WWDC Reactions, Jobs Up Stocks Down, VC Horror Stories | Will Marshall, Baroness Dambisa Moyo, Samuel Hume, David Kirtley, Pete Florence, Jordan Bramble

26:44Because a lot of founders will have 50 meetings for financing. You would expect at least a couple to just be terrible. The person didn't know who you were, didn't read the materials ahead of time, was rude. And you might want that person. Didn't show up. You might want a checked out VC who's just going to let you cook. And they're like, yeah, I see this purely financially. My team crunched the numbers. I'm in. But don't count on me to value add. I'm not going to be in the weeds with you every day. And then there's a different VC who's like, I'm going to be in the office. The best VCs will not even tell you, oh, I'm going to be grinding for you every day.

27:22I'm going to be helping you get all your key hires. They'll just be accurate. Yeah, they'll just tell you. They'll just tell the truth. One of my favorite VCs in the world just says, like, I give you money, and then I will help you raise more money. And that's the only thing I'm going to do. And that's fine. And I'm going to be your friend. We'll get dinner now and then. But that's what you can expect from me. And that's exactly what he gives founders. And so everyone is like, this guy's great. And then there's other firms that say, we'll help you with go-to-market. and they will. There's other people that say, we will help you with marketing and they don't.

27:51And you just want to be transparent and accurate there. And so like as a founder, your job is to sell equity from time to time. Your job is to find buyers for that equity. Some companies actually only do that. It's true. The stock is the product occasionally. So your job is to find investors who want to purchase that equity with cash, VCs. You need to reference, check them beforehand, make sure they're fit, think through their competitive investments, keep them entertained and awake during the pitch. VCs shouldn't be disrespectful. Like literally falling asleep is. But this is far from the worst thing that regularly happens in the course of growing a business.

28:26Yeah. Well, yeah, and it's just interesting because one, a bad VC pitch meeting, like you said, really doesn't matter. I don't remember any of them. I'm sure they've happened, but I just read them off. No company has died because a VC was like rude to them. No, no, it doesn't matter. And it also happens with customers, right? Totally. Sometimes a customer will just, oh sorry I didn't see the zoom link no show the call not like all customers or like a candidate will be like hey I took another role and you're like that doesn't mean the person's evil it means like they're making the right decision for themselves so I have a tip for all the entrepreneurs in the audience who are pitching VCs particularly sleepy VCs you got to analogize your business to an air horn so you go to the VCs the partnership and you say like this air horn here do we have any you have an air horn like this air horn here tyler grab the air horn with one simple button press you can do it you can do it over there okay so like this air horn my business is like this air cover your ears my business is like this air horn venture capitalists my business is like this air horn one simple press i'll amplify your business 100x everyone's going to be paying attention because at any moment you You might push this button and let out the loudest noise.

29:45So they're not going to be falling asleep. And if they do, you give them a little bit of this. It's so loud. It's really so loud. So you got to bring the air horn to the VC pitch meeting. You got to fire it off every once in a while. If you see some sleep, some droopy eyes, let them know. My business is like an air horn. I could push it at any time. 10x your business, 10x the revenues. John was being an absolute menace this morning with the air horn. My customers love it. my customers love it uh yeah the air horn where you can go get you think i might press it see you're not falling asleep at any moment yeah we're all wide awake i might need to drive home the point that business is like an air horn and at any moment it could blast off like a rocket ship so you got to buy the stock now you got to invest you got to get me a term sheet because at any moment at any moment i could do it the team's so distracted they can't even get the right camera on me anyway uh that's enough with the air horn uh we use that randomly from time to time i love coming in we pitch for figma's seed round in 2013 most folks didn't get it but everyone i met was super nice to me uh yeah it's so funny when you when you compare when you compare vcs to the other like i said the other kinds of calls you have yeah vcs are probably like what generally nice way way nicer right like a customer is less likely to like be overly friendly if they're not interested in what you're selling, right?

31:09They're like, yeah, this doesn't really seem like a fit. Or a regulator. Talk to any VC. Talk to any founder who's dealt with a regulator. Look at Brian Armstrong. Has he had any problems with VCs that match up with what he's dealt with on the regulatory side? Those meetings, everyone's asleep. And they're like, oh yeah, we'll get you approval in the next decade. And we're actually trying to shut your whole company down. Yeah, exactly. They're falling asleep, but as they're falling asleep, they're like, it's over. It's very rare that a VC is in a meeting with you and actively trying to kill your business.

31:47Every once in a while, they're like, okay, I'm going to go fund a competitor because I don't like this founder. And that's just like the competitive dynamic. You're in the arena. But anyway. Brendan from Mercore, former guest and friend of the show, has a bone to pick with everyone. one yeah uh he's coming after yc he's coming after sequoia yes uh he says in the last six months i've seen half a dozen rounds where sequoia invests in two tranches everyone pretends they only did the higher valuation founders misrepresent this to their employees and then shop it to angels too sequoia's blended price blatantly deceptive 50 uh less than 50 percent of the one projected yeah so they'll invest at half a billion and a billion uh two tranches and then the founder will go out and say we raised$100 million at a billion when really Sequoia got in at the blended price, right?

32:42Now, that's not illegal. There's nothing wrong with that. And that can make sense for both sides for a variety of reasons. You don't want to misrepresent that, though. If you go and misrepresent that to another investor and you don't tell them the actual structure of the deal, that can be securities fraud. So that is a major risk. But that's not on the VC. like the VC should not go to another investor and say oh yeah we just did the full deal at a billion they should give that context um but that doesn't seem like it's on it's on the founder in the same unique thing this is like classic like all the crossover funds were doing this tons of funds have done this this I mean also this isn't some secret like you go back to the original Sequoia YouTube investment memo and it's tranched and structured like they've been doing this for 25 years and it's just like nobody read nobody read the manual or something because like if you actually study in no ball like you would know that structured investments exist but at the same time i don't put it on every employee who's getting stock options and thinking about the heat on a company and every journalist to understand that structure so there is there is an impetus and responsibility yeah very aggressive and unnecessary to call this a quote sequoia scam because brendan also replied to his own tweet saying just 30 minutes ago after the post had gone viral in fairness to sequoia this is common practice in the industry three likes on that one one thousand on the other one brutal yeah uh yeah not super fair to sequoia at all i do think it's i i think uh yeah employees employees should be aware of this and you know maybe ask the companies yeah It doesn't mean that it's not a great company to join.

34:25Yeah. That's tough. Anyway, Travis Kalanick said, in 2001, I intercepted a partner at a VC who was trying to escape his office before our meeting was supposed to start. I ended up pitching him in his parked Lexus from the passenger seat. At one point, he grabbed my laptop, placed it on his large belly, which was pressed against the steering wheel, and rapidly flipped through the slides himself. 2001 fundraising hit different. I want to know how the story ended. Did he invest or not? Did he pull out his checkbook? Because maybe he was like, you got me, Travis. You know, anyway, there's a lot of people that are going back and forth.

35:01I really, the worst part of this is that over the weekend, I was convinced because Matthew Prince talked about Vinod Khosla, who's coming on the show, by the way, and Matthew Prince is coming on the show. We're very excited to have them both. Same day. I was convinced that it was Vinod who fell asleep, but it wasn't. That's a different thing. Greg Eisenberg's found VC at one of the top three firms, could be anybody, fell asleep. Vinod, what Matthew Prince is upset about is that there's something about he wanted to, you know, redo the team, the founding team. He was like, do you need all these founders?

35:37Maybe you need a different team, which is like, it's a bold statement from a VC. It's like, would you switch up on your day ones? First question. And you're like, no? Not even your day ones. your current business partners for a new partner. It's sort of a crazy thing. At the same time, sometimes founding teams do go through changes. Sometimes it's the right move. I don't know. It's a little iffy. But Vinod stands not guilty on the charges of falling asleep. Although, I was getting ready to steel man it because I think, as much as I love Cloudflare and Matthew Prince, some details of content delivery networks might be a little boring.

36:21And so it's possible that an older man who's a legend and has done very well investing might fall asleep when he's hearing about the intricacies of delivering content across the internet. And we actually had a plan to test this theory. Tyler, do you want to take us through it? Yeah, well, so I was just looking at this. I found a study. Basically, it was they took a bunch of older men, 66 to 83. This actually happened? They put them in a room where it was kind of a slightly dim room. Okay. There's not a lot of like a lot of VC offices. They're very shady. And they just sat in there and they tested kind of long.

36:53They read them Cloudflare's S1. And they basically tested to see how long would it take them to fall asleep. And so the median was 36.9 minutes. I feel like, okay, so. So if you, I mean, and here's the thing, a pitch. Usually an hour. Well, sometimes, I mean, if it's an early pitch, early conversation, maybe it's 30 minutes. Maybe. If it's going well, it starts to drift over. But that's a danger zone. Danger zone. So this is the lesson for founders. If you have a boring business, and you're pitching a VC who's an older gentleman, you've got to keep the pitch meeting to less than 30 minutes. You've got to bring the air horn.

37:32I think in that story, it also said the older gentleman was in a Herman Miller chair, which we know are quite comfortable. Those are quite popular in Silicon Valley, too. So I think that only compounds the fact. Okay. Yeah, I mean, that's an elite. Sleeps up. That's the lead spot for a nap. The chair was arguably designed for office naps. No one's getting real work done in a Herman Miller. I think so. So, yeah, this one's tough because it's easy to just jump right. I'm in Matthew Prince's camp. I'm in Vinod Coastless camp. Also, Vinod didn't fall asleep, so it's all moot. But we know the secret.

38:09It's the air horn. Bring the air horn. No one's falling asleep. Problem solved. Tyler had a good story when they were building Divi. They pitched Rajiv Misra in the SoftBank Redwood City HQ. And then Masa and Tokyo soon after, it was absolute cinema. Pop and Zins, smoking a vape, loud coughing to throw us off. Wait, what? Intentional coughing? Assistance whispering in Rajiv's ear. That's a power play. That's a power move. You got to respect that for sure. See, that's a post-singularity job right there. Yeah, for sure. Come in, whisper into the person's ear. It's good. Yeah. Some of the most fascinating questions ever asked in Tokyo.

38:52Masa starts the meeting with, you have 10 minutes. We flew like 20 hours. See, that's just a great way to get to the - You just got a power play, Tyler. Sorry, buddy. I think you just got a power play. I think that's just a great way to really get to the meet quickly. I think so. I think so. What did TJ have to say? He said, the VC meme is very funny. If someone's falling asleep not liking your idea or ghosting you, gets you bent out of shape, NGMI. Go spend a day in private equity or try competing with an incumbent. Venture is arguably the most pleasant form of dealmaking in the world. And I agree.

39:23And I agree. So. I do like that Vinod says, not only did we not fire them, we did not give them an offer to invest based on our assessment of the team. and then Matthew just responds with a term sheet. That's actually crazy. Cloudflare, up to$100 million. $50 will come from KV, Series C, pre-money$700. I like Vinod running the calculation. All right. I give it a 5 % chance that he posts a term sheet. That would be absolutely insane. I mean, only a post IPO founder that's trying to buy a ski resort would ever do something as crazy as that. He forgot to check in. And of course, Matthew Prince doesn't really have anything to lose at this point.

40:21Yeah. Well, fortunately, we're joined by another public company CEO, Will Marshall from Planet Labs. Planet now. He's the co-founder and CEO. First, I'm going to tell you about MongoDB. What's the only thing faster than the AI market? Your business on MongoDB. Don't just build AI. Own the data platform that powers it. And without further ado, let's bring in Will Marshall. Ooh, new graphic? New graphics for Will. How are you doing, Will? How are you doing? Good to see you. Great to see you too, guys. How's it going? It's been too long. I feel like we barely got to talk when we met a couple weeks ago.

40:54But it's great to have you on the show. I'm a huge fan of the company. But I want to go so much deeper. But since this is your first time on the show, why don't you kick us off with a little bit of the backstory on yourself and the company? And then we can get up to speed with where Planet is going in the future. Yeah, sure. Well, for those of you that are new to Planet, basically, we help make change visible, accessible, and actionable. We help people make smarter decisions around the planet by having a fleet of over 200 satellites, the largest satellite fleet doing Earth imaging. They take pictures as they're going across the Earth service.

41:29We end up imaging the entire Earth landmass every day at about three meter resolution. It's a huge amount of data, but we track everything across the planet. So we liken it to Google that indexed the Internet to make it searchable. We're indexing the Earth to make it searchable with a combination of these satellites and AI on top. We're enabling people to make smarter decisions about what's going on on planet Earth. Walk me through the actual rollout of those 200 satellites. Obviously, you had partners on the launch side, but do you make your own cameras, your own lenses, satellite buses? Like the company has been in business long enough that you're sort of like pre-space economy boom where there was a small startup for every piece of the stack.

42:17But what was it like actually rolling all of those, rolling those satellites out? Yeah, well, we're very vertically integrated. So we build the radios, we build the computers and everything that works together. We buy chips, but all of our boards are custom. Our telescopes are custom. Our radios are custom. And yeah, so basically think of it a bit like assembling a smartphone. It's that sort of complexity, a spacecraft. We're not building millions of them like iPhones or what have you, but we're building dozens at a time. We've launched on 40 rockets to get all of our satellites up to space. We've launched over 600 or 700 satellites at this point on 40 rockets.

43:03Typically, we're launching 20 or so per rocket. Most of the time, we're secondary payload on another billion-dollar satellite that's going to launch or a set of other satellites that's going up. A couple of times, I think three times, we've bought our own rocket. But roughly speaking, we're hitchhiking at the launch site, trying to get a ride to orbit. It's a little bit more complicated than that, but not much. So the launch has become a little bit more routine now, especially with SpaceX, which is really cool. But all the complexity is in the integration of all these satellites, the satellites working together, having to put ground stations all around the world that collect all that data, send it back.

43:45And then we have a software company, if you like, that sits on top of all that data, doing the analysis to make it usable for all of our clients. Yeah, it's really crazy. As you say that stuff, I'm thinking of like Bridget Mendler's company that does ground stations now. And there's so many different pieces that you could like subcontract out in the modern era. But you had to do it all with like grit and figure it out yourself. Yeah, and you can contact them out. But I mean, we have looked at those because we don't want to do ground stations. The only reason we're doing them is that we're far cheaper and it wasn't possible at all to buy those services.

44:19But even now, we're so much cheaper infrastructure than anything you can buy online or commercially. Talk about the decision for altitude and the orbit. What trade-offs are there? Where do you sit? Why is that the sweet spot that you landed with? We basically try and go as low as possible where you don't reenter. yeah i mean because you want the cameras as close to the earth's surface so you can take high resolution pictures i mean what's amazing with our imagery if you look at our satellites they're about this big um some of them weigh seven kilograms uh they're only um the size of a loaf of bread basically a bit heavier than that um and we can see from san francisco to los angeles we we can see things three meters across.

45:07Yeah. 500 miles away, you know, we're seeing things. It's crazy, right? And with our bigger satellites, you can see things 30 centimeters across now. Wow. I mean, just imagine. It's incredible the power of these telescopes that we put up there and all the camera systems that take all the imagery. And, of course, we take a gobs amount, huge amounts of it. We take 4 ,047 megapixel images per day. So each satellite is taking eight pictures per second, and there's 200 satellites. It's just huge. What was it like finding that sweet spot? Did you just one-shot it? You never burned anything up? Exactly.

45:51Actually, recently the sun's got angry for some reason at us, and it's got a little bit more bright. And the upper atmosphere went much denser, and a couple of satellite fleets lost half or more of their satellites because they got the calculus slightly wrong. So it's not messing around, especially when you spent millions of dollars on the satellites. On the camera, do you have the ability to translate your specs into something that would feel like a consumer camera? Like, is it a 50 megapixel sensor with a 4 ,000 millimeter focal length or something like that? Well, actually, if you have a really powerful telephoto lens, it's not so dissimilar from the back.

46:32The main power for a telescope is the size of the optics. So the primary optic for our Dove satellites is about this big. The primary optic for our bigger satellites is around 50 centimeters, so a little bit bigger like that. And, you know, actually, the design of the telescopes is not that hard. But getting them to work through the launch, which is 15 G's shaking of the telescope, and then explosive bolts as the upper stage and the lower stage separate, which sends a 200G shot load through the satellite. Those sort of things are really gnarly. So you have to design all of this to survive that launch environment.

47:18That's where the tricks come in for space engineering. Talk about what you guys have, one of the use cases when we met, I guess it was maybe a month ago at this point, you talked about how you're able to track gas leaks ahead of time and help get them shut off. I would love for you to talk about that because I thought it was fascinating. Yeah, I mean, we help people do all sorts of things around the world. I mean, even though we're having the satellites are all in space, all of our applications are in the real world here down on the Earth's surface. and we are helping farmers, we're helping energy companies, we're helping civil governments, we're helping security.

48:02But you asked about methane and we track methane leaks using a special hyperspectral camera that we've got on one of our satellites and we're launching a couple more of those this year. Basically, this gas, methane, absorbs in a particular spectral line. So if you have lots of color bands, lots of spectral bands, so this one has 400 spectral bands. So it's like we have three RGB in our eyes. This has 400. And with those narrow bands that you can detect these absorption lines and we can tell actually the amount of methane in each leak as well. So we can then go along the gas pipelines of major oil and gas facilities, find leaks, tell them about it and help them to shut them off.

48:50And no one, not the energy company, nor the environment, nor anything else wants all these gas leaks. It's bad for business and it's bad for the planet. So we have detected thousands and thousands of these. And often these companies just go out and fix them. Another example, we track deforestation across the whole Brazilian Amazon, 8 million square kilometers every day. It's almost the size of the United States, a forest the size of the United States. And we look across the entire thing for any tree that has been cut down, illegal mining operation, legal narcotics. And we send those alerts to GPS coordinates to the Brazil federal police.

49:31They go and stop the illegal action. And we've helped them to reduce deforestation rates 60 percent in the last three years because of that AI enabled satellite data work. And another example in Ukraine, we've been helping them track Russian movements in Asia. We've been helping with Indo-Pacific Command, the commander of the U.S. forces over in that region to monitor China. the South China Sea, we monitor huge areas, give them alerts. Because what you want is to try and get advanced warning of anything rather than having to go into war. So we're trying to help them have the data that stops wars rather than getting that.

50:16Does the government not have spy satellites? They do. But their spy satellites are better and worse at the same time. They're much, much higher resolution, but much, much smaller coverage. Got it. So they can see things that much better. Reading number plates is the canonical thing. Whether or not exactly they can do that is a classified matter. But what they can see is much smaller than what we can do, at least 10 times better. But what they can't do is image all of China or all of Africa or all of Brazil every day. Because necessarily, if you look more focused, you look at a smaller area. And so there's a trade-off there.

50:56We're the only system that images the whole earth landmass every day. So what is the pie chart of customers for you or revenue? Is it, I imagine you hear about like hedge funds. You mentioned a bunch of examples of the government and it seems like even non-governmental organizations, non-profits would be interesting. They probably pay different rates. But like where are the key drivers of the business? What are the different customers that are buying from you? Today, our biggest segment is defense and intelligence. So security, countries that need to understand their threats on their horizon, be warned of things.

51:36That's the U.S. government. That's European countries, Japan, other countries like that. And we've just started a new program where if a country asks, we'll launch them dedicated satellites for the country. And we've done three deals where a couple of hundred million dollars and we launch a set of satellites for them. they take over the joystick over their area of interest. And if you like, they ensure that it's just for them in that area. But most of our business is data sales. And I think the future is mainly commercial applications and civil government. So floods and fires and helping people, you know, in the L.A.

52:18fires, we were not just the first image, but we could actually use AI on top that could analyze which house in the Palisades fire and whether it was damaged or not and help the relief operators, the American Red Cross, used our data to plan their operations in the aftermath of the fire and so on. But if we could get that data even sooner, that's even better. So we're working on trying to get the data ever sooner. But disaster response is an application. But most of all, all the commercial ones. So yes, hedge funds you mentioned. In principle, we have more alpha than any other company on the planet, I think, because we can track all those soy yields or any other type of crop.

53:01We can track output from all the mines of all the different major commodities around the planet, all the shipping networks, all the other transportation networks. We, if you like, have an overview of all the different economic activity going on around the globe. And so we do have some hedge fund clients that do stuff. They shan't be named because they want to keep it private. And there's lots of other commercial applications, energy, infrastructure, agriculture. We just announced last week that we're working with John Deere, helping them drive their tractors so they know when to slow down and speed up in the field based on the amount of crop in each three by three meter box.

53:46I mean, it's all terribly practical applications of our satellite data. So it sounds far away, like going to space, but actually it's having an impact here on the ground. There are apparently some Koreans in our chat that are investors, it sounds like, have some questions around the new capital raise. Wanted to give you a chance to talk about that, why you're pursuing it and what it means for the future. I can't read their messages, but I'm just sort of guessing. Yeah, well, we just had our earnings last week and we have plenty of capital over 700 million dollars on the balance sheet. And we're growing very nicely, 42 percent growth, which is the answer to life, the universe and everything.

54:34If any hitchhikers guide the galaxy fans out there. So we felt very good about that. But, yeah, we did decide to raise some more capital. one of these ATM approaches, which basically enables us to raise at the market and when we want. And it's good to have more capital. It's good to have a secure balance sheet. It's dry powder. If we wanted to do M &A later, we haven't got an immediate need for it, but it's good to do that. We think that maybe there's other data sets. Maybe there's other capabilities that we want shoring up our supply chain. There's all sorts of things in this crazy world that would be good to do to reduce risks.

55:14So we're trying to use the moment of a lot of excitement about planet and space generally. Space is hot right now to get capital that can help us secure the long term. That makes sense. Makes sense. Last thing. Any any insights on on what the the latest Blue Origin explosion will do to the launch market over the next call it two, three, four or five years is that. Obviously, it's a disappointment for everyone, but there's been some debate around just how much of a setback it'll be. I think every company like Planet wants more competition in the launch market. But how are you looking at it? Yeah, well, I mean, firstly, it's a real tragic event for the industry and not just for Blue.

56:11And it set back some of the lunar plans that the U.S. government is wearing my Artemis 2 pin. That was such an amazing mission. But some of the later missions that actually landing humans on the lunar surface are going to need Blue Origin in their vehicle, actually. So it's a tricky situation. I was just messaging with the mass administrator about this. And I hope we can come together to to still do those really critical missions that are some of the most hopeful things that we do as a society when we send humans on things like that mission. So but I think I think they'll get back to business relatively straightforward.

56:51that by the end of this year, they've already said that they should be able to be back on the launch side. I think that timeline is about right. What we've seen historically, companies getting back to the launch pad, it's not quite as damaged as people initially thought. So I really wish them luck in doing it. And there is a booming array of other companies that are building launch capabilities. So I think competition really is coming over the next couple of years and it's exciting and obviously we're cheering it on we're cheering all of those guys on yep we are too makes sense well we're cheering you on as well thank you so much for welcome on anytime we'll talk to you soon hey nice to see you goodbye before we bring in our next guest let me tell you about the new york stock exchange want to change the world raise capital at the new york stock exchange we are very uh fortunate to be joined by damesa moyo hi welcome to the show how How are you doing?

57:48I'm so great. It's very glad to be here. Thank you so much for taking the time. Thank you. I would love to go back in time first and start with a little bit about your journey to where you are now. How do you introduce yourself? You're a multi-hyphenate, an author, an economist, an investor. What else am I missing? Take me through it. Well, first of all, everybody calls me Dambisa, so that's the easiest thing to do. I'm a member of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, so that's my day job. I also serve on the boards. Yeah, it's not bad, actually. And then I serve on a number of boards. I'm on the board of Chevron, on the board of Starbucks, and Condé Nast.

58:27I know you had Roger Lynch here a few weeks ago. As well as on the Oxford University Endowment. But also my other day job, multiple hats here, is I'm co-principal of a family office, which is tech-based, actually, proceeds from a sale of a SaaS company in 2018. Qualtrics, right? Yeah, Qualtrics, yeah. Fantastic. I love Qualtrics. That's my. Let's stick with the board dynamics first, because we've been having a whole bunch of conversations about corporate governance in the modern era. It's at the top of everyone's mind because of governance of AI companies. And I'm interested in your lessons from working with these very important boards, very established companies you mentioned.

59:08They've certainly had decades, if not centuries, to work out any of the kinks. Yes. And I'm wondering about your thesis on high-performing board management generally, because we've had Eric Reese from Long-Term Stock Exchange talking about different structures that have been the triple bottom line. There's so many different options, and I feel like a lot of founders and their companies explode in value. They say, oh, maybe I'm different. Maybe I should do things differently. I want to know how you weigh in on all this. Yeah, so the longest sort of company board that I've been on was a company that was over 360 years old.

59:47That was Barclays Bank. Overnight success. When you think about multiple centuries, most of these companies have already experienced a pandemic, probably in the 1918 to 1920 pandemic. They've gone through economic recessions, obviously peak 1929. You have a crash for 25 years. The Dow Jones Industrial doesn't clear. Not many people going through COVID being like, here we go again. Yeah, yeah, exactly. Been here twice before. Yeah, exactly. So I think history is a great lesson. I think the other thing is advice that I received when I joined my first board about 15 years ago, which is anything can happen.

1:00:22And I think that's it sounds very flippant and sort of obvious. But in a way, it's it has a lot of kernels of important truths for how we manage organizations, not just thinking about risk mitigation, but where the opportunities are and how to invest. because ultimately we're taking punts, we're taking bets, but we want to make sure these companies last for another 300 plus years. So I think that's the really most important thing. I've had the privilege of being on boards that have been bookended by the financial crisis, the pandemic, but also companies which were trading close to$60 a share and they collapsed down to seven.

1:00:57You know, all of a sudden, you know, it's the Mike Tyson quote, all of a sudden your plan and your strategy gets punched in the face. But also, you know, we've had a CEO die in office, which is very traumatic in terms of resetting. But company, one of my favorites is a company that we were absolutely certain would not get purchased. We were told that we were number two in the sector. This was SAB Miller. Anheuser-Busch was number one. And people said, there's no way they'll buy you. And they ended up buying us by issuing the biggest bond that year in 2016. And they bought the company outright.

1:01:30So anything can happen. And I think, you know, when you think about where we are today with the market valuations and you think about where rates are and even just this year coming into 2026, thinking that oil would be around$50 a barrel. Well, it's not. And, you know, how does your balance sheet play out in that environment? So help me help me square that idea of of anything can happen. the job of the board, if I'm telling it back to you, this is obviously a condensation of what you said, but the job of the board is to sort of set the level of risk taking in the organization. And I can imagine that instantiated in two ways.

1:02:09One is we are going to the management team and saying that AI is real. We need to be taking more risk to put ourselves in a strong position or Or the risk of oil going up this year is high, so we need to offset and hedge that. And you're issuing sort of prescriptive strategy notes versus we need to – our job is only to hire the management team. And if we have a CEO who's not taking the right level of risk, too much risk or not enough risk, we need a new management team. How do you square those two? Yeah, so I would say fundamentally there are three roles of the board. One is strategic oversight.

1:02:48And so we meet, obviously, on a quarterly basis. We have strategic meetings. I think our job is to be additive to management and thinking about these longer-term risks. And we can talk about how those horizons have collapsed just because of the spate and information, more technology, more information. So there is definitely a shrinking in that delta. But the second thing is hiring and, in some instances, firing the CEO. So, and that's a very important piece, as you've suggested, because the CEO's job is to bring in the team, make sure the team actually can execute on not just, again, risk mitigation, but, you know, leading into investments, thinking about longer term opportunities for the business.

1:03:28And then the third thing, which I think tends to be discounted, but sort of ebbs and flows over time, is how do great businesses partner with communities, with society, with government, especially something like AI? It's going to be so transformative beyond just what's the SpaceX IPO going to generate for my portfolio. I think we need to think about what does this mean strategically. And so that's where I think those three things are very important. I love that third point. And it ties to my next question. People say data is the new oil. What can AI companies learn from oil companies? Well, I think there tends to be, in general, and I've been on boards of tech companies, I think we just have to make sure that people don't poo-poo a lot of the governance and the structural sort of muscle that we now know exists from 300 plus years of companies existing.

1:04:17So there's a lot of good governance, having an audit committee, thinking about strategy, having regular meetings, that balance between what management does in terms of tactics on a day-to-day basis versus strategic thinking and overlay from the board. I think those are things that people can very easily dismiss when, you know, your returns are so high or you're, you know, 30 percent of the stock exchange, the stock market. But I think really understanding what the purpose of the board is, especially for publicly traded companies where the board is really there on behalf of shareholders. And again, even that has changed.

1:04:55It's more stakeholders, including what the regulators care about and what does society care about more generally. So with the regulators, I have this interesting, it feels like we're in an entirely new era with the AI companies where if you go back to the previous big, big organizations, like before we had big tech, we had big pharma and big oil and big tobacco, right? And each one of those companies went through a process of figuring out how they interface with regulators. And in the case of environmentalism and emissions and also in the big tobacco era, there was a feeling that those organizations were brought to knee by the regulators and that the executives at those firms sort of denied, denied, denied until it was staring them at the face in a congressional hearing.

1:05:44and then they had to admit that there was a negative externality and they figured out how to internalize that. And I still think that, especially when it comes to oil, a lot of great things have come from that technology. It needs to be balanced, of course. But we're in a new era in that it feels like the AI lab CEOs, the big tech leaders, are doing the opposite. They're going on podcasts saying AI is going to kill everyone, is going to destroy all the jobs. They're saying all the bad stuff. And the regulators are like, what? I'm learning this from you. It would be like if in 1910, you know, an oil executive came out and said, we really got to worry about carbon emissions.

1:06:23Like that just didn't happen. And so what is going on and how should things change? Is this a positive development? Well, I think most companies that have existed over 100 years or plus, 300 years, have figured out that they have to be more partner, a partner not just to government in thinking about what dislocations might happen to jobs or to productivity gains. What does it mean for more concentration in one sector versus another? And it's not just a capital markets question. It's also about what does this actually mean for our pensions? What does it mean for taxes? What does it mean? And I know you can tell that I sit at the intersection of not just corporations and investment, but also public policy.

1:07:05This is absolutely a debate in the House of Lords trying to think, what should we be doing? Should we be aggressively, you know, sort of imposing risks? I personally, that's not my my my view. And I argue very compellingly, I hope that we need to be leaning into what AI can do. It can improve productivity, but that would be naive to just say it's all upside and having government as partners. It doesn't matter if you're an energy company, a tech company or a bank or even pharma. You want to bring them on side so they can understand what the second order implications of a technology might be and how we can get ahead of some of the downside risk.

1:07:44What is cultural or consumer sentiment around AI like right now in the United Kingdom? Very similar to what you have in the United States. I worry a lot that it's sort of seeped into the narrative and policymaking. So I do hear a lot of my colleagues in the House of Lords who are sort of, you know, reciting, you know, sort of tropes about AI, which, you know, can be very compelling. You know, obviously in the United States, people are very attuned with the difference between how the Chinese population views AI versus the United States population. And I think that just means there's a lot more work to be done, not just by the AI companies, but by regulators also and say this is the first super cycle, you know, real positive sort of push for economic growth that we've had since globalization, since women came into the workplace.

1:08:38And this is enormous and we need it. Growth has been flat. Yeah. Is it showing up in GDP in the UK? I think it's early indications of it. I think the, you know, the sort of sky is falling down scenarios always, oh, what's going to happen to jobs? But, you know, I personally think from my experience in the job market in the UK is pretty poor. From what I've heard for going back to my college years is, you know, you're lucky if you graduate from a great university and get a job for like 50 ,000 USD equivalent. Yeah, I mean, look, the unemployment numbers for not just the average in the population, but for the youth is particularly problematic.

1:09:22There's no doubt about it. Even the current government, which tends to lean left, has just put out a report talking about youth unemployment. It's very similar to sort of double unemployment rates that you see for entrance levels in the United States. But in some places, it's even worse because it's permanent structural unemployment where people literally are not coming back into the workplace. And so there's absolutely a real issue that needs to be thought through. And I have my views on what needs to be done. But, you know, ultimately, I'm just one voice in public policy needs to really change the narrative about what AI can do.

1:09:55It will have dislocations, as all technologies do. Is there any type of reindustrialization movement or energy happening in the UK? Do you mean energy as a pun or you mean energy literally? Like, yeah, as a pun. Yeah. Or a lot of reindustrialization projects are about energy. Yeah. So I guess both. Well, don't get me started on the power situation. I mean, again, I've spoken about this in the in the Lords. The UK, as an example, since we're talking about that, is on average about 40 cents a kilowatt hour. The U.S. is somewhere between 12 and 16 cents a kilowatt hour, depending on which state you're in.

1:10:36And then China, some of the estimates around eight to nine cents a kilowatt hour. There's no country that has achieved levels of per capita income without cheap energy. And so, of course, there's not a single person I know, you know, whether it's in my boardrooms or my colleagues in investing, who doesn't appreciate the sort of second order concerns around carbon emissions, et cetera. But I think you can strangle economic growth by doing some of the things that I'm afraid are happening around the world, banning, you know, energy sources. I think that kind of approach is probably too aggressive and doesn't really work for the long term.

1:11:13We need the energy. Have you wrestled with this question of the source of China's optimism about new technologies? I sort of think about two possible, and they might both be contributing. But one is that it's easier to grow from a lower baseline, 6 ,000 GDP per capita. There's a lot of room to go up. And so like the tide is so low that if it goes up, it will raise a lot of boats. But then there's the other side, which is the actual not just the economic standing of the country, but the actual political structure and the jobs guarantees, the works projects, the trains to nowhere and the empty buildings like those are rough, but they can create a lot of jobs.

1:12:00And so I think that there's maybe less fear mongering about job loss because at the very least, the CCP will put you and say, hey, go build a building over there and maybe it's empty. But you don't really care because at least you had a paycheck and you showed up and you had a sense of purpose. Have you wrestled with either of those? I have. And I think maybe I'd add a third aspect, which is probably related to the role of the state. which is to say that a lot of the public goods issues, health care, education, are areas even in the United States that have not benefited from technological advances, partly because of regulation, but there are a whole host of vested interests, et cetera.

1:12:38And so if you take that hat and you think about how sort of AI is permeating through the Chinese population, a lot of it is through those same public goods, through healthcare and the Sesame sort of calculations, thinking about education, et cetera. And so, yes, it can be viewed as somewhat heavy-handed, but at the same time, I think people can more easily see a direct impact of benefit. Whereas, you know, in the United States, when you think of AI, I think a lot of it is still disconnected from the average day user. People maybe will see it more show up in terms of their social media or consumer.

1:13:16Exactly. And so I think that's an area of opportunity if you think about it in the West where a lot of the public goods costs, social costs that we know are coming could actually be, I think, a net positive, not just for the GDP numbers, but also for just people thinking about more positively about what AI can do. Yeah. How are conversations going on the boards that you sit on around AI adoption? And particularly, we've been grappling with a lot of, you know, CEOs need to experiment. They need to move quickly. At the same time, costs can get out of control, the risks, the benefits, not getting left behind.

1:13:57And then also just like, does your business, is your business even technology like Chevron, Starbucks? I'm thinking like AI could be a useful tool for some back office stuff, but, you know, the robots aren't going to drill oil or make poor coffee yet. Maybe that's coming, but certainly that's not what's being sold right now by the AI lab. So what are those conversations like? What is the mature way to think about testing and evaluating and rolling out AI at a large company? Yeah, so it's all of the above, everything that you've listed out there. And I think any company worth its salt will be looking at these issues in a very broad way.

1:14:36It's a learning curve, obviously, to state the obvious. And I think that what the best companies are doing is trying to figure out not only what does this mean for our bottom line? is this going to increase revenue and cut costs and, you know, think about new metrics of how we compare ourselves, what are our new KPIs and the financial metrics comparing ourselves to other competitors, other, you know, peers, but also other sectors. But I think they're also thinking about what does this mean for society? Is this a complete reshaping of how governments tax, if it's just going to be a handful of companies that are thinking about, you know, of generating revenue and concentrated success, constant returns, you know, how do we then think about where our role is in that?

1:15:20Of course, also thinking about the job market. I mean, I think it's Henry Ford's quip about, you know, you have to pay people a reasonable wage for the work because ultimately, in a very cynical way, but I think it's something that I think about a lot, is you still need to think about consumers. He said that he needed to pay his workers enough that they could buy a car. The ultimate circular deal. Yeah, no, exactly. But in doing so, it wasn't that every Model T was sold to a Ford employee. It was that he set the market wages at a certain level. And that created a sustainable ecosystem. Yeah, I mean, I think corporations get short shrift because people just think that there are these sort of 12 people on a board and a corporation that's sort of greedy shareholders that are just simply going and trying to gouge, you know, consumers.

1:16:09I think what I would say about AI is that the breadth of its potential impact is now bringing about a level of sophistication and discussions that goes beyond just narrow metrics. What's the shareholder return going to be? I mean, of course, if you want to compete in a capitalist society, those things are important. But I think the most sophisticated companies are understanding that their role and the role of the state, but also the role of the consumer is going to change. The demands of the consumer are going to change. Can we talk about the family office? I was going to ask the same thing. Good timing.

1:16:42Yeah, I want to your overall market outlook, how you think about, you know, what insane year it's been. I think everyone, you know, was watching a set of geopolitical events play out and assume now would be a good time to bet against the global economy. At least that hasn't been reflected in the markets just yet. But I'm curious your overall view, and then I want to get into more specifics around kind of managing the family office itself. Yeah, look, I think I would say that the global economy, we need to be growing at 3 % per year in order to double per capita incomes in a generation. So a generation is about 24, 25 years.

1:17:31In order to double per capita incomes, you've got to be growing at 3 % per year. The reality is most countries are not growing at that rate. Both developed countries across Europe, Japan until recently, started to see some interesting story coming from there, but also large emerging market economies that have at least 50 million people. They're stalling. I was just in Peru 10 days ago, and everybody's concerned about growth. And you can add to that other structural issues, the debt story, the fiscus being challenged here in the United States, et cetera, et cetera. We know about these issues. But, you know, as I pointed out earlier, we're also at the early innings of a super cycle, which could really power the productivity contribution to growth, could really change the narrative about growth.

1:18:18I mean, PwC thinks growth, it could add about$16 trillion worth of GDP by 2030. That's four years away. So that's a really constructive story. I mean, my concern would be that it's quite skewed. I think this is very much a U.S. story. You can't bet against the United States. I think the changes and rollout of this new era are quite choppy in places like China. I mean, there's some elements of it that are quite interesting, but China does have a lot of debt drag. It has demographic drag. I mean, they're thinking now by some forecasts that it will be at 800 million population by the close of the century.

1:18:55So structural challenges remain there. Europe has been quite a disappointment in many respects. A lot of the larger economies growing somewhere between 0.5 to 1.2 percent. A lot of the structural things we've touched on already, debt, but also now in the near term, real risk of inflation. So I think the picture is very much don't bet against the United States, but understanding that it's quite concentrated, it's quite skewed. And thinking about how to play that is obviously top of mind. How do you wrestle with international efforts in AI? So when the whole sovereign AI theme started maybe last year really getting talked about, I was deeply skeptical because I said, well, you know, England doesn't need their own Google.

1:19:41They can just use Google and it can be localized into Spanish and French. And it's pretty easy for the core technology to live in one country. And it's hard to compete with something that's compounded like a Facebook or an Instagram or consumer app or even in the enterprise. You know, Salesforce, like, I don't know that Salesforce has a native French competitor that's really eating their lunch there. But as I've gone deeper into the supply chain, I'm starting to see a lot of opportunity for, like, France generates a ton of nuclear power. That's clean energy. If they have the right permitting and the right place for it and the right community, They could potentially build something that they sell to American AI companies that winds up generating a ton of return.

1:20:28And you sort of have a new energy story about let's go around and find all the cheap wind energy, cheap solar energy. Where can nuclear be built? Because the nature of AI is that it doesn't need to be on premise because you're waiting 20 minutes for something to come back. It doesn't need to be down the street. it can be halfway across the world. Yeah, the story doesn't need to be my conflict with Macron. Yes, yes, yes. We went back and forth. But we're potentially under-investing. We want them to go full-point AM. I was just with Alex last week, and he was talking about the new data center that they're thinking about building there precisely because of some of these costs and advantages on the energy side.

1:21:10Look, I would say as a sort of shorthand, And Europe generally thinks about things as glass half empty. The United States tends to think about things as glass half full. Glass overflowing sometimes. Yeah, exactly. And you can think about a whole range. Let's gamble on this. Yeah, touche. But you can think about whether it's energy or AI, climate transition. Like there's many different themes that have occurred where Europe's, you know, again, shorthanding it. The response has always been, oh, my gosh, you know, we need to regulate this thing. We need to curb emissions. And I'm not saying it's all bad.

1:21:48I'm just saying that they tend to err on the side of risk mitigation as opposed to investing through to figure out, well, we don't like X. So why don't we try and think about how to do that better? And I think that's part of the culture. I will say, you know, since 2008, the United States and Europe were about the same GDP, as you know. And now, you know, the United States has just run with it. And so I would hope that a lot of the I wouldn't count Europe out. I mean, the United Kingdom is the home of the Industrial Revolution. There's some kernels of goodness that remain in terms of rule of law, the stuff that everybody talks about.

1:22:22But if you do look at the top sort of top FTSE companies, the stock market, they tend to be pretty old and stodgy. Yeah, it might not be a Europe story, maybe more of a global story. I'm just thinking about, you know, a certain region in India or Japan or Greece or Egypt might have some piece of the puzzle that they can now bring to bear because there is more demand for that. Like you could imagine a French company that's an expert in nuclear. Maybe they don't build another data center, nuclear power plant there, but they expand. They build the nuclear power plant somewhere else. There's another place that has a lot of land, a lot of solar.

1:22:58Yeah, I think it's comparative advantage is what you're alluding to. So, yeah, in principle, yes. But, you know, we're in a world of de-globalization, broadly speaking. So we can't, you know, we can't dismiss the fact that the policy world has to do with it. Is there a bullish narrative outside of AI and robotics? I've been trying to, I've been trying to. Full defense and de-globalization. Are you talking about in Europe or in the world? No, no, no, no. Just generally in the world. because you see like, you know, lots of debt, inflation, low growth, population decline, you know, employment. There's so many, you know, ongoing conflicts.

1:23:43There's so many bearish and negative stories. And it feels like AI is, you know, the only thing really happening in basically almost every country in the world saying, like, we basically have... The$1 trillion GLP-1 market would like a work for you. Okay? Yeah, no, no, no. Biotech is another one. So much so that people on X, I think last week, were saying, we're going to see the first$100 trillion biotech company. It's possible. So very American to see something working and assume... And if the replacement rate, fertility rate declines, you've got to live longer. That's where biotech comes in and solves that problem.

1:24:30The other thing I would say is that what does history tell us about this is that kind of things just repeat themselves. So, you know, if you think about us being in a period post World War I, post the pandemic 1918 to 1920 and post 1929 crash, you could argue were kind of in this period of, you know, Smoot-Hawley, larger government, more tariffs, you know, protectionism. And so the question is, will there be this new era that came, you know, post-World War II, which is where you get more globalization, you know, governments start to work more cooperation. And I think we have to be optimistic. I mean, you know, there are a lot of good things that are happening.

1:25:08I was just in India. I had been in India 15 years prior to that. It's a changed society. Is it rich? No. But is it on a path of growth that's quite diversified and it's got an intriguing story of being part of the service sector, but also technology? Yes, absolutely. As I said, I was just in Peru. There are plenty of places. And I was just in Silicon Valley. It's hard to sort of be negative about the world. And I think it is beyond AI. We have the blessing of having a job where we talk to people all day long about what they're building for the future. And so it's hard to ever get, I never get completely blackpilled even though there's so many different sort of negative stories.

1:25:51There's some negative self. Because I do believe that a small, you know, relatively small number of people can have, you know, massive outside impact on the fate of, you know, humanity and economies and all these things. Yeah. Well, that's a great place to leave it. Thank you. A message of optimism. I completely agree. Thank you. And go Nix. Oh, yes. Go Nix. Thank you so much. Thanks. I was just, I was in New York. I was in New York over the weekend, and there was some enterprising young kids that were doing a lemonade stand. Really? And they were giving discounts to Knicks fans. How do you prove that?

1:26:26Yeah, yeah. I was like, it'd be kind of crazy to be. You have to wait to wait to wait. Yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly. Well, thank you for having me. It's a pleasure being here. This was a pleasure. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. Cheers. Thank you so much. Our next guest is Samuel Hoom, who's going to completely debunk Jordy's blackpilling about biotech because we got him on to talk about all the advanced. I'm not blackpilling on biotech. Oh, there's nothing else going on outside of AI. This is what you said. Don't deny it. We can roll the tape. Well, is he not applying AI? I'm sure there's a little bit of technology.

1:27:04No, no, he actually uses just pencil and paper. Wow. No pencil and paper, no computers at all. Anyway, first I'm going to tell you about Shopify. Shopify is the commerce platform that grows with your business and lets you sell in seconds online, in-store, on mobile, on social, on marketplaces, and now with AI agents. And now we have Samuel from Stomatic Labs. He's the co-founder. I'm very excited to have him join the show. How are you doing? Hello, good. How are you guys? Good to see you. We're good. So Jordy was making the claim that there is nothing good happening anywhere outside of artificial intelligence.

1:27:34And I said we have the perfect guest to debunk that. So could you please introduce yourself first and then maybe take us through some of the exciting things that are happening? When there's a protein shortage, John, it's hard to be optimistic. It's hard to be optimistic. I'm going to blast you with the air horn. Anyway, thank you so much for joining. No problem. Good to see you. Good to hear you talk about biotech as well. So, yeah, I'm a medical doctor, a scientist, and, yeah, co-founder of Somatic Labs. and just fascinated really by the trying to figure out what's going on at the frontier of medicine, the frontier of science, which is what I use Twitter for, what I use X for.

1:28:11And also what brought me to the conference the other day to Chicago, to ASCO, to the big cancer conference, where I was lucky enough to see the Drax and Rasib study. Standing ovation. Kind of presented live. Standing ovation. Yes, yeah, yeah. Okay, let's get right to it though. What does it take for a hundred trillion dollar since you, since you brought up X, there was some, there was some discussion among investors around. We'll see the first$10 trillion. I thought you said a hundred trillion. And then a hundred trillion. So they're already, I mean, I mean, it's, I mean, I mean hyperinflation.

1:28:46I'm never, I'm never a guy to say that a hundred bagger is impossible. Yeah. It's always possible. How do we get there? And what is the ticker? I'm kidding. So Lily today is a$1 trillion company, right? Or just about. But I think the issue really in biotech with getting to$100 trillion would be the patent cliff. Right? So in big tech, Apple and so on, these guys don't have to deal with patent cliffs. But big pharma certainly do. So the other day, for example, you guys had a guest on the show talking about AI versus biotech. And it's perfectly true. But just to be clear, if companies could actually enforce patents where it's like no one else can create a login button, you cannot log into an account of a software product.

1:29:38Hold to refresh is technically patented but unenforced. Yeah, so there is patents, but yeah, they just don't get enforced. And there's an argument that that's probably a great thing. Yeah. um yeah i guess i guess in in biotech and pharma the so that the drugs can only be sold for for a big price at for about 20 years at which point they go off patent and then the price drops by 90 95 percent um so if you have like so the biggest drug in the world uh today is to zepatide which did about 51 billion dollars of sales already this year which is insane right more than the big AI labs. But as it goes off patent, then the generics come through and it will dwindle those revenues away for Lilly.

1:30:23And I think 100 trillion in pharma is going to be very difficult. Is there any world where the CapEx required to actually compete with a$50 billion drug becomes a market dynamic, like cost prohibitive? Any analogy there? Or will you just get a ton of small compounding firms and a ton of generics companies that underwrite smaller investments and just sort of like eat away because I've always heard about the patent cliff and you lose 95 % of your gross profit on day two. But I've also heard that Eli Lilly and other Novo are actually struggling to stand up just the manufacturing equipment required because at a certain point when you're shipping$50 billion worth of a drug, you're talking about, you know, not just a little lab that's making like one rare cancer does not just just getting a drug actually through trials yeah and i guess like tylenol sold in by the by the billions of pills probably i don't know is there anything there i i mean so the trials themselves are uh very expensive right so to run a clinical trial each patient in the trial costs about fifty thousand dollars and the big trials cost over a hundred million dollars so it's that is kind of a moat in itself but um yeah i'm not too sure about that is is that speeding up or slowing down like we generally have like the ossification of governments governments are getting bigger it feels like it takes longer to get things at the dmv and whatever it feels like things are slowing down we're certainly building less houses, permitting reform is top of mind on the right and the left.

1:32:07And I'm wondering, but at the same time, you have AI, you have all these tools that should speed up review. Do you have a feel for where we're going over the next couple of years? I think it's still very slow, right? So from target identification to phase three takes about nine, 10 years. and then even after phase three it then takes a long time for it to get kind of adopt yeah get like adopted in the clinic right yeah um but can ai speed these things up yeah absolutely from from kind of every step i think ai can speed it up even like the some of the paperwork is very slow right yeah um what is what has china done on this this front uh the chat is steal everything No, no.

1:32:57I mean, like a lot of the a lot of trials are are happening there now and just overall development because of the cost advantage. But I don't know about the speed advantage. uh yes it's definitely it's definitely cheaper in china so i i spent the last week i was in this big conference asco at the cancer conference and lots it's very interesting lots of the most innovative stuff is actually happening out of china so they've got for example some fascinating bispecific antibodies which is the kind of new cancer drug or new modes of action for these different cancer drugs so they're doing not only are they doing fast following which they certainly they are.

1:33:35But they're also doing some very innovative stuff as well. What people are kind of worried a little bit about in US biotech is the big farmers doing deals with Chinese biotech. But I think if we have China and the US kind of competing with each other, if you're on the side of medicines, if you're on the side of patients, I would say more competition is better. Yeah. Tell us about your company. Tell us about what you're working on. so i'm yeah so i'm a um medical doctor but so we we started a company called stomatic labs which is actually aiming to speed up this process of of uh drug development getting drugs to the to patients faster um so one of the reasons that drug development is so slow is because of so one of the essential steps in the regulatory process is something called a systematic review which is basically a big boring literature review it takes years currently it's done manually um we used ai we have a little team we used ai to automate many of the steps and do it in more like four hours rather than like two years i know a guy who does something similar he gets around the whole systematic review you just like uh you text him on like signal or telegram and he doesn't doesn't interface with the fda at all he'll just send you exactly the drug like whether or not it's approved It works perfectly.

1:34:58I'm kidding. Joking. Joking, fortunately. What has progress been like? How far are you in the R &D phase? How are you scaling up? Have you raised money? Give us the flavor of the business at this point. It's early. It's early. So pre-seed. So we have a product. It's on the market. It's being used by thousands of people. Working on raising a pre-seed round. We have some customers in big pharma, in academia, in biotech as well. But it's early. It's early. We're still just kind of rolling it out and ramping it up. How, like, is there a market to sell software to the FDA? Like, because my dream might be, like, I'm excited about speeding up things for biotech and biopharma.

1:35:47Like, I feel like they will figure that out and you'll be a piece of that. But what I really want is like an API from the FDA where you can submit something and then it like programmatically runs or automatically runs like as many of the tests that it can possibly delegate to just tell you, okay, this is going to get flagged or like you have a typo here or you forgot to attach this document. And so you're getting like this red, yellow, green response from a robot. And then at a certain point, you say, OK, I'm passing all of the programmatic like computer based checks. Let's actually call in a scientist from the FDA who's in short supply and have them review it.

1:36:31But I have no idea how you would actually go about getting that into the FDA. Not as much. Yes. That's a good idea. One thing the FDA has said recently, they're going to run these things called real-time trials. So at the moment, what we do when we run clinical trials, the data are kind of blinded and locked until the end, and then they open it up and have a look. But if you could run a real-time trial, you can see if there's an efficacy signal or a safety signal early, and then stop the trial if it's working or not, and then get the drug either stopped or moved into patients faster. Yeah. So that's one of the kind of things that the FDA is doing.

1:37:13As for selling into the FDA, I'm not sure. Good luck. Hopefully you get there. I don't know. I feel like you should be speeding up both sides of the equation eventually. But obviously it's early. Amazing traction though. Thank you so much for coming on the show. Wait, we didn't get to talk about the pancreatic drugs? Yeah, break it down. Was that part of the impetus for coming on? Is it fair to say that pancreatic cancer is cured? like like is that how far we can go or is this just because standing ovation i have high expectations i'm like okay it's cured so standing ovation definitely high expectations it's not cured okay so the reason it's such a big deal and the reason everyone was so quite so excited the other day and you know it's not an easy crowd to excite because everyone's kind of oncologist that is a good point so the reason it's quite so important is is really two reasons so pancreatic Pancreatic cancer is a cancer with miserable survival rates.

1:38:06So five-year survival is about three percent for metastatic disease, and most diseases are metastatic at diagnosis. And that number hasn't progressed in decades. That's the first reason. The second reason is because mainly this disease, pancreatic cancer, is driven by this one protein called RAS. and forever really this protein was considered undruggable totally undruggable because it's this kind of small little compact protein you can't get a drug into you can't design a drug to kind of fit in there slot into a pocket um so what this company revolution medicines did is they used a very kind of innovative creative approach to to drug the molecule using a molecular glue and if you do that and you put it in pancreatic cancer patients they were able to double the median overall survival versus the standard of care chemotherapy, as well as improved quality of life, as well as so that the new drug has actually fewer serious adverse events than chemotherapy.

1:39:08So it's kind of creating a totally new paradigm. But double it, that's taking survival rate from 3 % to 6 %? So yes. So in the trial, it is, so it's, the details are it's second line metastatic pancreatic cancer and the overall survival with the chemotherapy is about seven months and with the drug is about 13 months. Significant. I'll take those out any day. But not cured. Not cured, unfortunately. But it unlocks a path to a cure that it's like the door was open to the mountain, to the hike, and now we're going on the hike. And that's amazing because before we weren't even on the trail. Right.

1:39:51And it's a good day to talk about this as well because there was a new kind of update breakthrough today. So this new drug is called Daraxamrasib. It's going to kind of lay, I think it's going to lay the kind of baseline of therapy in pancreatic cancer. And we're now going to be able to add new drugs on top of it in order to improve its benefit. And we saw exactly that today. So there's a new drug from a company called Tango Therapeutics. and they added their drug on top of daraxamrazib and even improved the survival even further. Wow. So I think exactly, we're going to see that. Very, very cool.

1:40:26Amazing. Well, thank you so much for coming on the show. Great to meet you, Sam. Great to meet you. Good luck with the round. We'll talk to you soon. Goodbye. Cheers. Let me tell you about Figma. Agents need the canvas. Your AI agents can now create and modify your Figma files with design system context. I'm pulling for a cure for liver psoriasis because I'm trying to go hard this summer. Just kidding. That's your favorite. Yeah. We were in the Wall Street Journal. The Wall Street Journal wrote an article about TBPN reacting to Leopold's 13F. They put a screenshot of me and Jordy and a meme from The Truman Show and Leap Trader.

1:41:06If you're Leap Trader underscore on X, you're in the Wall Street Journal today. Now, they needed to come up with some sort of excuse for putting us in the journal, so they wrapped it in a profile of Leopold Aschenbrenner, I guess. But no, it's an interesting article. The 24-year-old AI whiz who counts Jane Street as an investor. You probably saw the highlight stats showing up on the timeline. 24 years old,$20 billion under management now, up 270 % after fees this year. Standing ovation for at least a gong hit.

1:41:41fantastic work one of the best to ever do it investors now include jane street uh jane street is an investment investment in situational awareness is particularly notable because the firm rarely allocates capital to outside money managers um and so game recognized game they put a quote for me in the journal i said we have not seen this level of attention on a hedge fund's filings in a very long time, and I agree with that. It was a fun, fun thing. A little bit of backstory on the fund. Later that year, Oshin Brenner launched his hedge fund firm, which he described as a brain trust on AI with Carl Schulman, another AI intellectual who once worked at Peter Thiel's macro hedge fund, Thiel Macro.

1:42:27Early backers included Stripe co-founders Patrick and John Collison. Good to see them getting a win, as well as Daniel Gross and Nat Friedman. Good to see them getting a win. Dwarf Cash also. Dwarcash, who are both currently helping lead Meta's AI platform efforts. And so situational awareness, they actually lost money once in early 2025 after DeepSeek, but they've been on an absolute run. They ended 2025 up about 200 % when most hedge funds are like, we'd like to do 13%, 15%, 20 % would be amazing. yeah 200 absolutely legendary impressive call this shot very impressive yes um well we have our next guest here in the waiting room let's bring in gold rock says jane street should do a mafia episode they should that would be a lot of fun or uh or poker match they should do a they should do a world series of poker because uh poker is very popular over there anyway we have david currently from helion energy he's the founder and ceo david how are you doing what's going on the show.

1:43:34Hi there. Thank you for having me today. Thank you so much for taking the time. Long overdue. First time on the show. Long overdue. I think most people will be familiar. But how are you describing the shape of the business these days? How you got here? How long it's taken? What the current milestones are? Take us through the intro. Awesome. Thank you. So I am Dave Curley, CEO of Helion Energy, and we build Fusion. So what we're announcing actually last week was that we raised a Series G, a$465 million round. That is, John. Sorry to interrupt. Fantastic. Awesome. Yeah, and that's the key building.

1:44:16So we've built now our seventh generation system called Polaris that does fusion here in Washington State. And then this allows us to keep moving beginning construction of our eighth generation system. This is for a power plant for Microsoft that uses fusion energy and then expand manufacturing. We want to, the key to how do you build Fusion fast is you got to build the hardware. And so we spend a lot of time focusing on manufacturing and investing in that. And so we're 60X-ing our manufacturing line that produces the electronics and the capacitors and the modules for Fusion right now. Give us the Fusion 101, the different paths that you could have gone down and then the technology that you chose because it is different than I think what some people have seen other fusion companies working on.

1:45:03You have particular strategies. So walk us through it. Sure. So fusion energy is what powers the universe. That's what happens in stars and supernova. But we don't really use it here on Earth except more really in academic and national lab settings for the most part. So our goal at Helion and my personal goal is I wanted to solve the energy crisis, bring that universe power to Earth. And in fusion, what you're doing is you're taking lightweight isotopes, hydrogens and helium, things that are found everywhere. And then at pretty extreme conditions, literally thousands of atmospheres and hundreds of millions of degrees, you force those together.

1:45:38They fuse, form heavier elements and electricity. The problem is, is that what we see most folks in fusion, in fact, early in my career do, is do all that to generate heat, to run steam turbines, to run cooling cycles and all the other things that we normally do for power. And at Alien, our goal was, can we do something a little bit different? Can we directly harness the magnetic and electric energy from that reaction at really high efficiencies to get and extract electricity and then sell it? And so that's what we set out to do. We've built now seven generations of machines that do that direct electricity extraction and then show that you can do fusion.

1:46:15So talk about the road to Q greater than one, Q engineering greater than one, all the different milestones. that it's interesting. You have such a, in Fusion, you have such a solid ground truth for your KPI that is very different from other businesses. It really is like there's scientific milestones and it's very measurable. The energy that goes into the system must be less than the energy that comes out. But talk about that path, where you are today, where you need to be in 2030 to meet your goals. Yeah, and I think that there is actually some room to talk about that ground truth in terms of what you need for the business.

1:46:56Because our goal at Helion, anyway, is not to focus only on those scientific milestones, but to do it in a way that makes electricity. And so that's actually something we sent out that's different about Helion from the beginning, is extracting electricity directly, getting that out to the grid, and then showing that you could do that at really high efficiency. If you can extract electricity at 95 % electricity, now the fusion just has to do that little bit. And so the systems can be smaller, faster, and easier. And so that's what we've proved to do, what we've set out to do. So we've built now seven generations of systems, set world records for plasma temperatures, plasma pressure, plasma energy, and then also showed we could do some of the electricity piece of extracting electricity from it.

1:47:39So we're running our seventh generation system, Polaris, right now. Its goal is to show you can make that electricity and make electricity from fusion so you can go out and build those power plants with it. How big is the system? I was going to ask about size. Yeah, I mean, we've seen small fusion reactor companies that are making effectively a battery that could go in a vehicle or spacecraft. Obviously, there's, you know, the Chernobyl nuclear reactor that everyone knows. But where do you sit? Why did you wind up in that particular position? And then what's the strategy if demand winds up being, you know, one megawatt?

1:48:15I come to you and I say, I want 10 megawatts in one facility. How do you meet that demand? or do you just sit it out? Yeah, so our goal for Microsoft, the PPA, the power purchase agreement we have with them, is to build a 50-megawatt facility. So that's industrial-scale power. It's not your house, but it is not large-scale data centers. It's actually my house. I need 50 megawatts personally, but speak for yourself. What are you doing? I'm training models for myself. I got to do it. Sovereign AI was very 2025, 2025, 2026, household AI is the new wave. So 50 megawatts at one facility. You're going to need juice to do that.

1:48:56Yeah, you're going to need some helium. So is it one system, a series of systems, racks? Like how do you think about industrializing that capacity? It gets to the thesis of the business. What I tell the team is that if we're the first to build a fusion power plant and that's all we do, then we've totally failed as a business. that our goal is to build systems that are deployed globally at scale. Fusion can do it, and we need to make that happen. And so part of that is building systems that are modular and scalable and deployable. And so the vision is that you're building a 50-megawatt scale generator, each one on that scale, at our facility, gigafactories of Fusion production that then can be put on a truck, delivered to the site, plugged in, and run.

1:49:40And if you need 500 megawatts, you put in 10 of them or 12 of them so you have some redundancy. And then you can scale from there. And so you think about that in that modular building piece, a lot like how we think about data centers and breaking those into those modular pieces that you can then mass produce and then deploy at scale and deploy them quickly. And so that's what we focused on doing, even to the point of being annoying, where even for our seventh generation system, we built it at our parts in our factory, put them on a truck, drove them down the street and, well, really in the parking lot, and then plugged them in to go get Polaris assembled.

1:50:13And so keeping that same philosophy of mass production and reliability and scale so you can lower costs and timelines is really important. So what is the capacity of a single system these days? 50 megawatts. 50 megawatts and then you will chain them together to get to bigger numbers for particular projects. Got it. Sorry, please. I was going to say, with the technology we have now, there's some fundamental physics limitations for Fusion of trying to scale it down and scale. And so our goal is smaller scale if we can get there, but Fusion scales to the big scale easy. Yeah, that's great. What are your timelines around the number eight, the PPA with Microsoft, all that kind of thing?

1:51:01Because a lot of the nuclear founders that we've had on, everything's really exciting. It feels like it's happening. And then you ask about the timeline, and it's 2034. And you guys have been making very incremental progress, but I'm curious how you think about it. Yeah, so our goal for the Microsoft program is to have our power plant out there built in 2028 and start early operations and then scale that up from there. The key to that is a couple of key things is getting started early. It's been now a couple of years that we've been working on that power plant facility. And I think you point to some of the challenges in the nuclear industry around regulatory and permitting.

1:51:53And so that's one thing that fusion shines, is that we've been able to go out and actually get all the permits. The environmental permits were granted last year. We broke ground on the actual power plant last year. And now we've built two buildings on the site and are building the third. And starting this year on that power infrastructure. And so that's really exciting to be able to go get that hardware in the ground, get built. And then here in Everett, behind me, actually, in the factory, start building some of those early prototypes and components for Orion itself. And so that's what we're working on, all of that in parallel.

1:52:24It's a little crazy, but the world needs it, and we've got to get it out there quick. It's happening. What's the regulatory side of the business look like? Do you need to go NRC, test at a dome? We're more familiar with the fission side of the business, which makes a ton of sense when someone's creating a new nuclear reactor. I'd like them to test it in a remote location under a dome in case it explodes. But there's a very different set of risks here. I don't know that there's anywhere near as many, but there's still probably some oversight. So what does that look like? So when we founded Heliana, it was something I was really worried about because there wasn't a really clear regulatory framework.

1:53:04And white space is good in a lot of engineering and science, but it's not great in regulatory and policy. And so we spent a lot of work on that. But the good news is a year and a half ago, we got a law passed called the Advance Act, which very solidly, by going through the real technical rigor of what are the risks of fusion, the nuclear regulatory agency made the determination. And then we got a law passed to support that, that the nuclear regulatory agency does not need to regulate fusion. In fact, it's regulated by the states, by the Department of Health. So we're regulated like a particle accelerator in a hospital.

1:53:39Sure. It's still serious and it's still industrial scale with lots of licensing and regulatory work. But the timeline is now on the order of a year or less rather than a decade. And so that's the big difference. And it comes to a lot of the safety cases of why fusion is just fundamentally different. And in general, if I tour Helion's facilities, there's probably no radioactive material anywhere on site. Is that roughly correct? Because you're not using plutonium or uranium? So we're definitely not using plutonium or uranium. The systems can't melt down, go critical, or any of those kinds of things.

1:54:16But it is still an atomic process, what happens in the sun and what we build here on Earth. And so we do have to consider, just like in a hospital, in a particle accelerator in a hospital, the radioactive materials. And there are some created, and we spend a lot of work making sure we can handle those. And so we've been licensed and regulated by the state to be able to handle those in that similar way for a number of years now. And so we spend a lot of time and have a big team that does it to make sure that we're handling this safely in a way that the public can believe in and trust. And it's really important that you do that and you talk about those things.

1:54:51Well, I'm glad you have more funding to work on it. Yeah, it's great. And the timeline is very exciting. Yeah. I'm now thinking about the opportunity to do the first Fusion-powered podcast on site when you and Microsoft, we might have to call in a favor with Satya. and say, hey, can we siphon off? Can we borrow it? Can we borrow a little juice? But really impressive progress and excited to follow along. Have a great rest of your day. Congrats to the team. Thank you very much. We'll talk to you soon. Goodbye. Let me tell you about public.com, investing for those who take it seriously, stocks, options, bonds, crypto, treasures, and more with great customer service.

1:55:31Let's go over to the retail corner, presented by Public, of course. Matthew Zeitlin says, The idea that SpaceX is being, quote, dumped on retail is a little silly. Retail almost certainly wants to buy like 10x of whatever is possible. He said, I'm just not moved by the index fund stuff. The index funds own the stock market. SpaceX is part of the stock market. What are you going to do? Go find a way to neutralize your exposure if you're so mad about it. That's a good point. With public, you could create the S &P 499 if you want. But. Well, SpaceX isn't going to be in the S &P. I think it will be.

1:56:05No, they're the one index that pushed back. I think that the profitability hurdle has been met because of the new Google deal. I think that SpaceX, when they go public, will be… Is that new in the last, since Friday? I think this is new. And I think that Google is now buying about a billion dollars a month of compute from SpaceX. And between that, between the Google deal and the Anthropic deal, and probably lower burn from just things generally because you're going out and you want to make sure that you're in the fighting in fighting form uh i would expect to see a profitable quarter very quickly to that will lead to okay still not like five days yeah probably not five days but i would probably say within the first year it's possible and s p 499 is just is just an idea there's other indices that it matters can't can't the s p just look at goldman's estimate that they're going to have 470 billion in 2030 good point can't they just lean on that they could no they actually can't because it's in their rules that you have to be actually gap profitable but elon is marshalling the profits from a variety of companies that have money to pay um but i but i take issue with this this question of uh retail almost certainly wants to buy like 10x or whatever's available There's so much available.

1:57:27It's not some low float. Oh, it's GameStop and like a bunch of meme traders can fire it up. Like this is$60 billion. Like I don't know that retail can deploy what 10x that$600 billion is coming out of retail, like Robinhood accounts. Are you kidding me? Like, no, I like, like, I don't know that that's the, I don't think that the, like, Maybe what happens is the indexes come in and they anchor and then there's employee lockups and then Elon's not selling. So the effective float is low enough that retail is actually fighting for shares and moving the price and they are the marginal trader, which would be the biggest win ever.

1:58:10Because then you can move the retail army off of talking about the moon and Mars and all the long term stuff, as opposed to having a bunch of financial investors that are like, what have you done for me lately? What's going on? this quarter, which is not where that business wants to be. So I don't know. Chat's predicting a bloodbath for retail. We'll see. I don't know. Yeah, subtract my$135 from$60 billion. It's a lot. I still don't, I'm not putting in the dumping on retail. I'm just saying that like, I think that Matthew, friend of the show, love him, but I don't fully buy that if the retail allocation is$10 billion, that there's$100 billion of demand just because it's such a big number.

1:58:52One thing I will say, I don't know. We'll see. It's hard to find a bear that's actually willing to short it. That's a great point. That is a fantastic point. It is a very, very dangerous proposition. Wait, is this true? No, this is a joke. Morgan Barrett is joking around, has a screenshot of Erewhon advertising the SpaceX IPO. SpaceX IPO accesses in the Erewhon rewards. I know this is a joke because Jordy would have told me if it was real because he's in that app five times a day. His screen time, it's like Erewhon and then X and then text messages. Yeah, but Erewhon's at the top. Pull up this post from Cosmos and then we'll go to our next guest.

1:59:38Yes. Cosmos is saying, hey, Siri, find me a trademark lawyer. And this is Andy McCune's company. if you zoom in you can see that it's the exact same logo and i do know that andy does in fact have trademark on this design interesting wait so so that is the new siri loading icon or is that just this app is loading actively i don't know this is this is an odd odd demo at the same time it's six dots i don't know it's six dots like it's your honor it's six dots it's six dots like can you just can you also potentially trademark a square is it potentially i i can i'm the only one that can use a circle cosmos is like a more more from my understanding more like a pinterest uh competitor it could be a different enough category that well apple also used a pinterest style dual feed layout in one of their app designs so you know maybe they're ruffling feathers all over the tech industry today but probably giving consumers what they want so we'll see juror comes I like the six dots on my Siri.

2:00:45I'm happy. I was upset about Apple intelligence. I thought they under-delivered, but now they're back. So I'm voting Apple. The most biased jury in the world. Imagine. Well, we have Pete Florence from Generalist. He's the co-founder and CEO. Pete, how are you doing? Hey, John. Doing great. Thanks for having me on. Thanks so much for hopping on. First time on the show. Introduce yourself. Tell us about the company. Awesome. So really the backstory of the company is, you know, goes back to kind of the story of the founders. And so for myself, I've been working on robotics and AI for over a decade now.

2:01:19I started my PhD at MIT. Overnight success. There you go. Yeah, 2014. And it was in grad school at MIT. I met one of my co-founders, Andy Berry, just an amazing overall roboticist. He was at Boston Dynamics for five and a half years. Then after grad school for me, I was at Google DeepMind. And there I worked super closely with another Andy, Andy Zhang. We published a ton of research papers together. And, you know, eventually it just kind of there was this overwhelming sensation that to like really match the shape of this challenge to just go build general intelligence for the physical world that we just needed, like, you know, to get the get the dream team together, get all the right folks.

2:02:00and have a really focused plan on how we actually build and scale this whole thing. And that's what we've been doing for the last couple of years. Why haven't you said the word humanoid yet? What's going on? Is there more to this than that? We think humanoids are awesome. A lot of people on the team have been working on humanoids for over a decade. Like back when I mentioned when I started grad school, that was the era of the DARPA Grand Challenge. Back like one of the first sort of big humanoid things. This is Rocco's basketball. He doesn't want to say anything bad about humanoids. Yeah, yeah.

2:02:29He's like, they're great. They're great. I'm not really working on them right now. They're great. I don't want to say anything bad. There was those two kids. Because when they rise up, you don't want to be on the record. You saw those two kids in China that got kicked by humanoids. You know what those kids were doing right before the performance? Talking trash. They were talking some smack. Probably talking smack, saying that there's a different path to our robotic future. But take us through it. What is the future? How do you see this all rolling out? Because I think everyone agrees with you.

2:02:56I don't know if everyone agrees. I mean, otherwise people wouldn't be spending billions of dollars building only humanoids. But I do think that humanoids are really, of course, like a form factor that makes a lot of sense for a lot of things. But we just think that the future is much bigger than than only humanoids. And, you know, there'll be billions of robots and some of them will be humanoids. But there'll be a lot of other form factors, too. Yeah. Humanoids are the cars and you're building the motorcycle. I like it. I would say we're more like building like in that analogy, more and more like building fundamental like engine technology that could be used in motors or could be used in cars or could be used in planes or you know whatever you want so i mean that feels like it gives you potentially a larger tam in the near term because like as much as everyone says like oh it's human what is the what is the ramp for humanoid robots to actually get into the home there's so many edge cases in the factory you have polished floors why don't you just have wheels like there's all these reasons why humanoids are the supply chain it could take five years it could take ten years but at the same time like Amazon actively has a million robots like they just do their Kiva systems they're rolling around you don't they're nowhere near humanoid but they're incredibly economically valuable and if you could be a part of that supply chain you probably have a great business but what supply chains that we would broadly define as robotic do you see as being like the most near-term consequential to your business.

2:04:23Yeah, great question. So, you know, overall, there's like robotics and automation has been deployed in a ton of different industries doing a lot of different things. And, you know, we this has been kind of obvious over time to learn for me, but like, we don't want to be doing anything that previous robotics and automation has already solved. We really want to be focused on the things that haven't been solved so far today. So in a lot of cases, this is like industries that already have a lot of robots, but there's a lot of different types of applications in these that just have not been possible to address with robots before.

2:04:55So things like logistics, manufacturing, the supply chains for those, or the rollout operations of those at scale, those are two really obvious areas. But then, you know, the name of the company is Generalist. And, you know, very much like having these models, power robots in a ton of different industries, ton of different applications. That's really what we're doing. Okay. So I have a calculator app. It's written in Python on the back end. It works fine. I could replace that with an LLM and just ask the LLM to guess the answer to every math question I give it. That would be inefficient and not really an upgrade.

2:05:34It's possible. My question is, let's say I have a factory and I have a bunch of CNC machines with robotic arms that are on deterministic paths. I have some KUKA robotic arms that are all pre-programmed. They take the glass and they put it on the windshield of the car as it rolls along. I have a bunch of robots that are programmed and they're doing their job. They break down. There's all the usual things. But why do I want to go from deterministic control and operation of my robotic fleet to something that's stochastic, AI-driven? Yeah, it's a great question. So some things, John, like, yes, and those types of applications that you mentioned, those are already sold by robots today.

2:06:16Like, we already have welding robots, right? But there's a lot of stuff that even in, like, very structured roboticized environments, like, it's still very challenging for previous generation, like, programmed robots to solve. The easiest example in auto manufacturing is wire harnessing. The reality is things like wires are lots of different finicky, easy for people to deal with types of objects and applications. These are just out of scope for traditional, you program the robot to do those things. But that's just that's just auto, like really like the the variety of different like industries that are set to benefit from these models that can just, you know, really pick up anything you want them to do in terms of especially what we focus on is is dexterity is we really think is like the holy grail.

2:07:04And this is, I think, not even that hot of a take within robotics. Everybody in robotics knows that like dexterity has really been the bottleneck. And that's the one where we are just like really focused on pushing is making it so robots can use their hands to do, you know, really a massive variety of different applications. so is the biggest opportunity taking something that doesn't have a robot in the loop at all and creating a new robot or a system that can you know use existing robots to do that task or is there still opportunity in look i have a kooka robot arm and 80 of the time it does it right but we have someone there that's taking over and getting on the xbox controller or something like once or twice a day and that's where we want to bring ai to bear to deal with those edge cases or is it more the wire harnessing like you're not you're not doing that with a kuka robot arm at all and so we're going to unlock that for the first time it's much more of the latter much much more of the unlock right um and i think even from what we've seen so far and just like you know starting to announce these these models that that we've been announcing and starting to see people that have been coming to us for what they want them to use them for.

2:08:19We just have this general sensation of this explosion of interest of like, oh, I've never thought about using a robot at all for this entire application and now, okay, I see. We can start to get these robots very quickly and very reliably and with good speed and all these other things that are needed to really deploy these things that this is coming online and yeah it's really much more of this unlock for all these different things that we haven't really been able to use robots for before uh it feels like the way that robotics are naturally diffusing which is you know kind of behind the scenes i didn't see the video of this this robot slapping the kid so bad so bad uh we'll play him after you jump off but um uh you can stay So the way that robotics are diffusing is naturally in industrial settings, behind the scenes.

2:09:17And it feels like there could be massive amounts of progress being made and like relatively little hype around it. Because the people that are experiencing these products in real time aren't necessarily on X just being like, this model changes everything. I no longer write code. I just prompt, et cetera, et cetera. Is that feel at all accurate? I think, you know, what I think about there is that the industrial applications we think are likely to be the ones that really start to ramp even more quickly than more like consumer type or, you know, like home type applications. of course there'll be more and more robots in people's homes but in terms of these things really starting to scale we do think that industrial is more likely to take off there but we're also super excited about everything that will be happening in more consumer and home type applications so that's one of the fundamental strategies of focusing on the model intelligence and it can be used in all these different cases we do think industrial is more likely to take off soon But, yeah, we're super excited about supporting, you know, more consumer and home type things as well.

2:10:36Data, benchmarks, evals. What's the current thinking? The Sim to Real gap, puppeteering. I mean, there's so many different pieces of, but I want to get up to speed on like your philosophy on each of these like tradeoffs. Like how much do you believe that, uh, that, you know, the scaling laws apply versus, uh, just, you know, we, we, we've seen all these crazy companies of doing like, uh, you'll wear a camera to collect training data for humanoid robots. Like what's the data collection thesis? Yeah. Yeah. What, yeah. What's your data collection thesis? What's your eval benchmarking thesis? Like, how do you know you're getting better?

2:11:17How, how much of it is qualitative versus quantitative? Like take me through that side of the business. Totally. These are all, you know, very, very good and very core questions. So I know it's like five questions that we could spend an hour on each of them. Exactly. Tell me everything. So, you know, we think what I would point to here, right, is like we've started to share a fair bit on like what we kind of think is really core and what drives like all the decisions that we put into our models. So, you know, going back to, you know, you mentioned scaling laws. We announced our Gen Zero model back in November.

2:11:53And I think, you know, it really was the first time in robotics that anybody had shown like general scaling laws, right, where we can predictably advance performance with more and more compute and data. And, of course, this is something that for all the AI researchers that have known what has been happening in all the other domains, like this is, of course, something that we were expecting to happen. and Gen Zero back in November, it really was the first time that anybody had shown this. That was back in November. Fast forward just five months. April, pretty recently, we announced the Gen 1 model.

2:12:29And it's quite a bit better model. And the biggest point, nice, we've shown some videos here, which I can give some color on, but it's really quite a good model. We have a whiteboard and this is a job in our studio. So Tyler, I'm sorry. And it needs to be erased, obviously. It actually needs to be erased. Everything on the board is irrelevant now. We'll see if we can get a robot to the studio before too long. But, you know, the Gen 1 model, it really is starting to cross into these levels of performance that we think for certain types of applications. And we try to always under-promise and over-deliver.

2:13:07So there's plenty that we still have more to go. We feel very early overall in the general journey of general intelligence for the physical world, but starting to cross over into levels of performance where these things are commercially viable for a good number of applications. And we think that this is really like a crossover point where we have a general model starting to be able to hit levels of reliability and speed and improvisational intelligence where we can start to get these things out there. very much like, you know, I think that kind of like you take a GPT-2 level model, you scale it to a GPT-3 level model, and you start to tick over into certain types of applications become commercially viable, right?

2:13:44If you remember, GPT-3 started with like copy AI and Jasper AI, you know, copywriting for ads. That was kind of the first thing to take off a few others. And we feel like that's starting to be where we're at with these models for the physical world. Okay, question. Is it possible that for certain robotic form factors, let's say humanoids, they get to the point where they can do economically valuable work, as in the robot can make something, but the process overall is not commercially viable because of the capex needed to purchase the robot? So like I've been looking at humanoids do some work and they're able to do some type of process, let's say.

2:14:29And I can say like, OK, maybe right now there's a bunch of humans out there that do that kind of work and you can put a humanoid there. Problem is like a humanoid has all of these different, you know, actuators and motors and batteries and all these different things. And I'm looking at it and thinking, OK, is it possible that the robot sort of just starts like breaking down where let's say you spend fifty thousand dollars on a robot? and it replaces a human, but it starts degrading over time. And, you know, many of the parts need to be, uh, replaced frequently enough that you're effectively having to just buy, uh, replace parts or buy a new robot so frequently that you're better off just having a human in that, in that role.

2:15:10Well, I, I, I actually hired a Quinn Emanuel lawyer to do my dishes. And so like, even if it's$600 an hour, I'm going to be saving money. Nice. Yeah. I, I, whether it's the things, whether it's the things breaking down or, or whatever it is like, yeah, any, any factor that makes it so that, um, you know, like what, what you need to get done is not getting done. Um, and you need to like have somebody looking over their shoulder the whole time. Like, yeah, that, that, that makes it, you know, not really, uh, uh, at the level of, of viability that, that I think is really needed for, for these things to really scale and be useful.

2:15:43But, um, we're running long. Do you have another minute? Yeah, I'm good. Perfect. Tier list of data sources. Do you know tier list? Tier is the best. A, B, C, D, F. I love tier lists, yeah. I want to throw some data sources at you, and you can sort of rank them. So the first one would be YouTube videos or, like, Internet video, like transfer learning from there's a video of somebody skateboarding or walking around. Is that a valuable data source? Put aside the cost to license it. Just think about the quality. Yeah, this is great. I don't know the whole set yet, so I have to. Yeah, yeah, it's tough.

2:16:25This is also live, so it's tough. Give them the whole list. I'll give you an answer, but it's not S tier. It's not A tier. Maybe I give it a B. B, okay. Next one. I don't know what else is coming. World models. World models. I've heard a lot of hype about transfer learning from world models. Seems a little bit early, but where's that? So, world models, your question up front was as a data source. Data source, specifically. Yeah. So, you can generate infinite worlds. You can generate a world of that whiteboard and use that as training data, even though it's synthetic. Yeah. I think synthetic data, in general, in robotics is still a very kind of open frontier.

2:17:09There's not a huge amount of proof points here in terms of it really enabling. it's an area I would think is promising but there hasn't been a ton of proof points here so I would just like C tier I would put world models like not as a source of data F tier whoa F tier F tier I'm going to wait is radical ventures in any world model companies I'm going to give Rob Taves a call and tell him that you were talking and Rocco's Basilisk is not going to like this when Fei Fei Li achieves ASI and has a bone to pick with you it's a complicated question I think that It's okay. We can move on. The next one.

2:17:46The data that is behind these role models, that's more like the source of data, I would say. Okay, third data source, mocap data. You got a bunch of people in mocap suits. You got them doing things. It's a 3D representation, maybe a point cloud, something like that. This is a good list of questions. So for me, it's not a data source I'm super excited about because— Another F tier? No, well, let me explain. we we you know we really care especially about dexterity right and and mocap suits of people running around uh you know studio uh is not the main place where you get dexterity that it is good for like you know full body you know whole body motions i would say your first issue is you're in my list i put it c tier c tier c tier next i i get a lot of instagram reels from this community it's the gloving community i don't know if you've heard of the glovers i don't know Okay, so they put up LEDs on the end of their fingers.

2:18:44They wear gloves and they do light shows for each other. It's like a Burning Man, Coachella type thing. Anyway, they exemplify remarkable dexterity. Is that going to be an important source of data? We love remarkable dexterity data. I don't know how much of this source of data exists. It depends on what type of data, not just like what people are doing, but what type of data can you extract when people are doing it. So I don't know what sensors the gloves have, but in general, the more dexterous the data, the more valuable. So without knowing more about it, maybe I'll put it B or A. John will start a gloving data labeling company for you.

2:19:17Next one, just the general open crawl internet data. I talked to a very thought-provoking AI thinker at one point. He said that with enough scale, you could learn to walk as a humanoid robot just from reading the books. By the way, a pretty heavy hitter robotics founder texted me live and says, Pete is trying to figure out how to not say world models suck. And he says, there it is. Okay. What is like the world models? We wrote a blog post on this. We think they have their role. We'll come back in five years and it'll be great. But specifically just this idea that like to start your foundation model, to do like the earliest pre-training, it might be helpful to just start with like general understanding of the world.

2:20:04So you bake in like all the Reddit data or all the internet common crawl, like all of that stuff. where does that rank on the tier list? So here, let me say on this, right? So like exactly this like, you know, idea of like, oh, let's use all the data from the internet we possibly can and bake that into the robot brain. And then that's like a source of knowledge that the robot brain has. And then we also have the robot learn all the other things. Like that is exactly like a core, that was like really the core of my work back when I was at Google D-Mind. Like, and you know, a lot of the research in there was like things that myself and my co-founder Andy Zing, you know, that's what we did.

2:20:38I'm here in S-tier. I'm very passionate about it. Talk me off S-tier. Not S-tier. Oh, okay. It's great. It's very helpful. I would like, it's something you definitely want, right? But then I would just think of it this way. Like, what's the best way to learn how to ski? Is it read a book on skiing? No. It's to read r slash skiing. It's to read r slash skiing. That's right. No, it's to watch a bunch of Instagram hype reels added to SD Kid. That's what you got to watch. You've got to get the video training data, not the r slash skiing. r slash skiing. I think I had another one. I think I had another one.

2:21:16Okay, okay. The last one. The point is you want to go skiing, right? That's the point. The last one is simulation. I give you, let's call it Unreal Engine, and I have a one-to-one representation of a particular robot, and I can vary the terrain, and I can vary the motions, and it can sort of goal seek over an inverse kinematics model. and you can use that to train off of. Where does that fit in? I'd say C. C tier. Okay, is there anything that's S tier or A tier? Like, wait, am I missing something or is this the secret sauce? Is this why I got to give you$400 million? I mean, you can take a look at some of the data that we have and we've shared a little bit about what we have.

2:21:55You know, I certainly think that our data is very, very good. But it's, the things that create S tier data is not just like, oh, what's the overall, data capture methodology. But it's also about what are people actually doing? What's the quality of the data? And that's the type of thing that's very hard in a short conversation to put your finger on. But as you live and experience this stuff all the time, you develop this appreciation for what really drives quality. And this is one of the things that really drives what makes the best language models the best language models. Quality of data is an incredibly important The lived experience is S tier.

2:22:34The lived experience of the physical world is S tier. No, no, it'd be me wearing a full ski outfit with ski boots and skis, but sitting at my desk reading R slash G.

2:22:45Okay. You said it right, though. Lived experience of the physical world is S tier. That is exactly what it is. Just getting the wraps in. I love it. That's a great philosophy. Well, we've got to hit the gong. $400 million,$2 billion valuation. thank you so much for coming on the show great stuff you guys great to meet you let's do it again soon i appreciate the live like uh the proof of work oh yeah some robots they've been cooking they're cooking it's just every day here thanks for having me on you guys thanks so much talk to you soon cheers goodbye let me tell you about railway railway is the all-in-one intelligent cloud provider you use your favorite agent to deploy web apps servers databases and more while Railway automatically takes care of scaling, monitoring, and security.

2:23:28And our next guest is here with us live in the TBP and Ultradome. How are you doing? Doing well. How are you doing? Welcome to the show. In the Ultradome. Introduce yourself. Thank you for having me. Jordan Bramble, CEO and founder of Antares. Welcome back. Got some gifts for you guys. Thank you. Hats. Fantastic. I went golfing yesterday. These are good looking hats. I like any, you take any hat and you put this flag on it. I like it. It gets better automatically. This is good. What's the occasion for the hat? Well, you see it's got a 53 on the side of your hat. So that's Idaho National Lab's 53rd reactor.

2:23:59Yes. We just built it, turned it on last week. Fantastic. How'd it go? Incredible. Okay. Did everything we set out to do. So about a year ago, you guys probably remember this, the president signed a series of executive orders. Trying to speed up nuclear. Trying to speed up nuclear. One of the provisions in those orders called for three reactors to be turned on on American soil by America's 250th birthday, July 4th. we just turned on the first a month ahead of schedule. Okay. So you took your reactor to INL and you turn it on. What is that process? Like how long did you turn it on for? What were you monitoring for?

2:24:34Were there any, oh, we're going super critical. It's melting down. Were there any OSHIT moments? Did any, you had some, I think one of your investors or at least multiple were out there. Yes. Like Jamie was texting me. Jamie was there. Close friend. Did he fall asleep? No. because there's a lot of debate on VCs falling asleep. But I feel like turning on a nuclear reactor, having a nuclear reactor go critical sounds really exciting, but I feel like in practice you might be sitting there for like, you know, hours and hours and hours. Yeah, it sounds really thrilling, but I mean it's like inside of a box and you can't really see anything.

2:25:10It's not a rocket launch, right? Exactly. You're streaming, you know, with the same thing the control room operators are saying. So you watch your approach to critical every step of the way. It's intentionally kind of a slow, dull moment to get there. It's kind of just a number on a screen. Yeah, but the exciting thing is, I mean, this is something that, you know, we as a country have not done with a new design, with a non-lightwater cooled reactor in, I think, like 40 years, right? This is the first privately developed. What do you have against light water? I have nothing against them. I think we should build a lot more light water reactors as well.

2:25:41But what are you doing? So we're focused on micro reactors, right? So very, very small scale systems, kind of one megawatt and below. and the idea is you put multiple of these systems together. What about a micro amount of water? Well, what about if you want to put a reactor places where you don't have access to water, right? So like you're not near. Bottle water? Bring some water with you. Wait, do they really go through a lot of water? Yeah. Oh, light water reactors go through a lot of water. Interesting. If you look at where light water reactors typically are, they're by the ocean. Oh, interesting.

2:26:10The notable exception to this is I think it's Palo Verde in Arizona. So they actually use the wastewater stream from the city of Phoenix as a cooling source for the reactor. Okay, cool. So obviously there's lots of applications where you're in the desert, you're in space, you're somewhere on the moon or something, and a bunch of other places where you don't have access to water. That's an advantage. And you've got to save the water for the almonds. Yeah. Like if he's using a bunch of water to make energy, what are the almonds going to drink? Yeah, that's a good point. But there's other benefits too, right?

2:26:44So, you know, very, very small scale reactors, what you want to do is you want to be able to shrink the plant size. For thermal efficiency reasons, you typically want to operate at very high temperatures. In order to keep water from boiling at very high temperatures, you have to go to higher and higher pressures, which that creates materials issues and other challenges. And so, you know, in our specific design, we're relying on liquid metal heat pipes as the primary coolant. Liquid metal heat pipes. So small amounts of sodium that vaporize inside of a pipe. Okay. When they condense on the cool end of the pipe, they condense into a metal, like a wick structure.

2:27:17Think like wire mesh. That, through surface tension, pulls the fluid back. And so you have this totally passive process of cooling the reactor that just relies on phase change in a very small amount of metal. But the other advantage of that is we operate at near atmospheric pressure. These are low-pressure systems. From a safety perspective, if something were to happen to the reactor, you don't have a coolant that's going to vaporize and travel over large distances. When you have pressurized water, if you lose that coolant, you run the risk of traveling large distance. Radioactive steam everywhere.

2:27:45Exactly. Got it. Transporting fission products, right? Okay. How do you actually generate electricity once you get the heat? So it's called a nitrogen-closed-bright cycle. So there's a heat exchanger. Think a tube and fan on the condenser section of the pipe. And gaseous nitrogen is removing heat. And then it turns a turbo machine. Think like an automotive-style turbocharger. Yep. That turns an alternator, and that's ultimately how you're making electricity. Interesting. So this test does not produce electricity. Our goal is to be there in 2027 and then on customer sites in 2028. So, you know, I like to say neutrons 26, electrons 27, dollars 28.

2:28:21Love it. That's great. Sorry. Yeah. Are you standing on the shoulders of giants? Like, is this more of a, like how much, how much of this is, obviously you're innovating in a bunch of different ways along the way, but had somebody said 30 years ago hey this is possible and then just nobody did it or like what what is it what is the kind of the balance between like execution yeah i can yeah i think um the 1980s was really the last you know roughly the 1980s into maybe the early 90s when the cold war ended was kind of the last time we had the capability to to do this as a country and um you know i love this question, you know, do we stand on the shoulder of giants?

2:29:04Because the answer to that is absolutely. So the regulatory process that we used for this was DOE authorization. And, you know, even that was informed by a program that was started roughly eight years ago called Project Pele in the Department of Defense. A lot of the lessons learned from that informed this regulatory streamlining. When the president signed these executive orders, I think one of the reasons why ourselves and others were able to jump, kind of jump to action so quickly and be successful on this was, you know, we as industry were ready to do this. The infrastructure had been built, developed, really the people had been developed at the national labs and in the DOE to support this over the course of eight years.

2:29:46And there were people, exactly. One megawatt, right? You know, anywhere, I mean, tens of kilowatts up to multiple megawatts. So, you know, I think some of the military solicitations, they just say 20 megawatts and below. So all the way down to tens of kilowatts even. But our sweet spot is anywhere 100 kilowatts to like a megawatt, potentially even a little more than that. And then you string them together if you need a bigger application. Exactly, yep. And so most of the military's critical infrastructure, those assets are hundreds of kilowatts to low numbers of megawatts. And so you want that flexibility.

2:30:21And ultimately that's what's gonna get you the highest capacity factor energy anyways, is to have some redundancies built for the model. But, yeah, I mean, so, for example, the fuel that we used, it's called TrisoFuel, the exact specification that we used, the supply chain for it was developed and funded by the Department of Defense under Project Pele. So that production line already existed. BWXD made the fuel. But even that was built upon 20 years' worth of funded work by the DOE called the AGR program, Advanced Gas Reactor Program. And that's really what developed that fuel. so you know what it meant was um so much of our safety basis you know the reason we know that fission products will be retained even at high high temperatures because of how much qualification work had been done on this fuel we could point to that in our regulatory engagement and that really speeds things up a lot right you get to delete some of the extra safety systems it actually saves you a lot of analysis work because you're you're relying on the the fuel fundamentals itself so you know that's one thing right if we tried to do this 10 years ago i don't know if it would be possible because you know that data just didn't exist to the degree that it does now um you know the the regulator in doe idaho um you know gentleman uh came out of retirement to do this this is something he'd been waiting his entire career to do and on our joint test group so there's this thing called a joint test group that's representatives from anteries idaho national lab department of energy all in one room driving decisions um the the the person representing INL's operations in that, had known the DOE regulator since 1979.

2:31:52I just found out that last week. And this is the first reactor they've done together since before 1979. Wow. Came out of retirement. Absolutely stand on the shoulder of giants. One last tour. The whole narrative around no new nuclear reactor since 1979 is somewhat of a good rallying cry for the nuclear industry. But I wonder if there's actually a benefit to sort of reframing messaging around nuclear to acknowledge the fact that I believe the United States generates more nuclear power than any other country, including China and France. It's about 20 % of our baseloid power. Yeah. And so France has a higher percentage of their baseloid power, but they produce way less electricity just generally.

2:32:39Smaller country, Smaller country, lower population, less industrial. And so there's a different take right now that the whole messaging path for nuclear is like, we're so behind, we can't make anything. And I feel like there's a more inspirational tone, which is like, no, we're literally number one. Let's not lose it. Like we actually make the most nuclear power of anyone. So let's just continue doing what we're great at. Sure. We have some problems with approving new stuff. Yes, we need to modernize. But we already have the crown. Let's just defend it. Well, that's, again, what I think is the beauty of this program that the DOE developed in response to the president's executive force, the reactor pilot program, is on a very tight schedule.

2:33:20We just got to show the world, like, we can continue to do these things. And, you know, I kind of retroactively look at it. I would say, you know, the design work is difficult. Regulatory work, actually, you know, comparatively easy. My take on this is if you integrate safety into the design process itself, if you lead with engineering rigor, the regulatory stuff can kind of take care of itself, especially when you have a bought-in regulator like this. The hardest part of all was when we actually got through operational readiness with the DOE and started operating a nuclear facility. So really the last two weeks of getting this thing turned on was the hardest part of all.

2:33:59You asked kind of about oh shit moments. Definitely no oh shit moments when it comes to safety. You design up front to ensure that that's not the case.

2:34:10But from the build and integration side and actually operating this facility and this reactor, huge learning opportunities, right? So one of the first things, this was the first time that we had set up our control system, all of our nuclear instrumentation with neutron detectors, with a startup source, right? Because it's a nuclear facility. You don't just do this in a warehouse in California, right? Yeah. And so, you know, we started seeing. I do worry sometimes that there's a warehouse in El Segundo that's stretching the limits of. Yeah. But yeah, I'm glad. Yeah. Well, going about it this way.

2:34:43Yeah, we don't. You know, we could we comply with our regulator. But, you know, we are reactivity control system. We rely on rotating drums with a boron carbide insert layer to absorb neutrons. So we can close those shut or rotate them out to modulate reactivity. and when the actuator motors themselves are operating we were seeing electromagnetic interference with our neutron detectors and so we went through this like five six day process to go figure that out and troubleshoot it and it's really these kind of like integration activities being incremental being iterative that's how you ultimately mature the technology technology quickly so that you can get to a true commercial product what uh what's the next step so hitting Hitting the gong.

2:35:27Hitting the gong. Hitting the gong. Go for it. We're turning the reactor on. Congratulations. So, you know, we put a couple million dollars into this facility, getting it ready to be a nuclear reactor testbed. We're going to take the same fuel, same facility, scale up to produce electricity there. Oh, interesting. And what that means for our customers, right? So we've announced an agreement with the Air Force to do several megawatts of power for Joint Base San Antonio in Texas. We expect to announce more military installations by end of this year. What that means for them is the first reactors that are going to their sites have operational heritage.

2:36:07They're not true first-of-a-kind systems, right? Because we spent our own capital in testing these. So that's really next for us. And in the lead-up to that, we're actually going to test the power conversion system itself in our own facility. So, you know, generally our approach to technology development is we start with the subsystems. So we rigorously qualify those. We've got 322 ,000 square feet of manufacturing space in torrents. Then we do integrated what we call electrically heated tests. So instead of having to go through the regulatory process and do a nuclear test, we replace the nuclear fuel with cartridge heaters and can test the system or some snapshot of the system with electrical heat, which also means you can take it apart afterwards, see what some of the thermal effects are.

2:36:47So we've already tested our system at full thermal power for six months, and we're going to repeat that test again this year with some design iterations. Then we'll test the power conversion system. Then we're going to put it all together and do it in a nuclear reactor. So$140 million raised. Congratulations. Thank you. I don't know what you spent last year, but I want to know a little bit about where the uses of funds goes. Have gone so far. Is it all nuclear scientists? Yeah, kind of a white pill that it took. I mean, obviously there's more costs, but something like$2 million to set up this test facility.

2:37:21But is there like an ingredient or a piece in the supply chain that's really expensive and you need millions of dollars for? Or is it like nuclear scientists are really expensive, like AI researchers? Because a lot of these folks, like there aren't a ton of jobs because the industry is contracted. So I imagine it's not like this crazy bidding war. But like what is the binding constraint on the financial side? Well, to me, that's another reason why these tests are so important because not only are we validating some of the reactor physics, but we just exercised our entire supply chain. And so we walked out of this test knowing the lead times we were quoted, the cost we were quoted, tolerances, quality expectations.

2:38:03Does that actually match up with what we see in reality? In some cases, the answer is no, right? And we're going to iterate and improve on that. that informs some of the things that we're going to vertically integrate in house versus areas where we're going to continue to double down with some of the same suppliers. Um, fuel is by far the most expensive thing in a micro reactor. Um, the total life cycle of the fuel itself. But the other thing, a lot of people have talked about that. Are you spending like millions of dollars on fuel? Yes. Really? Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. So it is like a significant cost.

2:38:33Yeah. Okay. Um, yeah, I mean it's the largest single line item in the bomb. That makes sense. The reactor itself. Not a big surprise, but not BOMB, BOM. BOM, Bill and Materials. Nuclear energy. You've got to figure out the new term for that one. No acronyms, I just say Bill and Materials. Yeah, that'd be great. I was like, the what now? You have a secret project going on? But what I think you'd be surprised by that's also really expensive is all the nuclear instrumentation. How do you count neutrons? Things that if you really break them down into their constituents are probably like$50 ,000 worth of hardware.

2:39:10Only made by one company, very expensive. And because we don't build a lot of reactors, you do it so infrequently, it ends up being just, you know, to keep the lights on, you have to charge a really high price, right? Sure, sure, sure. That makes a ton of sense. You know, those are things that you learn from these tests. What is this stuff really, I mean, a lot of times in these industries, pricing is proprietary, right? So you learn that from doing these things. And that informs where you're doing this. I'm hearing this for the first time. I'm going to have to spend a million dollars on this thing.

2:39:35Yeah. Because you can't, yeah, it's got to be hard when you're pitching too to sort of forecast out, like, okay what's everything going to cost but if you hire the right people i'm sure they have like we've been able to refine a lot of that at this point just from from doing and testing you know exactly yeah yeah i mean we know exactly what our fuel is going to cost we know how long it takes to transport it you know we know what our um all of our nuclear instrumentation costs um and that's what really drives most of the cost of these systems at the end of the day and also i mean like there's uh there's like i don't know like i can probably name like four or five promising nuclear projects at the early stage.

2:40:10Obviously there is some competition, but it feels like such a, such a, uh, like everyone can win market competing, competing for infinite demand. Yeah. Infinite demand. And then, and then also that, that, that has the benefit of like deeper in the supply chain. You can justify a company like general matter because there's three startups that are growing and five scale ups and 10 public companies or governments that might buy. And so So all of a sudden you get another company deeper in the supply chain, creating more competition, creating more supply. And so more problems are getting solved. It's exciting.

2:40:46Why military bases? I'm going to guess that secure setting, strong willingness to pay for like a secondary source of power. You don't need to truck in all the diesel fuel. So, I mean, we believe, and this is, I think, obvious at this point, but this was really foundational to us back in 2023. The military is the best first customer for advanced nuclear. And so, you know, I think first piece of evidence for that is the Army alone has a$2 billion budget for its Janus program to buy micro reactors for military installations. That's money that's going to be committed to buy and deliver reactors between now and 29, 2030.

2:41:26So huge market for data centers and hyperscalers. But what they're signaling is, you know, they're willing to make small equity investments, MOUs, LOIs. But until this technology is mature and proven, you know, they're not really spending the big dollars yet. Whereas the military is saying we need this technology. We're going to invest alongside of venture-backed companies through programs like Janus and ANPI. Sorry for the acronyms. But that's the approach that they're taking. The other thing is regulatory expertise. So between the Navy and the Army, you have regulatory licensing authorities that already exist.

2:42:00and they're leveraging the DOE licensing pathway, you know, alongside of the DOE in an interagency process. So this reactor that we just built, we had Army reactors, regulators, in the room for that every step of the way, getting to, you know, in partnership with the Army, getting familiarity with our design. They're going to take all of that back into their next licensing activities for their programs as they try to put this technology on their basis, right? We had naval reactors in the room. We had the NRC in the room. So the Navy is really the best place for a long time, for decades, if you want to be in nuclear engineering.

2:42:36Like some of the best people come out of there. So, I mean, the Navy builds multiple reactors a year. They've built four and a half times the number of reactors as the entire civilian sector. And they operate a ton of them in extreme conditions on aircraft carriers. Most extreme of all. And they never stagnated in the 70s the way that the civilian sector did in nuclear. It's crazy. So the last thing I would say is there's a mission capability need here with the military, right? So it's about resilient power. You know, over the last decade, more and more of, let's call it warfighting effects, are generated from assets that exist on our installations here inside of the U.S.

2:43:08So whether that's command and control, SATCOM, cyber warfare, our strategic deterrence, like our nuclear weapons assets, space superiority, how do you affect other people's assets in space, much more of that is generated from here inside of the continental U.S. and you contrast that with the old world of war fighting where you just ship troops across the world and go invade other countries yeah and fuel and at the same time we've got adversaries that are capable of disrupting the civilian grid yeah and so how do we sustain these assets how do we continue to operate them without access to a liquid fuel supply chain without access to a commercial grid nuclear fission is is the you know highest uptime highest capacity factor form of energy we have that's available to us today.

2:43:52And that's what drives that willingness to pay. So we believe, you know, long-term we'll go after data centers, you know, we'll do like remote industrials. We want to do everything in nuclear, but the companies that win those are going to emerge from military work first, right? Because our work with the military, we're going to come out of this with more reps for our operators, more reps, regulatory reps, more operational proof points of the technology at scale. I mean, this is a customer that will, yes, This is a customer that will invest equity and debt in your supply chain to lower your input.

2:44:24Yeah. And the private market is, or sorry, like a hyperscaler is going to be much more commercial, much more short term. What can you do for me tomorrow? Yep. Because otherwise I'm going to allocate these dollars to gas turbines or something. Exactly. And many complex technologies work this way. GPS, right? If we didn't have nuclear weapons driving the need for GPS, when would we have gotten DoorDash? Right? Yeah. Or yeah, when would we have got the internet? The internet, right? Yeah, the internet. Rocket propulsion, another great example. Born from the military first and then scaled commercially.

2:45:00Prediction markets. Yeah, maybe. Tyler knows the truth about the prediction market genesis. You know, there was a big prediction market around us. Robin Hanson? Really, really? Around the July 4th deadline? Which reactors would turn on by August or July 4th. Wow, wild. Well, thank you so much for coming on. Thank you very much for having me. This was fantastic. Congratulations. Thank you. Last question. Are you any buzzer beaters? We got less than a month. You think there'll be others? Oh, yeah. Are you trying to make a better? Actually, don't even comment because I don't want people. You're going to move the market.

2:45:34Just say I wish them all well. I wish all of them luck. There we go. I mean, like you said, like you said, the country needs a lot more nuclear energy. We're all going to be production. Yeah, we're all going to be production constrained before it's competitive. For sure. For sure. You know, I think the advice I would offer to anybody working at it is start operating a nuclear facility as quickly as you can, because that's when all your challenges start. Just do it. And we've got just under a month left on the clock. Stop making excuses. Start operating a nuclear facility. Yeah. That's good advice.

2:46:08Good advice. Thank you so much for coming on the show. Of course. Yes. Thank you so much for having me. We'll talk to you soon. Appreciate it. Awesome stuff. We'll talk soon. Let me tell you about Cisco. Critical infrastructure for the AI era. Unlocks seamless real-time experiences and new value with Cisco. I got an idea. A lot of people are trying to, we're closing out on the nuclear thing. A lot of people are trying to unblock the nuclear regulatory thing. You got to deal with lobbying. You got to deal with getting approvals. MLM for regulatory. So you employ a ton of people. You promise them financial freedom.

2:46:41get them on Facebook and they're all of a sudden they're DMing their high school friends. Hey man, trying to catch up. Turns out I'm a lobbyist for the nuclear industry now. Would love to get a beer, you know? I'm actually hosting an event at my house. And look, oh, you don't actually work at the Idaho National Lab? Well, you should join me, be under me. And then you go find someone from INL, start lobbying them, create multiple layers, become sort of a pyramid structure. and this is the way we bring abundant energy to america could be powerful anyway we gotta pull up these videos you have to watch these videos extremely important i knew you were going there i'm ready let's pull this up the latest and greatest in humanoid robots you asked if we were ready we're ready look at this boom boom that is brutal it is such a crazy hit it's really spinning around and he sees it coming it's a it's bad to laugh no that's this is america's funniest home videos what was the parent doing what was the parent doing what was the robotics company doing and what is that scarf that looks so i'm sorry i'm sorry that's intentional you think this is intentional you think this is viral marketing foul you think this is wait but do you actually think this is a stunt like how can we go viral for our company tell what brand it is you can kind of see the logo on it well if you're playing unitary right yeah you think so no it's not definitely there's this is why this is why in america we keep the keep the humanoid robots in the cages for cage matches for that robot fighting league that tyler went to oh that we need a g1 do we know if there was a human pilot yeah is this is this uh how much of this is ai versus just random uh wild well there's another crazy crazy humanoid robot video we can pull up this one next uh a robot wearing a clown head stop putting accessories oh my god this one is just crazy this one i would act like i'd press charges i hope the this is a i hope legal liability i hope the child is okay because that looks like like it's a really crazy kick serious and it's not it's not a soft leather shoe it's not a foot like this is a steel metal bar that's hitting you with a lot of energy this is why is this happening so often like once what is not is too much once is too much stop we need a pause or just create some type of barrier between the children and the robots have we not invented fences have we not invented and watch it like sort of like stagger it realizes It knows it did something wrong.

2:49:24All right, but pull up this picture. I mean, this is starting to make sense. Okay, explain. It looks like, have you seen the picture of the robot's face close up? Average mosh pit experience. This is wild. This is absolutely. Sending. Yeah. Also, if a robot comes at you swinging like this, you have full. Did you see its face, John? That does not look good. I don't like that at all. I mean, no surprise. No surprise. No surprise. This is not helping the Terminator narrative. Yeah, if a humanoid is swinging at you like this, you have full— This robot kicked a child? I'm shocked. I'm shocked. I'm shocked.

2:50:04You have full approval to just dropkick it back. It's war at this point. If you come out swinging, you've got to put your foot in its chest. Yeah, where were the parents there to put that robot in a headlock and take it down? Try that thing in America? Good luck. Like a dad is going to, you've seen those videos of like the dad saves. Have you ever seen these hype reels? It's like a dad and like the kid is about to fall off the swing and the dad like dives and like catches the kid with one hand or the famous one where a baseball is coming in. He's at a baseball game. The dad has the kid drops. The kid has a beer catches the ball and then catches the kid.

2:50:43We got to find this video. It's one of the best. Anyway, someone can, someone can hunt around. We can close out here. Air horse one. Air Horse One. Let's do it. Air Horse One. I couldn't tell if these are AI generated. This is real. No, no, no. Horses fly. And when they fly, they fly in stables on planes. And it looks like this. And they call it Air Horse One. And this is because horses from all over the world are going to the Olympics for equestrian events. And the event is called Air Horse One. But this is from 2024. And this image is older from previous Olympics or from a previous equestrian event.

2:51:17It's one of the most expensive parts of being into equestrianism is that you rise the ranks, you become a great show jumper, and then you have to pay to fly your horse on a plane around the world to compete. It's absolutely crazy. Anyway, thank you so much for tuning in. You don't want to go through cars? There's so much news in the car world. This is a crazy one. So both the Jaguar 00 and the Audi Nuvolari, which we talked about at Palantir AIP Con on Thursday, both of these cars were designed under the same design director, Massimo Fraschella. Fraschella? Fraschella? I don't know. Massimo. Massimo designed both of these, and they look sort of similar.

2:51:58And I think a lot of people are coming around to this design style. And I think this design style might be so widely adopted, sort of like Cybertruck might have been a little bit too aggressive. had some baggage with the elon thing i think when you start seeing the jaguars if they make this in different colors obviously pink and light blue are very bold colors not everyone wants this i think the reception to the audi was much better purely because it's gray but i think if you see a jag black matte black even white or gray or dark green like you're gonna like that vehicle producer like an r8 purist says looks like a minecraft r8 i like it i think it's cool i think that it you know it just it it screams uh you know supercar version of the cybertruck yeah to me which i think people have been waiting for people want a roadster and it's been delayed for a decade well yeah i think with the roadster we're going to get something that looks more like a model s like i would have said all the cars kind of just like morph together do you remember the original pitch for the Roadster?

2:53:02It was. So 0 to 60 under 2 seconds, doable. The price was crazy. Flying? Flying potentially. But the really crazy one is that the range was like 600 plus miles of range. So you just have this tension of like, how do you make a lightweight car with that big of a battery that can deliver 0 to 60 and under 2 while also doing, usually there's a trade-off there. And so the whole thing that broke everyone's minds was that it was just trade-off defying in so many ways on price, range, and speed. Aren't they adding some type of SpaceX jet engine to try to overcome that? I think it's starting to leak out that that's maybe the secret is there's an additional propulsion force.

2:53:50Yeah, like a natural gas turbine that then acts as a range extender. like if they put a v12 like a naturally aspirated v12 range extender that just gets you a little so then you have 600 miles of range because you fill it up with like 40 gallons of gas and if you put 40 gallons of gas just for launch just for launch yes a little little boost that'd be crazy from a jet engine i mean there are very interesting other techniques the fan car apparently works did you know this so there are cars the fan on the bottom fan on the bottom that creates more downforce and i believe it's been tried a few times it's very cumbersome to build very expensive but it but that technology was banned in f1 and i believe that the fan car actually does create more downforce and the trade-off between the extra weight from the fans and all that is actually outweighed by the downforce that you get so you do if you were to build around that philosophy and so you could do something like that there's a whole bunch of interesting things that you could do i'm optimistic going back to massimo yes the designer of the jaguar and the new audi yes uh so audi's rebrand i was just looking it up was in late november or mid-november in 2024 massimo left in 2024 he left it right at the beginning yeah in january yeah and so he basically was like all right i designed it just put a normal color on the car we'll be good just kind of a normal launch campaign james bond dark green you're good to go i've done all the hard work for you all the cat files i sent over this is a billion dollar car this is a billion dollar car can't mess it up you're not going to be able to mess it up just put yeah george clooney in it my work instead they went crazy with it but i'm glad i'm glad he's uh uh i think he's doing good work i like it in the chat said the the future should look like the future i agree this is a good example of that and i still think the cybertruck it looks like the future it is a very opinionated cars.

2:55:46But yes, so Nick Cruz Patane says all the VW group does is rebadge their cars, Audi, Porsche, Lamborghini, and upsell them to double the price or more. It's so obvious. So it does look a lot like a Temerario. That's cool. Temerario is a great car and the new design looks very different and it looks like an Audi. It looks like where Audi is going and the Temerario looks like where Lamborghini is going. So I think that's cool. The crazy thing is$686 ,000 for an Audi. That is well above where the R8 priced when it came in as the halo car. Like the R8 was what,$130 ,000,$150 ,000? And a nice Audi at that time was maybe$60 ,000,$70 ,000.

2:56:27And so you're looking at like a 2 to 3x bump. No one's buying$200 ,000 Audis right now. The good news is people with$600 ,000 burning a hole in their pocket, they'll have the option of choosing between a Luce or this new Audi. What do you think of my anti-Halo car take? So everyone knows a halo car. Classically, the Audi R8 is a halo car. Expensive supercar, V10,$150 ,000, as we mentioned. But it creates a halo effect around the brand. Everyone sees the R8. Oh, it's so cool. Maybe I'll get an A4. Maybe I'll get a Q5, a Q7, something like that. Because it has the aura of the R8 on it. Some of the design language comes over.

2:57:10and the RS6 Avant, it's not an R8. I need something more practical, but it has the aura of the R8. That's the way the halo car works. The same thing happens in Ferrari with the SB3 Daytona, the F80. Even if you get a 296, you're wearing the badge that's worn by the most elite, the F40, right? Luce potentially anti-halo car because as soon as everyone started dunking on the Luce, I noticed that people started feeling way more positively around the SF90 and the Purosangwe, which for a long time people have been saying the SF90 is too expensive, the price is dropping, I don't even like it, I can't tell the difference between it and a 296.

2:57:51Now people can, now people have opinions. Same thing with the Purosangwe, oh, they shouldn't be doing an SUV at all, I don't care that it has a naturally aspirated V12. Now people are like, oh, it has a V12, that's amazing, the Purosangwe is a steal, this is great. And so it feels like you could have this effect that by diversifying the portfolio, you wind up with way more people saying, yeah, I will get a ProSignway. Yeah, I will get an SF90 because it is true. No one's complaining about SF90's hybrid system anymore because at least it's not full electric, right? This is the new meta, horn cars.

2:58:24You got halo cars. Devil horn cars. Yeah, just horn cars. Put the horns on another car and then you will sell the rest of the portfolio potentially. Everyone's projecting that like this is the way Ferrari's going to go and it's going to be all Luches and everyone's going to be buying Luches. And like, I don't know how fast that can happen. I think there's going to be a lot of demand for the classic Ferraris for a long time. Anyway, anything else you want to talk about today? There's another one. There's always more stuff to talk about. It is crazy. You can get a 2023 R8. It has a V10 for$309 ,000.

2:59:01There's 300 now? No way. That's not right. This is a, yeah, I think this is a low mileage. Audi R8 prices range from$60 ,000 to$250 ,000. Yeah, but this is a low mileage V10 with a lot of options. I'm going with the beater. I'm going with the one with three accidents, no car facts, three accidents, Florida owned, aftermarket wheels. Florida with three accidents is crazy. V8. V8. Yeah, wrapped. Sign me up. I'm ready to spend$60 ,000. Look, here we go. Used 2011 R8. $80 ,000, 32 ,000 miles, minor to moderate damage. Yes, it is currently damaged, but it's an$80 ,000 supercar. What's not to like? It has a 10-cylinder, so that's good.

2:59:59Well, I just thought it was notable because you got top-of-the-line spec from 2023 for$300 ,000. with a V10 or they now want 600. And I do think there's enough fans of the R8 from the past that I do think this car quickly trades probably at least 700, maybe beyond that. Yeah. Well, if you're a true fan, you'll go for the one with a little bit of damage because you don't care. Ooh, this is a crazy one. Okay, now we're just shopping for R8s. Anyway, thank you for tuning in. Thank you for watching TBPN today. We'll see you tomorrow at 11 a.m. sharp. Give us five stars on Apple Podcasts, Spotify. It's time for a newsletter, tbpn.com.

3:00:40Goodbye.