Oliver Sipple

24:52Oh, I see. Well, Jesus God. I mean, I said, what the hell is going on? Okay, guy. I tried to call the mayor's office just now, and I tried to call the chief of police office just now. What the hell is going on? Okay. Thanks a lot, guy. Yeah. Yeah. Just the officer, one of the officers that was involved with the assassination or assassination attempt is in that department. That's all. That's why it's being turned. Does that make any sense to you? You got me very shook up, young man. I was just about to go downtown and whip some ass somewhere. We find out any more about it, let's know. Now, the reason this tape is so controversial is because according to Oliver, before the interview began, before the recorder started rolling, he had said to the reporters from the Sentinel, OK, I'm going to talk to you guys about my sexuality.

25:51But then he had said to Daryl, I don't want you to write anything about that. I don't want that in a national paper. Daryl says he doesn't remember that. But then right here in this interview, this thing happens where Daryl says, I'll make one more try on the gay thing. I'll make one more try on the gay thing. You don't you don't want to change your mind on it. You don't want to change your mind on that. No. I just don't want to change my mind on that. May we quote you as saying homosexuality has nothing to do with this? even Groban is saying that if I were homosexual or I was not you can quote me on that it doesn't make me any less of a man than what I am

26:38but I think that it has nothing to do with the actor or itself so I don't think it should be pushed any further than that that would be cool

26:51and eventually okay Okay. Interview ends, and Daryl says that when he left that interview, he felt like when it came to Oliver's sexuality... He didn't want to be quoted. That was it. Like, just don't quote me on it. But still... I was trying to report from all sides about it. The big side for me was that he was a hero, and the president of the United States was very slow on the take in thanking him for saving his life. And Daryl thought that Oliver's sexuality, the fact that he was gay, might have something to do with that, Because just seven months earlier. On March 6th, Sergeant Leonard Matlovich disclosed to a supervising officer at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia that he was a homosexual and wanted to stay in the Air Force.

27:35This Air Force sergeant named Leonard Matlovich, who had the Purple Heart, had the Bronze Star. He comes out that he's gay and he's kicked out of the Air Force. In conversations here, people say that, you know, we're discharging this queer or that queer, throw them out of the Air Force. On the inside, I just burn up with, you know, just am I a coward here and I'm just going to stand here and never really coming up to protection of my fellow minority group and just keeping quiet. And my conscience just wouldn't let me do it anymore. I had to come forward and say, no more America. And now you've got this former Marine saved the president's life.

28:10And it's two days later. He still hasn't heard from the president. And so for Daryl, even though Oliver had said, don't make this about my sexuality. I still thought it was a national story and it was pretty hard to ignore it after Herb Kane had started the ball rolling. So that night after the interview, Daryl calls in his story to the L.A. Times office and he uses this phrase. He says that Oliver is a former Marine who was, quote, a prominent figure in the gay community. Put it down a ways in the story, but the rewrite guy put it in the lead. Really? And made it the big thing. And so three days after the assassination attempt, the L.A.

28:52Times runs the story with the headline, no call from president, hero in Ford shooting, active among SF gays. And the L.A. Times got a news service. And so Daryl's story, it goes, I mean, it goes everywhere. Another strange twist to the story. Headlines are like gay vet or homosexual hero. It's been reported that the ex-Marine who deflected Mrs. Moore's shot on Monday is well known in San Francisco's gay activist circles. And so it was not just running in Los Angeles. It's also running in Chicago. It's running in Dallas. It's running in Indianapolis. And it's running, you know, of all places in Oliver Sipple's hometown in Detroit.

29:38I guess what I'm wondering is if you have a guy who says, please don't talk about this. This has nothing to do with what I did yesterday. Shouldn't that play some role in what you decide to write or not to write? Well, you know, news sources are always reluctant to talk. and so I guess I took it as my duty to take up that angle, especially since it involved the President of the United States. Right. But if you were to do it all over again, would you do anything differently? I don't know. So I hadn't taken into account maybe the potential harm of saying it. I don't know if I'd do it over again or not.

30:37But not able to turn back the clock for something like that.

30:58The clock marches forward after the break.

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32:32This is Radiolab. We're back with the story of Oliver Sippel from reporter-producer Latif Nasser. So the assassination attempt was on Monday. And on Thursday, Sippel and his lawyer call a press conference. Well, I think you all know this is Oliver Sippel who saved the president's life. And he has a prepared statement on a subject that's appeared in the press today. In the past few days, I have been asked many questions having to do with my sexual preferences to it. I have been asked whether or not I am gay or homosexual. This is my reply to the line in question. The first reason you are interested in me is the fact the woman who tried to shoot the president.

33:26See, I'm sorry. I'm so nervous. Excuse me.

33:32This is a handwritten statement, and he's having a little difficulty reading it. We Xeroxed it in order to get it to you this afternoon. The reason you were interested in me is the fact that I deflected. Oh, okay. I couldn't get the word there. Can we go right from where I am? My sexual orientation has nothing at all to do with saving the president's life, just as the color of my eyes or my race has nothing to do with what happened in front of the St. Francis Hotel on Tuesday. My sexual... Sexuality. My sexuality is a part of my private life, and I have not, I have no, and has no bearing on my response to the act of a person seeking to take the life of another.

34:23I'm first and foremost a human being who enjoys and respects life. I feel that a person's worth is determined by how he or she responds to the world in which they live, not on how or what or with whom a private life is shared. He basically says, like, stop, stop. It's kind of as simple as that. But there's something else that happens in the press conference that makes the whole thing, I mean, so much more personal. And it actually was the very reason that Oliver called the press conference in the first place. I want you to know that my mother told me today that she could not walk out of her front door or even go to church because of the pressures she feels, because of the press stories concerning my sexual orientation.

35:25Naturally, I never anticipated such interference with my family's relationship, which I, when I supposedly saved the president's life. Oliver would later say that when he was talking on the phone with his mother, she said to him, I don't want to speak to you ever again. And she hung up on him. And also hung up.

35:52Did you call him Uncle Oliver? Yes, I called him Uncle Oliver. This is George Sippel Jr., Oliver's nephew. He told me that most of Oliver's family stayed in Detroit. Oliver's two brothers and his dad worked together in an auto plant there. They all worked for General Motors. And the stories that I've heard is that The day after Oliver saved the life of President Ford, They walked in and everyone wanted to like buy them a beer. You know, everybody on the factory floor was congratulating them, patting them on the back. You know, your brother's a hero. Your son's a hero. When, you know, when they would take their shift break, this is the old days, right?

36:31They'd take a shift break and they'd go to the bar and everybody wanted to like buy them a round of drinks. So then the news comes out, whatever, a couple of days later that he's this gay Marine and there's teasing on the factory floor. Teasing, mean teasing or teasing? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Mm-hmm. Yeah. And George says what happened is reporters back in Detroit just sort of descended on Oliver's parents. To get more of the story. And so they kept knocking on my grandmother's door and she, I guess, apparently told them to go away. I guess neighbors were harassing her. She thought the media was harassing her.

37:10My grandmother just said, I don't want to deal with it. And so don't don't come knock on the door. Leave us alone. They just wanted it to go away and go back to their private lives. Now, one of the things that I found actually after talking to George were these interviews done with Oliver's family after the news broke that Oliver was gay. And there's just – I just want to read you this one particular passage here. Have you talked to any other members – this is from George F. Sippel who is Oliver Sippel's brother. Have you talked to any other members of your family since September 1975 about Oliver?

37:45I mentioned it once to my father. Question. And what was his response? What did he say? And if you can remember. I was on afternoons then and I had seen him because I had come in early. And he mentioned the fact that the next person that even said he had a son named Oliver, he was going to literally break their damn neck. Whoa. So his dad was like – this is his brother talking about his dad's reaction? Brother talking to the dad, yeah. And then so then the brother says. And he told me quite clearly in two letter words, just forget you got a brother. And I let him alone. I never anticipated such interference with my family's relationship, which I when I supposedly saved the president's life.

38:34This is all I have to say on this subject. Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. Any questions you go to administer to my lawyer? I'd like to ask Mr. Sibble a question if I could. What would you like to see happen? I don't know. I'm just very shook up. I might even have to go see a doctor over this. I'm very emotionally shook up, and I just feel very sorry for my family, too. It's awful. Just awful. Nothing more to say.

39:08Can you tell us the story of the letter? Well, I wish I would have brought it. I do have it, but I didn't bring it today. The same day as that press conference, which was three days after the assassination attempt, Gerald Ford actually did write a letter to Oliver Sippel, which was then released publicly. It's a nice letter. It's White House stationary, White House envelope. It's basically Ford telling my uncle that, you know, he's thankful to him for this heroic deed. and he signed it Jerry Ford, which I've been told that Gerald Ford signed different ways. So if he signed Jerry Ford, it meant something.

39:50It was like a personal touch. Well, there's this other chapter where your uncle says to the president, I guess writes the president. Yeah, so we found a letter. We found a letter in the Gerald Ford library. It's from your uncle to the president. Wow. Yeah. I did not know about that letter. Really? I have the letter right now. So the date on it is September 30th, 1975. So here's what it says. Dear Mr. President. Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait. You said it was what? It was when? September 30th, 1975. So that would be a couple days after he got the letter from Ford. So obviously, my grandmother must have hung up on him.

40:33Right. And then he wrote the letter. Yeah, yeah, it sounds like. Because he couldn't. Yeah. Yeah. That's really interesting. Okay, yeah. Well, then stop me anytime if you have thoughts or reactions. Dear Mr. President, thank you for taking the time to write to me. In view of some of the events since the unfortunate attempt on your life on Monday, September 22nd, I really appreciate your publicly thanking me. As you probably know, there have been a number of stories concerning my personal sexual orientation in the news media. These stories have caused great anguish to my parents and to the rest of my family, I am sure.

41:14My mother hung up on me when I first called her after these stories began to be published. I know you are concerned with very many matters which are too important and pressing for you to be concerned with the details of my private life. However, the unexpected and glaring publicity which has been given to my private life has very seriously disrupted my family relationships. Mr. President, it is a very hard thing to have your mother and family not want to have any contact with you. I know that your schedule is heavily occupied, but I respectfully request that you take the time to see my family or at least call my family.

41:53The telephone number is 313 - I love my family, and I do not want to be separated from their love and companionship. Your help will be gratefully appreciated. Respectfully, Oliver W. Sibyl.

42:11Wow.

42:19That's sad. Sadder to think that nothing came of it.

42:28You know? Yeah. Yeah.

42:52We tried really hard to find out if Ford ever made that call. the archivists at the Ford Library, they went through his call logs and there was no evidence that he ever made that call. And then we talked to George Jr. and he talked to, you know, everybody in his family and they don't remember it either. Anyway, you can't say for sure, but as far as we can tell, that call never happened. But we did find out that the same day that Oliver sent that letter back to Ford, he and his lawyer filed a$15 million lawsuit against the press. Really? Saying what? That the newspapers, when they publicized that he was gay without his consent, they violated his privacy.

43:39OK, walking out of Civic Center, Bert, onto Civic Center in San Francisco. It's just, it's one of those cases where it pulls your head in one direction and it pulls your heart in the exact opposite direction. And so we wanted to get into the legal case files and we could not find them. We looked and looked and looked and then we found them. You found them? We found them. Where'd you find them? So the clerk's office is, I guess, not surprisingly right off City Hall. They were at this court in San Francisco. And so we recruited this guy, this researcher, historian of the gay movement in San Francisco, a great name, Joey Plaster.

44:18And he went and got the files for us. And then when we found them, it turned out there were like thousands and thousands upon thousands of pages. And is that everything? This is everything. That's everything. OK. So the issue, you know, it's a very fundamental issue for those of us in journalism. And to help us make sense of the arguments, you know, lurking in those pages. What is privacy and what is invasion of privacy? We talked to Dan Moraine. Editorial page editor of the Sacramento Bee. He actually first heard about the case in journalism school and also wrote about Oliver Sippel way back in the 1980s.

44:53So anyway. OK, so here's the first page of the file. The lawsuit was against the Chronicle. The case is Oliver W. Sippel, plaintiff versus the Chronicle Publishing Company. Was against the L.A. Times. The Des Moines Register, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Denver Post, the Indianapolis Star, and the San Antonio Express. Wow. Let's see. So this is the deposition of Oliver W. Sippel. Let's see. So one of the arguments that the lawyers for the newspapers were making is that Oliver's sexuality was not actually private. Lawyer, were there any people that you knew in San Francisco in, say, September 1975 who knew that you were homosexual?

45:31Sippel, yes. Lawyer. Approximately how many people? Sipple. I have no idea. More than 10? Yes. More than 50? Yes. More than 100? Yes. There were people in New York who knew he was gay. There were people in Dallas who knew he was gay. And it kind of, they settle in the, like, in the hundreds. Did you tell anybody before in September of 1975 that you were a homosexual? If I were asked, I am asking you. I don't know what you were asking. And they make the argument, the newspaper's lawyers, that, hey, this was already somewhat public effect. But his personal business was his personal business. I have never attempted to obtain publicity for the fact that I am gay or predominantly homosexual in my sexual orientation.

46:15He was a private citizen. I have made my home approximately 1 ,800 miles away from home of my parents and my family so that I could move somewhat freely in the gay community without the fact of my sexual orientation getting back to my parents and family. And it goes on. But the newspapers made this other argument that was like, OK, whether or not you're living a double life, whether or not you wanted to or whether or not you had to, there's something here that's bigger than that, that's bigger than you. Which was he was a private citizen who thrust himself as anybody would hope they would do. He ran toward – he went toward danger.

46:50And when he did, he also thrust himself into the public eye. And a journalist, when you're in the public eye, you become something else entirely. you become a public figure. Yesterday in San Francisco, a shot fired. When that happened to Oliver, he lost his right to privacy. I'll make one more try on the gay thing. And the newspapers argued when it came to Oliver's sexuality, you don't want to change your mind on it. No. It was news at the time. It is, was, and at all pertinent times has been my judgment that Mr. Sipple's activities in the gay community are highly significant and newsworthy for two important reasons.

47:27First. On March 6th, Sergeant Leonard Matlovich disclosed that he was a homosexual. So, like we said, when Daryl Lemke was writing that article about Oliver, you had this big story about the U.S. Air Force trying to kick this guy, Leonard Matlovich, out because he was gay. And Oliver has heard nothing from the president. The president later said that that had nothing to do with Oliver being gay, but to people at the time... The suggestion that the president's expression of gratitude to Sippel might have been affected by rumors of Sippel's activities in the gay community. That was news. News Secretary Nesson was asked if that was the reason President Ford has not yet personally thanked him.

48:04Second, Lies, the innuendos. Sipple's public display of heroism in saving the life of the President of the United States The distortions. All gay people are child molesters. Presented an image That gay people are like everybody else. That they're heroes. An image certainly contrary to the stereotype of persons associated with the gay community as weak and unheroic figures. which is to say this is newsworthy. This is worth knowing and it is something that the whole country wants to know and the value of that is more than the value of, you know, this individual person's privacy. Do they make it that explicitly?

48:40I mean, sort of putting it in terms of the public benefit outweighs the private privacy? Yeah. So Oliver's case, it dragged on for nine years. So from 1975 to 1984. But this is, I'm quoting the judgment.

49:23or bias against a minority group such as homosexuals. So the court tossed Oliver's case out. He lost. He didn't get a dime. I mean if you think about it, it's weird that a journalist can just take a person's most private details and then if it feels relevant, like if they can make that argument, they just put it out there. If we were to go silent because somebody says, don't say that about me, Then, and the government backs him up? But if it's meaningful, then the person out of which the meaning is being pulled painfully has nothing to say about it? That's just weird to me. It's really hard. I mean, I was thinking about this, like, even sort of on the train coming over here.

50:08Again, Daniel Lutzer. And it's like, the thing that, like, makes journalism law so complicated and the things that make an invasion of privacy discussion so difficult is that, like, Like what makes something not an invasion of privacy is not that it's okay. It's that it's politically relevant. So like the fact that the story – the fact that the private details of his life are politically relevant means that it's not an invasion of privacy. It doesn't mean that it isn't rude or that it doesn't hurt. It means that it's an appropriate story to publish. But I do think like why should the journalists be the only ones to decide what is newsworthy?

50:52It's not – like why is it that then journalists, you just pick up a notepad and a pencil and all of a sudden you have so much more power to say what's sayable than anybody else? Well, I mean we have this sort of long tradition of that in the United States. I mean like that's like what the First Amendment is. I mean I don't know. I mean, it's like, yeah, sure. Like, it's like, why do journalists get to decide that? Well, like, who would you rather have decided? It's not a perfect system, but it's, you know, it kind of works. So is Oliver just like this? This is producer Tracy Hunt, who was in on the interview.

51:30Somebody whose life is basically kind of sacrificed to the altar of the First Amendment in this, like, sad way? Yes. Um, yeah.

51:46Yeah, it feels like he was sacrificed from all sides, actually. Yeah. It feels like there's this one kind of man in the middle and then there are all these forces around him, these like – these larger than life forces. Like the White House, there's the gay movement, there's the freedom of the press. And all these people are sort of batting around all these enormous and important abstractions. And then in the middle of it, there's this guy that just – he's trampled by all of them. And so what ends up happening to him in the end? Well, I'll tell you right after we take a quick break.

52:47This is Radiolab. I'm Jad Abumrad here with Robert Kralwich. Getting back now to our story from producer Alasif Nasser about Oliver Sippel, who, as we heard before the break, tried to sue a series of newspapers for outing him, lost that suit. What happened to him after that? Well, apparently some people in the gay community during and after the lawsuit felt that he was trying to go back in the closet. So they sort of turned their backs on him. Surprisingly, he was friends with Harvey Milk till the end. Like when Harvey Milk was assassinated, Oliver Sippel went to his funeral. And he did have one brother, George Sr., who stuck by him throughout.

53:33But his parents did not. And they never fully accepted the fact that he was gay. And when his mom died, it was so bad that Oliver Sibble's father didn't let him go to the funeral. And because he sort of – he had so few people I guess at the end and because there weren't a lot of news articles about him and because a lot of people in the gay community from that time have died because of the AIDS crisis. It was really hard to find out what happened to Oliver Sippel in those last five years of his life. and the only way we could was because when we were talking to Daniel Lutzer, he mentioned this interview that he did with this guy named Wayne Friday.

54:22He was a friend of Oliver's. Wayne Friday was sort of like a pillar of the community in San Francisco, like a pillar of the gay community and then also a sort of political figure and he was a cop and, you know, he was sort of fingers in every pie kind of thing. Wayne died last year, but Daniel still had the transcript of their conversation about Oliver Sippel's last days. And so... Yeah, if you need time to absorb it or just sort of speak about it for a second, that's fine of me. We found an actor, the very gifted Gordon Pinsent, and we had him read it for us. Okay, let me have a go.

55:04I forget, was it 1975, the Sarah Jane Moore? Yeah, then I met him around 73. He was a swamper at a gay bar called the Cockpit. Swamper, they used to clean the bars at night. You know, they set the bar up for the next bartender in the morning. That's what he did. He did it at two or three different bars. He was always at the bars. I'd see him. We actually became friends because we discovered we were both from Michigan. Bill was a good guy. He was just a fucking alcoholic. I mean, he'd get his disability check once a month, and he'd go down to one of the bars in the Tenderloin where he used to hang out was called Queen Mary's Pub.

55:47He'd go in there the day he got his check. Swear to God, he'd spend his whole fucking check on everybody. And he'd get broke the rest of the month. He just couldn't control himself. And he was a little bit of a blowhard, you know. He'd get drunk and loud, and he'd get tossed out of bars. I used to drive him home. He had an apartment on Van Ness. Had a little studio. Maybe a one-bedroom on the first floor. At about Turk. He'd be drunker than hell at the bar, and I'd drive him home, so I always knew where he lived.

56:24And after this thing with Ford, it really fucked his mind up. Sipfel was a broken guy after that. The whole thing worked him. The publicity of it all, and the fact that everyone knew he was a faggot, you know? He said to me a couple of times, I went to the Marine Corps and I got hurt, and now what am I known for? For being a faggot. And I'd say, no, you're not. You're known for saving the president's life. You won't be known for what you did in bed, for Christ's sake. But he would get drunk and he'd start bemoaning that. I'd sit there in the bar with him and I'd talk to him about it. Hey, man, it is what it is.

57:04but he was just he was just down to nothing this thing happened and it overcame him it was too much for him to handle and I think he got to feeling sorry for himself and his family just many a night I would sit in the bar with Bill Sibyl and he'd cry on your shoulder and you'd say okay Sibyl it's time to go home and then I'd drive him home

57:45I remember it was raining. It was pouring fucking rain. Bruce called me at my office over at the DA's office and said, Wayne, will you do a well-being check on SIPPLE for me? And I said, why? And he said, nobody's seen the dude. He hasn't been around for a while. So we go out there together, and it was raining, and I'm ringing the bell, ringing the bell, ringing. He doesn't answer. I noticed on his door there were these little stick-em things, post-its, and he had befriended this little old lady who lived next door. They kind of looked after each other, and she'd left all these notes. Bill, call me.

58:26I can't get a hold of you. So I rang the manager's bell. And there was a little Filipino guy. I showed him my badge and I said, you've got to let me in. And so he did. And the door opened and I knew what was going on.

58:47It's the smell. It's a smell you never forget. It's a sickening, sweet smell. Bill was sitting in the chair. he was bloated. He was bloated out real big. He had a bottle of Jack Daniels sitting there and the television was still on. The coroner told me he'd been dead about 10 days as near as they could figure.

59:26God, I didn't know he was only 47. I thought he was older than that. Anyway, I got the guy to open the door for me. And the minute he did, I said, close it. and then I had to stand there and wait for the coroner.

59:59I remember it was over here at the Campbell Funeral Home on Market Street and then we buried him out in Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno. And I remember it was very small. The casket wasn't open. The funeral was just, I mean, there were more media there than anything else. I'd seen him buy drinks for more people than were at that funeral. He could have been buried in Arlington if they'd made an issue out of it. I mean, shit, there he was, this national icon, a gay whatever, and there were just a few people out there for the funeral.

1:01:10I believe in human life, and I think that this country stands for human values, including life and freedom. I'm first and foremost a human being who enjoys and respects life. I feel that a person's worth is determined by how he or she responds to the world in which they live. Not on how or what or with whom a private life is shared.

1:01:56These are my words and they're my feelings.

1:02:03This is all I have to say on this subject. Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.

1:02:44It has to be doubled Got no Latin special durante 60

1:03:05This story was reported by Latif Nasser and Tracy Hunt. It was produced by Matt Kielty and Annie McEwen with Latif and Tracy. Special thanks to Bruce T.H. Burke, to Stacey Davis at the Gerald Ford Presidential Library, to the GLBT Historical Society, Stephanie Arias at the Huntington Library, James Crammon, who's Gordon Pinson's agent, And as long as we're on the subject of Gordon, the actor you heard just ending the piece, wow. Just wow. Yeah, thank you to Gordon. Special thanks also to Alan Jones, Danny Meyer, and Floyd Abrams. Thank you all. We had original music in this story. We used a lot of music from a guy named Patrick Cowley.

1:03:46He was a guy who grew up in Buffalo, moved to San Francisco in the 70s like Oliver Sippel. And in 1982, he died of AIDS. this music was released posthumously by the label Dark Entries we're super grateful to them and to Patrick Cowley wherever he is for the use of his music and last but not least before we close we just want to say a very sort of special belated goodbye to our senior producer Jamie York for everything for guiding so many of our stories and our whole team for the last few years Jamie we will really miss you Yes, we even do at this very moment. Miss you. Hey, 2026 Latif here with a few little updates for you.

1:04:29A few of the people in this story have passed away since we first released this episode. Last year, Sarah Jane Moore, the woman who tried to assassinate President Ford, died at a nursing facility in Tennessee. She was 95. In 2020, Bud Lemke, the longtime LA Times reporter, died. He was 98. And our actor Gordon Pinsent, reading Wayne Friday's transcript at the end there, also passed away in 2023 at the age of 92. All right. I'm Jad Abumrad. I'm Robert Crowley. Thanks for listening. To play The Message, press 2. Hi, I'm Gabby. I'm from the Bay Area, California, and here are the staff credits. Radiolab is hosted by Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser.

1:05:15Soran Wheeler is our executive editor. Sarah Sandback is our Executive Director Our Managing Editor is Pat Walters Dylan Keefe is our Director of Sound Design Our staff includes Jeremy Bloom W. Harry Fortuna David Gable Maria Paz Gutierrez Sindhu Nainasambandan Matt Kielty Mona Modgauker Alex Niesen Sara Kari Natalia Ramirez Rebecca Rand Anissa Vitsa Arian Wack Molly Webster and Jessica Young with help from Gabby Santis. Our fact checkers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger, Natalie Middleton, Anjali Mercado, and Sophie Semay.

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