Gang-buster: Can Sheinbaum beat Mexico crime?

0:10Hello and welcome to The Intelligence from The Economist. I'm your host, Rosie Bloor. Every weekday, we provide a fresh perspective on the event shaping your world.

0:24Three years ago, former Prime Minister Abe Shinzo was killed in Japan by an assassin with a homemade gun. Now the shooter's trial is underway, our correspondent explains what this case tells us about the state of the country today. And grenades and mortars were okay. terrorist devices with their unpredictable wiring and explosives were trickier. Peter Gurney spent decades defusing bombs all over the world. Our obituaries editor marks his peaceful passing.

1:02But first...

1:11This weekend, thousands of people took to the streets in Mexico City, protesting about violent crime. Masked demonstrators tore down fencing around the National Palace, home to President Claudia Sheinbaum. Police say at least 120 people were injured in the clashes. The protests follow weeks of rising anger after the assassination of Carlos Manzo Popular mayor of Urapan, who was known for cracking down on drug gangs

1:47Many Mexicans see Manzo's killing as an emblem of the government's wider failure to control these cartels Yet shamebaum has made cutting crime a priority and unlike predecessors who promised the same, she's actually getting some results. Early evidence after the first year of Claudia Sheinbaum's time in power suggests that she and her security minister, Omar Hafush, are actually doing a fairly good job. Sarah Burke is our bureau chief for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. Violent crime has fallen somewhat, but they still face a humongous task. so Sarah you say that violent crime has fallen can you put some numbers on that for me it's really important to look at the numbers Rosie because Shane Baum's government says that Mexico's murder rate has come down by 32 percent in the year since she took office and that she took office in October 2024 now we did some in-house analysis of that and our analysis suggests that it's fallen by a significantly smaller margin of 14 but that is still significant Also, you can't really just count murders alone in Mexico because it misses thousands of people who are probably dead, who are counted as disappeared people.

3:04And it also misses, for example, femicides and manslaughter, which can be things like a car crash, but it can also be things that are essentially more close to murder in the way that we'd imagine it. So we took proportions of all of those and we found a more modest decline of violent crime overall of 6 % in Claudia Sheinbaum's first year. But you know, that is something. Mexico is on track this year for 24 ,300-ish murders, which is horrifically high, especially if you're listening to this in the UK or other places, but is well below the recent annual average, which has been over 30 ,000 murders a year.

3:41This is one of the first governments where you feel like things are pushing in the right direction. So how has she managed that? I mean, starting with the fact that she's put a good security minister in. I was looking back at all the past security ministers that the country has had. And a lot of them are politicians. They're not people who are specialised. So she's put in Omar Hafush, who was her security minister when she was mayor of Mexico City. And he is a former policeman. He's very smart. He's very young. He's 43. He's very data driven. And she's given him powers over coordination and intelligence.

4:15Now, Mexico has militarised under the previous president a lot. So you don't really have good civilian police forces. So she's been handed this bad lot. But within that, she's trying to give him more powers over these things. And also to try and build and reinforce the police that do still exist. And he's got allies put in charge of key institutions as well, such as the Financial Intelligence Unit, which is actually very competent and very powerful in Mexico. It traces dirty money. And that can also trace you to politicians. So that gives political power to Sheinbaum and Harfish as well. And so what we're seeing is arrests at record levels and they're more targeted.

4:55And firearm seizures have more than doubled under Sheinbaum. And are people really feeling this difference on the ground? So I went to Zacatecas exactly to answer that question. This in 2021 was Mexico's most violent state. And it still has that reputation. Every Mexican I told I was going said, oh, why are you going there? But it actually offers a hopeful tale. Over the past year in particular, the murder rate has fallen more steeply than any other state. And it's been doing this quiet, methodical work that now is going on at a national level. And it's obviously been boosted in the past year by the national level, purging corrupt police officers, hiring new ones, especially from other parts of Mexico.

5:34So these police officers aren't afraid that the gangs will be able to easily trace and go after their families. It's created two new special forces units. There's unified command over the most violent municipalities, because obviously in Mexico, it's extremely complicated. You have states, you have municipalities, you have the federal level, and they all have different roles within security. And what you're seeing is, at least in Zacatecas, the claim is that confidence is up. And the police I talked to there said that citizens have started reporting crimes again because they trust the police more than before.

6:05Sarah, I've just listened to your very excellent but absolutely terrifying episode of The Weekend intelligence in which you went to Sinaloa. And that sounded like a very different story with an enormous crime rate. This is one of the things with Mexico is when you look at it as a country, it's a patchwork. So you have some states that are very safe. You have other ones that are a nightmare. Culiacan in Sinaloa is in the latter category. It is a nightmare. It's always been a place that's had the Sinaloa drug gang in control. But since last year, 2024, it's had this internecine war within the cartel.

6:42And you've just had this horrifically high murder rate. The government has sent over 11 ,000 federal troops. And when I was there, you saw armoured convoys, there are drones, there are all sorts of things. But the government really can't get a handle on it. It's securing the roads, you see checkpoints, it's securing key infrastructure. But there's this tick, tick, tick of murders that happen all the time. And the lives for the people there have completely changed. People talk about this as a narco pandemic. I don't want to go outside unless I need to. I don't want to talk to people unless I need to.

7:16I don't answer new phones. I don't make new friends because I don't know what they're involved in. I stick to what I know. It's a good illustration of the huge obstacles that Shane Baum inherited. Her predecessor militarized everything. He also took this very hands-off policy towards criminal gangs. And so So what you had is six years in which these gangs just expanded their reach in Mexico. Two thirds of Mexico's murders are linked to organised crime groups. And it's not just the murders. There's extortion, there's highway robbery, etc. And again, those different crimes, we see some falling due in large parts of the new security policy, but some rising.

7:53The issue really with the lack of local police and no federal police is a big problem. Sarah, we've talked on the show before about how Shane Baum has been remarkably deft at dealing with Donald Trump. Security is a real point of tension between the two of them. Do you think that cooperation can hold? It's hard to tell because it really depends on the whim of Donald Trump. And I understand that the Mexicans are doing a pretty good job of communicating what they're doing. Omar Harfouche has open doors, lots of fans in Washington, D.C., and that's the same at home. Their policy is not sexy and so they need to keep communicating about what's going on.

8:30But also Shane Baum needs to go harder and further on what she's doing. She's made a good start but there needs to be a lot more funding for example. If you look that Mexico is only putting less than one percent of GDP into security spending and in fact the budget for 2026 cuts the security ministry's funding then that looks indefensible and like you're not serious about what you're doing. And the other thing is really going after these corrupt politicians who are either working with the gangs or protecting them. This is something that Trump cares about. He's talked about this intolerable alliance that there is.

9:01And he's not entirely wrong about that. And I think Shane Baum needs to do a lot more at going after these people, including potentially some high level ones. You can see what might go wrong here if Trump is not convinced. He's already striking boats in the South Caribbean and is talking about doing more things inside Venezuela than territory. and this is something that many MAGA people would like to repeat on Mexican territory. So really to keep him at bay, Shane Bell needs to keep doing what she's doing and push harder and put more money behind it. Sarah, thank you so much for talking to me.

9:35Thanks, Rosie.

9:54Recently I visited a court in Nara in western Japan where I joined hundreds of people standing outside of the court. These people had come to witness the beginning of the trial of Yamagami Tetsuya, the man who assassinated former Prime Minister Abe Shinzo. Moeka Iida is our East Asia reporter. On July 8, 2022, Abe was giving a campaign speech ahead of an election. Yamagami approached him with a handmade gun and shot him twice.

10:31Horrifying footage of Abe collapsing after the gunshots was played over and over again on the news. The incident was very shocking in Japan, a country where gun violence is almost unheard of. And the political aftershocks have continued to reverberate. And now, more than three years later, Yamagami is finally being brought to justice. Moeka, why has it taken three years to bring him to justice? Many people have wondered how on earth did it take so long for such an important trial to even begin. And I basically think it's the testament to how socially and politically fraught this case has become.

11:11So first of all, Yamagami had to undergo psychiatric evaluations to prove that he's fit to stand trial in the first place. But then there were these very long pre-trial negotiations between the court and the prosecution and the defense team. And these were basically negotiations between these different parties over which witnesses to bring to the trial and also what evidence to use. So it was this negotiation about how to frame the trial. So we're nearly three weeks into the hearing now. How's it going? So at the beginning of the trial, I heard the prosecutors read out this very long and detailed account of what happened on July 8th, 2022.

11:56And after hearing that, Yamagami responded in a quiet voice for very clearly, everything is true. I did it. So basically at the trial, the defense and prosecution are not contesting the facts. And the question is mainly how heavy Yamagami's sentence should be. And this revolves around two questions. The first one is somewhat technical and it's about this bizarre homemade weapon that Yamagami used for the crime. So Yamagami didn't possess a proper gun and he built one himself. And he ordered materials and components online from Amazon and places like that. And he assembled these metal pipes and wrapped them around with duct tape.

12:38And in Japan, possessing and firing a gun carries a very heavy sentence. But the defense is arguing that this device that Yamagami used doesn't legally qualify as a gun. So if it doesn't legally qualify, that would reduce his sentence. And then the second point is about Yamagami's personal background. and this idea that Yamagami might deserve leniency. So in theory, he could face the death penalty, Japan has capital punishment, or he could face life imprisonment. But many people he spoke to believe that his sentence will probably be lighter because of all the sympathy surrounding his personal story.

13:14So what have we found out about his personal story then? So Yamagami is now 45 years old and we know that he had a very troubled upbringing. His life story is filled with hardships. So when he was a child, his father took his own life and his older brother had a severe illness and later took his own life as well. And these tragedies had a big toll on Yamagami's mother, who eventually fell under this way of this group called the Unification Church. It's a religious group, which many people call a cult that originated in South Korea, but they found a very big following in Japan. And they're very notorious for things like deceptive recruitment tactics and pressuring members to make huge donations.

14:01And this group managed to become so successful in Japan, partly because of its deep ties with the political establishment and especially the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. And Yamagami's mother allegedly donated a huge amount of money that led his family to go bankrupt. So Yamagami couldn't go to university. He struggled economically. And his anger towards the church grew. At some point, he started thinking about revenge. Initially, he actually wanted to kill the leader of the Unification Church, Han Hak-ja, but he found her inaccessible. And then later, he decided to set his sights on Abe because he saw Abe send a video message to the church.

14:43He also said at some point, I don't personally hate Abe, but he happens to be one of the most influential unification church sympathizers. So he is my enemy. And disturbingly, in the aftermath of the assassination, a lot of people sympathize with Yamagami. Even with that troubled background, sympathy seems quite a stretch. Yes, it is surprising just how much sympathy there was towards him. After he was arrested, apparently there were a lot of gifts and letters and even donations that were sent to his prison. I do think in the case of Japan, it reflects just how divisive Abe was as a politician.

15:20So internationally, he's seen as this great statesman. But domestically, a lot of Japanese people didn't like his nationalism and right-leaning politics. And also in Japan, there's a very strong anti-cult sentiment. People are very uncomfortable with groups like the Unification Church and the idea that politicians like Abe are friendly with them. I spoke to one woman whose mother is also a member of the Unification Church.

15:48She called Yamagami a hero and a savior.

15:54She really related to Yamagami's personal background and felt like her life was similarly ruined by the church. So Mewaka, what does this case tell us about what's going on more generally, the social climate in Japan? So I think the case reveals something quite unsettling about Japan. But first of all, just how many people there are who are willing to empathize with a murderer or someone who committed political violence. But I also think it showed just how alienated a big part of society feels. So Yamagami fits this profile of what people call the lost generation or the employment ice age generation in Japan.

16:34So these are people who are now in their 40s or 50s who came of age at a time when Japan's economy collapsed in the 1990s and they have struggled to find stable employment ever since. And the Yamagami incident sparked discussions about what people call lone willful, lone offender attacks. So these are done by individuals who are usually socially and economically marginalized and they hold grudges against society. And when these individuals are suffering from this sense of powerlessness or hopelessness, and they feel like they can't change things through democratic means, they resort to violence.

17:11So there was also a telling incident back in 2021, where a man dressed as the Joker went on Tokyo's train and stabbed 17 people. And interestingly, Yamagami also posted about watching the Joker film as well. Although Japan has very low crime, it's generally a very safe society. People have become wary of these kinds of attacks. and the police even created a new unit focused on lone offender violence. So I would say the Yamagami incident exposed this very dark undercurrent of Japanese society. And although the incident happened three years ago, Japanese society is still grappling with the consequences.

17:46Moeka, thank you very much. Thank you so much for having me, Rosie.

18:11In February 1991, Peter Gurney found himself in the middle of a snowstorm in the garden at Number 10 Downing Street.

18:24Anne Rowe is The Economist's obituaries editor. He was sitting astride a mortar which had just been fired from a van parked in Whitehall. It was one of the IRA bomb attempts in their campaign of that decade. And he found that his backside was getting hotter and hotter. He hadn't expected this when he came in. The mortar seemed to be lying peacefully. but as he sat there he realised that actually it was cooking out its own explosive. So though it looked peaceful it was heating up the casing until it was absolutely red hot and at one point he just had to leap off with a scream and went over to a snow drift in the corner, luckily there was enough snow, gathered it, unzipped his trousers and plunged the snow in and hoped that it didn't mean frostbite.

19:26He had had a very illustrious career, however, in bomb disposal, and nothing should have fazed him. He'd been working as a bomb disposal officer for 40 years, first in the army, then in the Metropolitan Police in London. He'd cleared enormous quantities of unexploded munitions, first in post-war Germany, where he'd made safe bombs that were hidden in the rubble or out in open fields, often buried quite a bit down. He'd also gone to Abu Sultan near Suez in 1955 to make sure that the fuses in hundreds of thousands of mines were set correctly to the unarmed position, because it seemed that a few of them might not be.

20:14This was the sort of work he was involved in for quite a long time until really the very end of the 1960s when, in contrast to these sorts of munitions, suddenly he was dealing with a completely new sort of bomb, the IEDs or improvised explosive devices that were being left by Palestinian terrorists in London but principally by the IRA. These bombs were quite a different category. They often looked incredibly amateur, and some of them were. They were just wires attached to an alarm clock. Once he had ducked through the police cordons and was doing what he called the longest walk to approach the bomb and try to defuse it when it might go off at any minute.

21:03When he was making that walk, it was as if a switch went off in his head and he no longer thought about the world around him. He said it was essential to have a certain measure of fear and that if you had no fear at all in that situation, you were a bloody fool and you were going to die. You had to respect a bomb. And as soon as he drew very close to the bomb and was on top of it, then it was just him and the bomb. He thought of nothing but that. Here was the enemy. It was either kill the bomb by defusing it or be killed yourself. The most difficult time for him was in 1981 in October when bombs were set off in Oxford Street and he was called to a wimpy bar just after the bomb had exploded.

21:58The bomb had been set in the toilets. There was the most disgraceful smell and rubble and ruin everywhere. But he went down to the basement to see if he could find forensic clues. And he was there feeling his way in the dark when he came across a body. And he realized that body was of Ken Haworth, his best friend and a colleague who'd arrived on the scene first. It would have had to been a terrible bomb indeed to catch Ken out because he was experienced. as experienced as Peter Gurney was and he could only truly identify him by a scrap of his cardigan which was a dreadful old thing he used to wear around the office.

22:43The emotions threatened to come thick and fast but it was an absolute imperative of his job that he did not show what he felt. He had to get as many forensic clues as he could because he knew there were secondary devices planted in nearby shops, and especially there was one in Debenham's department store. And having gathered what knowledge he could as fast as he could and not thinking about his friend, he then raced off to Debenham's and defused the bomb there only about an hour after it had been set. And for this extraordinary act of bravery, he won the George Medal. It was actually his second George Medal because he won his first in Belfast, where he diffused more than a hundred bombs in a six-month tour of duty.

23:33He felt, first of all, a huge anger and a wish to revenge himself on the people who had set the bombs. Every time now that he diffused one, he felt the most tremendous sense of satisfaction. He thought that, in fact, that satisfaction was completely unmatched in any other job he could think of. The lives he had potentially saved, and the skill that he had managed to summon to beat that bomb and to beat the mind of the bomber. And this was the reason, above all others, that he thought his job the best in the world. Anne Rowe on Peter Gurney, who has died aged 93.

24:40That's it for this episode of The Intelligence. We'll see you back here tomorrow.