134. How Russia Made Trump: Was The Vote Rigged? (Ep 4)

15:33David:It is. We've now almost got used to these kind of statements by Donald Trump. But I think at the time, this was just kind of wild. I mean, head-scratchingly wild to effectively invite Russian hackers to go after Hillary Clinton's emails. Now, I think it is worth saying that the context for this is the Clinton email server and the view that there were missing emails, which Hillary Clinton had deleted from her private email server, which was being investigated. And that is the kind of campaign political story that Donald Trump wants to focus on. And it is an important part of our story. And so what he's doing is pivoting the WikiLeaks hacking story to kind of, I think, in the Trump language, to make almost a joke.

16:19David:Although you could also take it as much more of a joke as an invitation to say, well, the emails we're really interested in are these ones that were on her server. You know, if the Russians can go get those, those would be great. I mean, that's that's what he thinks he's doing. But it does sound more than a little bit like an invitation to hack.

16:36Gordon:It does. And it's also coming in the context of there'd been speculation for months about whether there was any behind the scenes connection between people on the Trump campaign and Russians or sort of Russian affiliated intermediaries, which, again, is a topic that we go into immense detail on in the miniseries we're doing for our declassified club members. But in any case, here's a very clear message from Trump, basically to the Kremlin, which is, I want you to hack my political rivals. And interestingly -

17:09David:What do they do?

17:10Gordon:Hours later, they brush the Pop-Tarts off of their Russian slacks and decide, let's launch a spearfishing campaign. And they do. The GRU launches a bunch of spearfishing attacks against 15 private email accounts used by Clinton's personal office and 76 addresses associated with the campaign. So essentially, they do exactly what Trump told them to do, which is, why don't you go have a look at Hillary's emails and the GRU attempts to do just that.

17:39David:It's a classic example where if this had been a secret message from Trump saying to someone, can you see if the Russians can go after you? It would have felt like a massive thing. But it's the fact he says this stuff publicly, which almost makes people struggle to know how to kind of interpret it. It's not exactly a covert instructional request. It's a very obvious thing to do, but it's wild.

18:01Gordon:It also coincides with a massive step forward in the intelligence picture, because inside Russia House, the CIA shop responsible for Russia focused operations back at Langley, they have been delivered a bombshell, which is there is intelligence collected from sources, probably inside the Kremlin, that both sources reveal that Putin himself had authorized a covert operation. aimed at destabilizing the American presidential election. So at long last, the CIA has really, I think, specific information on Putin's plans and intentions, right? So this is the good stuff. This is the gold mine. And it's coming from two separate streams of intelligence.

18:53Gordon:So it's not single sourced, which makes both of those streams at once seem much more credible.

18:58David:And it is interesting that later on, the possible identity of one of those sources is revealed in the media. And I'm sure the CIA wouldn't want to comment on any of its sources. I understand that. But it was widely reported that a Russian called Oleg Smolenkov, who is a key aide in the Kremlin, may have been the source for this. And it's interesting because he is then extracted from Russia in 2017 after Trump comes to power. And he kind of leaves, I think, through Montenegro in 2017. And it comes out publicly a couple of years after that. But the suggestion is he might have been the key source who provided the confidence from within the Kremlin itself, because he's a Kremlin aide, about what the instructions were at the highest level.

19:44David:So that's one theory, at least, as to where this comes from, a very well-placed, high-placed human source.

19:51Gordon:Yeah. And it leads then-CIA Director John Brennan to call for a meeting at the White House, a very, very small meeting with just a handful of Obama's advisors. You know, the national security advisor, Susan Rice, maybe her deputy, Brennan himself, Obama. I mean, it's like it is it's a very small meeting and it's much smaller than the normal kind of national security morning meetings that Obama would hold. Interestingly, none of that information that we just talked about is ever put into the PDB, the President's Daily Brief, which I'm sure happens on Russia and China stuff occasionally. But it's exceptional because there are there's a category of kind of red stripe is what we called it.

20:35Gordon:Restricted handling kind of sources where if you put that into a piece of analysis, it would make that article red stripe. and it would make it extremely sensitive. And that could sometimes go to a smaller distribution list of customers who are normally getting the PDB. But in this case, it's coming from such sensitive sources. And I think because it's not being written up in a piece of analysis and kind of blended in, he feels that it shouldn't actually go in something that's going to be distributed to the full kind of list of customers who get the PDB.

21:10David:Interesting.

21:10Gordon:Now, the reaction from Obama to this briefing is basically to tell Brennan to stand up a task force inside the intelligence community to figure out the full nature and scope of the Russian operation. And so Brennan, in collaboration with FBI Director James Comey and Admiral Mike Rogers, who's the head of the NSA, they basically put together a group of people, 15 or so people at Langley and maybe a dozen or so others who are working from the NSA and the FBI. Maybe that sounds kind of big, but in terms of an intelligence community task force, it's actually really quite small. And they are charged with collecting more intelligence on this and building a fuller picture of what's actually happening and why.

21:54Gordon:Now, I find this fun, which is that on the 4th of August 2016, John Brennan has a regularly scheduled phone call with the chief of the FSB, Russia's Federal Security Service, kind of internal intelligence agency, Alexander Bortnikov, who's a really unpleasant guy, by the way. And the main subject is the war in Syria, because Russia has intervened in Syria the year before. There's American troops in Syria as well. So there's like a need to kind of de-conflict what's going on in Syria so that we don't end up in a shooting war with the Russians in Syria. And Brennan uses this phone call with Bortnikov to bring up, in broad terms, of course, Russia's interference in the election.

22:36Gordon:And Brennan basically says, we know you're doing this.

22:39David:It is interesting. I think people might be surprised that there are these contacts between intelligence chiefs, between Western intelligence chiefs and the Russians, but they do happen. And actually, they still happen. I mean, I think the heads of the CIA and MI6 do have contacts with their Russian counterparts. Every few months, I think, there'll be a call, often with the SVR, the head of Russia's foreign intelligence service, Norishkin, where they will pass messages. I think recent messages which have been passed have been about Russia's sabotage campaign in Europe, where they were putting things like incendiary devices on planes, cargo planes.

23:13David:And it was a chance for Western intelligence chiefs to say, we know you're doing this. This is serious. This is dangerous and escalatory. You need to stop. So, I mean, that still happens even now with the post 2022 and the invasion of Ukraine, these contacts. But back then, yeah, you can see that this was one of the channels the US could use to basically say, lay off to the Russians. We know what you're up to. And of course, what do the Russians do in all of these calls when they get accused of something? They go, they come clean. They come clean, right, Gordon? They admit it. No, they say, what, us?

23:44David:Interfere? Us? Sabotage? Never. Never. Never.

23:48Gordon:Never. But Portnikov vehemently denies the charge, unsurprisingly. But he says he'll inform Putin of the message, which I think, you know, that's the point. And Brennan, interestingly, says that Americans will be absolutely enraged to find out that Moscow is trying to subvert the election. And he says that the Russian op will backfire. I would argue that neither of those things come to pass. But that is included in the initial warning from John Brennan. Now, Now, at the same time, the Obama administration is starting up interagency policy meetings, which are very close hold. They don't have what we call plus ones or backbenchers.

24:26Gordon:So if you think about the conference rooms these meetings happen in, there's usually there's a central table and then there's a ring of chairs on the wall around the table. Those are for the plus ones. So you think like the CIA director goes to a meeting, the plus one might be the chief of Russia House for a meeting like this. No plus ones. Right. keeping it really, really small. And these meetings are chaired by Obama's National Security Advisor, Susan Rice. And as that process begins, there's really no doubt on the big picture, which is that the GRU is responsible for hacking the DNC and releasing the material.

25:02But the intelligence at this point is kind of murky on a really big question, which is,

25:11Gordon:what is Moscow's primary aim? What are they attempting to do? And I think this is a really fascinating point because there's kind of three options here that are all distinct, but not mutually exclusive. And the first one, which I think is probably the most obvious one, is that the Russians are trying to sow discord and chaos to kind of cast doubt over the entire process of the US election. And ideally would prompt a series of political crises in the US that would be destabilizing. Yeah. Keep the US off balance. Yeah. Right. That is kind of the goal of an active measure. And that's one. The second one is Putin, as we've discussed, despises Hillary Clinton.

26:04Gordon:And US officials, I mean, think that the Russian operation is designed at least to weaken Clinton during the election, but not necessarily prevent her from winning. Because again, the kind of base case in Moscow at this point in July, August has got to be that Hillary Clinton is the front runner and the likely next president. But it would be great from Putin's standpoint, if she's weakened at the outset of her presidency, right, less able to challenge him. So weakening Clinton is another possibility for the Russian aims. And there's a third possible reason, and this part is what makes this thing really politically nasty, which is, are the Russians trying to help Trump?

26:47Gordon:Does Putin think that he can influence a national election in the U.S. and potentially affect the results, right? And at this point, this task force in the intelligence community, the analysts, the targeters, the case officers working on it, they did not consider this point fully substantiated by the intelligence they possessed. There's going to be an evolution of this, but this is in August of 2016. There's a sense that they can't quite make that case strongly. But you do have to think, seen from Putin's eyes, given Trump's business dealings with Russians over the years and the positive remarks about Putin and the solicitation of Russian intervention publicly on the 27th of July, asking for the Russians to help hack Hillary's emails, you kind of think, and my opinion is that as we get into the summer of 2016, Putin's aims are all three of the things that I've just listed out.

27:45David:Yeah, I would say, because all three, then as you said, they're not mutually exclusive, But I'd also say the order you gave them in is probably the order of descending importance or likelihood for them. So you can see, you know, the first most obvious one is so chaos. And the second one is maybe you can either defeat or weaken Hillary Clinton. The third one and the least likely and maybe, you know, your third order priority is maybe see if you can help Trump. But actually, that's the kind of least likely to help him win because people don't think he's going to win at this stage and therefore the least important.

28:19David:So it's all three, but maybe in descending order of importance. But I think if you accept that the first one is arguably the most important and is a classic active measure, discredit, weaken, divide, then if you look at something else that Russians are doing, it very much fits in with that, doesn't it? Which is hacking into the actual electoral systems, because they're going to hack into the voting machines or the voting systems, not necessarily change anything, but hack into them. Which goes back to that first idea, isn't it? which is you can potentially just mess with the election, mess with America's sense that this is a legitimate election.

28:53David:And it feels like that fits into that being the first priority.

28:58Gordon:Well, and to that point, by the summer of 2016, Russian-linked hackers are already probing the computers of state election systems all over the U.S. And I think many of these fears don't come to pass. but seen from the Obama administration standpoint in the summer of 2016, you kind of have to think that that's actually the bigger potential problem.

29:20David:I agree. And they start to see from the summer of 2016, Russian hackers probing these state voter registration databases. And it's worth reminding people that elections in the US, including federal elections, are state elections, aren't they? Each state administers the election and has its own voter registration and database system. So there's not one national one. So these states are starting to see hackers probing into their systems, in some cases getting in. I mean, they're pinging the Illinois database five times per second at one point, 24 hours a day, and Arizona as well. And they're getting into the systems.

29:57David:And this is important because if you are the US government, what you're worried about is that they're getting into the systems and preparing to do something on election day. Perhaps if you wipe a voter registration database the day before an election, because you're in it already, and then people turn up to vote and they expect their name to be on the database and it's not because it's been voted, then you have chaos. That is the real worry, I think, that the ability to actually stop the voting happening on election campaign rather than the hack and leak at this point. And you can see why it's the bigger worry, But I guess as we'll get to, it perhaps is the dog that doesn't bark, the hacking of the electoral system itself.

30:39Gordon:It does end up becoming the dog that doesn't bark. But I mean, even, you know, as one example among many, you know, there were reports from Arizona where the username and password of a county election official had been stolen. And then the state is essentially, you know, the Russians are able to get into the system and the state is forced to shut down its voter registration system for a week while it cleans it up. Now, again, there's no evidence that the Russians end up doing anything with that access in 2016. But seen from the summer of 16, that's a very, very real fear. And I think the concern of the administration, and I think rightly so, is that the Russian hack and leak campaign, which is part of the active measure, is actually unlikely to make a difference in the outcome of the election, right?

31:30Gordon:Because, again, there's an underlying assumption, I think, on the part of almost everybody involved in the story, including the Kremlin and the White House, that Hillary Clinton is very likely to be the next president. And so what difference will the hack and leak effort make? What could make a massive difference is messing with the actual administration of the election. And at the time, that's seen as the more serious threat. And as a result, what ends up kind of confronting Obama, I think, are a number of dilemmas, right? Because there's kind of this question of like, how do you inform the public about the Russian attack without triggering really kind of almost a panic about the election system?

32:18Gordon:How do you proactively deal with the Russian aggression without coming across as partisan and bolstering Trump's claim that the election is a sham and is rigged, right? And how do you prevent, I think this one's really important. How do you prevent Putin from kind of more destructive cyber aggression without prompting him to do more? I think the spin cycle that the Obama team gets into, and I think this is a mistake. I'll give you my take on this. I think a lot of the sort of Russia house hands that have dealt with the Russians for a very long time, they'll say, look, the only way to get the Russians to stop is by, you got to kind of smack them.

33:00Gordon:You got to smack them. Otherwise, they'll just keep pushing and poking and looking for weak spots.

33:04David:They'll keep pushing with the bayonet until they feel steel, basically. That's the saying, isn't it? Until they feel resistance to their pushing, they'll just keep pushing harder and harder. I couldn't agree more. And that seems to be the problem here, is that the Obama team are overly cautious about how hard they smack back or even suggest that they might smack back. They're overthinking it, which I think is always one of the criticisms, I think, of the Obama national security team. is that they were very intellectual and overthinking all the possibilities and the way this might play out in the election campaign.

33:41David:And that feels like what they're doing because they don't go for the tough sanctions or diplomatic moves, do they? No.

33:48Gordon:Also, I appreciated your flex there, Gordon, with a Lenin quote that you sneakily -

33:54David:Lenin or Stalin. I can't remember if it was Stalin or Lenin. I think it was Lenin.

33:57Gordon:I think it was Lenin, the quote about if you hit mush, push until you hit steel, right? And I think that's right. I mean, I think it's absolutely right. And in this case, I think the Obama administration with the response that, as we'll see, they cook up, doesn't put up any steel to prevent that Russian bayonet from going on. And Becky is saying it is Lenin. It is Lenin.

34:20David:Very good Lenin. It's Lenin.

34:21Gordon:That's right. We love a good Lenin quote on the rest is classified. So the NSC, the National Security Council, charged with coming up with the policy response, they do work up some options. And some of those are quite aggressive. They look at a cyber attack to shut down the leaking websites, release information on Putin's family, that would be sort of active measure-ish in response, target the intelligence service, do a kind of denial of service attack on Russian media. But the administration nixes the most aggressive ideas because they don't want to force Putin to act. This is the logic. They don't want to force Putin to act.

35:01Gordon:I would argue he's already acting, but there ends up being a disconnect between, I think, the urgency felt by a lot of the staff-level people working on this and the caution that the president and other senior advisors had on what to do about the Russians.

35:16David:They could do that classic thing of, we're very angry, we're going to write a very firm statement. A very firm statement. A very firm letter and statement will be made about what's happening.

35:28Gordon:And that's kind of what ends up happening, right? Because after they go through all the potential cyber attacks or our own version of active measures or much harder sanctions, keep in mind this is happening before the full-on invasion of Ukraine in 2022. So there's still a lot of potential options left on the sanctions menu. They decide not to. And Obama and his senior advisors come up with a very different plan. And one piece of this is getting the Department of Homeland Security to basically double down on making sure that the state voting systems will be protected and that the integrity of the election itself will be protected.

36:05Gordon:To do that, because again, to your point, Gordon, elections in the U.S. are conducted at the state level. What the administration needs is they need buy-in from congressional Republicans because they want this to be a bipartisan effort that when, for example, the federal government, the Department of Homeland Security, goes to a red state, a Republican state, and tries to convince them, essentially, that they need to prevent or prevent protect their systems from Russian intrusion, that's going to be a lot easier if you have congressional Republicans that sign up and say, this is really important that you do this, right?

36:46Gordon:So the administration reaches out to then Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, House Speaker Paul Ryan, and try to convince them that a kind of bipartisan public message about a Russian threat to the election is important, it's serious, and local officials should collaborate with the feds to protect the electoral infrastructure. How do you think that goes, Gordon? What's your prediction for how that effort is going to go? In the middle of an

37:12David:election campaign, of a heated election campaign, you're going to ask for bipartisan support to do something which looks like it plays into the message of one campaign, the Hillary Clinton campaign, that the Russians are interfering against the other campaign. I don't think it's going to go well.

37:28Gordon:It's not going to go well, right? And the initial response is kind of, we're not interested in signing up for this. We'll see how it's going to get much more political and partisan, if you can possibly imagine that. And really what Obama decides to do is we'll make these statements. We'll try to get bipartisan support for the statements. The threat of action, I think this is the Obama perspective, the threat of action could be more effective than actually doing something. And I think that is almost certainly incorrect, but it is the response that the Obama campaign takes. It's extremely cautious.

38:05Gordon:And at this point in mid-August of 2016, Hillary Clinton is up by about four percentage points in the national level Pew polls. So Gordon, there's not much to worry about with that hack and leak, is there? No.

38:19David:Maybe that's a good place to take a break, David. With the summer coming to a close of 2016, and this tumultuous campaign about to reach a climax. And of course, the Russians aren't done yet, are they? We'll see you after the break. Hey, it's Sterling K. Brown from the Hulu original series Paradise. The next chapter begins as Xavier's search for his wife takes him above ground and what he finds will change everything. It was never just about the bunker. Tune in and discover the truth lies outside. Paradise, the official podcast, is now streaming and stream Paradise on Hulu and Hulu on Disney+.

39:02David:Welcome back. It's the summer of 2016, a tumultuous summer in American and British politics, actually. But in the American election campaign, the Russians are still messing, aren't they, David? The Russians haven't stopped, Gordon.

39:17Gordon:They have not stopped. And what is amazing is, of course, that the leaks are not done. By late summer, the kind of public reaction, public fear over the initial round of leaks had died down. So what does the GRU do? They go and find, and we talked about this in earlier episodes, they'd hacked the DCCC. It's essentially the organization that helps congressional candidates. Congressional Democrats elected. And the GRU posts a big cache of DCCC records in late August and includes a bunch of really sensitive things about campaign strategies, field plans, finance documents, voter data, turnout models, a bunch of stuff.

39:59David:But what's interesting is I don't think it has that much impact. I think by this stage in the campaign, there's other things going on. People have got a bit tired of these leaks. I do often think with leaks and with hacked data, there's quite a steep, diminishing curve of return from the data. And you start to see that here, I think. The big impact is in the run-up to the Democrat convention, leading to the resignation of the chair. Less here, though, I think, isn't it? But that doesn't stop the overall political debate about Russia and the leaks picking up pace as the campaign continues.

40:30Gordon:Yeah, I think the reality with the DCCC stuff is there just isn't, there aren't the nuggets in there that could be used to kind of twist or embarrass the Clinton campaign or someone at the national level. You know, it's very local in many ways. And so it just doesn't have as much of a splash. Now, around the same time in mid-August, the Trump campaign, Gordon, begins to receive its first intelligence briefings. And Trump and Michael Flynn, who is a retired three-star general who had led the Defense Intelligence Agency, his tenure had ended quite badly with him essentially being shoved out. Flynn is one of the most senior national security official who has signed up for the Trump campaign.

41:14Gordon:He's going to become Trump's first national security advisor, though he will not remain in that post for more than a few weeks once the administration takes office. We go into a lot more depth, by the way, on the curious case of Michael Flynn in our miniseries for club members. But they get these briefings, Gordon, and the reaction is kind of, eh, we don't buy it. You know, it's not a particularly politicized response to the briefings, but it is just kind of -

41:44David:Lack of interest, really. Yeah.

41:45Gordon:Lack of interest, almost. Exactly. Exactly. On the 8th of August, a Trump advisor, Roger Stone, who's among a campaign of very colorful figures, maybe among the most colorful, I believe he has a tattoo of Richard Nixon on his back, if I'm not mistaken.

42:03David:Is that right? Documentary, Get Me Roger Stone, which is very, very entertaining about him. Yeah, he's a character.

42:10Gordon:He gives a speech to a Florida Republican group in which he claims that the Clinton emails come out and would show, as he describes it, stone-cold proof of the criminality of Bill, Hillary, and Chelsea Clinton, so including the daughter. And when an attendee at this gathering asks him, you know, what is Julian Assange of WikiLeaks? What is he going to do? Does he have an October surprise up his sleeve? Stone replies, well, it could be any number of things. I actually have communicated with Assange. I believe the next tranche of his documents pertain to the Clinton Foundation, but there's no telling what the surprise may be.

42:48Gordon:Now, this is another one of these interesting kind of weird things that I think is not quite fully developed even at the Mueller report, which is what is the true nature of the connection between Roger Stone, who's on the campaign at this point as an advisor, and WikiLeaks. And WikiLeaks and Julian Assange, yeah. But there's plenty of statements throughout the late summer and fall that show that Roger Stone is in contact with or kind of knew of, even in general terms, knew of Julian Assange's plans for future dumps. And bring this up here in this episode on the active measure, because the point is, is that by late summer, it's become blindingly obvious to the Obama administration that the Trump team is not going to go along with any linkage between the leaks and the Russians, that there is going to be, and this is one of the most fundamental, I think, points to raise in this series, which is there is a connection, I think, very early on in Donald Trump's mind of any connection between the leaks and the Russians is seen as contaminating the credibility of his own campaign.

44:03David:Yeah, he sees it as a politically minded fabrication by people to undermine legitimacy. He, if you like, sees the claim of a Russian active measure campaign as an active measure campaign by a deep state to kind of discredit him in a sense. That's what he'll come to believe. I think that view will be solidified later, but that's certainly already the view is, this is politics that's going on. They want nothing to do with it. And it's interesting as well, isn't it? Because it's not just the Trump campaign, but we talked before the break about Congress. And I find it interesting as well that senior Republicans in Congress also don't want to engage with this, do they?

44:40David:Maybe that's not so surprising because you're in the middle of a campaign, but it is interesting and significant, I think.

44:45Gordon:Yeah, I think we talked before the break about how the administration's approach had essentially been statements and trying to make sure that Congress was on board as part of that effort. And so what they do is they send John Brennan, among others, to basically brief the senior intel committee heads and ranking members in Congress, in the Senate, in the House. And the reaction is basically this, the Democrats want to see the raw intel on which the assessments are based. And the Republicans think the CIA, to your point, Gordon, is playing politics. And many Republicans are just outright hostile toward the assessment, right?

45:25Gordon:And Mitch McConnell, who's the Senate, I think the Senate of a majority leader at that point, says, you're trying to screw the Republican candidate. That's his take. And John Brennan, the head of the CIA, who we should say is a strict Irish Catholic from New Jersey with what I would describe as kind of stiff moral rectitude and maybe a mild anger management problem, goes nuts. And the meeting with McConnell devolves into an actual shouting match where the two guys are yelling at each other. And McConnell basically says, you know, So the administration is going after a bipartisan condemnation of the Russians, but the essential political problem is that if you do that, it's seen as undercutting Trump.

46:10Gordon:And that logic in an election year is just, there's no way to get out of that Gordian knot, is there? Any damage to Trump's campaign, and I think this is part of Mitch McConnell's response, is that any damage to Trump's campaign is also going to trickle down ballot to other Republican candidates who are running for the Senate, running in the House. It's going to threaten McConnell's position as majority leader. So he has political reasons, I think, to not buy into the intelligence briefing that he's receiving from John Brennan. And Trump is, of course, not going to acknowledge the Russian hacking as is apparent from the Roger Stone comments above.

46:46Gordon:There's no intent on the part of the Trump team to kind of turn the temperature down and issue some statement of bipartisan unity about what the Russians are up to. And Obama himself brings Republican congressional leaders to the White House in early September under the guise of a briefing on his upcoming trip to Asia. Again, we have Mitch McConnell and Paul Ryan there. And in reality, it was a briefing to discuss the intelligence about the Russians interfering in the election and trying again to convince congressional leaders to draft a response. And again, there's just kind of disinterest in doing that.

47:24Gordon:The administration, though, they keep trying. There's a classified briefing for congressional leaders on the Hill on the 8th of September in the skiffs, the kind of top secret briefing rooms that are below the east wing of the Capitol. The Democrats are saying, look, this has been going on for months. We need a statement like ASAP on what the Russians are doing. It's been two months since the intelligence community had reached the conclusion that the Russians were threatening the election. And pretty much everyone has known since June that the Russians were behind the DNC hack and the Clinton campaign hack.

47:58Gordon:And up to this point, the White House really hasn't said boo about it. And what ends up happening is, I mean, essentially, congressional Democratic leaders, they issue a statement, but throughout September, the White House doesn't. And it's interesting, the DNI, the director of national intelligence, Jim Clapper, expresses extreme frustration with President Obama. And he says, you know, I wondered what President Obama was thinking. And if he regretted his reticence to put his thumb on the scale of the election. Meanwhile, Clapper writes, Putin was effectively standing on the other end of that scale.

48:38David:Wow. So there, I think, with the White House in this really what feels like a state of paralysis, let's end. And when we come back, we'll look at another aspect of this Russian active measure campaign, an effort to spread disinformation over social media, that it's going to find its way in front of hundreds of millions of Americans. but of course if you want to hear that right away join the declassified club rest is classified.com where you can join you can hear the whole series and of course the bonus series as well david

49:08Gordon:that's right we're get our bonus mini series an exclusive mini series for club members on the trump russia connection what's fact what's fiction what's politics what's not um getting into kind of the weeds of of how we can make sense of the connections between trump and russia do go and join at the rest is classified.com and we will see you next time see you next time

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50:08David:To some, he is the revolutionary hero who restored China to its rightful place on the global stage. To others, he's a brutal despot, accused of presiding over more civilian deaths than either Stalin or Hitler. Mao Zedong has one of the most recognizable faces in the world. Yet, he started life in a muddy provincial village. A rebel son who hated his father survived a 6 ,000-mile walk across China and rose to become a figure of titanic proportions. From Empire, the goal-hanger world history show, I'm Anita Arnon. And I'm William Durrenpul. In this six-part series, we're joined by world-renowned expert Rana Mitter to explore the life of the father of communist China, Mao Zedong.

50:53David:We'll track his rise from a bookstore owner to a guerrilla commander, and we'll witness his ruthless elimination to secure total power. And we'll descend into the dark experiment of the Cultural Revolution, a time when ancient temples were burnt, children denounced their parents, and a nation worshipped a mango as a sacred relic. Subscribe to Empire wherever you get your podcasts to listen now.