alright, let's get back to our episode. So what do you think in terms of price reduction and speed increase? Well, great question. I think if we, let me go back here, if we look at these super depressing numbers, the average right now is $2 billion to get molecule to medicine, the average is 13 years to get molecule to medicine. And so we need to bring this down to, you know, under a billion dollars. Certainly, we're hoping for $400, $500 million instead of $2 billion.

1:14:04dollars, so a 70 plus percent cut in cost. We're hoping for a dramatic decrease in the number of years. The majority of those 13 years are not the clinical trials. The FDA and other regulatory bodies have actually done a pretty good job in the last number of years, recognizing the cries of the families, the cries of the patients, the cries of the clinicians, they've said, we're going to accelerate. If you have a breakthrough that we can accelerate, let's do that. If we can go with a pivotal phase two and And I even go to a phase three, let's do that. And look what happened also in terms of even during the vaccine era, a fast acceleration of approval as well.

1:14:40So what we see is that we've actually compressed the time of clinical trial. From 70 years, we can now get that done in about three to four years, in some cases. If it has an orphan disease or various other kinds of breakthrough status. So that's not the issue anymore. We still need those human trials. It's the 8, 9, 10 years of pre -trial work, pre -clinical work that we need to really compress down. So that's where we need to impact right now. That's where we need partners. That's where we need collaboration to make this happen. And this is... Take me a decade forward here of the potential. Yeah.

1:15:18In terms of understanding. I mean, the complexity of the immune system, the complexity of even the intracellular mechanisms and intracellular mechanisms, communications is massive. We understand a fraction. Is this going to give us, I mean, we are quantum systems on a, on the, on the, on the, on the fundamental level. Yes. Is how much will we unlock as we begin to dive through with these tools? Is this where you expect to see the majority of the breakthroughs of decade out from now? I think it's the human body continues to surprise us. The cellular pathways can you to surprise us. If you've ever seen a complex subway chart of the Metro and Paris or New York City, imagine that times 10 if you wanna look at cellular pathways and - That's a hundred, right?

1:16:12Yeah, so you know, all these different cellular pathways. So we keep getting surprised. Every time we think, oh yeah, we've got that down, nail down, something else pops up. But in neuroscience in particular, we're still at a very early phase of understanding. We know so little in terms of neuroscience. We keep getting shocked by new discoveries. Basically, the rule I have is that if I go back to my neuroscience textbooks, I had the privilege of being taught by Eric Candell, who later won the Nobel Prize because of the work I did. No joking. Nothing to do with me at all. Well, Eric Kindles was an incredible mentor for me and also his bow ties are incredible too.

1:16:55And I go back to that textbook. I go back to that textbook. I go back to that textbook and it gets thicker and thicker as the additions go. But every time you go back to a textbook and read a word, read a phrase, Peter that says, this never happens, this always happens. That's when you know a breakthrough will happen because when we learned in our early textbooks that the brain never creates new neurons after a certain age, well, guess what? That fell down, right, as it never. And so we keep getting shocked and surprised. So what I would say is let's take a humility approach, a humble approach to the body and to the biology.

1:17:33And let's say that let's go step by step in understanding the systems. And the body is an incredible system. We know the tremendous healing power that the body has when you let it use its systems. And that's why immunotherapy, what I was showing before with K -Truda, that is not chemotherapy. It's not there too in a toxic matter of breakdown and kill off so many cells, but it's there to help your T cell keep fighting, right? In a natural way, that is the kind of therapies I hope we can bring out. But we need a deeper understanding. When we get to the quantum level of understanding, this interaction of molecule to molecule, we're But just again at the precipice, as Newton said, I'm just at the tip of the ocean as the waves just come in.

1:18:21I have had the opportunity to play with a few pebbles and rocks on this wonderful beach. And this is how we feel right now. Amazing. We're just at the beginning of this ball game. I'd love to go to some of your questions. Please head on up. Okay, Steve, you are fast, my friend. Steve Brown, what do you got for Jack here? So you talked a lot about the physical layer of quantum technologies and that's where it feels like all the action is right now and I'm curious in what way should we be starting to reimagine the software models based on quantum information theory. For example, an undecided voter is like in a superposition of two states, probably entangled with other people, probably in a contextual field nudging one way or another.

1:19:09It sounds a lot like the same kind of mathematics that you're using for quantum information science. And I'm curious when we start to reimagine the software side of this based on quantum information theory, and you marry that with the quantum technologies. She's like, what do you see in that combination? And what should we be reimagining on the other side of this? Thank you, Steve. Great, profound question. So Claude Shannon, famous for information theory, also at Bell Labs, years before Peter Shore, of course. And his papers founded the field of information theory, the field that we needed to establish computer science, information science.

1:19:53And then a number of years later, others came after him and quantized that information theory. And Kodshan, as you remember, was working for a telco, working for Bell Labs. And his task, given to him by his manager, was help us understand the communication of information over a noisy channel. And so he did that, and he did that brilliantly. But now we understand that information is much more fundamental. One of the best processes of information is not on this earth right now. It's not a GPU, it's not a TPU, it's not an IPU, it's not a quantum processor. Well, it is a quantum processor, but not the ones we're making here.

1:20:32It's a black hole. A black hole, well, we understand a black hole in physics now. We see it as the most efficient processor of information that we have in our universe. And so we now reimagine black hole physics in this informational sense. So I just want to relate that because that's how profound Steve's question is. This is a deep, deep question that goes to the heart of our new understanding of our physical universe. That at the fundamental layer, we have an informational driven layer that drives and helps us understand the context of everything from a black hole to a quantum computer on this planet to our own biology.

1:21:15And so coming back now to your question, yes, a lot of companies are focused on the physics of building these quantum computers. I alluded to the fact that we chose not to do that. And one of the reasons is because of your question, that while those folks are doing God's work to build these quantum computers and we're encouraging them to do that, others of us, including ourselves, need to start focusing on the information layer, the software layer. And one of the things I love about the GPD revolution is that finally we can start getting really good code in a more scalable way without Artisanal coding I call today's coding artisanal because Peter in five or six years when I say to you Hey next Saturday I'll be doing some coding What you'll know is that I'm doing that in the same way if I told you today I'm writing a horse I'm not writing a horse because I need to get somewhere.

1:22:03I'm writing a horse in a nostalgic artisanal way And so coding will become that way as well. And this is the opportunity now where we need to create meshed code, hybrid code code that is, you know, series of lines of information. And part of that code runs on the GPU, part of it runs on a CPU, and part of it runs on a QPU on a quantum processing unit. And this code should be smart code. I don't want to have to put in brackets. It's, hello computer, please run this next code on the quantum computer. It needs to know that. So we can think of a quantum computer now in a new way as a subroutine to our main code.

1:22:44Because quantum computers are not good at everything. Please don't run an Excel spreadsheet on a quantum computer. Please don't. You'll not have a speed up. You'll have a slow down. And so, but there's certain things that quantum computers do extremely well. And they leverage the physics of these quantum systems to do that. These are not transistors. They're not just representing ones and zeroes. They're doing something physically. And one of the exciting things now about quantum computers is we're starting to use them in education. And we haven't talked about education yet, which I'd like to get to at some point after some questions.

1:23:16But now in our physics courses, when we teach students, we don't just say, oh, something could be in a superposition, one of the concepts Steve that you mentioned. It could be in some combination of state zero and one. We ask the students to take this code that we give them or they write themselves and run it and make a real superposition on this planet. Right now in a say five or ten -cubit machine, that's real. That's not modeling it. That is a real physical system in a state of real superposition. Before a student can never do that, we never have the ability before this generation to actually have students do that.

1:23:51So back to now your fundamental question. Even as we build the physical devices, we are giving more and more thought to how do we program these devices? How do we mesh these devices into the larger context? Because the quantum computer has no hard drive. It has no screen. It has no keyboard. It has no compiler. It has no memory. It has nothing except the ability to do these incredible things. And then return back in information, a piece of classic information back to you, the GPU. And so that kind of architecture needs new kind of software architects. And so I'm sure it was said here in the AI panel, yesterday that it's not so much that AI might replace all of us.

1:24:30It's that we need to now adapt and use these AI tools so that we are not replaced by others who know how to use these AI tools. And the same thing now could be said in quantum. We need to make sure that students today that we ourselves up leveling, up skilling ourselves. None of us in this room have to know how to code. We need to know what the computer is capable of and how to architect a quantum system into the system that we are designing. Thank you, Steve, for that question. Amazing. Quarered, let's go. New next. Thank you. My name is Kurt Maxmine, hailing from Australia. I've got a question about your sensor.

1:25:04And I don't know if many people know, but to get to, need zero, 20, 40, 20, 50, we need four times more metals than we mind and recycle today. And six times more by 2050. Like, you know, 16 times more metals to build an offshore wing farm than gas -fight power plants for the same scale. And one of the challenges. Metals for batteries, things like that. you're talking batteries. Steel, like something that even if you build a new material, you need millions of tons of this material to build those things. And to find these resources very hard. So about 20 years ago, Falcon, magnetometer, flask. Very hard to find it.

1:25:38So is your sensor capable? Because given the sensitivity to detect more and find more of these resources. So we pick better places to mine is the question. Yes. Well, great question. And I'll as you brought in that question beyond just sensing for mining, but also sensing in general for on a geophysical scale. So imagine you wanted to know Underneath the earth what the densities of the materials are underneath the place on earth that you're hovering over. Maybe you have something called a balloon That you're hovering over a piece of land. And you want to know is there a different density that might house a certain thing called a missile underneath that thing.

1:26:22If you wanted to do that, or you might be looking for mining for metals. In your case. And so if you wanted to do these things, you can then use this kind of quantum sensor. And it would be advantageous to use that quantum sensor at different altitudes. And so that's one reason why we think about these different platforms of passing sensors over different parts of the earth. and also, of course, under water you'd want to know what the composition was of the mantle underneath, right? The crust underneath that sea, that ocean, to understand what's there as well. And so, these sensors do give you not just, you know, through the magnetometry and then through adaptations, bringing it to grav - gravimetry, you can actually detect what the density of the materials are in different spots.

1:27:13Just like we talked about how every spot on Earth has a different magnetic fingerprint. Every spot on Earth has a different density fingerprint as well. And so this is absolutely possible. More work needs to be engineered in terms of the harness or the capabilities that you might want to put around it. But certainly what you'd want to do is adapt the same sensors we talked about here. Adapt the GPU chip that goes on board and then just train the machine learning models. Instead of looking for the heartbeat, like we talked about, instead of looking for navigation signals, you're now looking for a different signal.

1:27:45And that's the beauty of machine learning that we can adapt to that new context. And so, absolutely already, there's been a number of papers going around in terms of detection of what's going on underneath the earth, again, for various reasons. Not just mining, though. Thank you. Amazing. Jared, let's go to you. Hi, thank you so much for all you do, both of you. So I have five -year -old twins with spinal muscular atrophy, which is kind of like ALS and children. And though there have been some amazing breakthrough drugs just recently in the last few years, anyone like my children who did not get that treatment really early on, like in the first few weeks of life, a lot of neuron damage has occurred.

1:28:32And there's a huge need there and in all neurogeneral diseases for neuron on regeneration and drugs or methods that would do that. I have a healthcare doctorate, but I'm not a research scientist. I don't have a lab or, you know, I'm not an AI expert. And I've made some really exciting connections here and have some ideas about how I'll move forward. But I wanted to ask you, what would you do if you were in my shoes? How would you move forward to help your children and others like them for neuron regeneration? You wanna start? You know, we're gonna have a few presentations tomorrow morning. It's really, we have two presentations tomorrow, one on a company that's basically their generative medicine side of the equation from a stem cell exudate basis of how do you actually get these going.

1:29:29Another one, which is based on technology out of tufts that is regenerating limbs. And I think the question becomes does the body have the ability to regenerate complex systems because you're not just regenerating the muscle but it's the nerves and the connections there. Is the information for that early embryogenesis still there and cannot be reactivated?

1:30:02So CEO acting CEO will be here to speak to that. I don't know if Michael's in the room tonight by chance. I would start with with him And we'll have those conversations more tomorrow. Do you have anything you want to add there? I just want to add that again I would have a lot of hope there is if this is a difficult pathway In the foundation we set up we help a lot of different families with very difficult chronic illnesses and so we've seen a lot over the years. I would say where we are in neuroscience to Peter's point is that you know when we think about the ability for neurogenesis, the ability to go back to the state that we were when we were creating lots of neurons and neurons were following a gradient and finding their place within the wiring both in the brain and then the rest of the nervous system.

1:30:52There's a delicate balance because obviously we don't want to revert everything back and then go into an explosive fetal growth phase, but we're getting better at understanding this balance. We're not there yet, right? Those tools are not there today. Our hope is that by modeling this with better tools, we can create this digital twin that allows us to understand those processes. So what I would say is that it's about collaboration, where I've seen this work, it's collaboration, it's patient advocacy, it's associations, it's getting the dollars, but not just the dollars. Lots of dollars have gone to lots of things that have not borne fruit.

1:31:29It's connecting with a community like this. And I've always been very positively encouraged every time that Peter holds a visionaring. Every time he holds it, gathering like this, I come away super pumped up because this is a crowd, this is a group that says yes when everyone says no. Yeah, I do. I think that point is really important. Having the entrepreneur's mindset of saying, I refuse to just let it be and to take it on. Right? We've had Martin Rothblatt speak here before who, you know, her daughter was dying from a lethal disease and she started with a high school textbook and found a medicine to treat her daughter, Genesis, and then said, well, this medicine is going to keep her alive.

1:32:23Now I have to go and actually learn how to regrow lungs because the only cure is a lung transplant. And she's been building her company and building basically an abundant supply of organs. Hans, are you in the room, Hans Christine? Here's Chris said. on to the CEO of Immunist and he'll be speaking tomorrow morning as well. We've connected. We've connected. You have connected. Okay. Fantastic. Yeah. The tools to understand and begin to take our lives and our health in our own hands are finally coming of age at an atomic and molecular genomic level. And so the only time it becomes impossible is when you give up.

1:33:15Right. Thank you. Thank you for your question. Everybody, this is Peter. A quick break from the episode. You know, I'm a firm believer that science and technology and how entrepreneurs can change the world is the only real news out there worth consuming. I don't watch the crisis news network. I call CNN or Fox and hear every devastating piece of news on the planet. I spend my time training my neural net the way I see the world by looking at the incredible breakthroughs in science and technology on how entrepreneurs are solving the world's grand challenges, what the breakthroughs are in longevity, how exponential technologies are transforming our world.

1:33:56So twice a week I put out a blog. One blog is looking at the future of longevity, age reversal, biotech, increasing your health span. The other blog looks at exponential technologies, AI, 3D printing, synthetic biology, AR, VR, blockchain. These technologies are transforming what you as an entrepreneur can do. If this is the kind of you use you want to learn about and shape your neural nets with, go to demandus .com, backslashblog, and learn more. Now back to the episode. All right. First of all. Yeah, thank you so much for a beautiful evening and the energy is amazing. So thank you for that. I just want you come back to what you were presenting with, you know, immunoncology and the checkpoint inhibitors.

1:34:46And you were talking about reducing the time to develop those things, which I think I am not quite sure about it. But to my knowledge also, a number of them have been developed, and each time the cancer cells found a way around it. So it's not just a question of blocking PDL2, PDL1, with the true diets, it's iterative. And that takes, even if we reduce the time for development, it's going to take a decade before we outsmart the tumor. So my question to you, and I think Peter hinted to that, But is, can we use the tools that you have developed today, the super power tools to perhaps not understand fully the bargey of the tumor itself, the pseudo tumor, it's so complex?

1:35:34But at least get a hint of what's going to be the next thing to hit the, you know, the immune system in this case, you know, with another type of checkpoint inhibitor, what have you? Or maybe even start thinking about different mechanism of action rather than trying to counter, the molecule try to know that some technologies are being developed around that, but uncovering more of the mechanisms where you can attack the production of PDR2 and PDR1 inside the tumor itself through new mechanism. And so using this amazing power of computing power to really understand better the tumor at the molecular level, so not to understand everything, but the key element that allowed it to escape and allowed it to survive synthetic killing, synthetic lethal.

1:36:25As you know, often times, if you have hit two different pathways, the tumor cannot handle that. Can we use those tools to really uncover that faster, that will allow us to develop tools that are a bit more effective? Thank you, Francois. So just to hit one key point on that right away, because you're absolutely correct. Part of what we know about cancer as we delve more and more into it as a society is that we also have to look at the context of the cancer. So an example is not only the micro -tumor environment, but also, for example, the microbiome. A Navin is here with biome and other people here are involved in the microbiome.

1:37:00Microbiome now, there's several papers that have come out over the last five years indicating that that's one of the modulators of the response of a human to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, that the reason why we have a third of people doing really well in melanoma on checkpoint inhibitors and then two -thirds not doing so well in terms of dual response after a year is partly one reason. Again, it's never one silver bullet but one reason could be the microbiome and so it's very important for us to delve into that. Microbiome has not traditionally been part of standard of care and so as it becomes more mainstream, more and more places now will incorporate that into an integrative way of understanding cancer that becomes another tool in the tool chest.

1:37:44So what we find with cancer and the reason why it's so elusive is we love to say that it's just one mechanism And just looking at this one narrow thing and that's the way to get your PhD and your postdoc and so on so forth But unfortunately, that's not what cancer cares about. They don't care about your PhD What they care what cancer wants to do is it wants to survive it's its own organism It now wants to move and survive and so it will do anything to do that and so looking at that larger context That's what we've had now some more luck in looking at that larger context. So I agree with your premise and that's why these tools that can model much more high dimensional kind of systems are so critical.

1:38:22I want to make sure we get to more people. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. I would like to we have five questions standing. I can do them quickly so we can wrap and let people. I want to end on education. I want to make sure we get that. Okay. We'll do that. Mike. Yes, Mike. Does your diamond sensor sense the direction as well as the magnitude of the magnetic fields? Great question. Yes, so it is a vectorized sensor. It's a great question. And we didn't have time to go into it today, but in the heart, for example, why would you want to know direction and not just the picture? Well, blood flow, for example, obviously you'd want to see the direction of that blood flow to start looking at the health of not just the overall heart picture, but the valves.

1:39:02and looking at is the blood pumping in this way and the different chambers of the heart. All that is because it has a vectorized sensor, not just the magnitude. So you're absolutely hitting on a key point. Again, with EKG and other kinds of sensors, we don't have that kind of vectorization, so we can't see it. And so that's part of why Cleveland Clinic and all these places are excited about and have been using this technology a long time. But now it's time to take vectorized, cardiac diagnostics out to the masses. Great point. Thank you. Any. Thanks so much. I wish that I had a teacher like you when I was taking material science engineering.

1:39:43Quick question. There are so many challenges that you can choose to just dive into at this point. How are you choosing the use cases and the challenges because I can't even imagine how you're doing that. And the number two, I used to work at Genentech. Do you see quantum solutions supplanting animal testing eventually. Yeah, so on the great questions. On the first question, how do we choose, you're right, it's a tough thing because quantum sensors alone, just one part of what we do, there's so many applications. And one of the correct before, you know, asked the question about using in the totally different way, which again is very, very exciting.

1:40:20We've chosen to focus on cardiac care and navigation to start with. We've chosen to say, if people want to partner with us, we're happy to partner with them to look at other applications. We can't do everything, there's just no way we can do that, but we can offer some fundamental stacks that other people can then use. I'm a fundamental believer, and Peter and I have talked about this over the years of making sure that we can get the core stack technology out on a licensing basis to lots of academics and lots of startups out there. And let evolution take its course. Yes, exactly. And so one thing we're doing, we're actually now investing in young startups, right?

1:40:56So if folks have ideas or if there's venture capital folks to the room, we like to co -invest with startups alongside them and say, hey, let's invest in this startup and maybe they can use this technology in a totally new way. I think that the old, you know, B -school of the 1980s thinking is, you know, this company must do this and must focus on this and then keep your all IP in the big moat and things like that. I think we've now seen, you know, that there's a different way of doing things. Elon famously gave away the patents, opened up the patents to the Tesla because he wanted more people out there.

1:41:31I think that is the way to go. The way to go is to publish out, to, you know, we publish as many papers as we can to show people what we're doing. We are offering up the stack out there so people can license it and run with it and we'll even give them money you know to invest in them and run with them. So that's in a sense of what the best way, you know, to go with that, to go with that is. Yeah. Thank you, Ernie. All right, Nora. Hi. In the image where you showed the noise for what is the reason why you couldn't just take like a baseline read without a human in the room of what the noise was like with the elevators and then take a second one and delete it.

1:42:15Yeah. And or triangulate with three. Yeah, no great question. So one of the reasons is yeah, for certainly you'd want to take a baseline reading and you want to get a sense of the noise in the room and we do try to do that. But even the human body has offers a lot of noise. That's part of the issue. One of the things that's producing magnetic fields is also our brain. It's a very weak magnetic field, but it is a magnetic field as well. And the other humans in the room also could also be offering up new noise as well. So there's a lot of noise factors there. So we have to have better and better machine learning tools to really understand.

1:42:53Here's the good news though, because the heart has this pattern to it, right? Where it's beating x number of times a minute, we have a way to anchor ourselves into ground truth, right? It would be much more difficult if the heart were this chaotic kind of ballgame that we couldn't understand at all, but in fact, we can understand the regular heart, but then that actually allows us to go into chaotic fibrillation as well and understand that. Because once we lock onto the signal, then the ML algo is like, that's my signal. I'm going to that. And thank God they again, these GPUs. When you have a device like this, you cannot be going to the cloud and sending processing to the cloud, both for privacy reasons and latency reasons.

1:43:34You need to do everything on board. And again, five, six years ago, these GPUs were not powerful enough to do that. But today we can do that. Thank you. Okay. Anusha. As you mentioned, this is one of the most powerful technologies that will transform our world. And how can we make sure that this is not blocked up in certain countries or certain large corporations and is truly democratized and every person in every part of this world can get access to it and innovate with it and take advantage of it? Well, this is what Peter and I didn't get to this topic, but Peter and I wanted to talk about the growing quantum divide.

1:44:15I think all of us in this room were at the point 20 years ago, and we remember the launch of efforts to attack the digital divide, right? Where digital divide is, if you don't have a cell phone starting 20 years ago and then starting 10 years ago with the rise of the smartphones and all the services you can get, you were blocked off from health education, you were blocked off from financial services, you were blocked off from e -commerce and selling your wares onto Etsy and lots of places around the world. You're blocked off from taking loans. I served on boards of microfinance banks for 10 years and the rise of the smartphone was a critical tool for us To get to people and to engage with them with their loans and give them financial education So they can actually build their businesses with the loans that we were giving them But all that was cut off from you if you were in the billions of humans who did not have access to and now 20 years later finally at the rate of about 250 million people a quarter right now people are joining the internet for the first time right now.

1:45:12And so we're now squeezing that digital divide down. But as that is happening, we've opened up unfortunately a quantum divide. A divide where there's about 20 countries in the world that have national blueprints. Australia is one of them with incredible quantum science in Australia, U .N .S .W. and many universities there, U .S., UK, Canada, so and so forth. But 170 countries do not have quantum programs. And we are very, very concerned because those have nots will then have to pay rent to the halves in terms of the medicines, the battery chemistry, the material science, the quantum sensors for medical diagnostics, the quantum sensors for navigation, all this, the have nots will have to then find from the halves.

1:45:56That is a problem. And so what fundamentally it comes to is the topic that Peter and I wanted to focus on, which is the educational topic. The good news is we don't need a hundred thousand people per country to know quantum. You need literally just a few thousand people in each country to know this and the question is how can we do this? We have a new initiative with the World Economic Forum. Many others as well. Not just us. It's a global issue and we want to nip this one in the bud way before we did the digital divide. I would say I failed in the digital divide just to take personal responsibility that I tried I worked on it and I did not make much of a difference at all in the digital divide.

1:46:37I went to many, many countries where we were doing micro finance banking and we tried to get programs going and we worked with, you know, Grameen Bank and others and great efforts, but ultimately we didn't have much of a difference. We didn't make much of a difference and One of the things that animates me now about this is my failure in digital divide and I hope we can do a better job here Amazing All right guys Last one standing here All right, thank you very much. Thanks, Maia, and yes, please. You mentioned early on that the climate change issue is, I mean, you had the epiphany and it seems to me that that's a very important use case for your tools.

1:47:21And I would like to ask you whether you could elaborate a little bit on that. What is it we're talking about? Are we talking simulations to decarbonize the economy or? Yeah, let me just briefly touch on. I also want to thank Shiv Kempka, who might be here tonight, who came with us on the Antarctic trip and had great contributions on that trip as well. But what we realize is that using these tools, number one, we need to get beyond just lithium ion in terms of battery chemistry. If we want to scale battery chemistry, not just for electric vehicles, which is critical, but also for stationary. The larger impact is stationary batteries, right, to store not just solar and wind, but or even whatever electrons you have by getting them at night and off peak and storing them in a building like this and then using them by day, that arbitrage, right, allows us to shave the peak and to have better, more efficient use of whatever electrons we're making.

1:48:15This battery chemistry, there's many proposals out there in the academic literature. Zinc, air, aluminum, different ideas of material science for the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte, the membrane, all this kind of stuff. But this needs quantum simulation. We need to do the billions and billions of combinatorial runaway in terms of making that new chemistry happen. Again, just like clinical trials, if we physically build each one of these batteries, we'll never get there. And that's why we're still stuck with the current, you know, there's no Moore's Law when it comes to battery chemistry, right?

1:48:48There's e -rooms law. Anyone know what e -rooms law is? E -rooms law is Moore's Law backwards. And so, okay, it's slowly getting out there. Okay, and so we haven't seen Moore's Law in terms of battery chemistry, in terms of the density, power density, energy density, any way you want to cut it. We now need to use these tools and look at and model billions of combinations of chemistry so that we can have the breakthroughs. Not instead of lithium ion, we'll use lithium ion, but alongside that we need specific chemistries for other use cases. So that's an issue for climate change. Per offskites. Anyone know perovskites and the ideas that perovskites are used for?

1:49:26We talked about perovskites here. Good. So perovskites for solar, we're still stymied by critical issues of stability. After just six or 12 months sometimes these things are breaking down, we need to do the combinatorial billions of simulations to get perovskites more stable as an example and get the lead out and cadmium out so on and so forth. And that's what we need to do. So for climate change, that's one thing. And then of course for the data of actually what's happening to our planet, we down in Antarctic just dropped a quantum sensor off the side of the boat, towed it with us, and did magnetic readings underneath the southern ocean in the southern ocean so that we can do better ROV, better underwater drones, so we can take better measurements of how the sea is changing.

1:50:10And so this is all part of a more advanced climate science that we can get to. You know, thank you. Thank you. Jack, you're amazing. Thanks. Let's give it up for this now now.

1:50:28I write books for popular consumption. He writes this quantum computing and applied approach. I'm flipping through. This is a beetroot, Peter. And this is giving, this is giving, for these people in this room, it's a beetroot, I think. This is like, this is bringing me back to, we have a sophisticated audience here. Bringing me back to my, my quantum physics and, in complex calculus classes that were not a cakewalk for me as they were for you. But, thank you. Are you able to stick around for folks to spend a few more minutes with you? Yeah, we do have to fly out tonight, but Peter, I just want to thank you for bringing this incredible group together.

1:51:09All of you in this room, I just, I think it's very clear, I'm sure you've now been spending two and a half days with Peter and the ideas. every time that Peter and I collaborate, I come away inspired, energized, and I'm sure I can speak to everyone here that you have that same. Let's give it up for Jack Hitterey!

1:51:42And Doug, here we have the Lemo Emu in its natural habitat helping people customize their core insurance and save hundreds with liberty mutual. Fascinating. It's accompanied by his natural ally Doug. Uh, Lemoo? Is that guy with the binoculars watching us? Cut the camera! They see us! Only pay for what you need at LibertyMutual .com Liberty Liberty Liberty Liberty Liberty Savings very underwritten by Liberty Mutual Insurance Company and Affiliates Excludes Massachusetts