The AI Cold War, Odyssey Rips, Tyler Cowen Joins | Danny Yeung, Connor Love, Kahlil Lalji, Tarek Mansour, Tony Zhao

29:13It's like, wait, there are Chinese companies that are charging us 99 % margins on intelligence. Like any venture capitalists want to fund something, a Neolab perhaps? And people will just be like, absolutely, I would love to compete with China. Like people do this all the time. Yeah, we're doing this in manufacturing. Yeah, we're literally doing it right now. Now, it is slow. It's taking time. Yeah, the automotive example is interesting. Over the last few days, I saw a ton of BYD cars. Oh, really? Just all over. And it's interesting because they were, I saw, I would say, like less than I would have expected based on what a lot of people say on X, for example.

29:50They're like, I was in Europe and there's Chinese cars everywhere. I saw plenty, but what's really hurt the European auto manufacturers is not that the Chinese companies are selling into Europe. It's that Chinese consumers are just buying Chinese cars, right? And so you look at a car like the Porsche Cayenne, right? That was a big seller. Huge seller in China. probably still they still sell a decent amount but uh people are very frequently uh choosing local options and they have a lot of national pride in china around buying uh local at this point yeah i like this final post from augustine lebron uh he says the sfai scene needs fewer philosopher kings and more ceos laser focused on serving the best possible tokens at the best possible price.

30:44Your margin is my opportunity. Less Marcus Aurelius, more Ron Vachris. Costco CEO started his career as a forklift driver. Can you imagine if in a decade we have a frontier lab CEO who's like, yeah, I started digging ditches to build data centers. I was racking GPUs when they were fighting it out over who was on the frontier. And now I got the cheapest models in the business. I got the cheapest intelligence. I got the best value in the industry. I mean, for like 99 % of businesses, they just want tokens that are good at the right price. But maybe if Costco is the model, there will be an LVMH of AI.

31:29Something that really says your company takes luxury tokens seriously. It's like I'm happy to pay 99 % margins. I don't even think that's right. These aren't just tokens. Yes. They're a statement. This is a statement. At this company, we use premium AI, luxury AI. Jukan is sharing some news. The USI's tougher curbs on Chinese AI. Now, there are like logical curbs, right? Like distillation attacks and IP theft should be investigated. And I don't know what resources there are to fight that. But I mean, I like the FBI busts people all the time. There was a spy at Tesla a couple of years ago who was like just straight up like saving the files, sending them to China.

32:16You know, like that happens and they bust those people. And so there should be like an effort there. I'm sure there already is one. But Jukon says, damn, this is exactly what Dean Ball said, isn't it? And here's the news from Axios. The big picture, the administration wouldn't need to impose an outright ban to get U.S. companies to drop those Chinese platforms. quote, what's actually happening is slower and more durable. One source familiar with the government decisions said, citing procurement rules, entity list threats and public pressure campaigns aimed at US companies using Chinese models.

32:51Instead of a ban, another source familiar with government discussions described a push to highlight potential backdoors and lack of security with Chinese models. It feels like it should be pretty doable to hunt down backdoors and deal with security risks of Chinese models. especially if they're being run in American data centers, and the governance issue that brings. It's an offensive approach where the administration encourages a more innovative U.S. open source ecosystem, the source added. So this will be playing out over the week. It says token atelier. Token atelier. I like that. Handmade.

33:27Well, take your token atelier over to Codex. It's a powerful workspace for getting work done with AI agents, Whether you're writing code, analyzing data, creating content, or automating business workflows, Codex helps you move projects forward from start to finish. The Odyssey is up to$264 million. It's a really good selling. The biggest non-animated opening of the year until Spider-Man in two weeks, according to Lucas Shaw over at Bloomberg. For reference,$375 million budget. Production was$250 million. They recouped that immediately. $125 million in global marketing, apparently. And looks like a big financial win, but very much priced in.

34:12The base case here, the film will make a little bit over a billion dollars. The cash flow to Universal and Comcast, who are the studio behind this. You're looking at$250 million in pre-tax lifetime profit. that's 0.2 % of Comcast's market value. So it's not like this crazy thing for the corporate entity, but it is exciting for the film. And it's exciting for Christopher Nolan, who's in the journal today in the business and finance section, because Nolan's The Odyssey shows directors are franchises now. They have an interesting statistic in here that 53 % of Odyssey attendees said that the director was their number one reason for attending not the actor not the fact that they love the book and they were waiting for the ip to get adapted not that it's a you know so they like sword and sandals they were looking or that it was imax they wanted a nolan film and that's i mean everyone knows this intuitively from talking to everyone everyone's like i want to see the next nolan film but uh it's just interesting that that there has been this huge shift towards franchises built around particular intellectual property verticals, Marvel, Star Wars, Disney stuff, Pixar and whatnot.

35:32But now people are saying, I'm just going to ride with this director and whatever he does, and he can take me to the past, he can take me to the future, wherever he goes, I'm riding with Nolan. I had a funny run-in with Christopher Nolan. I was walking on the beach and Christopher Nolan was walking in front of me. I'm not hitting any sound effects right now, to be clear. And he's walking with his dog. I don't know who he is or what he looks like. Someone else who I'm with says, that's Christopher Nolan. I said, who? And then it came to me. But then this dog ran up behind us. He was walking his dog.

36:21Another dog joins and is like really messing with his dog. And so I had to be like, I just had to say, hey, man, it's not my dog. Because it seemed like my dog was off leave. I was being framed for having a poorly trained dog that was harassing his dog. Yeah. But he was pretty unbothered. Let's head over to this picture from Gautier. He had the best seat in the house. this is this is a real photo or do you think this is like take a photo and then put it in ai and say like make it even more distorted because this is what it looks like to be truly in the front row of an imax uh showing uh people were really were really crazy about like the imax looked way better i think some folks on the team saw the film once twice three times uh who saw it in imax okay we got some imax chads i haven't seen it yet mike's seen it give us a review you liked it How many thumbs up out of 10?

37:18What do you got for me? Tyler, you can chime in too. What do you think? It was fantastic. It was fantastic. Were you taking notes the whole time? Did you have a notebook? No, mentally. Mentally, okay. No, but it's great. It's an amazing accomplishment. You're like, shoot the next movie in IMAX. Dude, I mean, it's one of the best looking films, I think, ever. I mean, the quality is just like unmatched. You did 70 millimeter? 70 mil IMAX. It's incredible. It's incredible. How many times do you think you'll see it in theaters? Well, I mean, I'm already scheduled for four total. Four total? That's crazy.

37:59We'll see how that goes. I was slumming it in normal theaters. I don't want to spoil it in case you haven't read it yet. Okay, yeah, thank you. I'm really excited to find out if he gets home. Yeah, yeah, we'll see. Can't wait. my take I posted it was missing some hijinks and some gaffs there were a few scenes missing from the actual poem that I would like to see are there hijinks in the poem that didn't make it in yes that's what I'm saying it was low on hijinks we should do an episode on IMAX oh yeah we gotta film this show on IMAX how would you rank it in the Nolan canon top 5 top 2 what are we doing he's thinking I thought it was I don't know.

38:41I thought it was fine. It's not top three for sure. Not top three. What are you putting above it? He's not going to beat the Dark Knight. Yeah. Dark Knight. Dark Knight's better. Stellar. Inception. Inception. Tenet, obviously. Wait, Mike's coming back. I love Tenet. I think it says a lot about the filmmaker. If this film doesn't make his top three for some people, that says a lot about. Or top five, just with like his filmography. Top five right now. Top five Nolan films. Go. Inception. Dark Knight. Interstellar. Momento. Oppenheimer. odyssey's got to be up there okay odyssey's in the top five there you go well hopefully uh jordy can take a look at it i think we'll wait till i can chime in to solidify that top five let me tell you about public investing for those who take it seriously they got stocks options bonds crypto treasuries and more with great customer service uh yeah the uh the wall street journal has this article the no uh the odyssey proves hollywood top directors or franchises now Every Hollywood studio wants its own Christopher Nolan.

39:42And I'm interested to know, like, how locked in is he with Comcast, particularly? Like, Universal, like, it feels like it's this huge asset, but it's wildly different than, you know, when you're Disney and you just own Marvel and there's absolutely no key man risk. But it's clearly worked out very well. The Odyssey was written and directed by Christopher Nolan. It opened to an estimated$264 million worldwide domestically. Its$124 million debut was the third biggest for any film this year. So it's not that huge. It didn't beat Toy Story 5, didn't beat Super Mario Galaxy, but it does feel like it'll have a longer run of people seeing it multiple times, paying more for IMAX, and it is just a breakout for an R-rated historical movie.

40:31that's a niche that typically doesn't put up massive numbers, like a Toy Story, for example. The opening was higher than many. 2026 releases based on more current intellectual properties. It smoked Star Wars, The Mandalorian, and Grogu, smoked Supergirl, and it also beat Scream 7. Nolan's brand power and commercial track record got Comcast's Universal Pictures to say yes to a roughly$250 million R-rated adaptation of an ancient Greek poem shot across Europe with largely practical visual effects, including a 35-foot-tall Trojan horse. According to data from RenTrack, 53 % of the Odyssey attendees said the director was the number one reason for attending.

41:17It's not often you see that, said Universal President of Domestic Distribution. Chris Nolan has earned the audience's trust and respect, and that's completely true. Tenet had a very, very weak box office opening. Oppenheimer did quite well. Dunkirk did well. I recently rewatched Dunkirk. That's a great one. That needs to be up there in the top 20. They're all good. In the late 2000s and 2010, franchises dominated the movie industry. Studios hired directors who could pump out sequels, spinoffs, and remakes as efficiently as possible. Nolan was the most successful and prolific among a tiny number of filmmakers who still called their own shots, along with the hugely successful Dark Knight trilogy.

41:56He made his original hit movies like Inception and Interstellar. But Marvel, Fast and the Furious, and Transformers have all stumbled at the box office recently as audiences have grown tired of them. Gen Z, in particular, appears skeptical of the industry's reliance on aging brands and technology-driven filmmaking. They're more drawn to stories told by an authentic, recognizable filmmaker with a point of view, says the Wall Street Journal. Like Curry Barker, director of surprise horror blockbuster Obsession. That film was one of the several new-to-the-big-screen, director-driven hits this year, including Project Hail Mary and Backrooms.

42:36In response, studios that used to obsess over franchise management are devoting more energy to signing the most promising filmmakers. So you can imagine a 10-movie deal. I think Curry Barker already has a multiple-movie deal just on the back of Backrooms, even though it's his first film, because it was so successful. Studios are lost as far as knowing what works and what doesn't, said Byron Lord, CEO of CIA. Things have generationally changed and individual singular voices are taking advantage. Warner Brothers gave Black Panther and Creed director Ryan Coogler an unusually generous deal to the rights to make his own original horror movie Sinners, which became a hit last year.

43:17Weapons director Zach Krieger is helming an adaptation of the video game Resident Evil for Sony Pictures this fall and was part of a recent multi-million dollar deal Warner made for a new horror property. Bar Re director Greta Gerwig used her clout to convince Netflix to make her adaptation of The Chronicles of Narnia. Interesting, they're rebooting that. Resident Evil has had a rough go. They've done a number of movies, but never a really major breakout beyond the core fan base. Was there a movie that paired? We were so close to getting another Barbenheimer with the Odyssey. Was there another movie that people could go see at the same time for the double feature?

43:55They got to do that. Was that Citizen one, Tyler? No? Just kidding. I don't know. It would have been good. It made the whole Oppenheimer weekend so much more enjoyable having the contrast there. Nolan should have almost... Did you do the Oppenheimer same day? I don't think I did it same day. Wow. Same weekend, though. LARPing over here. It was fun. It was a good movie. Netflix disclosed it has used generative AI in about 300 different productions this year already. People are going to love this. They wrote, across the production lifecycle from concept and pre-visualization through post and delivery, Gen.AI utilization by our creative partners is scaling quickly.

44:39In 2026, Gen.AI workflows have been used in roughly 300 of our titles, with the largest concentration of work in post-production. We are increasingly leveraging these tools to deliver higher quality output more quickly and at a lower cost than traditional methods. One of the clearest examples came from The American Experiment, a docu-series about the American Revolution. Co-CEO Ted Sarandos said the series included 17 minutes of AI-enhanced footage that explained the scale of the project and that expanded the scale of the project and would not have been financially feasible using traditional production methods.

45:15The company insists that AI is not being introduced to replace writers, directors, actors, or other creative professionals. Instead, Netflix is positioning the technology as the next evolution of filmmaking software, allowing productions to create shots and sequences that would previously have been impossible or overly expensive. Very cool. I don't know. I think if used tastefully, it can be good. I saw the designer behind Quarter, those quarterly earnings posters, put together a number of Odyssey film posters. And immediately got community noted because his post was like, I went and saw the movie and then I made these posters.

45:58And a bunch of people liked them. And immediately got community noted. He used Mid Journey. And, you know, he's just like, yeah. All right. Here's a question. is this ai is this honda canada posted an ad for the odyssey starring your son your son's bff you your daughter backseat snacks and your dog it's pretty good it's a good ad might be could be ai could just be photoshop i mean they just have a picture of well no no i was like genuinely curious is this a did honda actually post this like you never know at this oh yeah yeah i think they did I think because it's Honda Canada, it's a more regional account that can be a little bit more freewheeling.

46:41No, they did. They did post it. I would believe that it's real. Plus, Trunkfan, he knows when to flag things with real or AI or fake. They say the cast of characters that have been in the backseat of your family's odyssey could make a movie of their own. Yeah. Man, the last drive in your Honda Odyssey was a motion picture. The Honda Odyssey. This is crazy and disgusting and disappointing. Apparently, trial lawyers are lobbying against self-driving cars because they're too safe. They need people to be killed and injured so that they have material for lawsuits. So with thousands of lives annually in the balance, who is against autonomous vehicles?

47:27Trial lawyers. Remarkably, the trial lawyers saw the writing on the wall very early and have been lobbying against AVs for nearly a decade. The American Association for Justice, the trial lawyers lobby, has been a prominent opponent of AV legislation. It's crazy that on my drive to work, at least 80 % of all billboards that I see are for personal injury lawyers. Big business. Yeah, the Morgan & Morgan founder is a billionaire off of it. I mean, he's scaled that business. And I saw some viral clip of a guy who just does lead gen and makes$30 million a year. And doesn't actually, he needs to be a lawyer to put up the ads, but doesn't fight the cases.

48:14Just finds the plaintiffs, vets them, and then passes it along to another lawyer who actually will fight the case, get the settlement. And so there's a little bit of back and forth about this. It might have just been that they're lobbying to hold the automaker liable. So there's still someone to sue. And that might be a little less of a little less egregious. But it is if if if that's what delays the rollout of self-driving cars, that would truly be disappointing. Nick Carter says, my jaw dropped reading this. Who is the most opposed to self-driving cars? ambulance chasing lawyers who sue over car accidents.

48:53They are explicitly on the side of preventable death. Not, not, not good. Oh, that's really, there's some really dark potential secondary effects. It fully rage baited Alex Tabarrok who wrote about it at Marginal Revolution. And we can talk about, we can talk about it with Tyler Cowen in just a few minutes when he joins. there were people going back and forth over brian chesky was his account hacked was it not there was a ai generated quote slop thread about crypto or something like that i think it was about uh yeah real world assets yeah real world assets which could be something that he gets excited about it does feel like a little bit off topic right now in a world that is so ai dominated no one really wants yeah he's in the mid like the the rumor yeah uh there's been reporting that he's in the midst of raising for a neolab yeah it's on design well yeah why would he be posting about that and so he he told fortune that uh his account was hacked and a lot of people weren't buying it um but uh max sparrow uh the the king of slop detection the slop janitor over at Pangram says, I keep seeing people skeptical that Brian Chesky's AI slop crypto thread was not written by him.

50:16But to me, it seems like the most likely story. My guess is that the hackers were trying to warm up his account before dropping a pump and dump coin, but the actual scam post got flagged before it ever went live. And so that's sort of an interesting twist because people were saying like, well, he might've just decided to post it because he thought it was good content or whatever could get some, some virality. And the fact that it didn't have an address or wasn't immediately like the obvious scam, that was evidence that it was in fact, uh, just him slopping it up on the timeline. But, uh, this, this warmup thesis, uh, does seem more likely to me.

50:52Yeah. And if you had access to, uh, Chesky's account, you probably would think like, okay, Okay, do the warm-up posts and then do something related to real estate on chain that is monetized. Yeah, you've got to bridge them. You can't just immediately be like, I'm giving everyone Bitcoin. Send me your address. Send me one Bitcoin, I'll send you back two. People probably don't even fall for those scams anymore, hopefully. I don't know. People were going back and forth on this. It was a fun time on the internet. What else is going on? The Jacobian conjecture was solved. another math problem falls.

51:32And look, if this is surprising to you, that this fell, if you needed it explained, or you're surprised that it fell, you're telling on yourself. Yeah, yeah, you are telling on yourself. I like this from Benito Tortellini. They just created a million Jacobian conjectures. You have no idea what's coming. But no, it's a very exciting another math problem. Also, an interesting full circle moment because the mathematician who solved the Jacobian conjecture had been working on it, I believe, for like a decade. So he's an AI researcher at Anthropic now, and he was able to use Fable to prove this math problem that he had been struggling with for a very long time.

52:21Was it him or was it his advisor? He had worked on this for a while or been exposed to it at least. Yeah, I think Lou's like same area of math. Also, he didn't prove it. He provided a counterexample. Yeah, a counterexample. Yeah. Okay. Well, for everyone who's like, oh, do I really need these data centers? Like, I don't like AI. Like, this should swing them. Like, put this on a billboard. Like, I got to send this to Sagar and Jetty and let them know, like, hey, this is, populism is going to swing around on this now. Was this conjecture on Sagarbet? I don't think it was. We got to get it on there.

52:55He's kind of asleep at the wheel if he wasn't trying to make them. Now he's in charge of this thing? No, I mean, on Sagerbet, he should have had a market for this. For sure. What else is going on in the timeline right now? Five cups of coffee. You've got to be drinking five cups of coffee. This is the new meta. This is what everyone recommends. The Wall Street Journal has an article here. I've got to pull it up. Where is it? WSJ five cups of coffee. How many cups of coffee do you do per day? I do one cup of coffee, but then I do two Yerba Matex and three Diet Cokes, which I think is around five cups of coffee in terms of caffeine.

53:38How much, how much caffeine is in a cup of coffee? I do a comment here on the way to the gym. Oh, you drink caffeine before the gym. That's smart. Oh yeah. I have to. Yeah. I have to. Oh, that's good. Comment here on the way to the gym. Okay. Regular coffee during breakfast. Yeah. And then two of these. Okay. And then you're done for the day. Then I'm done for the day. Okay. Okay. Five cups of coffee a day is fine for most adults, the Heart Association says. Tyler, did you get me? What's in a cup of coffee? Around 95. 95. So putting up 500 milligrams a day, so that's like two Celsius? Maybe one and a half, depending on how strong it is.

54:17They're between 200 and 300, right? Celsius? I think they're... I think they get up there. 200 is the max. No, I think 200 is the min. No. Yes. Yes. I thought beverage companies. Bay Celsius is 200. Yeah, so beverage companies start to get. You get the performance edition, and it goes up to 300 because they have a bigger can. Celsius max. And they have Celsius heat, which is 300. Heat? Oh, yeah. Is it spicy? Who's to say? It's going to spice up your mind. Anyway, research has been mixed, but association says evidence of coffee's safety and even benefits has been growing over time. This is from the Wall Street Journal.

54:53This is important for everyone listening. There's good news for coffee drinkers. Good news for coffee drinkers. Up to five cups of the brew a day are safe for most adults and may even have benefits for heart health. That is crazy to hear. It always seemed like it would be a Faustian bargain at the very least. Like, you know, worth it in the short term. But at some point it's going to come back to bite you. But not in this case. I mean, like famously Voltaire would drink like 40 cups of coffee a day. No, Voltaire? Yeah, yeah. I don't even know this stuff. Well, I have like a... Of course. Yeah.

55:28Yeah. So, I mean, he did pretty well, I would say. If you learned that Voltaire drank 40 cups of coffee a day from Tyler right now, you're telling on yourself. You're definitely telling on yourself. Well, let me tell you about Railway. Railway is the all-in-one intelligent cloud provider. Use your favorite agents to deploy web apps, servers, databases, and more. while Railway automatically takes care of scaling, monitoring, and security. And without further ado, our first guest of the show is in the waiting room. We have Tyler Cowen, the American economist, to talk to us about all things. How are you doing, Tyler?

55:59Good to see you again. Hello, how are you? I don't drink coffee.

56:02Tyler Cowen:I was about to ask. I have to ask every guest of the show. Are you going to start? I've only had coffee twice in my life, both times in rural Ethiopia in a coffee ceremony. And it was amazing. But I thought this is the peak. I can't beat this. Is that because you'd become too powerful or do you see it as a Faustian bargain? I see people getting addicted to it. And if they can't get their morning coffee, they have headaches. Yeah, I don't want to be there. Yeah, it does. But how often are you somewhere where you can't possibly get a coffee in the morning? I don't know. It can't, but you have to go out and get it or go to some effort or you're in a hotel room and you make a crummy coffee there and then you don't really enjoy it.

56:46Tyler Cowen:It's just simpler not to have that addiction, I think. What's very interesting is that caffeine pills are incredibly economically efficient. It's like one cent for the equivalent of a cup of coffee if you buy them in bulk, and yet absolutely zero adoption. People love a cup of coffee, even if it's a couple bucks. It's like a simple pleasure. It's a joy. People just can't stop paying for them. Do you do anything in the morning, any type of ritual that you feel like you have to do to be yourself? He's like Celsius. No. I get high from mineral water, but if I don't have it, I'm fine. I'm not craving it.

57:23Tyler Cowen:Addicted. Okay. Okay. Well, let's talk about artificial intelligence. How are you thinking about the latest debate around Kimi K3 open source AI? Where should we begin the discussion? And then I'm sure we can narrow down a bunch of different ways. Open source is coming and is here, whether we like it or not. Of course, a lot of it will be from China. We should allow American competitors to proceed on an even footing. But basically, the attempt to outlaw it or ban it or use sanctions against it is going to fail miserably. Like what about multinationals? What about companies whose affiliates use open source?

58:02Tyler Cowen:What about all the major U.S. companies that use open source Chinese products right now? I hope, I plead that the Trump administration gives up on this crusade. Sure. It cannot work. Okay, so I want to push back on it cannot be banned because at first blush, I agree with you. It is software. It is something that can just be downloaded. You can download the weights and just have it. Anything that's replicable infinitely should just proliferate across the world very quickly. But the fact that you need an NVL-72, you need a whole server rack, you need equipment and infrastructure, that acts as a point of leverage.

58:43I'm not saying that we should ban it. I'm just saying if you put me in charge of banning it, I think I would have an easier time banning open source AI than banning music distribution, for example.

58:55Tyler Cowen:What will you do when it's on device? How long is that from now? That's true. Why go down the path at all? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. That's a good point. Yeah, what lessons are there from the automotive industry for this moment? Just given the use of tariffs and how those have worked and haven't worked. And we were talking earlier about how Europe's approached the problem. You see BYDs all over Europe now. But at the same time, many of the manufacturers have been hurt most by just losing the Chinese market, right? Or not losing it, but having declining sales there because of local alternatives. I think if Europe starts a major trade war with China, Europe will lose.

59:45Tyler Cowen:This is a sad reflection on Europe, and it's a sad reflection on Europe that they can't just say, oh, we'll make fewer cars, we'll do five or six other great things that we're readily positioned to shift into. They're not really there. but simply putting up big tariffs isn't going to help them get there. It actually will postpone it. And those tariffs over time end up applying to the inputs for your other sectors and it makes them less competitive. So Europe's really in a pickle. There's no good way out, but I don't favor the tariffs either. How do you think about the open source models in terms of like the broader AI stack?

1:00:24Like, is it important that America have some position in energy, data centers, chip manufacturing, networking? There's this whole stack. And I've been surprised that we've been building as many data centers as we have in the United States, given all the pushback. That feels like something that could have gone to at least other Western nations, energy-rich countries. But that's been fairly centralized. but there's clearly, it feels like there's a potential slippery slope for, oh, well, if China's handling the open source models, then maybe they should have the data centers. Maybe they should also do the power generation over there.

1:01:03It's dirty. We don't like having data centers here. Put them over there. And then at some point, it feels like you could lose leverage, but I don't know how risky that actually is.

1:01:11Tyler Cowen:I live right next to all the data centers in Northern Virginia. It's great. They pay for half of the taxes of their county. The energy, the imbi all that i'm completely for the chips bring it on but at the end of the day people are afraid that the american models can be yanked from them sure that's partly our fault yeah and if there's open source as something in the background uh people are more willing to lock into our systems to a partial extent so the two are compliments in fact and again there's all these major american companies i don't typically advertise it but they use a lot of chinese open source right now.

1:01:47Tyler Cowen:You're just going to pull that out of their guts? Yeah, yeah. I mean, both enterprises actually deploying these models for cost savings. And also, I mean, we saw with thinking machines, they used the Chinese open source model to bootstrap a step in the process of building their latest product. And so it's a whole supply chain. Where do you think the data center pushback comes from? If you are there and have a positive experience. It's polling very poorly. Is it all fear around job displacement? Is it anything particularly on the ground? Where did this come from? I think right now people are just negative about many, many things.

1:02:26Tyler Cowen:They're negative about their country. They're negative about social institutions except the military. They're very low levels of trust. They were told during COVID times, during the great financial crisis, everything's okay when it was not. So you can't completely blame them. But look, as you know, this country has 50 states. And if Mark Zuckerberg needs to pick up the phone and call the governor of Louisiana, thank goodness that can work here. And I think we're going to do it. What is it about this? We're in this like counterintuitive vibe session moment. Kyla Scanlon sort of written about it, coined the phrase, this idea that when you pull people on How are your neighbors doing economically or financially?

1:03:10People say they're doing fine, but I'm doing terribly. Or the economy will grow. The job market will be stable. But people report the consumer confidence is very low. I'm wondering if you've reflected on that more generally. And then I do have a follow-up question. But what is the state of the vibe session? Is it just continual? Is it permanent? Is it getting worse?

1:03:30Tyler Cowen:I call it negative emotional contagion. And you see it in many other areas of world history. It feeds on itself. I'm not sure we know what starts it. Maybe it is some negative events. But once it gets going, it's hard to reverse. Sometimes you need actually a war or some kind of catastrophe. I hope we do not. But if you look at wealth accumulation, the job market, stock prices, real wages, many other indices, they're doing like okay to fine. They're just not doing terribly. Yeah. No, no, I completely agree. And so I had this idea. I don't know if you'll agree, but maybe the fact that we're in this vibe session and the vibes are so bad and there's so much negative emotion around the economy that if we actually were to go through a brief recession or a market correction, we might be a more resilient country sort of ironically because of that, because everyone would look around and be like, well, I already thought it was bad.

1:04:30It got a little worse, but I'm ready to reinvest. Maybe this is what I've been waiting for. Finally, I'm justified in thinking things are bad. And so I can get out of this and do whatever's necessary because there's no longer a cognitive dissonance between what the market is doing and how I feel.

1:04:51Tyler Cowen:One hopes. Yes, it could be a bullish signal. But then again, if something terrible does happen, everyone says, I told you so. And maybe we get stuck in the mire. Yeah. About a year ago, you had a blog post, if I remember correctly, one of many, of course, that was something to the effect of like AI is real and it's amazing, but the economy is still going to just sort of generally continue growing as it's grown, maybe a little bit faster, hopefully. are you seeing anything that could update your worldview on that? Because so far I feel like you've been pretty vindicated. Deserve a victory lap.

1:05:29Tyler Cowen:Well, I'm seeing a lot of confirmation. There's so many people, they will say to me or say in chat groups or on Twitter, my goodness, if we had Fable 5, I would have thought the world would be totally different, and it's not. Yeah. And that's my view. But look, you go back to 1995 through 1998, We got half a percentage point of extra growth out of those advances. They, to me, seem less impressive than AI. So I think over time, with some slowness, we'll get that and maybe a bit more, which is great. Interesting. Have you seen The Odyssey? I have seen The Odyssey. Can you give us your review? Well, look, compared to other movies, it's fantastic and it's dreamy and it's impressive.

1:06:12Tyler Cowen:But mostly I was disappointed. I thought the dialogue was lame. The casting, I don't mind the cross-ethnic casting at all. I just didn't think they were the right people. Matt Damon is not Odysseus. He's just not impressive enough physically. The woman who played Calypso just seemed like a suburban housewife. I love Zendaya, but she didn't have any real role. So they screwed up many things. It didn't quite cohere. I'm very glad I saw it. Everyone should see it. It's worth the three hours. But relative to expectations, I suppose a disappointment. Do you think classicists are satisfied with it? Do you think it's good for the field?

1:06:54Tyler Cowen:They're delighted to have any attention at all. And the different translations of the Odyssey are now on the bestseller lists. So what's their alternative, right? They shouldn't complain too loudly. Do you think technology is making soccer worse? I don't watch soccer, but I think technology in some ways has made basketball worse. And I wouldn't be surprised if the same were true of soccer, that it homogenizes things and everyone chases after the same targets, the same players, Teams have less individual style. But to soccer, I cannot speak. Fair. What about AI maniacs? Take me through what defines an AI maniac, why it's important.

1:07:41And I have some pushback and follow-up questions.

1:07:45Tyler Cowen:I spoke to two teenagers this morning. One was 13, one is 17. Abu Dhabi, Finland, they're AI maniacs. They spend their spare time mastering AI. They know way more than their so-called teachers. Their starting companies are building models. They realize this is the future. You're going to have a large number of companies with quite a very small number of employees, but pretty high revenue. And I think AI maniacs will compete in medicine, law, business consulting, banking, wherever it is we let them compete. So this to me is the future. Like if you're asking, will the UK recover? I would rephrase it.

1:08:25Is the UK going to encourage its AI maniacs? How can they encourage these AI maniacs? It feels like AI naturally lowers the barrier to entrepreneurship. And so there's not much encouragement that's necessary. I mean, as long as the models are available and affordable for young people, they will do things with them.

1:08:45Tyler Cowen:Young people should be allowed to rise to positions of authority. They should be respected. They shouldn't be looked down upon. They should have the chance to buy computer, get grants. It's not automatic. So you look at the United States. We do great on all these metrics. Estonia is a country that does pretty well on these metrics. A lot of parts of the world are too small C conservative. And we'll see where different countries are going to fall on this spectrum. But they're not all going to do it automatically. Just like not all countries have made great rock and roll. So the technology is pretty straightforward.

1:09:19Yeah. Yeah, Estonia is famous for major government investing in high-speed bandwidth. Is that correct? Is that the rough story of Estonia? Yes. But I'm interested in what that would look like for AI in America or the UK. It feels like many of the models or application layer companies, They have sort of a free tier that gets someone potentially from zero to close to AI maniac. And then at some point they can go and find a customer to help pay for their compute bills. But is there more the government should be doing?

1:09:59Tyler Cowen:But as you know, with venture capital, there's a valley of death. Sure. I don't know that the government should be making grants to 16-year-olds, but someone should. I'm doing it. Other people should as well. So this is really the province of youth. There's nowhere you can go to learn this stuff other than, say, some of the major AI centers and companies. So you've got to teach yourself. And is there the support in your environment for that? We will see. Give us an update on how you're thinking about grants. Are you going younger, broader, smaller, different partners? I mean, there's been some folks who have been able to do compute grants, and then the dollars go further because of the implicit margin.

1:10:42Tyler Cowen:With AI Maniacs, I'm going younger and weirder. And I've also noticed Europe is doing pretty well on the AI Maniacs metric. We'll see how it develops as the costs rise. But I've been pleasantly surprised, and I'm now more optimistic about Europe than I was six months ago. How does that – like, where did that come from? That feels like a come-from-behind story for Europe. I feel like for the longest time, the brightest technologists in Europe have gone to America to start their companies. The Collison's famous example. There's many others with the exception of like the Swedes and Spotify, I suppose.

1:11:22But in general, it feels like many people have come. Are they staying more frequently? Like what's happening?

1:11:28Tyler Cowen:Well, these kids may yet go to America. They're too young to be going now. Maybe it's that, you know, the chatbots didn't interest the Europeans that much. They seem to like compete with culture. Yeah. Agents are a chance to do something. Now, American kids have had opportunities to do things for a long time. Yeah. But for the European kids, this is something new. So I think at the margin, you'll see more extra activity there. Yeah. And a lot of new companies from quite young people coming out of all of Europe, including Eastern Europe. Do you think young people are better at avoiding the fake work trap that happens with some AI users?

1:12:06You know, the person that just builds an automated workflow to, you know, check, summarize every meeting, and then they never look at the notes. And it's just endless token consumption in service of, like, creating the ultimate second brain that they never actually refer to. And it's ultimately a lot of make work, but it feels very productive, sort of the tool-shaped objects formulation.

1:12:30Tyler Cowen:I think the young people are more playful with it. They take more chances. In the aggregate, they might even do worse. But in terms of coming up with the new things that really matter, I think they're going to win. What do you think about the risk of the one-shotting from AI? People that go so deep in it, they lose their grip on reality. It happens with everything. You know, when I was a kid, people one-shot it on baseball. Can you imagine that? Or like drugs. AI is one of the better things to be one-shotted from, I would say. No, I was laughing about it. I know some guys who've been basically one-shotted by golf all day, every day, reading about golf, studying golf, trying to improve their golf game.

1:13:15And it's the same thing as AI. If a billionaire came to you and said, Tyler, it seems that my type is very unpopular right now. What should we do to try to shift public opinion? Right now, there's, I think, an$80 million campaign being spent to block the billionaire tax here in California. But it seems like there are other things more broadly that billionaires could do to shift public perception. But what do you think?

1:13:53Tyler Cowen:I would say don't apologize and keep on going. I hope the billionaire tax fails. It will wreck California. If it passes, it's already harmed California. even a lot of the Democratic Party politicians don't support it. I think, again, there's just this negative sentiment about many, many things, including billionaires. You might say some of them deserve it. Fine, like with all humans. But at the end of the day, I'm reminded of the old saying from Jonathan Swift, and he said, censure is the tax a man pays to the public for the privilege of being eminent, unquote. if you succeed people will hate you okay but you know wasn't malcolm gladwell steve levitt paul krugman whoever did well got hated oh yeah that's right at the same time would uh building some massive you know parks and or you know any any type of of public work yes i i be be worthwhile The interesting question is, is there some sort of greater leverage from having the library that you walk by versus 1 % lower levels of malaria that's this abstract thing that you don't see?

1:15:13There's something about building a monument as a wealthy person as opposed to having an abstract, diffuse impact on humanity. Even if the reduction— Maybe the modern version of a park is just like owning an NFL team. It doesn't really feel the same because the NFL team—

1:15:30Tyler Cowen:President Obama just built a monument. Does anyone love him for it? Now, I'm all for today's billionaires doing more to support art, music, libraries, whatever we all might come up with. But I don't think it's going to make them loved. Yeah. Yeah, maybe not. What about religion and AI? There were, Anthony Lewandowski was working on an AI religion way before it was cool. I think 2017 he was thinking about this. It feels like we're maybe behind the curve on a true AI-based religion. It feels like based on the capabilities of the models, you could have something happening. There's little pockets of people that are obsessed with certain models, but I haven't seen anything formally being built out.

1:16:16Tyler Cowen:Where do you think that goes? I think it'll be more like sects than new religions. So you could write your own version of Hindu sacred books or your own version of Shiite Islam with your own, you know, slate of who the true imams are or should be. And we're just going to see proliferation. Like for a while in history, we had a proliferation of different versions of the LDS church, different kinds of Mormons. Some are still around. And using an agent, you'll be able to whip up your own religion, I don't know, in less than a day. With rituals, sacred books, practices, most won't catch on, but if you will, they'll have a few hundred, a few thousand adherents.

1:16:56Tyler Cowen:That may sound trivial, but if half of 1 % of the population does this, and some of these get some number of adherents, over time, the whole religious landscape looks quite different. I think it will be more diverse and feel weirder and be less centralized in religious authorities. Where do you think the Amish will be in 200 years? I saw someone try and use one of these AI models to project out the human population in 2200. And the prediction came back as like America will be 34 % Amish. And I think it was just extrapolating linear trends of their birth rates versus everyone else. But it feels like the idea of the Amish lifestyle is actually becoming in vogue in almost popular culture with don't use screens as much.

1:17:52Try and put limit your Instagram usage. You need to log off and touch grass. All of these memes are sort of, you know, the potential gateway drug to the Amish lifestyle.

1:18:05Tyler Cowen:I visited the Amish many times. I admire what they've done. but it's possible because the surrounding society cross-subsidizes them. So you can't have a third of America being Amish. And I think they keep people in the fold because it is pretty small and tightly knit. And were there, say, three or four million Amish, which we're very far from, the rate of leaving would be much higher. So I think it's bounded on the upside. But I'm glad they're there. They've done a great job. Their communities are quite interesting and pretty prosperous. They have a lot of kids. Good for them. Do you agree with Jeremy Giffon that people are constantly looking for a priestly class?

1:18:47And in recent years, it's moved from the billionaire class to the online poster? I don't know.

1:18:54Tyler Cowen:Maybe online posters peaked five or ten years ago. And now there's a lot more video and just the AI itself competes against the online posters. Sure. I liked his dialogue on that topic, but I don't exactly agree with what he said. Sure. Sure. I'm interested to know what level of entrepreneurship you think is reachable. Can every young person become an entrepreneur? Or are there some people who are more interested in just finding a stable job and then they need to figure out how to navigate changing jobs in the future? Most people cannot become entrepreneurs. They're not ambitious. They should not be ambitious.

1:19:40Tyler Cowen:You could argue the numbers, but it's a small percentage and other people want to work for them. So people like working in large institutions, large institutions pay better, it's lower risk. I don't think that feature of the world's going to change. So advice for someone who's in an organization, they're seeing things change because of artificial intelligence. Maybe they're not set up to be an AI maniac, go out and start a company, but But should they be trying to find a role that is messier in their organization? Absolutely. Follow AI. Learn how to work with the leading models. It's a big time investment because everything changes so quickly, as you know.

1:20:24Yeah.

1:20:24Tyler Cowen:But if you don't, you're left behind. And for all this talk of the leisure dividend from AI, right now we're still in a setting where most people have to work some amount harder. Yeah. That will change. But it's not about to change. Time to work. Get to work. You do. Doesn't it exhaust you how many new and different things happen in the world of AI? And you've got to stay on top of them. Yeah, it is a lot. Where's your AI leisure dividend? Yeah, it is a lot. But at the same time, I don't know. Learning about AI, I see as different as actually learning AI. There are a lot of facts around there are six AI tigers in China.

1:21:03And I just need to memorize what those six companies are, their histories, if I want to understand. Yeah, you can follow it like a sport and not learn really anything at all about what the models are. But that's different than using the models, which the models are so good. It feels like it's less of a learning curve and more of just the volition to just go and do it. Because even when someone says, oh, well, I haven't tried the latest coding models. And I'm like, oh, well, they can do a lot more. Like at the very basic, like if you wanted to ask ChatGPT for one image, you can now ask Codex for 100 images and it can just go and do it in a for loop.

1:21:43And it can write a little code for you and do whatever it needs to to get you your answer that's more robust and hydrated. But also you can just ask ChatGPT, how do I do that? And it will tell you how to do it. And so the learning curve, this is a Joe Weisenthal opinion, but he says that there is no learning curve because the AI is good at teaching you how to use it. But there is something there where you talk to people all the time that are like, I haven't tried AI yet. I got to check that out.

1:22:12Tyler Cowen:It can tell you what to do. But if you're always chasing it, waiting for it to tell you what to do, you're not on top of it. It's not really the way to excel in the area. So I think you do have to stay on top of both like the baseball team side of it and the how do you do this side of it. Again, it's hard. How big can gambling get? It's already too big. I don't know how we pull it back in. It's a problem. Now, people must enjoy it, the people who don't wreck their lives with it, or it wouldn't be that addictive. But it is fairly addictive for many people. and I don't see how we turn the clock back.

1:22:53The thing that's telling is even people that lose a lot of money gambling, I've noticed that they don't hate their bookie or the app that they use to lose money. Yeah. They seem to have like, maybe it's like a toxic relationship, right? No, no. A lot of times people will hate like the player that missed the field goal and they will be cyber bullying the particular athlete that lost them the money and they won't be mad at the platform. But not their account manager at DraftKings or whatever. Yeah. I mean, isn't it? But how would, you know, if you have a big red button that the ban, you know, sports betting or gambling, do you hit the button?

1:23:36Like, what would be your practical solution for reining it in?

1:23:40Tyler Cowen:I wouldn't hit the button. Banning it would not reign it in. We know that already. You hope norms change. it's a bad thing to be one-shotted by that said i'd like to see a cost benefit analysis all the people who enjoy it and add them up and see how that compares to the cost no one wants to do that for obvious reasons uh just say no yeah but it's but it but but right now don't do it yeah i guess i guess i i was watching uh the the latest uh ufc event and almost every single ad is a gambling ad. Certainly reining in advertising for gambling would probably... We have a playbook from the tobacco industry.

1:24:28Yeah, and I think it's in Australia. You can restrict, you can add taxes on a state and local level as well as federal taxes. And you can sort of try and internalize the negative externality. Yeah, there was that law that said you could only write off like 90 % of your losses, which is really bad if you're a sports book. The problem is that I don't think the impact of gambling, the negative impact has been fully quantified in sort of a sound bite yet. Like with cigarettes, it's like cigarettes kill millions of people every year. 50 % of smokers who smoke a pack a day will die from cigarettes or a cigarette-related illness.

1:25:08There isn't that for the gambling industry. It's just like a lot of people lose money, but you technically lose money when you go see The Odyssey. See, you just get the enjoyment of a three-hour film. You lost money, and people get the entertainment of gambling. And so that's the same trait. It doesn't hit as hard as, like, you will die if you smoke cigarettes.

1:25:26Tyler Cowen:I think the campaign against smoking worked because people like me hated it when someone next to them would light up or on a plane or in a movie theater. If my next to a neighbor gambles on their phone, on the airplane, I don't care. No, you used to. On a commercial flight. If you're on old commercial planes, they would have a cigarette, an ashtray in the armrest. I suffered under that for years. Yeah. You'd try to not sit next to the smoking section. Yeah. But again, if there's like a no gambling section on the airplane, it's ridiculous. Yeah. The guy next to me could be gambling on his phone.

1:26:04Tyler Cowen:Yeah, you wouldn't even know. Yeah, exactly. Let it be. Yeah, yeah. That is shocking to me. I like that you just learned that. When did smoking on planes end? 80s? I feel like it was not fully around. Maybe like early 90s at the very, very latest. Yeah, I recall celebrating, but I don't know the year. You were celebrating, yeah. Anyway, what have you been reading into the jobs numbers that have been coming out? Like the overall unemployment rate seems to be holding steady. It seems like it's buoyed by health care hiring. Real quick. Yes. Smoking was banned in 1988 on domestic flights lasting two hours or less.

1:26:46Okay. They're saying you can go two hours without a smoke. Okay, yeah. We know you can. And then eventually they expanded it to all domestic flights in 1990. Yeah, 1990. There you go. Jobs data hiring. It feels like there's sort of stagnation everywhere except healthcare, which is sort of the messy job thesis playing out. But what else is going on in the hiring market that you've noticed from the last couple releases?

1:27:11Tyler Cowen:Well, the unemployment rate for 18 to 24-year-olds, it's back to where it was before we had good large language models. So AI is not destroying that market. It seems we're not going to have a recession anytime soon. That's good news. Labor market has slowed down quite a bit, but that's to be expected. And some of the reports sound less impressive because we have fewer immigrants. But overall, I've been pretty happy. The economy hasn't crashed. It's kept on going. Great. Yeah, no, that makes sense. Then what are you attributing the vibes around young people entering the workforce? Everyone says it's so bad.

1:27:48Is that just the really cushy tech jobs are sort of a little bit belt tightening there? They're not hiring as much. And so there aren't as many of these really nice laptop jobs? What do you think is going on there?

1:28:00Tyler Cowen:I think there are big sectoral shifts going on. And the new jobs being created, people who think of themselves as educated and high class, may not want or may not even be good at, and they complain and they're vocal and they have the ear of the media. It is a problem. I wouldn't deny that. But in the aggregate, a lot of other people are doing better. And the AI maniacs are about to take a huge leap upwards. And there'll be this massive reallocation of status. It'll be very hard for our politics to handle that. Yeah. I saw, oh, that's interesting. Wow. Wow. Yeah. I saw some stats around like new grad computer scientists from Stanford not getting as many job placements.

1:28:44And Tyler on our team was saying, like, that's a skill issue. If you're a Stanford graduate with a computer science degree, like, you can get a job or you can start a company. You can do something. But you might need to think a little bit differently because the track might be slightly different. But I don't know if you agree with that or not. I agree with that. Yeah. And it also just feels like one of my latest thesis is that a lot of these CEOs who are doing AI-based layoffs, the optics are just terrible. And if they actually have a good business, they should be going on the offensive. We love that Matthew Prince hired, I think, like 1 ,000 interns or something like that.

1:29:26And it feels like young people who understand AI coming into an organization that has some sort of moat, some sort of durability, some business, like the leverage is just going up. So you should be hiring more instead of doing layoffs if you actually understand what's at stake and how big your business can be. But if you just went through a hiring glut, maybe you do need to sort of retool.

1:29:47Tyler Cowen:The AI companies themselves are hiring plenty, as you know, right? Yeah, totally. Can you recall a point throughout history where the majority of people, let's say their sense of self-worth and identity was not tied to their employment or their job? Well, women are a whole separate issue, but obviously that's a major qualifier. Sure. Medieval. medieval times. I think we lost him. His internet went back to 1988 growing food, but it was a very different way from how things work now. Yeah. Well, thank you so much for taking the time to come chat with us. It's always a pleasure to go all around the world.

1:30:40It's an honor. Have a fantastic week and a fantastic summer. Catch you all next time. Like I said, work harder. Yes. When you're next time you're in California. Yeah, come to the studio. Three of us, a cup of Joe. We will try to create an experience. If we can get him to have his third cup of coffee in history. That would be. Do a four-hour show. Incredible. The Wired Tyler Coward. See if you can get me to do it. Let's see. We'll peer pressure. We'll try very hard. I don't think it'll work. Anyway, thank you so much, Tyler. Cheers, guys. We'll talk to you soon. Bye. Bye. Have a good rest of your day.

1:31:09Let me tell you about CrowdStrike. Your business is AI. Their business is securing it. CrowdStrike secures AI and stops breaches. is um we have a picture here of the smoking section on a plane if we want to pull up but we also have our next guest um we have danny young that is absolutely insane this is like blowing jordy's mind biggest update to your world model uh let's bring in danny he's the co-founding partner and ceo what's going on how are you doing we got questions for having me on we before we even get to introductions how many cups of coffee a day do you drink only to the im8 what Oh, wow.

1:31:47Oh, yes, of course. Wow, oil. There we go. But do you guys have caffeine in the product? There's no caffeine in the product, zero caffeine. So you're just going through life, no caffeine. Tyler Cowen doesn't do coffee either. Maybe there's a secret second tier. There was a new study in the Wall Street Journal that said up to five cups of coffee a day is okay. Some people are celebrating if they've already been fully addicted. But anyway, enough of that. Introduce yourself and the company, please. Sure. My name is Danny Young, CEO of Prenetics and IMA. We started a brand, IMA, about 19 months ago, and now we're the fastest growing supplement brand ever recorded in the industry.

1:32:26Of course, you may know David Beckham. No introduction. Co-founded IMA with him 19 months ago. It's been a crazy journey ever since. We hit 100 million AR within 11 months. We hit 200 million AR within 18 months. What stopped you from hitting 100 within, let's say, six months? That's hilarious, but actually a good question. Wait, wait, what was the constraint? Was it supply chain? Was it distribution? Just not enough products or figuring out advertising? No, it's just you have to scale, right? And then you can't scale so fast. Even in 11 months, we're the fastest ever, right? Typically at 100 million for supplement brands.

1:33:07On average, it takes roughly three to five years to hit 100 million. So for us to being able to do in 11 months is quite amazing. Do you remember what you were modeling for where you wanted to be after the first, let's say, 12 months? Yes. And the model was very different than reality, right? So I think our first model full year revenue was approximately 30 million USD. And that was already quite high for a new brand out of the gate in this very competitive category, right? So our first full year revenue, we ended up doing$60 million. This year, we'll do well over$200 million in our second year of full operations.

1:33:52Wow. Okay, so David Beckham, I think of him as a very global star. As part of the growth, did you guys go global early? What did that strategy look like compared to, let's say, a traditional US economy? 100%. Traditional DCZ company in the US, you're probably waiting to go global two, three, four, five years out, right? For us, day one meant 31 countries shipping. So we did that from day one last year. And then so US is our number one market, Canada, number two, UK, number three, Australia, number four, Singapore, number five. Now we ship to 43 countries. We're delivering 200 ,000 servings daily.

1:34:36We've now delivered 52 million servings in the last 19 months. Wow Talk about the latest round You raised a billion dollars But what does that look like? Who participated? All that stuff Sure, so not many people know IMA is actually part of a public listed company Prenetics Listed on the NASDAQ Under the stock taker PRE And then so with that Again, the brand is so new We've gotten a$1 billion growth commitment

1:35:10thank you congratulations uh you said thank you growth commitment from general catalysts right and is this their new is this their program that helps uh basically finance uh customer acquisition correct so it's from their cvf fund and then so they typically work only with multi billion dollar companies right so they did this with lemonade again lemonade was public company as well in 23. Market cap was$1 billion. Now today they're$5 billion. They did this with Grammarly. They gave them$1 billion to scale up as well. So this only works if you have great retention cohort data. Because what they're doing is they're underwriting the risk of predictable revenue in the future.

1:35:54So what they're doing is that, for example, for every dollar that we're spending on marketing, they're giving us 70 % or$0.70. And based upon our gross profits, then we pay that back over the next two, three months. And they charge a percentage interest rate of roughly 3.5 % if that payback period is under three months. Yep, I'm on the board of a company that is in that program as well. Amazing. And we had a board meeting last Thursday. I was in Europe, so it was like 2 a.m., but we spent quite a lot of time going over all that data in the program. So very cool. What percentage of IM8 does Pronetics own?

1:36:37100%. Crazy. So you guys are going to do$200 million this year, or you're projecting$200 million, sitting at a market cap of$354 million. Yeah, and we have roughly about$140 million in cash, even without the general catalyst. Yeah. And so I think there's a big disconnect between private markets and public markets. And to be fair, you know, we had a lot of legacy in the past. We had diagnostics business. We grew very fast during COVID. Yeah. During COVID, we're doing 40 ,000 PCR tests. You know, post-COVID, I had the opportunity to meet with David and then we got along really well. We're like, hey, what if we did something together?

1:37:19What would that look like? And then we recruited some of the world's best doctors, scientists and professors on board. And yeah, it's always been crazy. Very cool. Wow. Well, congratulations, and thank you so much for coming on the show to break it down. Yeah, great to meet you. Great to see you today. Really, really impressive. Thank you. And come back on soon. Yeah, we'll talk to you soon. Appreciate it. Cheers, Danny. Let me tell you about Shopify. Shopify is the commerce platform that grows with your business and lets you sell in seconds, online, in-store, on mobile, on social, on marketplaces, and now with AI agents.

1:37:49We have our next guest already in the waiting room. We've got Connor Love from, it's Andreessen Horowitz now. Connor Love, welcome to the show. Congratulations on the new gig. How are you doing? Thanks, guys. Appreciate it. First question. How many cups of coffee a day do you drink? Oh, gosh. Four? Oh, you got room to run. Yeah. I'm a zero Celsius guy, too. Zero Red Bull. Back when I was in the military, I would pound Red Bull, and then the stomach gets all messed up, so I got to de-cleanse. I'm on a journey. I'll come back to it. Well, the American Heart Association says you're well within the limits.

1:38:23You're healthy. Congratulations. You're doing it right. The other question. It's so funny. I had seen a study showing that you could basically coffee max as of like two years ago. How early? I've been basically on that program for a while. Connor, you were early too. The other thing I got to just say, since we're on the topic of caffeine, I found out Austria has like glass. You can get Red Bull in a glass bottle just at gas stations. Oh, yeah. It's from there, right? Yeah. I almost went to headquarters when I was there. I was like, I got to import this stuff. Maybe, maybe. Anyways, we're not here to talk about glass bottle Red Bull.

1:39:04We're here to talk about you. Caffeinating the capital markets with new American dynamism investments. Talk to me about the journey. Talk to me about what you're excited about to be doing. Yeah, yeah. I mean, look, I've known the folks at AD for a while. We all know four years ago, they didn't just point to a category and think it was cool. I mean, they helped create the category, both branding it, but also back in some of the earliest, most interesting companies in this ecosystem. So it's been a relationship that I've had for a long time. And when I got approached with the opportunity to join the team and help lead the team here, in a lot of ways, it's one of these things where our job as VCs is to sit behind entrepreneurs and put them in the best position to succeed.

1:39:47And this platform offers you, you know, a really good place to do that. And, you know, it's kind of one of these things where it's a good fit for me. Let's just say that. Yeah, I think so. So take us through the structure of the team now because you're saying you're help leading it. It seems like you're in a GP role. Does this mean Catherine's running? Is she on the way out? Oh, no, no, no. Catherine's part of the team. She's kicking it. She's doing amazing things. I think the beauty is when, you know, like we all know when you grow the fund, then, you know, there's more opportunities to invest.

1:40:16It means you need to kind of push it to the next version. And so we got$1.2 billion of fresh capital to deploy into a category and kind of supercharge in a way. So it's kind of us four GPs operating as a team. And this is the beauty of venture is there's individuals that have good backgrounds and good beliefs and good views of the world. But I think in the end, venture should be a team sport. And, yeah, you've got to put one individual ahead of the other every now and then. But look, I mean, when you look at the platform and you see kind of what's been built so far, I mean, I'm excited to help take it to the next step in the future.

1:40:49And the structure of the fund, I mean, I imagine you're still going to be focused on like the earlier stage. You obviously have enough capital to leave follow on rounds, but sweet spot, series A, B. I'm interested in like the health of that category because it feels like there are many category defining companies. And like when I look at a market map, I'm like, are we good on AB? And then I find like the whole next turn of like, oh, we didn't think about this whole section of the economy. Yeah. All right. I'll give you two perspectives here. The first is in any new category that is going through a tectonic shift like this category it is, you are 99 percent wrong about the size of the category when you start investing.

1:41:30Like just go back and look at anything. I mean, the nature is this category is going to be far bigger than we all think it is. With that being said, I do think you're right. There have been a, let's call it a, you know, neo primes in the defense space or kind of neo manufacturers, whatever you want to call them elsewhere, that have clearly pushed themselves into, hey, we are a real player. We've raised real capital. We have real customers. The question is, you know, how many people are going to be at the table? And, you know, I'll answer that question two ways, which is not all of them, number one.

1:41:55And the second one is, as I said before, it's going to be a bigger category than we all think. So what I love doing, and maybe this is a little bit controversial here, but it's like my favorite type of investing is really at that inflection stage where you're potentially writing a growth check or a growth size-like check, but the company is still early in terms of the product market fit. And in my view, especially in AD where these companies take a lot of capital to grow, that's how you return funds. I mean, that is the exciting place to invest in my opinion. Yeah. Jordy, I want to give you a second.

1:42:24If you have something, Murray can go. Yeah, I want the update on the deals you did while at Lightspeed that you're most proud of. Because I'm assuming you're going to first day on the job, you got the new email, you hit them up. How would you like another$100 million? Yeah, yeah. I mean, look, this is another thing about venture is when these companies raise a lot of capital, there's a lot of the same people around the table over multiple stages. So, you know, I've had the privilege of investing in a lot of businesses, everything from Castilian to Andrel to K2 Space to Amca, a lot of other things.

1:42:59And the beauty is Andreessen has actually been an investor in a lot of those businesses already. So it's a relationship that I get to kind of carry over now from a different side of the seat. But I think you're right. I mean, look, there's going to be many new entrants. I am very happy with those investments that I've made. I have a great relationship with Ravi Matre and the rest of the folks at Lightspeed. I mean, they're going to keep doing amazing things and investing in this category. But, yeah, I just think it's still early. I mean, again, like nine times out of ten, you were wrong about the size of this market.

1:43:29The space market is going to be massive. Defense market is definitely not spoken for yet. The industrial-based manufacturing, we haven't even really talked about in touch. Like we're talking trillions of dollars of industries. And we look at great companies like Hadrian or Amca, and we think, oh, the market's been solved. No. There's a ton of room left to run, in my opinion. On the financing side, we just talked to the CEO of IM8, which is doing a new sort of billion-dollar financing with GC, I think, through their customer value fund. Is there anything like that emerging in defense? I'm assuming a lot of your portcos are using venture debt or maybe getting financing against some of these bigger contracts.

1:44:14But what are you seeing? Yeah, I mean, I think, first of all, if you look at what the federal government's doing, the federal government is stepping up in a real way. I mean, there's been a long office called the Office of Strategic Capital that has SBA, Small Business Administration, money that can put towards these companies and their growth. There's also a new unit formed called the EDU, the I believe it's the Economic Development Unit within the Department of War. The idea is that if you can look at these industries that either have a supply chain problem or some misimbalance with China, there's not free debt but close to free debt of capital that you can receive from the federal government.

1:44:48And in the end, it's like when there's such a misimbalance for – in this case, like the Chinese supply chain versus ours, it is only in America's best interest in order to do this. And in the end, there's equity capital sitting behind it. What I will say though is like debt is not an answer to your problems when you're a company. I mean, you need to obviously create real value and have real kind of, you know, and in my view, some type of technology uplift of what you're doing. But in the end, I do think that, you know, if you look at off-stitch capital, like I said, if you even look at what private equity is starting to do in this ecosystem, they're entering an ecosystem and saying, hey, I don't need to control a company.

1:45:23I don't need to, you know, flip the entire management team. It's just a different, you know, type of risk asset and they need to enter at the right time. But again, I think the capital markets are super rich here. The world, I won't break anyone's mind here, but the future of returning venture funds is investing in AI and it's investing in American dynamism. And again, the beautiful thing in Andreessen, we have both of those things, and now I get to do it in a different way. Yeah. Aren't they going to collide really soon, if not already? I'm just thinking about like there's a bunch of great defense companies.

1:45:55A lot of them have already been started. The defense budget is growing, but a few percent a year run rate. And then you have like AI CapEx, which is like tripling every year. And so a lot of the same motions of like we have a machine that makes a product that does a thing. It feels American dynamism-y, but then it plays in the AI boom. Is that going to be a bigger trend? I mean, again, I think you're right. They are colliding far quicker than you think they will collide. I think to some extent, though, that is a good thing. I mean, again, if we look at what's happening and how AI is transforming other software industries, it's going to look different.

1:46:31and hardware for sure. I mean, there are different barriers that you need to overcome with, you know, again, let's talk about putting a fully autonomous robot with the weapon in the hands of the military. There are layers of kind of integration and policy and all these other things that need to happen. So it's not going to happen overnight, but I will say it will happen. On the competition piece, which is a slightly different, you know, answer to your question is, again, I think you're right. There's a small percent of the budget that has gone historically to these neoprimes. if you look at what this administration has done, those numbers are changing on an order of magnitude.

1:47:06And if we also want to take a step back and look at Europe, look at Asia, look at other places, I mean, literally markets are being created overnight. So I do not think the problem is, hey, is there a budget or is there an ability to capture? I actually think the problem is, and this is what not enough people are talking about, is will these companies actually deliver on the massive solutions that they're on? You need to build, I mean, I'm serious. Like you need to we need to have 40 Tesla factories. We need to build thousands of these things. I mean, it's not just defense, but it's like the folks at Base Power and, you know, kind of everyone in the manufacturing ecosystem.

1:47:39Will we have companies that can produce not thousands of things, but tens of thousands or hundreds? Like that is the question. And if that doesn't happen, it doesn't matter how big your market is. It doesn't matter how much AI pixie dust you throw on top of it. If you can't build real hard stuff, you're not going to have lasting value over time, in my opinion. Yeah. I saw a video last week of a drone that was designed so that the entire body of the drone spins and it makes the whole structure almost invisible. It was very, very scary looking. And the person posting it was saying that drones are currently like in their sort of World War I era of evolution of warfare.

1:48:21Is that – how does that track with what you're seeing? First of all, I love this comparison. I always use the World War I comparison when talking about what's going to happen in space. But I actually think that the drone comparison is better. And don't quote me exactly on these numbers. But if you go look at the amount of manned airplanes that we in the West had in World War I, it is roughly the amount of satellites that we as a nation had up in space, you know, call it three or four years ago. And now if you flash forward and see the order magnitude amount of more manned airplanes we have, I mean, you literally have like, you know, it's a hockey stick like growth.

1:48:55So to your point, you know, we have what, you know, thousands of tens of thousands of drones that exist in the DoD today. I mean, we're literally buying millions of them. And, yes, they're tradable. So, like, they will, you know, kind of decline and go away. But I just think people have not wrapped their head around the sheer number of these systems. systems. And I think a drone specifically, to your point, is like it's always going to be this cat and mouse game. So just because you've built a million of these things that are attributable and can do these things, the enemy is going to adapt. And then all of a sudden you're going to have to build a new version that's EW resistant, that can go further, that can do.

1:49:27So it's not a one problem, one time you just solve the problem and you buy a million of them. I mean, this is decades long that's going to be happening from our federal government. Very cool. Well, congratulations on the new gig. Look forward to talking again soon, chopping it up. Looking great in the suit. Look fantastic. Looking great in the suit. Well, I always like to wear a suit just for you guys. And, hey, anything that gets me on the pod to talk with Delian more, I'm always about that. I'm just trying to elevate my media game just so, you know, Delian and I can riff with each other some more.

1:49:58I love it. That's what I'm here for, guys. Fully elevated. Great to see you, Connor, and congrats on the move. Congratulations. Love seeing you win. We'll talk to you soon. Cheers. Goodbye. Let me tell you about MongoDB. What's the only thing faster than the AI market? Your business on MongoDB. Don't just build AI. Own the data platform that powers it. Before we bring in our next guest, we got to talk about the Aston Martin SUV. Is this really a collab with Call of Duty? You got to pull up this image. You think this thing is a little ridiculous? You think this isn't? Oh, I love the way it looks.

1:50:30I see this as like the new Model Y. I think like this will be the car that's on, like you're just seeing so many of them and this is what you've been asking for because it is a v12 so first of all let's go with what's amazing yes the name what is it called what is it called the dreadnought that's a good name uh and so i yeah so here's the thing it's digital only what do you mean a digitally own a digital only military spec vehicle designed exclusively for the new call of duty modern morphine so they will not be making this which is like which is the lamest there's no there's no v12 if it's digital that doesn't make any sense i thought this was a real car they're not even making a lot of like it spread so quickly around that i think a lot of people thought it was real i think they should have made at least a few of these one-off yeah i don't know about the call of duty partnership in general i just feel like i feel like they don't need that cheapens the brand and i feel like aston is trying to appeal to a younger audience but having a made-up car.

1:51:32I don't know if it really does that. Yeah, this is a very weird partnership. No, you imagine this is what you have to tow your Valkyrie to the track. Exactly. You could sell one of these to every Valkyrie owner in theory because it's so unique. Yeah, it reminded me of the Rambo Lambo a little bit. Yeah, totally. Sort of a modern take on that. Yeah. So make the car, Aston. Just do it. Just do it. Just do it. And we will just bring in our next guest, Khalil from Natural, the CEO and co-founder. How are you doing? Welcome to the show. Thanks for having me. I don't know how I'm going to follow that.

1:52:09Would you buy that if that was a real car? Are you in San Francisco? I am in San Francisco. Yeah. It's a no-brainer. It feels like an LA car, though. Yeah, there was like the wrapped Cybertruck era for startups. Yes. I'd like to see a wrapped Dreadnought era. It would work. It would work. Anyway, enough talking about that. The new BMW car? No, what's that? The predecessor to the XM. Predecessor? That might be more. Or successor. Successor. Successor. Successor. The XM did not sell well. That was a widely panned. That's their luxury performance SUV, right? Oh, you're talking about the new X5? Oh, okay.

1:52:47Yeah, it's like a G-Wagon lookalike. Uh-oh. Oh, I don't think that's actually released. I think maybe they'll tease it at Car Week in a couple weeks. But I think every render so far has been just fan-made. Oh, just fan-made? Okay. Well, we'll keep tracking. Anyway, enough about cars. Great to see you, dude. How are you doing? Thanks for joining us on a big day. Introduce yourself and the company. Please, tell us about the company. Sure. I'm Khalil. I'm the CEO of Natural. Natural Builds Payments Infrastructure for Agents. We're announcing today that we raise a$30 million Series A, led by Kirsten from Runner.

1:53:27Thank you. There we go. Payment rails for agents. What does that mean today? And then I want to talk about where this is going in the future. Today, that means that agents can store balances. They can pay and request other agents or businesses or consumers. They can do transfers from external or internal accounts. Shortly, they'll be able to collect card information over the phone. make payments. It's a bunch of different payment primitives. And so those use cases rank them by traction. So what agent payment use cases have the most traction today? Because this feels like one of those things that people have been talking about for a long time.

1:54:14It's a great venture bet because if this category pans out the way that a lot of people have been theorizing. There's going to be some great big companies built, but I haven't used, I haven't used any of these. Um, like I haven't had an agent pay for anything on my behalf quite yet outside of, you know, using traditional checkout flows. Maybe I'm a boomer lagger. I sent like a hundred K to Claude, uh, but it turned out it was this guy named Claude. I just sent it to him on WhatsApp and, uh, I don't know if I'm getting that back. So need this. You can try your first agentic payment today if you sign up and request our agent.

1:54:52We'll send you back between$5 ,000 and$10 ,000. Whoa. Okay. I love that. That also sounds like a scam. Send me five and I'll send you 10. This is like a classic. Wait. Are people not already using agents to create millions of accounts? But I do think there's a very interesting opportunity. I'm wondering how you can like walk me through this particular problem that I've seen. So there's a really interesting AI YouTuber. His name is Ben Awad. And he's been doing this series of like, I tried to use a frontier model to like make me money. And he went to Fable and he did GPT Soul and he gave it like a week.

1:55:33And he was like, just do whatever. And it does a bunch of stuff. And it's very impressive. He makes like five cents, but it's like, you know, a demo. But everything that he's doing is like the reaching for the high shelf. So he's always, it's like the genius model that can solve the IMO gold medal goes to him and is like, it's time to buy a domain for$10. And he'll be like, okay, I did that. And then it'll like go off and write the beautiful code. And then it'll come back and be like, I need you to go set up an API key here. And so what I'm interested in is, is there a way that soon I will be able to safely upload some sort of credit card payment balance and then give that to an agent and say, look, I want you to go deploy a website on this technology, on this service, use this API, go to 11 Labs, grab their voice agent, and go and actually set up the accounts, do the payments, and then just here's your budget.

1:56:30Don't go over, but go crazy and do whatever. You can do most of that today with natural and the parts of it that you can't should be out at the end of Q3. I'd say the way we think about the world is agents execute a majority of global payment volume over the next decade. That that world is monopolistic or duopolistic in nature because payments are a highly network effects driven business. And that that world is determined in the next like 12 months. High stakes. Good luck. I think whoever is the default developer choice in 2027 is likely to be the default developer choice in 2028 and 2029 and 2035.

1:57:11And so if it doesn't feel like a land grab market, it very much is about to be. So a company called Stripe is... A couple of Irishmen. A couple Irishmen. They're certainly not asleep at the wheel with AI by nature of being very developer-friendly with their products overall. I think they ended up being accidentally really well-positioned for AI because agents can really easily understand their products. I'm wondering, have you figured out anything where they are at some type of structural disadvantage because of their existing business model or things that they can and can't do that creates an opportunity for natural?

1:57:56Or is the bet that the market is just going to grow so quickly there will be a lot of land to grab over these next, call it, 12 to 36 months? I'm a big fan of Stripe. I think that Argentic Payments is actually much larger than Stripe. Like when you think about how agents are going to interact with the world, the way I frame the opportunity is like we have the chance to build what looks like a bank, a PSP and a network all at the same time. So it's like JP Morgan and Stripe and Visa is the TAM, not just Stripe. Yeah. Yeah, so right now, if I go to Codex and I'm like, go build me an app and deploy it and pay for a bunch of things, it might pull Stripe off the shelf as payment infrastructure, but I don't really have a Stripe balance that's sitting there necessarily that it can deploy from.

1:58:44I could give it my credit card, I guess, but that's a little bit different than having a wallet. You might have a Stripe bounce, but I'd say the magical experience with AI is you think of something, you say, can you do this? And the answer is yes. And then you think bigger and you go, can you do this? And the answer is yes. And I think the same will be true of agentic payments, which is like there shouldn't be a limit in terms of number of financial flows your agent can accomplish. And that is much easier to do when you're building ground up in that new stack with all of the primitives an agent might need under one unified architecture versus trying to re-architect an existing payment system to do everything that you need to do.

1:59:27Well, congratulations. 193 days old when this round was done. what an overnight success truly that's right and we're gonna we're gonna we're gonna have you back on hopefully this year but certainly July 20th next year to talk about your prediction of a of a fast takeoff in a Gentic payments yes look forward to following along and congrats to the whole team on on the new capital all the progress thanks for coming on we'll talk to you soon really appreciate it have a good one goodbye let me tell you about Figma agents meet the canvas. Your AI agents can now create and modify your Figma files with design system context.

2:00:06And up next, we have the CEO and co-founder of Kalshi, Tariq Mansoor, coming back for the third time with a bunch of exciting updates. Tariq, how you doing? Hey, guys. How's it going? Great to see you. Taking a little nap there? You had a long weekend? Well, he's launching GPU futures, right? Okay. Yes, we just launched them. Yeah, before we get into that, let's talk about the World Cup. Oh, yeah. Because every time I like to check the iPhone App Store rankings just to get a pulse on what are consumers doing. And Cal, she's consistently been at or very near the top over the last month. But break down what you guys feel like you did well, didn't do well.

2:00:55What do you do differently next time? how you kind of approach the whole event in general. Yeah, I mean, there's like a lot to unpack there. But the, I mean, a few things, yeah, we've been pretty consistently top of the App Store throughout the month. But the other interesting things and some of the sort of leading indicators, you know, yesterday I was looking at some of the data around that. But in terms of number of impressions and trends on search, we ended up being, I think, we're basically still confirming data. It looks like we were number one. It looks like we essentially generated more impressions as a brand than essentially all the other consumer brands that are going pretty hard at the World Cup.

2:01:34And I'm talking about Coca-Cola and Adidas and some of the others. And yesterday, in terms of search volume, it looks like we spiked above, you know, ChatGPT and Instagram and obviously some of the biggest consumer brands on the planet. And it really goes back. I mean, obviously, there's a chunk of people that are trading, but the majority of our users are actually looking at it as a mechanism to figure out what's happening.

2:01:58as a mechanism to engage with the sort of underlying event. And so in these peak moments, whether it's an election or like a Fed decision, obviously the World Cup final, you see a massive spike in the prediction markets. In terms of strategy, I think it's multi-pronged, which is go very hard, maximally hard, pretty much max out all types of channels, very small lean team, and idea to sort of execution within 48 hours just be super adaptable. So there was no strategy going into it. It's like all dynamic as things were coming and as things were happening. Really quickly, the video got a little blurry.

2:02:31Can you like refocus? Yeah, let me see what's happening here. And I will give everyone an update that the Jensen jacket sold for$960 ,000, 20 times the estimate. But you had it clocked higher. You predicted the million-dollar sale. Like roughly. Roughly a million. Because I think a previous one had sold. Anyway, maybe a future market on Kalshi. He's back. Were you the buyer of the Jensen jacket? I was not. Anyways, let's talk about GPU futures. GPU forward curve, the market implied forward curve. What is the actual product? What's the launch been like? Can you actually read into the data yet, or is it still rolling out?

2:03:16We can definitely read into the data yet, and you can find it on Kalshi. I mean, maybe just based on the forward curve, it's very common in traditional commodity markets or rates market or any really traditional financial markets. And it's actually pretty simple. It's a curve of what the underlying, whether it's oil or metal or interest rates or compute, will transact at various points in time in the future. And it's a very useful indicator because obviously, as some of the, let's say, grain farmers or oil refiners are figuring out their yearly planning. They basically look at the future, the enterprise is going to be, to basically manage their risk, make investment decisions and allocations of resources.

2:04:02And so it's inevitable that compute, as it becomes a core part of our economy, will require a forward curve, and then soon after a futures and derivatives market on top of it. and we want to lead with that because we feel that prediction markets are very uniquely suited to get that answer to basically help build the forward curve and what we've done is essentially listed a number of prediction markets that go all the way to the future so every week for the next four weeks and then every month thereafter to create forward curves on a few GPUs. So where are you looking for to verify pricing data because you're going to see wild differences between, let's say, a NeoCloud that has incremental capacity versus a deal between a meta and a big AI lab?

2:04:56Yeah. So it's a very interesting question, right? Because the answer is not clean yet. And I think there's a bit of a disiterative process that usually goes on in the early days of building a derivative market, which effectively standardizes the underlying commodity. So right now we're using an index from this company called Orn, and they've done a great job at aggregating transaction prices from a massive number of nodes. And we're seeing how it goes. So we're going to build a number of forward curves, see which ones consumers basically trust and abide by over time. And then as that sort of consolidates, we're going to basically go harder on the one that emerges as victorious.

2:05:40There's kind of something a bit self-fulfilling with these things. So the reason why we look at WTI or Brent is because we started looking at those. It's not that they were intrinsically the right kind of measure of where oil is at. But as people started looking at it, it became the thing. Because we could be trading derivatives based on the price of gasoline. but we've chosen Brent just because that's the market that got traction. Interesting. That's exactly right. And so this product, is this something that you expect the vast majority of volume to be these sort of institutions and or like Neo, sorry, NeoClouds themselves or like who are all the different types of players in this market and then maybe tie that back to like traditional commodities.

2:06:26I don't even know. In oil and gas, I can imagine a few different types of players that would be wanting to hedge their exposure. But within the overall market for compute, who are you thinking about all the different potential types of people that are going to want to be able to sort of hedge or trade these markets? Yeah, I mean, I think that it really is anyone who is basically a natural long or a natural short on compute. So anyone who naturally benefits from compute prices going up and anyone who naturally benefits from compute prices going down. So a producer versus a consumer, which is usually how a producer of commodity versus a consumer of the commodity.

2:07:08And for both of these cases, what we're starting to see is for the first time in the last year, compute is not in this sort of continuously decreasing trend. it is actually perked back up and then we're starting to see the sort of natural volatility and cyclicality to compute, which is like there's going to be times where demand is going to outpay supply and vice versa. And that's kind of a healthy dynamic to build a derivative market on top. And so anyone who's a natural long overtime want to take a short position and vice versa to manage the risk, right? So if you have essentially a certain amount of budgeting for how much you're going to basically spend on compute in the next year, which is now becoming an increasingly bigger part of the line items and public and private companies' financials, it becomes natural for you to basically want to smooth out some of that exposure by hedging it on the forward curve and over time on the futures curve, which becomes sort of overly on top of the forward.

2:08:01Do you have an idea of the TAM for this market? Like how big, because obviously you're going to build liquidity over time. But when I think of like the natural longs, I'm like, yeah, so hyperscalers with a trillion dollars of CapEx are going to be taking out a short position on the order of a hundred billion dollars or something. How do you think about sizing the market over time? Obviously, it's not going to materialize instantaneously, but it could be very big. It's interesting. I wrote about this last week, but the rule of thumb is every time you have an underlying market where people are transacting the spot, which is buying and selling the thing, When you overlay a derivative market on top of it, historically, if that market has any degree of success, it ends up being at least 10 to 15 times the underlying market.

2:08:51Okay. That's insane if that happens here. I mean, this is the opportunity, right? I mean, it looks like we're all sitting around a trillion dollars of spend by now on compute, right? By 2030, that number is going to 10x. Yeah. And so you're talking, I mean, yes, it is an incredibly large market. 10 trillion in derivatives potentially just stabilizing the market and hedging various things and insuring different projects and whatnot. Because, you know, the way that these markets evolve is obviously you get the exact insurance use case, the hedging. Yeah. But that tends to be usually like 5 % of the entirety of the liquidity in the market.

2:09:30The rest is speculation and people arbitraging and doing a lot of other things. And so those markets tend to be very, very large. Yeah. And I think the compute as a commodity is going to probably be the largest commodity on the planet. And so the derivative market for it will probably be the largest derivative market on the planet, outpacing treasury futures and a bunch of other things. Yeah. What does this mean for the customer base? It's interesting to me. When I think of Kalshi, I think of the first era, the Act I sort of political markets. The people that were actually participating in that market were – there were some sophisticated Wall Street investors, but it wasn't like the daily sports bettor.

2:10:08It was a more like somewhat sophisticated but sort of like mid-tier investor trader. Then you get to sports betting, and that's very broad, very general, just like average Joe watching sports. Of course, there are larger firms that are participating. But then this market feels like something that would be the domain of almost entirely sophisticated hedge fund investors. Is that where you see this going? Do you think this will be a broader product or it will maybe open you up to a new class of investor or trader? Yeah. I mean, the way I've thought about our business, and it's been one of the things that's been interesting.

2:10:45So we have a core set of users, I think, of the forecasters, like people that like stats and analytics and predicting things. and that's a skill and people get better at it over time and those are a big chunk of our value. Those are the same people that are doing it on predicting elections, predicting who's going to win an Oscar, predicting the inflation next month and predicting sports. And over time, these are the same people that are predicting the compute prices for us. And that's why it becomes so accurate. And we've put out a lot of data on why the calibration, the accuracy of these markets and these people is actually the best in class.

2:11:19There's nothing better than it. Now that enables a lot of other use cases in different areas. In sports, it could be people that are passionate about the sports and want to engage with it. In politics, similar, or people that like campaigns that want to follow it. And in compute, once we have that sort of layer of pricing and liquidity, we can essentially enable hedging from the superscalers, hedging from consumers of compute, punting and speculating from people that basically want to arbitrage compute with other markets. But we see – I mean it's a marketplace at the end of the day. You need a vibrant set of participants for it to get liquid.

2:11:49If you just bring hedgers and you don't have anyone on the other side, it doesn't quite work. And so in some ways, we build on the success of some of the other products or every other product to build some of the new products that we've been doing. And that's why I think we're going to be very successful in the forward curve. And that's why we already have a forward curve. If you look at Coucher today, we already have it. I'm looking at the forward curve. I pulled up the one for the NVIDIA H200. I sent it to the team. They can pull it up. The hourly price on July 24th is up there, the week 30.

2:12:19And I see this very flat forward curve. And I'm wondering just because I feel like there's a huge benefit for people in AI just to be able to look at this and get, even if it's low volume now, like get an idea of like what is the market thinking about GPU pricing over time. It's pretty flat. So is my read on that that the market is basically saying GPUs will continue to be about as useful as they are today for the next year? Yeah, I think it's a market. And these markets move with obviously new information, et cetera. There's obviously what it looks like, but there's also how it moves based on new information.

2:12:56Sure. Which is where I think markets really shine. It's like, okay, how do I really price this? When someone launches a new GPU and a new model, what is going to be the impact on the prior models? So that type of thing. Got it. But right now, it looks like it seems that the innovation in this space is going to be sort of on pace with the consumption, which I think we're seeing some stabilization. Yeah. Yeah, and we see that a lot where there's a new model that comes out, but a lot of businesses keep their agentic workloads running on the older GPUs, the older models, because they have found an economically valuable use case.

2:13:29And if it takes an hour to do a bunch of inference, they get more than$5. So they're happy to pay that. Very, very interesting. Yeah, I mean, also, like, people have been reacting to this, like, second deep seek moment, Kimmy, and what that means for chips and GPUs. And it feels like, at least in this curve, like it's pretty neutralized. I'm interested in the risk associated with this market. There's been these viral stories about certain small markets where someone gets an edge, they do some sort of manipulation. This one feels more resistant to that. How are you thinking about just avoiding market manipulation broadly right now?

2:14:14How are things going on that front from either a regulatory or an internal policy perspective? And then is this a step forward into a market that's even harder to have market manipulation happen? Yeah, I mean, the manipulation risk exists in all commodity markets, really any markets. I mean, it's always been the case. Now, what prediction markets have shown themselves to be is pretty resistant to manipulation. And we put out actually a research piece a week ago about someone who tried to manipulate the price of Spencer Pratt winning in the California election. And they put$2 million to move the price up.

2:14:51And that price move lasted nine seconds only. They got destroyed. Yes, because I've thought if you're a long shot political candidate, there was at least a thesis. I think you just debunked it. But a thesis that you should put a bunch of your money on yes. then you everyone's like wait this person just spiked you create the percent and then you go and do the podcast circuit and you're like i'm not that much of a long shot look i'm at 10 on call sheet because and it's like i put in ten thousand dollars to move the market um but you but you say that someone just got wiped for that yeah i mean the because you now have created a massive arbitrage opportunity for people that are pricing the actual thing i mean that's why markets are beautiful is that they give an incentive to always correct the price of the true thing and so it went back in and then you know so if that person had taken two million dollars and you know put it to commission some polls are going to be biased or spent it on ads they would be much more effective it'd be actually put to much better use and in many ways actually people do that in polls you know polls come out left and right and they're all biased and so I always tell people like look at prediction marks in conjunction with everything else right and right now in compute a lot of what we have is people just saying things people are often self-interested saying things and so it's good that you have a market-based approach where you know that the But incentive in the market is very clear.

2:16:07It's people make money if they're right and they lose money if they're wrong, which is, I think, an elegant way to put it. There was a lot of drama around onion futures back in the 50s. That resulted in the Onion Futures Act, which banned all futures for onions. It's still in effect today. Do you know if there's something about, is there something intrinsic to onions that make it a market that's easier to manipulate? Or is it maybe time to let markets flourish around onions again? It just tells you sometimes, you know, policymakers sort of overreact or underreact. And at the time, you know, because, you know, two people basically cornered the onion market.

2:16:47And at the time, people were like, well, the problem seems to be the vegetable, the onions, not people. and there's nothing endemic to onions. I mean, you could manipulate any of these markets. There's nothing special about onions. We should have futures on onions and I hope that one day we bring those back. But these things tend to be, you always have to take a delicate approach to regulating things, right? Otherwise you're either undershoot or overshoot and the job is not easy as we see in many industries, AI, crypto, prediction markets, self-driving and all of that. And this is part of why Cash has been so proactive in self-regulating and being very vocal about banning insider trading.

2:17:26How should we do it? How should we be done? Because we want to help the industry land in the right place when it comes to regulation. Well, congratulations. Very cool. We will be tracking the GPU markets. It's going to be cool to have another place where, yeah, as news drops, like, you know, Kimmy. It's going to be deeply underwhelming because you go on X, you get crazy hot takes, you get it's over, we're back, it's going parabolic, we're in the AGI future, everyone's going to be a trillionaire. And then you're going to look at this and be like, mild productivity and continued performance in the GPU curve.

2:18:06It's going to be much less exciting than watching a hot take play. No, but it's good. It is good. Yes, of course. Because it's the truth. That's the whole point. That's the whole point. That's the point. It's like depolarizing the narrative around politics. and all these different, I mean, on compute, it's like things tend to be a little less aggressive and extreme. I mean, the extreme makes for a good tweet, but probably not a good trade. Yeah, it's a counterforce to algorithms because the algorithm feeds on the most viral take of the moment. Like, it's over, we're so back. And yet people don't bet their money on the most viral narrative.

2:18:48Like sometimes just betting on. Yeah, there's so many times, especially in politics, where you'll just see some minor news breaks or some new political attack ad comes out. And everyone who's a fan will be, oh, they're running away with it. They're trying to convince you. And you check the market and you're like, OK, 1 % bump today. That's exciting. Good for them. Congrats. I mean, when it's getting in the game, right? When there's skin in the game, people get much more careful all of a sudden. And that's kind of the beauty of prediction. How is tracking the midterms going? Is politics still like a driver of business?

2:19:23I know the sports market became so large, but is there still a very healthy business there? It's always about what's top of people's minds. So you have to look at it on a per day basis, figure out what other things are top of mind, the things that you would be covering and talking about more frequently than other things. and those would be where the volume will aggregate and prediction markets. So we're starting to see the ramp up for the midterms. Obviously, come October, November, that will be a very, very big set of markets for us. Sure. You're in the same exact spot that you were the last time you called into the show, but I'm sure the team is like three or four X.

2:19:56Are you guys running out of space in that office? What's going on? We're actually moving pretty soon, but yeah, I don't really move much from this spot. That's great. Well, we appreciate you hopping on the show. Awesome. Yeah, great to get the update. Thank you so much. Good to see you. Have a great rest of your day. We'll talk to you soon. Up next, we have Tony Zhao from Sunday Robotics. He's back on the show with an amazing update. This is a remarkable benchmark. 99.0 shot success. Folding laundry across 785 autonomous attempts. They're calling it laundry super intelligence. How's it going? Is it solved?

2:20:36Is laundry solved? Yeah, we call it LLM, which means Large Laundry Models. Perfect. Move the goalposts. We kind of move them. No, give us the broader update. Like, what is ACT 2? And is this a discrete training run? I mean, where are you actually commercializing this? How much is in the lab? Like, give us the broader update, and then I'm sure there's a bunch of ways we can go deeper. Yeah, I think this is actually a really packed update with many things that we want to share. I think the first thing is this is the first time we can train a policy, a model, to be both generalizable and reliable.

2:21:15What it means is that by generalizable is that what you see is what you get. The performance you are seeing will be the same if we deploy the robot into your home, because these have been tested in places that are unseen that the model generalizes into. And what we mean by reliable is that after filling close to 1 ,000 garments, the success rate is 99.1%, which is very, very reliable and is the most reliable one to date. And it's handling like very diverse amount of garments. So this is kind of the more the most literal part of the update. But I think there are also many like new ideas that we introduced.

2:21:53One of them is it turns out that when we scale up pre-training, you can do one shot learning with these models. And what we mean by that is that you can teach the robot to fold your shirt in a new way with one demonstration. And the model can extrapolate that to an unseen shirt on an unseen bed. It actually understands it. So this is something that is really, really surprising that just emerges from scaling up the training, the pre-training, both the data and the compute. The other thing that we are really deep into is to introduce the idea of a solve. So I think there's been a huge amount of confusion around like what is 99 % this, 99 % that, but 99 % can mean very different things when the scope and the adaptation budget is different.

2:22:41Let's say if you're doing 99 % folding one shirt in one room, this is very different from being able to fold any shirt in any new places it deployed into. So what we're trying to distinguish here is that the performance, let's say success rate, It only matters if you very nicely define the scope, which is like what is a long tail of things you want to handle, and the adaptation budget, which is another way to say, like, am I allowed to train on my test set? Am I allowed to train on the deployment situation that I'm going to do? And only after these boundaries are established does a success rate make sense.

2:23:21And one example of that is if you think about self-driving, doing 99 % in a closed course versus on highway versus on city streets. There are very, very different challenges. And so I think we as a field in robotics are at a point that we want to clarify these to better be able to track the progress in the field. What does prompt engineering look like as this gets deployed? I can imagine, you go to ChatGPT and you say, write me a blog post, and it'll be very mid. And then you give it an example of how you write, and it gets a lot better. And there's a lot of style transfer examples. You feed in an image to mid-journey and say, I'm looking for generally like this, but make it a dog.

2:24:05And I'm wondering if there's a pattern where, at least in the interim, in the midterm, in the medium term, you will say, okay, best practice is when Memo comes to my house. Give it a couple examples of how you like your socks folded. Show it the long socks and then also show it the short socks to give it a couple reps and then you'll be good. Is there sort of, even though obviously you're doing a lot to make the product just work out of the box, is there going to be some sort of like last minute ad hoc, you know, on the fly fine tuning that's essentially happening in the home? Well, yeah, a good example is like folding all the clothes is one challenge and then putting them in the right places is another.

2:24:50Sure. Which, yeah, everyone's had the experience of being like, okay, well, not everyone. I'm not home when my laundry gets folded, and sometimes it gets put somewhere. I don't know where it is. I want it to be put in the right place at the right time. Of course. Yeah, I think what you guys are highlighting is really the need of personalization for homes. And that's actually a hallmark of intelligence, right? Is that if you're so smart, you should be able to learn from one single example, which is what we thought, or like the problem engineering side. I think this is not something we're going to roll out this year, but maybe either super late this year or early next year, of how can we allow users to customize the behavior of the robot?

2:25:36Let's say I just want my laundry to be done this way, or I want it to be placed into the cabinet in that way. I want my home to be organized in this specific way of laying out the living room. And can you do that just by one video, one photo, or one demonstration? This is actually what this research update, the one example of one-shot learning is about. It turns out as we scale pre-training, that capability just emerges. And of course, there are work that needs to be done there to make it an actual shippable feature. But it's really, really promising to see that it's even possible. How do you think, if you're really successful, if there's a fast takeoff of this product category broadly, hopefully with you at the forefront, How do you think it will change the design of American homes?

2:26:24Like I can imagine some people have laundry rooms on the first floor, bedrooms on the second floor. You don't have the ability to climb stairs. I could imagine people saying, maybe I'll remodel and put a laundry room upstairs. But have you thought about the knock-on effects of like if somebody really leans in, you know, they're getting the electric charger for their car, they're modifying their home for the best experience in the future? How will things change? Yeah, I think there are a couple of things that are really interesting here that you mentioned. One is that like I think we're definitely in a period of time that the capability will take off.

2:27:04In the sense that when we work on this laundry task, we didn't make any assumptions about the laundry. The recipe itself is extremely general. So there's really no fundamental reasons why we cannot work on a thousand of these skills in parallel. Which means that the capability is only exponentially growing scale as if we can scale data and compute accordingly. And I think, as you said, the revision of this is that if the robot can do so many things in your home, a lot of them are maybe across different floors and across different places. Is there ways to modify the environment? Is there ways to modify the robot?

2:27:41And I think this is also where our technology comes in, which is the way we design a data collection device is agnostic to the hardware. That the same data set, the same model can be used to control memo as it is right now, but maybe it can control a legged version of Memo in the future. Sure. We're actually super open-minded about the form factors, but within the ecosystem that we're going to build, which is going to be beautiful, high-quality hardware. Got it. You said there's a thousand tasks you could think of. I can think of like four things that a robot could do in the house. It's like laundry, cooking, dishes, cleaning generally, maybe like gardening.

2:28:21But like there's got to be a power lock. Locking the doors at night. Locking the doors at night. Yeah, I guess there are some more, but how long is your task list? Obviously, laundry really stands out as something that very few people enjoy. It's very obvious, and it seems very unbounded. So if you can solve that, you can imagine it also being – I would trust that robot right now to throw a lock. That seems easier than folding a shirt. But how long is the list of tasks that you want to knock down over the next couple of years? I think there are almost like two parts of this question. One part is that what is the minimum number of tasks that a robot needs to do to justify its own existence that people love having in their homes?

2:29:04And as you said, I actually think the list is pretty short because the annoying chores are just that many, right? They're pretty repetitive. You just need to learn it and, you know, you just keep doing that over and over again, like folding shirts or like loading dishwashers. But I think that's one part of the equation. But the other part, which is what we noticed, is that I think we're also having this longer term goal of can we get to the general intelligence? Can we solve the quote unquote physical AGI? And what that entails is a way longer list of tasks. And what we are seeing just like I think home and this objective actually aligns quite a lot.

2:29:43We call it like research market fit. That's the research that goes into the product also advances on a general intelligence side. so overall I think there are obviously an infinite amount of manipulation skills, even for one task you can do it in many different ways and I think we'll first cross the boundary of making a product exist, but we'll keep going towards the north star of being able to solve any task with very very few demonstrations Very cool I can believe the scenario where a winning robotics company starts off by just doing something cute like folding laundry and uh and then you know 10 years later it's doing everything yeah no it's a good place to start i love it uh well congratulations what's your what's your what's your uh your cooking timelines i think cooking is such a fantastic task like imagine everyone can have gordon ramsay level of cooking in their homes that would be like crazy like people pay so much money for it.

2:30:47But at the same time, I think laundry is also one of the tasks that are difficult. If you essentially mess up, you need to clean up after yourself, which is okay. So I think we think about laundry as this almost like a final boss that the upside is so high. Where you think laundry is harder than cooking? I would say the opposite because you can't shatter. Cooking feels like the final boss because you can break glasses, there's heat involved, there's more manipulate Come back into your kitchen and it looks like – Whereas like if I have a shirt and the robot messes up and gets the shirt all bundled up, it's just a messy – it was already a messy shirt.

2:31:24Not if it's Chrome Hearts. Yeah, I guess. But if you come back and it's like, okay, you actually like broke a glass of wine and you like – you broke a glass of – a bottle of olive oil. A dozen eggs on the floor. Yeah, it's a little bit riskier. But it seems like it will transfer pretty well at least in terms of – I think you should go lock up all the great chefs and lock up their IP and say, I'm going to give you a little bit of money now to have the right to offer the Gordon Ramsay as a service in five, ten years. Maybe that's it. Maybe that's it. Thanks for the update. Thank you so much for coming.

2:32:00Great stuff. Have a great rest of your day. We'll talk to you soon. Great to see you, Tony. Congrats. Have a good one. did you hear that the founder of DeepSeek turned it down he had the opportunity to go to DJI and he turned it down he was so younger he was so younger like then came they wanted him that they wanted him to go for a decade that would define everything by what he refused in his college years DJI founder Wang Tao asked Leong to join as co-founder he was going to be the co-founder Wow. Leong declined the invitation to pursue artificial intelligence methodologies in financial markets.

2:32:42He said, I got to go to Wall Street. I got to make markets efficient. Yeah. Wang Witao was built. Bullish for Wang to be able to identify greatness. Yeah, you imagine that the rest of the team is go to two. Building flying devices in a small Shenjin workspace at the time. The venture would become DJI, a drone company now valued in the tens of billions. Leong said, no. He turned it down. while pursuing his graduate studies at the university. Yang was convinced that artificial intelligence would change the world, a belief dismissed by many in 2008. That's a long time ago. The certainty was not performative.

2:33:15It was the kind that makes a man pass on a lottery ticket because he has already decided where he is going. You know, people have been debating the turnt it down guy. He's been viral many, many times. And the general consensus of the joke is that it's funny because of course he was not offered a$5 million scholarship to drum. That's something that's impossible. That could never happen. I dug into it. It is possible. You can be offered a$5 million scholarship. It's very difficult. There have to be like 10 things that go right for you to actually be offered a$5 million scholarship. But it is possible.

2:33:52And I have it for you today. So the mathematically correct version of the$5 million scholarship, this is the low end. Again, he did start with$15 million, but without pretending. So the key is that it needs to be a privately endowed 10-year fellowship. It actually has to be a decade. But a decade is possible if you are pursuing a 10-year dentistry track where you become a medical doctor as well as doing many different fellowships. At a big band school. Craniofacial reconstructive surgery, clinical oral, and maxillofacial surgery residency. So this could actually happen in Jacksonville. It's possible.

2:34:42Yep. Jacksonville University, they have a Master of Science in dentistry. Yes. So you do your bachelor's, then you do your master's, then you do a DDS, DMD program. So you're getting a medical doctor. It can actually take you 10 years to become a dentist. But then you are, of course, also there on a drumming scholarship. So it's a requirement that you drum, but they are paying for your school. Yeah, you're not on the drummer track. You're just drumming to grind for teeth. And this happens all the time where someone gets an athletic scholarship, but then they study history. And the history degree is a normal price.

2:35:15The dentistry degree or the series of degrees that would be required. But there's more because that alone is not$5 million for 10 years of dental school. You also need an incredible amount of dependents. If you had seven children who are all minors, two adult relatives who require supervised care, and maybe an elderly parent who requires daily assistance, legally, a scholarship can cover your dependents. That's right. And so that's adding another couple hundred thousand dollars a year in dependent care. Then the last thing that really adds up is housing and food. With all those dependents, you could be looking at a budget of$85 ,000 annually, so almost a million dollars over the 10-year program for something that's, you know, you need a nine-bedroom rental if you have 10 dependents at this point.

2:36:12That's right. Transportation. It also helps if you require wheelchair accessible accommodations because that can drive up the cost of everything. If you require a wheelchair accessible dental studio for everything. And then lastly, study abroad can be included in in scholarships. So if this 10-year dental scholarship that requires you to play drums at a big college in Jacksonville also allows you to do craniofacial reconstruction in Switzerland, then implant dentistry in Sweden. These are all the most expensive places where you can go abroad. Robotic oral surgery in Japan. So you're constantly touring the globe doing the most expensive study abroad programs.

2:36:57That could add another$600 ,000 to your decade in school. Cooper's calling it the perfect storm. All for a total of$5 million. So I have confirmed that Jacksonville University has its advanced special education program in orthodontics and dental facial orthopedics, which started in 2003. So the timing does line up. This program would have sort of been hitting its stride as Big Boogie would have been. His drumming talent was emerging. They knew they wanted to sign him. And Jacksonville University also has the notorious Rip Current Marching Band plus a pep band, wind ensemble, jazz ensemble, orchestra, and they have some smaller chamber groups.

2:37:43So it's possible it was this perfect storm, right, where they wanted him to not only go on an orthodontics global tour, but also participate in all the different musical groups on campus to get to that. Yeah. five million. So which he's still in the end, even with that perfect storm, he still may have decided to turn it down because he has gone on quite a run in the music industry. John, if you look at his songs, he's, he's putting up, he's putting up some big numbers. Absolutely. Yeah. So the key with a scholarship is that in order for it to be a donation, so legally a scholarship, you can't just pay someone to go play in the band.

2:38:25It needs to be scholarship. So it has to be for tax deductible expenses, which is why the number is so big, because it's, of course, sounds like he's thinking of a name, image and likeness deal that college athletes are able to get now, but that's a separate thing. But a private individual, private donor. But here's the other thing. Here's the other thing. Part of this whole thing, they could have been saying, hey, we think that NIL is actually going to become big in, in sort of, we think it's going to be a thing in college. Okay. It's going to start in sports, but it'll sort of expand into musical pursuits.

2:39:02Yes. So that's where he could have had the 10 or 15 or five, right? Which is like base case, this is a$5 million deal. But if NIL comes to band, we will extend you. We will be the first check in the door. Yeah. Yeah, we'll help facilitate up to a$5 million extension. Yes. So a private donor could commit$5 million to cover 10 years of dental education, family care, disability accommodation, international training, housing, and taxable living support on the condition that the recipient remained active as a university percussionist. That would be legal. It could happen. And maybe it just did to Big Boogie.

2:39:42But he turned it down. Jack in the chat says, dare you say he turned it up? He really did. He did. The line is he turned it down. Yeah. But in some ways, you know, going on this run-off. You know, the beautiful thing, the beautiful thing would be him to go viral, make a ton of money in the music industry, and then go and endow a$5 million scholarship at a big college in Jacksonville for the next generation. The turnt it down scholarship. My problem is, he should do it. My problem is, like, why is he not taking advantage of this? Like he should have the song. I turned it down. Yeah, for sure. He's only released one track that I can see this year, which is two minutes and 56 seconds.

2:40:29We'll have to listen after the show. I don't think it will be show appropriate. But that is our show today, folks. Thank you for tuning in. It's an honor to be back here in the Ultradome. It's fantastic. With you all. We'll see you tomorrow at 11 a.m. Pacific. leave us five stars on Apple Podcasts and Spotify sign up for our newsletter at tbpi.com and we will see you tomorrow bye