107. Hunting Al-Qaeda: The War On Terror (Ep 2)

20:41Gordon:A case like this is going to come into CTC. It's not going to come into what at the time was the old NE division, the Near East division. This is going to be a terrorism case. It's cut and dry. No one's going to fight over it. But I do think that the fact that this becomes a and will become a CTC kind of front office case is going to end up being really important for some of the kind of headquarters and field dynamics to come. So this will come into the agency. It's a CT case really quickly. You know, Balaoui obviously needs a visa to go to Pakistan. So the CIA and GID draft a letter that invites him to this medical conference in Pakistan.

21:22Gordon:There's, you know, maybe a little bit of debate about whether the Pakistani should be informed about sending him into Pakistan. And of course, we're not going to do that because there's concern that there'd be some penetration inside the Pakistani service that would turn the information over to militants and that would be killed. So the Pakistanis are uninformed. The Kama plan is basically an email connection with Bin Zayed with some code word kind of language to allow them to talk to one another. Again, no, you know, Kovcom or covert communications gear, anything sexy like that. And his kryptonim, which had been Panzer, it seems inside the Jordanian system, is changed to Wolf inside CTC.

22:04Gordon:So the final step is purchasing airline tickets. And Balaoui is given an open-ended sort of return flight. whose tickets are hand-delivered by Bin Zaid along with the startup cash. And in mid-March of 2009, Balaoui announces to most of his family that he's decided to apply to study medicine in the U.S., but he needs to go to Istanbul first for this qualifying exam. It does seem that his wife knew where he was actually headed, and he heads off as a joint CIA GID asset who's going to be run against al-Qaeda. And he heads to Peshawar, Pakistan, with his ultimate destination being the al-Qaeda-infested tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.

22:54David:So there with Balawi on his way to the heartland of al-Qaeda, on behalf of the Jordanians, think them and the CIA. Let's take a break. When we come back, we'll see how he fares with Al-Qaeda.

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25:47David:Welcome back. We left with Humamm al-Balawi on his way to Pakistan on this mission to infiltrate, to get as close as he can to al-Qaeda on behalf of the Jordanians and behind them, the CIA. And at first, he's going to go quiet, isn't he? Which maybe is not surprising when you've turned up in the tribal areas, the wildlands of Pakistan, which were pretty much out of government control at this point. There's no word from him, which inevitably is going to make people, I think in Jordan and at Langley CIA headquarters think, well, they probably called him straight away and he's dead.

26:23Gordon:So Balaoui, he's a physician. He's had essentially no training whatsoever in much of any tradecraft. And he doesn't speak any Pashto. So this guy has got, it's a bit of an uphill battle, I think, for him to sort of set up shop there. And Benzaid worries, I think rightly, that Balaoui has maybe just been killed by the Taliban outright. But then a few weeks later, Benzaid gets an email. The text that arrives is in code, but there's a few short phrases that they had agreed upon as a way of sort of verifying that it's actually Balaoui. Balaoui, and it translates as essentially, hey, it's Balaoui, I'm here.

27:07Gordon:And Balaoui has been living in the South Waziristan market town of Juana, living off of the cash that Bin Zaid had given him. And Balaoui has a list of jihadists he had met online as Abu Dujana, which again, this is a glimpse of the value that he could provide to Bin Zaid and the GID because he's got this roster of people. It's kind of like if all of your social media friends, and not just people who are following you, but people you've interacted with, you've had conversations, you've moderated conversations on these messaging boards, all these people are elsewhere and you show up and you say, well, I'm that guy.

27:48Gordon:It's an immediate way to get in.

27:50David:Because we know that MI6 and CA were trying to run sources up into the tribal areas and into Al-Qaeda. And often they were trying to do that. And it was hard. The first thing people would be is like, well, who are you? But he can say, I'm Abu Dujana.

28:05Gordon:And he actually is. That's the thing. It's not made up. So he's got this list of people he can reach out to. And the ops plan that he's worked up with Bin Zaid is basically that he'll approach Taliban contacts. He'll use the kind of Abu Dujana persona as the inn. But then, of course, the question is, well, why are you here and what value do you provide? Right. And the answer is going to be, well, I want to set up medical clinics where I can treat the sick and wounded of the Taliban. And this is extremely valuable to the Taliban and also great cover for wandering around the tribal areas. And the connectivity between Balaoui and Bin Zaid continues through April and May.

28:52Gordon:Balaoui kind of is making these cryptic references to lower level Taliban contacts that he's making. And then in mid-May, Balaoui informs Bin Zaid that he had accepted an invitation to move in with members of the Pakistani Taliban, the largest insurgent group based in that province of South Waziristan. The Taliban apparently want his doctor skills in a training camp, which again, this is all sort of going to plan. Balaoui says, you know, I'm probably going to be watched closely. And we should say the way that Balaoui is communicating is he's essentially going to internet cafes. So if he's at a training camp run by the Taliban, he's going to be under a lot more scrutiny.

29:34Gordon:And it makes sense that the communication tempo will drop significantly, right? And, you know, Balaoui basically says, you might not hear from me for a while. So May passes, and then June, again, this is 2009, still no word from Balaoui. And what's happening and what been able to sort of reconstruct about Balaoui in that period is that he's been invited to meet with a warlord named Beitullah Masood, who is one of the most powerful warlords in the tribal areas. And one of these guys inside the Pakistani Taliban, who's got these Al Qaeda sort of connections. Now, Beitullah is basically a gangster, but he, like so many of these militants, is extremely attracted to Balaoui because Balaoui is a physician.

30:25Gordon:And Beitullah Masood is a diabetic who's not well, who's got leg problems, and he wants a doctor around. So Balaoui gets embedded into this kind of social system around Beit Ola Masud, where he's actually dining with Masud. But this is the point where I think Balaoui basically comes clean and says, I have contacts with Jordanian intelligence because they trust me, but I'm actually like you. I got arrested, interrogated, and tortured by them. They think that they've turned me so that I'll work against you, but I'm actually not, right? So there's a set of conversations he has where he introduces this connection that he's got to Ali bin Zayd and GID.

31:15David:And of course, we don't know, for obvious reasons, exactly the circumstances or what led him to do that. I mean, whether he intended to do it all along, I think it's plausible, isn't it? That all along he thought, my loyalties are with these jihadist groups, not with GID. or whether it was when he was out there, he suddenly changed his mind. I mean, we don't know, I suppose, is the truth. But it's interesting to even speculate as to whether he ever really intended on being loyal to G.I.D. and to the Jordanians.

31:47Gordon:It's interesting, you know, Balaoui's character and personality, because in Joby Warwick's book on this, he kind of paints this picture of Balaoui as almost this blank slate that others are able to kind of write their own script over. So he's with Ben Zaid and GID and he's this reformed former jihadist sympathizer who's now trying to make good and work for the Jordanian monarchy. But then as soon as he's with the Al Qaeda folks and Masoud, well, that identity is sort of wiped and he's Abu Dujana again, but he's in the real world. He's kind of this blank slate in some ways who it does seem like there was this core of sort of radical ideology that had defined him for much of his life and that he was deeply interested in.

32:45Gordon:There's this push and pull, which is why I think it's so hard to get at exactly what he's thinking at this point in time.

32:53David:And it's interesting, isn't it? Because he is coming clean. He is telling them that he's got this link to Jordanian intelligence. Some of, you know, Batella Massoud, this big Pakistani Taliban leader's entourage, clearly don't trust him, though. And they behead people. They beheaded, I think, the Polish geologists. And, you know, they kill spies out there, don't they? And I mean, if they have any suspicion that his loyalties are still with the Jordanians, they're going to kill him. You could imagine for him, the stresses at this point are pretty intense. And you've got drones flying overhead. You've got all these predators, which are flying over these kind of federally administered tribe layer is of Pakistan, and striking targets, I think, quite near him at various points.

33:32David:I mean, you can see why he's not sleeping well.

33:34Gordon:There's kind of this low buzzing noise that the predators make. The Taliban refer to them as bees because they make that kind of low whine buzzing sound. And apparently the sound is so constant that Balaoui has trouble sleeping. And indeed that June, there is a real uptick in the number of predator strikes in Waziristan. And there are a couple in the village where Balaoui and Masood had been living. And so you get this feel in this period that he's probably thinking, I might get ritualistically executed by my hosts, or I might be killed in an American drone strike. This is a pretty rough wake up call from his life in Jordan, right?

34:22Gordon:Because he's living with this guy who's personally conducted beheadings, who's got a$5 million bounty on his head. And you kind of get this feel of like the sort of court of Bethlehem Masood is like Jabba's palace in Return of the Jedi, where you've got all these like unsavory, freakish characters around. And I think we've been talking about the trust in Balaoui as trust from the standpoint of the Jordanian GID and the CIA. But here, Beytullah Massoud and the Pakistani Taliban guys, they're asking the same questions. Can we really trust this guy?

34:58David:Yeah, can you trust a guy who you know has been in contact with Jordanian intelligence? Now, this is the bit that is really fascinating, isn't it? Is that they are actually going to come up with their own plan to test him, to test whether he really is who he says he is and whether he really does have a link which can stretch through Jordanian intelligence all the way to the CIA. And I mean, it is a kind of wild plan, isn't it? because the idea is that he's going to use his contacts to give the details of where Bertullo Massoud might be in order for the CIA to order a missile attack on Massoud.

35:37David:But of course, the target wouldn't be real and he wouldn't be there. I mean, it's a kind of wild, interesting plan to put him to the test, which shows they only half trusted him, if that.

35:50Gordon:Here's my caveat on this story. I don't think that it ever happened. So it's, again, Joby Warwick references the story in his book and says basically, Beytola Massoud's idea to test this linkage between Balaoui and GID and eventually CIA was to send word that Beytola himself would be traveling in a certain district at a certain time in a certain car. All the details about the car and the route would match the description given to the CIA by Balaoui, there would be a drone strike called in. And the Taliban lore is that this actually happens and that a driver, the sort of hapless driver who I guess later, Beitullah says, consented to be sacrificed in this planet.

36:36Gordon:Yeah, which seems pretty wild. Would be killed instead of Masoud, but it would allow the Taliban, it would allow Masoud to test, you know, Balaoui's connections, right? If he's actually able to talk to Western intelligence or to Jordanian intelligence. And Joby Warwick is clear about this in his book. This was never reported in the press at the time. And it has never been confirmed by the CIA. And I've got to tell you, I think it's made up.

37:01David:Made up by the Pakistani Taliban to show how smart they are, basically.

37:05Gordon:To show how smart they are and to explain how they vetted Balaoui in the sexiest possible way. Point being, at some point that summer, Balaoui convinces his hosts, they still have some suspicions, but that he's working for them. Now, on the 5th of August, Beitala is killed in a drone strike while he sleeps on the roof of his father-in-law's compound. This is not done on the basis of Balaoui's intel, but importantly, his sort of benefactor, Blawi's benefactor is dead on the 5th of August, right? Now, simultaneously, CIA director Leon Panetta, who is Obama's CIA director and who is a very earthy sort of walnut farmer from Northern California.

37:58Gordon:He's an experienced Washington hand. Experienced Washington hand. He'd been Bill Clinton's chief of staff, I believe, and was a real bureaucratic knife fighter. Now, Panetta goes that summer of 2009, he goes to President Obama and basically he wants more resources for the drone program and he wants to ramp up even more this sort of air war against Al-Qaeda. Now, let's go back to what's going on in Jordan, because Balaoui has had this extremely tense summer where he is living under the buzz of drones, sensing that the other denizens of Jabba's palace out there are sharpening their knives for him.

38:41Gordon:But he's been quiet all summer, right? Ali bin Zayd has no email from him. There's nothing from other sources. Remember, the CIA isn't on the case. So at this point, there's a whole host of other SIGINT gathering capabilities and imagery where you'd be thinking, well, is there anything to prove that this guy is actually still alive? And there's nothing until August. But then, in late August of 2009, Balaoui resurfaces, and he sends an email to Ali Benzaid saying he has a gift for him. And this gift is a few seconds of very low-quality video that shows a small gathering of men in traditional Pashtun dress.

39:27Gordon:They're talking in this kind of dimly lit room. So Balaoui's in the foreground of the video. Seated beside him is this sort of guy with a thick, dark beard. He's in probably his early 40s. This guy is doing most of the talking. And the analysts in the counterterrorism center recognize this guy with the dark beard, but no one has seen him in eight years. and his name is Atiyah Abd al-Rahman and he is one of the closest associates of Osama bin Laden who is known to be alive. That is a big deal

40:02David:because this is a guy who I think had escaped with bin Laden in this famous escape after 9-11 and is known to be close to bin Laden, the leadership, a kind of strategic thinker. So that video must just have set Langley on fire in terms of how significant it is because it's suggesting you've got, or the Jordanians have got an agent who is right by one of Al-Qaeda's top people.

40:29Gordon:Yeah. And the CIA runs checks on the video, of course, to determine if it's real. And yes, it's real. The video is briefed. At the time, there were, I think they were meeting three times weekly. There were these afternoon CT meetings, counterterrorism meetings on the seventh floor in the director's conference room. And I remember anytime you'd be up there, even just tangentially going to some other office, there were always these, you know, gaggles of people outside of the director's conference room up on the seventh floor waiting for that afternoon CT meeting. And this is the point in our story where we sort of come back to this idea of don't fall in love with your agent.

41:12Gordon:Because here we have a guy who, in a very short period of time, seems to have developed real deal access inside the upper echelons of Al Qaeda. And that is meeting an insatiable hunger on the part of the Obama White House and the seventh floor, the executive floor at the CIA for something, some lead, you know, to help get inside the senior leadership of Al Qaeda. And from a Jordanian standpoint, it's kind of the same dynamic where obviously this is important intelligence in its own right. But Ali Benzadeh writes to Balaoui in one of his emails from Amman. He says, you have lifted our heads. You have lifted our heads in front of the Americans.

42:04Gordon:And I think it shows some of the dynamics at play here from Ali Benzade's perspective, which is this is the kind of case if you were a 34 year old GID case officer that could make your career. This is the kind of thing. If it works.

42:20David:Yeah.

42:21Gordon:The service will be talking about this for decades. For years. Yeah.

42:26David:Yeah.

42:27Gordon:And you'll be the one who had the idea and who ran this guy and worked with the Americans to get it done. and, oh, by the way, demonstrated the service's extreme value to the CIA.

42:39David:I mean, the video is such an interesting move to supply that video. I mean, it does raise some questions for me about how he could have convinced people that he filmed it covertly or overtly and then been able to, you know, why would you be filming at something with al-Qaeda leaders? I mean, I guess the video is grainy and it looks like, you know, but it's still, I don't No, maybe I'm all hindsight, but I still feel to me that the ability to produce, because it's the video, which is so powerful, but also that's the key bit of evidence, which would make me go, hang on, I don't know. But he's going to start producing more intelligence, isn't he?

43:14David:The flow is going to begin. The video establishes the credibility. Then he starts sending back more and more information about what's going on around him, a kind of steady flow.

43:23Gordon:In most really big cases, there would be a push and a pull between the case officers, the people who are trying to run the asset, and the counterintelligence people. There would be CI rigor that would be applied to a case where you'd have someone in the case officers typically hate this, even though they recognize the value of the discipline in general. They hate the CI people because the CI people come in and crap on cases.

43:49David:Yeah.

43:49Gordon:Counterintelligence people going, Are you sure? Are you not being played? That's their job. Here's 10 reasons why this might be total bunk, why he might be manipulating us, why he might be making stuff up, why he might be a double, all this kind of stuff. At this period, I think it's safe to say that most big CT cases were not undergoing CI reviews.

44:12David:And it is interesting, it's worth saying this, that kind of CIA counterintelligence review is the kind of thing you do in a Cold War case. It's the kind of thing we talked about with Oleg Gordievsky or something like that. Is he being dangled in front of us when in fact he's still working for the KGB? It's that kind of questioning you go through and which they'd learnt in the Cold War to do with cases against the Soviet Union or its allies. But now, I guess, in the CT counterterrorism world, it's different. I mean, it always felt like when you talk to people from this world, it was faster, slightly dirtier, slightly looser.

44:45David:The checking was less. You didn't think that these groups like al-Qaeda could do something like, you know, dangle and run double agents. And so it just feels like the kind of discipline of counterintelligence hadn't yet been transferred into the counterterrorism world. Because it's too fast as well. You're kind of churning through agents and intelligence at a much different rate than the kind of slow production of cases and careful kind of Cold War espionage.

45:12Gordon:Yeah, I think the CTC management perspective was these are the kind of cases where if we slow them down and undergo a full CI review, there won't be any cases, there won't be any intel, and people are going to die, right? Because we won't stop plots. I think that was the logic. But we should say, even though there wasn't a formal CI review done on the case, there was asset validation that was being done. And some of that is Balaoui, because he's in this medical role, when there are drone strikes, he's oftentimes called to treat victims. And so he gives very accurate damage assessments back to Bin Zaid of what he saw when these drone strikes happened.

45:57Gordon:And the CIA can verify those damage assessments with their own drone imagery, right? Because after the strike would happen, there'd be more predators that are watching. And so his reporting is spot on. He is also, as he's communicating to Bin Zaid, you know, he's doing this from internet cafes and things like that. The agency can see that he's co-located or close to targets of interest. And that, I think, in the minds of the agency, the Jordanians, suggests that, OK, he's actually with the people he says he's with. It's not like there's no validation done. Apparently, also, Balaoui's reports help the agency do some targeting.

46:40Gordon:And Joby Warwick, in his book, cite sources claiming that maybe five Taliban soldiers were killed as a result of Balaoui's accounts back. So it's not that there's -

46:52David:There is validation. There's validation going on. So you can see why that is going to impress the Jordanians and I guess the Americans as well, who are getting deeper and deeper involved in this case, or getting more and more interested in it, although kind of still one step remote at this point.

47:08Gordon:Through that summer of 2009, it's Ali bin Zaid coordinating with Balaoui. But as we said, there's an Amman station case officer who is involved as well. Again, it's a joint case. And this guy's name is Darren Labonte. I think it's worth kind of briefly setting him up because he's going to be another key personality in the Balaoui case. Darren Labonte is a former Army Ranger and CIA paramilitary officer who has already done multiple tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. Stan, he is remarkably impressive. And I've spoken to a number of people who knew him very well inside. And he was an absolutely exceptional case officer, extremely patriotic.

47:50Gordon:He had been in the army before 2001. After 9-11, he rejoins the army. Then he becomes a SWAT team officer in Chicago. He joins the U.S. Marshals Service. Then he applies simultaneously to join the FBI and the CIA. ends up at the FBI for a bit, but then in 2006 joins the CIA. And I think Labonte is teamed up with Benzade to run this case. I'll just say, again, I mean, this is the sort of human face of an incredible tragedy. We'll say more about him, I think, later. But to kind of set up where this case is right now, you've got Labonte paired with Bin Zaid in Amman talking to Balaoui, who is in Pakistan.

48:41Gordon:And in November, which is again, roughly a year after Balaoui's initial arrest and recruitment, Balaoui is going to send another really interesting message into this team.

48:51David:The video obviously kind of, you know, really woke people up to his potential report. This one is almost more amazing because Balaoui, the doctor, is going to say he's got a patient and his new patient is Ayman al-Zawahiri. That is the number two in Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden's deputy. I mean, that is staggering because, I mean, we should just briefly say, you know, he is a very important figure in jihadist circles. I mean, many people would say Zawahiri was actually the brains behind al-Qaeda. He's very experienced. It turned out to not be true, though. That was the assumption, though, wasn't it?

49:28David:That bin Laden was the front man, the rich Saudi, but actually Zawahiri was the Egyptian brains, the doctor who was older and had been schooled in jihadism right through the 80s, and had been as elusive as bin Laden. So he was very much at the top of the list. And here you've got Balawi claiming that he's in contact with him, that he's treating him no less.

49:51Gordon:It's hard to overstate how big of a deal that is inside the CIA. And importantly, in that email where Balaoui says, I'll be treating this guy, he's going to be my patient. Balaoui supplies a summary of Zawahiri's physical condition and his various maladies that perfectly matches records the CIA had obtained years earlier from the Egyptians. So, again, in this vetting process, you think, okay, that's interesting. This feels like it's real, because how would this guy know this unless, you know... Yeah, on one level, it checks out. On one level, it checks out. And Balaoui says there's going to be a follow-up appointment in a few weeks.

50:39Gordon:And this is where the case, I think it takes a really fascinating turn. because I think it's fair to say that once Balawi reports in that he is treating Zawahiri, I think you could make the argument that this case becomes the most important case inside the Central Intelligence Agency. Obviously, it's run as a restricted handling or RH case out of CTC, But this is the most important thing that the CIA has going in the fall of 2009. Once we get the Zawahri information. If you're Leon Panetta, this is exactly the kind of interesting, juicy morsel that you'd want to bring to Obama. And Panetta says, look, if CIA can meet Belaoui, we might be able to, you know, of course, vet him, but also train him for a role and give him appropriate tech so that he can communicate with us and so that we can get geo coordinates for where Zawahiri is.

51:51Gordon:And the reason I mention this case being briefed to Obama is because usually, again, outside of maybe a covert action setting, when you're just talking about the gathering of foreign intelligence, it's pretty abnormal to brief the president before an asset meeting. You tell him what you get out of the asset meeting. It's not necessarily the wrong move. But again, what it does is it creates...

52:20David:Expectation.

52:21Gordon:incredible expectations for what it'll produce. And I think as we'll see as we keep going, those expectations are going to filter down through the bureaucracy in a way that is going to impede the decision making.

52:35David:And so this is really remarkable. I mean, it's worth saying the last time they'd had any kind of lead on Zawahiri was 2006 when the CIA had bombed an Al-Qaeda gathering that he was supposed to attend. But apparently, he hadn't been there, he'd sent his aides instead. There'd be not really any kind of verified sightings of him for years. Now it looks like the CIA, their Jordanian ally, have a lead who could potentially lead them to Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's number two himself. I mean, maybe even, who knows, to bin Laden. It's a tantalizing opportunity, isn't it? But as we'll see it's going to lead to disaster.

53:15Gordon:But of course, Gordon, for those who don't want to wait, go and join the Declassified Club at the rest is classified dot com, where you can get early access to all of our series, our bonus club episodes. And we would strongly encourage everyone to get tickets for our first ever Rest is Classified live show, which is going to take place on the 31st of January at the South Bank Center in London. All of the information on tickets you can get in the episode description box. See you next time. See you next time.

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