In short
A Question Time-style discussion on how geopolitics and domestic politics are contaminating major events: the 2026 World Cup (visa/travel bans, heat risk, ticket pricing), the US midterms (House/Senate stakes), Albania’s alleged Kushner-linked tourism deal, Armenia’s election and EU orientation, and Argentina’s AI corporate-liability experiment.
Guests
Rory Stewart (World Cup historian; co-host) and Alistair Campbell (co-host).
Guest backgrounds
Stewart is a former UK politician and commentator; Campbell is a former UK government communications figure and political commentator.
Key claims
FIFA/Infantino won’t intervene in US immigration; a Somali referee Omar Artan was refused entry despite FIFA approval; Senegal and Iran staff faced entry denials; a quarter of matches may exceed heat safety limits; ticket prices and FIFA platform trading create a “mess.” Midterms: Democrats likely win the House; Senate is close; Texas is pivotal (Ken Paxton vs James Tallarico). Albania: protests and non-transparent process suggest Eddie Rama is currying favor with Jared Kushner/Ivanka. Armenia: Nikol Pashinyan wins despite Nagorno-Karabakh fallout, signaling Europe-leaning despite Putin pressure. AI: Argentina allows AI-run companies without human accountability, risking “no one to put in jail.”
Notable examples
Omar Artan; Gianni Infantino; Rudy Giuliani’s son; Susan Collins vs Graham Plattner (Maine); Nagorno-Karabakh displacement; Dutch East India Company analogy.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOWorld Cup Challenges and U.S. Midterms
4:10 to 14:00
In-depth discussion on the upcoming World Cup's political challenges and the U.S. midterm elections.
“Welcome to The Restless Politics Question Time with me, Rory Stewart.”
Impact of Midterms on Trump's Future
14:00 to 18:04
The hosts discuss predictions for the upcoming midterm elections and their implications for Trump's administration.
“But the basic story seems to be that the prediction is that the Democrats will take the House of Representatives, the lower house, but that at the moment, the Senate looks too close to call.”
Texas Elections and Trump’s Influence
18:04 to 21:46
An analysis of the Texas elections, highlighting the candidates and the challenges facing Trump.
“People will remember Susan Collins in Maine, who is a very, very wily controversial figure.”
Albania's Controversial Deal with Kushner
21:46 to 27:10
The hosts explore the implications of Kushner's involvement in Albania's development projects and the resulting protests.
“And just before we take a break there, maybe in Tombi, has Eddie Rama sold out Albania's natural beauty to the Kushner Trump money grabber?”
Albania's Controversial Deal with Kushner
28:20 to 29:10
The hosts explore the implications of Kushner's involvement in Albania's development projects and the resulting protests.
“It's only when you start moving money between currencies that you really think about the exchange rate, the fee, and what might be hidden away in the small print.”
Introduction to Question Time
29:10 to 29:37
Hosts introduce the segment and discuss recent Armenian elections.
“Schedule a pickup and we'll come to you with a check in hand.”
Introduction to Question Time
29:40 to 29:50
Hosts introduce the segment and discuss recent Armenian elections.
“Welcome back to the Rest of Politics Question Time with me, Alistair Campbell.”
Analysis of Armenian Elections
29:50 to 34:01
Discussion on the significance of the Armenian elections and its implications.
“So let me start you with a question which relates to something you've been looking at.”
Elections in Kosovo and Armenia
34:01 to 35:59
Comparison between the Armenian and Kosovo elections and their outcomes.
“The other election that happened at the weekend that you just said made me think of was Kosovo.”
Nord Stream Conspiracy Discussion
35:59 to 36:24
Hosts promote a new book discussing the Nord Stream pipeline incident.
“I think Freya, the erotic model, is in some ways the most interesting character in the whole damn thing.”
Show all 16 chapters
AI Accountability in Argentina
36:24 to 39:21
Discussion of Argentina's new AI policies and their implications.
“So this comes out of the fact that Javier Mille wrote an op-ed in the Financial Times announcing this policy.”
Regulation vs. Innovation Debate
39:21 to 42:01
Debate on the impact of regulation on innovation in AI and technology.
“Peter Thiel who's flitted to Argentina because apparently doesn't feel terribly safe in America?”
Innovation Through Regulation
42:01 to 43:14
Learn how safety regulations can drive innovation in various sectors.
“And the great example of that is that introducing the brake pad, which was Mrs.”
The Pope's Controversial Visit
43:14 to 43:55
Explore the implications of the Pope's remarks in Spain and public reactions.
“Just briefly, before we go to the last question, you mentioned the Pope, who I was hero worshipping last week, and I therefore followed his procession through Spain.”
Reflections on Political Life
43:55 to 45:53
Understand the challenges and motivations behind pursuing a political career today.
“The Pope's encyclical remains a, if you haven't read it yet, I was at this book festival in Retford at the weekend.”
The Future of Centrist Politics
45:53 to 46:30
Discuss the potential and challenges facing centrist politics in a polarized world.
“Somebody very kindly tried to run an opinion poll for me and thought that a kind of Rory-style party might get about 20 % of the vote, but that it's very difficult to imagine in a modern kind of polarized world.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:00Thanks for listening to The Rest is Politics. To support the podcast, listen without the adverts and get early access to episodes and live show tickets, go to therestispolitics.com. That's therestispolitics.com. There's a lot of worry about the Trumpification of this World Cup. A quarter of the 48 countries taking part are currently facing either travel bans, tight restrictions or high visa rejection rates. for the first time ever, Omar Artan, who's a referee from Somalia, he arrives at the airport and he's refused entry.
0:33Rory Stewart:And I noticed your great friend Gianni Infantino, the head of FIFA, didn't use his amazing relationship with Donald Trump to get the Somali in. There's Infantino saying he doesn't get involved in day-to-day politics and stuff. This is the guy who gave Donald Trump the FIFA Peace Prize. The World Cup is the biggest sports event in the world, but I think this one is going to be horribly political. This episode is brought to you by Fuse Energy. Fuse has introduced the tracker tariff designed to give customers what matters most from their energy supplier, savings, clarity and a bit more control. And it guarantees that your rates stay below the off-gem price gap, which saves you up to£200.
1:21and the tariff updates automatically every quarter.
1:24Rory Stewart:Energy prices don't move in straight lines. Global events and market pressures you can't predict and certainly can't control still find their way onto your bill. And if you're on the wrong tariff, you can be stuck with higher rates after the pressure has ended. With Fuse Energy's tracker tariff, that changes. If prices fall, your rate adjusts at the next quarterly update. And it's automatic. No switching, no trying to second guess the market. You're protected while prices are high and ready to benefit when they fall. Switch to Fuse Energy's tracker tariff at FuseEnergy.com slash politics and use code politics to get a free TripPlus subscription.
2:02Visit FuseEnergy.com for full terms and conditions.
2:11Rory Stewart:This episode is brought to you by NordVPN. Now, we both travel an extraordinary amount with work, and in our line of business, it's hard to fully switch off. Because news and politics tend not to take a summer recess. But keeping up with Westminster, when abroad, means constantly logging in to all manner of dodgy airport and cafe Wi-Fi networks. Don't we know about it? That's the problem. Leaves personal data completely vulnerable to hackers. And that's where NordVPN comes in. It encrypts your connection, keeps your data private wherever you are. And the big thing is being able to switch virtual location back to the UK.
2:45It means you can access all your usual apps and content and not miss out on anything while you're away.
2:51Rory Stewart:Plus, it automatically connects to the nearest server, so you aren't stuck with sluggish internet. It really is the ultimate travel tool, even for those who actually try to relax on holiday. To get the best discount off your NordVPN plan, go to nordvpn.com slash restispolitics. The link is in the episode description. For adults with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis symptoms, every choice matters. Tremphaya offers self-injection or intravenous infusion from the start. Tremphaya is administered as injections under the skin or infusions through a vein every four weeks, followed by injections under the skin every four or eight weeks.
3:30If your doctor decides that you can self-inject Tremphaya, proper training is required. Tremphaya is a prescription medicine used to treat adults with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease and adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Serious allergic reactions, increased risk of infections or lower ability to fight them and liver problems may occur. Before treatment, get checked for infections and tuberculosis. Tell your doctor if you have an infection, flu-like symptoms or need a vaccine. Explore what's possible. Ask your doctor about Tremphaya today. Call 1-800-526-7736 to learn more or visit trimfiradio.com.
4:18Welcome to The Restless Politics Question Time with me, Rory Stewart. And me, Alistair Campbell. Rory, we're going to talk about the World Cup. Yay! Starts Thursday. It's going to go off for weeks and weeks and weeks and weeks. We're going to talk about the midterms in the US. We're going to talk about corruption in America. You want to talk about, I know, about Millay and a really interesting development in relation to AI. And we're going to talk about the election in Armenia. And I think my favorite question of the week, Roy, has had me thinking a lot, is whether we would, if we had another life, whether we'd do politics.
4:53Ooh. So, World Cup. World Cup. I know you're very, very, very excited about this. The question that we have on the World Cup is from Sonny in Lincolnshire. Is this the most political World Cup of all time? As a World Cup historian, Rory, do you think it's the most political World Cup of all time?
5:11Rory Stewart:I know what kind of historians do because I've been watching Dominic Sandbrook on our sister show very carefully. What happens is you stroke your chin and you say, no, actually, you know, there was a World Cup in 1970, whatever, which did this, that, the other. 34. Go for 34 if I were you. Go 34. Brilliant. Absolutely brilliant. Okay. Now, Alistair, tell us a bit about the politics of the World Cup. What makes it political? I guess one big political thing is people like you are not going to the World Cup. How many people do you think are going to be boycotting the World Cup? Is the signs of that beginning to happen?
5:45Well, anecdotally, I know quite a lot of people. Look, the World Cup is the biggest sports event in the world, even bigger than the Olympics in terms of you know viewership around the world um but i think this one is going to be horribly political for all sorts of of different reasons the reason i mentioned 1934 is that was um that was in italy and it was at the time that mussolini was really kind of on the march as it were but i think this one is going to be pretty horrible um for all sorts of reasons help me understand so
6:21Rory Stewart:all I understand about World Cups, I was at the Qatar World Cup, which actually I really loved. There were the kids because the stadiums were very, very close to each other. So it was amazing. I mean, you could watch two matches a day easily and you could just move between them. And it was a real, I think very, very unusual to have these enormous stadiums all within about 20 minutes of each other. Yeah. Well, it's not going to be like that in this one. No. So tell us about this one and how this is going to be very different from my experience. Well, it's going to be very different in lots of ways.
6:49First is, it's the first time they've ever done a World Cup across three countries, USA, Mexico, Canada. The first game is going to be in Mexico, between Mexico and South Africa. It's been expanded so as they can make even more money in TV rights and the rest to 48 countries. So it's going to be longer than previous World Cups as well. But it's really interesting you remember Qatar. I bet you don't remember this, that on the day that the Qatar World Cup started, The BBC, I think, did not cover the opening ceremony. Instead, they did a documentary on human rights in Qatar. And then Russia, you had Russia, the World Cup, and a big part of that debate was sport washing, Putin using sport to kind of brandish a different sort of image to the world.
7:36And also another big story is the corruption in the bidding process. Now, I would argue, you know, when we were in Finland, and I did the same at an event in Redford, at the Redford Book Festival at the weekend. I did my question, which is the greatest threat to global stability right now, USA or China? USA is winning every single time, hands down. So I think there's a lot of worry about the Trumpification of this World Cup. Just to give you some of the things that have happened in recent days. For the first time ever, a referee from Somalia called Omar Artan, who's, you know, this is a guy who's done African Champions League finals.
8:18He's a proper professional referee.
8:22Rory Stewart:And he was coming in to do the refereeing for the World Cup. So he's been brought in for that. So there are 52 referees from different parts of the world. There's a couple of Brits all over the world. First time ever a referee from Somalia. He arrives at the airport and he's refused entry, despite having visa, despite having been okayed by FIFA. He's given no reason. He's just told, you're not welcome. The Senegal team. Now, I think you can guess what colour most of the Senegal team are, Rory. They arrive in the United States. They arrive in the United States. Now, when England and Scotland arrive in the United States, they were warmly welcomed.
8:59They were brought through the security, onto the bus, off to the training camp, blah, blah, blah. The Senegal team were searched on the tarmac in front of the cameras, asked to take their shoes off. I think it's now 14 members of the Iran staff have been denied entry. On the referee, I heard an interview yesterday with Rudy Giuliani's son, is the White House liaison man for the World Cup. And he was basically saying, why is this guy not being allowed in? We're not going to allow anybody in who threatens the security of the United States of America. No reason given whatsoever.
9:37Rory Stewart:And I noticed your great friend Gianni Anfantino, the head of FIFA, didn't use his amazing relationship with Donald Trump to get the Somali in. Instead, he's put out a solemn statement saying, FIFA does not get involved in the internal immigration practices of another state. No. So therefore, you're going to have a situation. And bear in mind, Rory, I think I'm right that all of the American stadia are in blue areas, Democrat areas, OK, they've been open about the fact there's going to be an ice surge in some of these stadium cities so that they can be on the lookout for people who are in America supporting their national team and maybe not there, not shouldn't be there.
10:17A quarter of the 48 countries taking part are currently facing either travel bans, tight restrictions or high visa rejection rates. Four competing countries, Iran, Haiti, Senegal, Ivory Coast, they have faced full or very heavy partial bans. And there's Infantino saying he doesn't get involved in day-to-day politics and stuff. This is the guy who gave Donald Trump the FIFA Peace Prize since when we've had God knows how many more wars. And this is the guy who in a previous I don't get involved in politics said, quote, today I feel black. I feel disabled. I feel gay. in other words there has been times when he's felt I'll play into a different agenda I've just had a brainwave I'm texting Mark Carney Prime Minister of Canada he should make a big big political point give the Somali ref a visa get in touch with Infantino and say change the reffing schedules he can ref the games here and if there's any refs who are meant to be in Canada they can go to America find it obviously that they're white and they can swap down.
11:33Great idea. The other thing that I think could be life-threatening is the heat. The World Weather, the Climate Research Group reckons that a quarter of the 104 matches are going to be played in conditions which are over the safety limits recommended by the Global Players Union. There are protocols for electrical storms. They're predicting that several games will be interrupted by electrical storms, stadium evacuation. You've then got the whole thing about the pricing. So the bid to host the World Cup was won in 2018. Okay. Now, okay, Trump was in power, but it was a very different America to the one that we've got now.
12:16And the promise at the time was that the tickets for the final biggest sporting event, you know, of the four-year period, the final the maximum would be$1 ,550 okay when they went on sale the most expensive was listed at$8 ,680 then what you have is all this sort of trading of the tickets on the FIFA platform and every time you're trading your ticket they're taking a 30 % cut hotels are reporting you you are I don't know if this is a boycott but hotels are reporting they're really struggling to fill their rooms. So I think it could be a bit of a mess. I mean, I don't want it to be a complete mess, but I'm not feeling the joy that I normally feel in advance of a World Cup.
13:03And, you know, the fact that I will feel very, when Scotland kick off their first game, I will feel, well, maybe you should be there. But I don't know. I think it's going to be pretty horrible, I'll say.
13:15Rory Stewart:Right. Okay. Well, that brings us, I guess, onto the midterms, which is going to be the next big story coming out of the US, and which maybe we should have been covering more. There's been a lot of shenanigans and a lot of critical stories. Let's just try to get to the first thing. So this is a question from Harriet. Please could you give us an update on the US midterms? Will Trump manage to keep the Senate? How much does it actually matter if he loses it? Well, first thing is, there's been a lot of hope invested in the midterms. Trump is unpopular, more unpopular than he was last time round. A lot of focus has been put on the price of gas.
13:57Rory Stewart:In some states, you're seeing gas going up 25 % above where it was before. and there's been a lot of hope that if he is roundly trounced in the midterms this is going to make a real difference to trump's administration and future chances um i i got a lovely exchange with my uh nephew charlie freeman in the states who's 18 has been uh following this all for me and has sent me incredible amount of data on these races he's operating for me almost as rory operates for you. But the basic story seems to be that the prediction is that the Democrats will take the House of Representatives, the lower house, but that at the moment, the Senate looks too close to call.
14:40Rory Stewart:Over to you. That's exactly what my Rory says. He says, Democrats currently three to one on to take the House. So that means very, very likely. Senate is on 50-50. I don't mean 50-50, that's going to what the makeup is, but it's 50-50 who takes it. I mean, look, I do think it's interesting the point you made, maybe we don't talk about it enough. I sort of feel that even though Trump dominates a lot of our conversations, I feel that you and I have been even subconsciously maybe looking not to talk about him as much as we were at one point. And I think we have that in common with the public. I've been really interested how sometimes I mention things to people that Trump has said or done that I'm just assuming because he says and does them so loudly that they will know.
15:31And there's no one to know about that, you know, because I think a lot of people are just turning off the news. Look, I think these elections are going to be bad for the Republicans. The one that my Rory says we should really keep an eye on, he thinks is the most interesting, is Texas. because and what happened there in the run-up you had this situation where the two wings of the kind of traditional republicans and the MAGA crowd have made it the most expensive one of the most expensive primaries in republican history and what they've done is they've ended up and this is where i think trump becomes a problem because they've ended up picking as a candidate trump's man this guy ken paxton who is just terrible he's going to be a terrible i think he's gonna be a terrible candidate.
16:16He beat somebody who was a four-time, John Cornyn, four-time incumbent, traditional Republican, actually had voted with Trump mainly, but he said a few critical things, so Trump decided to go against him. Paxton, meanwhile, the guy who's now going to be representing the Republicans, he's been reported to the FBI for bribery by eight people who worked for him. He was impeached for bribery in Texas. His wife is a Republican senator who filed for divorce on what she called biblical grounds. He's been indicted for securities fraud. And he's up against this very interesting, we're always looking for kind of interesting democratic talent.
16:56And there's this guy, James Tallarico, pretty young, mid-30s, very, very, very Christian, and seems to sort of ally his Christian faith to everything he talks about. But if Trump lost to Texas, which he won by 14 points in 2024. So it will be tough for Tallarico. But the fact that they're even talking about this being too close to call is, you know, I think evidence of how much trouble Trump is potentially in.
17:22Rory Stewart:Quick, quick explainer again. And thank you to Charlie Freeman for reminding me of this all the time. It makes a difference whether the Democrats take both houses or not, just in terms of constitutionally, what can happen. So constitutionally, if they take just the House but not the Senate, they can block legislation. Trump won't be able to get any laws through. Question there, does he really govern by legislation? Increasingly, he governs by executive orders. If they take the Senate as well, it affects his ability to make appointments, affects his ability to appoint judges, ambassadors, officials, all of which have to go through a Senate confirmation process.
18:02Rory Stewart:Maine is the place to look. People will remember Susan Collins in Maine, who is a very, very wily controversial figure. And up against her is a man called Graham Plattner. And Graham Plattner is a sort of Democrat, larger than life, wearing a very strange, inappropriate tattoo, army veteran. Is this the guy with the sort of Nazi-flavoured tattoo? Yeah, exactly. A Totenkopf tattoo. He's a really interesting character. I mean, we should try to get him on the show. And he seems in some of the polls to be narrowly leading Susan Collins in Maine. I think Maine, Michigan, Ohio are the main races to watch.
18:47Rory Stewart:We should start drilling in more into this though, because I think losing both houses will make a significant difference to Trump. And I think we should maybe get listeners engaging between now and November in what's up and what's down and setting the stakes around that a little bit more. Okay, can we not cover opinion polls too much? Because they do my head in. They do your head in. Maybe some of the characters. I liked your point about how Trump's own endorsement of Republicans against incumbent Republican senators is going wrong for him. But also, extraordinary, he gets away with it. I mean, it shows the sort of residual power of Trump that he can do this.
19:25He's still got the power in the party. Yeah. Yeah. And I think that's partly because a lot of them, look, I wrote my column last week about this extraordinary encounter I had with a Trump supporter. I just bumped into them in the airport lounge in my recent travels. And I was on the phone to Fiona. And as you know, Rory, I always speak very quietly in public places if I'm on the phone. Absolutely. But this guy heard me saying pretty disobliging things about Trump. And then literally, the minute I came off the phone, we entered into an argument, which, and I actually said in my column that four years of podcasting with you means I have sort of learned much better to kind of control my ire when it sort of rises, but I can still rise to it.
20:14This guy, there's nothing I could say, nothing I could say that he didn't come back with. Trump is the greatest president that we've ever had. I mean, he wouldn't accept that he lied. He wouldn't accept that he did things. He wouldn't accept that he was making money. Or if he did, he said, why shouldn't he? He's such a clever guy. He's got to do something when he stops being president. I hope he never stops being president. It was just horrific. I ended up saying, oh, there's my flight being called. And I walked down, and went to a bookshop. So there are more people like that than I think we fully understand.
20:48It's a bit like some of the kind of Brexit people who are in their hearts, know that it's been a disaster, but they can't ever quite bring themselves to say that in any terms. And I think we've got a lot of that with Trump. But look, I think what we should do is, as you say, maybe focus on some of the interesting characters and some of these debates. And maybe also, I'll tell you the other thing I think is quite interesting, is what the Democrats' strategy is going to be in these winnables places. Are they going to try to come up with a positive agenda of their own? Are they going to be anti-Trump?
21:19Or are they going to do very localized kind of campaigning that relates to their particular area? I'd find that interesting. Good. Well, let's get into the mechanics of it, because the stakes are huge, and it certainly is politics. I do think that Trump wants whoever follows him to fail. I'm convinced of that. It's a strand of narcissism that I think we underrate. I think he wants whoever comes after him to be a total failure.
21:43Rory Stewart:Well, Alistair, I think maybe time to take a break. And just before we take a break there, maybe in Tombi, has Eddie Rama sold out Albania's natural beauty to the Kushner Trump money grabber? But what's really interesting, obviously, I know Albania quite well. I know Eddie Rama, the prime minister, very well. And he's been sending me his rebuttal of this with increasing sort of anger and frustration because he actually says this is like Albania's wag the dog moment. Now, there is something clearly going on. I can't believe that Krishna and Ivanka would just say, oh, I'm not really, we're buying this island.
22:19And the conspiracy theories are now saying it's going to be the new Epstein Island, that they're going to get a new Epstein Island. They're saying it's going to be a great tourism thing so look i i've seen different shades of coverage i've seen some extraordinary stuff online uh i can't remember a name it was an irish um somebody online who was irish i think an irish journalist who was really deep into the detail of who is behind kushner and ivanka and their money and it's a lot of very very very politically connected people i've seen other stuff that says this isn't about uh building a kind of luxury tourism place it's actually about them just creating their own escape from the world if it all goes tits up and the you know and the and the and the masses and the the peasants come you know with their pitchforks to get the get the the super elite and the super rich like like kushner and i've seen eddie rama's messages to me when i keep saying, what the hell's going on here?
23:19When he basically says that this is all being kind of blown out of all proportion. Iranians are behind all the social media stuff. The protests are nowhere near as big as the pictures that you're seeing on television. He's got a spat this morning online with Bernie Sanders. Bernie Sanders talks about 100 ,000 people out there. Eddie Rama says it's no more than 2 ,000. The maximum was 8 ,000. So I don't really know what's going on, to be absolutely honest. But I'm very suspicious of anything that has Kushner at the heart of it.
Read the full transcript
23:50Rory Stewart:Yeah, well, and you're right to be. So listen, I think it's obvious why Eddie Rama did it. And I think everyone knows and he'll deny it till he goes blue in the face, but he's doing it to curry favor with Trump. That's basically what it is. It's part of a pattern. Look all the way through the Balkans. Eddie Rama hands over a pristine island to Jared Kushner. He's going to build 10 ,000 room luxury resort and destroy one of the last pristine islands off the coast of Albania. Dodik hands over mining concessions. The Bosnians give fuel. And in Serbia, they were trying to let the Trump family build hotels on the side of the Ministry of Defense.
24:27Rory Stewart:They're hoping by doing so that they get invitations to Mar-a-Lago, that they get US support on sanctions. This is why they also want to join the Board of Peace and all this kind of stuff. In no way is this anything like a transparent procurement process. This is not, you know, let's say Keir Sama got out of bed in the morning and thought what he'd want to do is turn the Isles of Scilly into a luxury resort, and the British government owned the Isles of Scilly. There would be a huge process, presumably of environmental impact assessments, community consultations, and then you would go out to some sort of tender and procurement process.
25:05Rory Stewart:My guess is Jared Kushner wouldn't be getting it for a knockdown price and building 10 ,000 flats. I wonder, but you mentioned when we were in Serbia, right next to the place where Kushner and Witkoff's money grabbing kids were trying to build a hotel. And it's not being built because of the protest. So I guess what's happening here is the protests are going on in the hope that this thing doesn't go ahead. And the hope is that they, I think people are hoping they can shame Eddie Rama to back out and not hand over prime Albanian pristine real estate to the Trump family in the hope that they can buy concessions.
25:43Yeah. Well, just to give you his official line to take, the planning process is ongoing. The environmental process is ongoing. The design process is ongoing. No project has been approved. No construction blueprint exists. No final development scheme has been presented. This is a process, not a project. Anyway, it does mean there have been these pretty large protests. But I think it is interesting how there's clearly something going on. And like I say, I wouldn't trust Krishna, even though my friend Tony Blair keeps telling me how clever he is and how much hard work he's doing on the border piece with him.
26:13I think this could be an example, both of a government trying to curry favor with Trump by doing something with his family and that the kind of online world and the misinformation world is also kind of at play here. It's messy and complicated when what you get online is something that is very, very simple. Very good.
26:36Rory Stewart:Well, let's take a quick break. And when we come back from break, we've got an election in Armenia, which we don't talk about enough. Also an amazing announcement from Mille in Argentina, who's announced that AI is going to be able to form its own corporations, which has the dangerous possibility that there's going to be no humans responsible that you can put in prison behind these corporations and some very reckless activities can follow. And then there was a question you wanted to do on whether you'd choose politics again. So let's speak after the break. See you soon.
27:10This episode is brought to you by Vauxhall. Electric cars have become part of life on the road and Vauxhall is supporting the UK's transition to electrification.
27:20Rory Stewart:Well, how are they doing that? Well, to start, their Electric Streets of Britain initiative aims to support local authorities in accelerating the UK's on-street charging infrastructure. And it's exactly what you want to see from Vauxhall, which is, of course, a British brand, a proud partner of Team GB, Vauxhall's also supporting the next generation of athletes on their journey to the 2028 Olympics. And there's more. Their new Vauxhall Grandland Griffin, a large family SUV, features a premium specification at an affordable price, whether you choose an electric or mild hybrid version. Even better, going electric can get you an additional£1 ,500 discount thanks to the electric car grant.
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29:49Welcome back to the Rest of Politics Question Time with me, Alistair Campbell.
29:52Rory Stewart:And with me, Rory Stewart. So let me start you with a question which relates to something you've been looking at. Harry, are the elections in Armenia positive for Europe's future? Tom, what do the Armenian election results mean for the UK? We've had tons of questions on this. Take us through the Armenian election and maybe tell us why we've had tons of questions on the Armenian elections. I think we've probably had tons of questions on the Armenian elections because people are aware that it was very significant, even though it's a relatively small country, about 3 million people. But it was significant in this seemingly never-ending battle that Vladimir Putin is waging to keep any country that is in his sort of reasonably close orbit under his wing.
30:42And what you have with the guy who has won the election, this is the guy who was serving as Prime Minister, Nikol Pashinyan, he has won. And he's won pretty bigly, as Donald Trump might say. So Armenia was once probably Russia's closest ally in the South Caucasus. They've had really deep ties historically. And Putin has been getting more and more angry, more and more agitated. A week before the elections, he actually recalled his ambassador in protest that Armenia's growing ties with the European Union. He warned them that unless they stop this sort of drive towards Europe and the EU in particular, that they face what he called the Ukrainian scenario.
31:26Well, you can make your own mind up about what that might mean. He's putting all sorts of economic pressure on, suspending a gas deal that they had. They were talking about kicking them out of the Eurasian Economic Union. and you know so all that pressure's coming on plus all the stuff that they do we saw how they did it in moldova you send in the spies you do the disinformation you get all the online stuff going um and pashinyan held his ground he hosted a big defense cooperation agreement with france he this is the one that really would have got to putin he's recognized the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, which has got a contract out.
32:06Anyway, he won a majority. The party that came second was Russian-backed, and it won 25 % of the seats in the parliament. So I'd say in answer to the question, I think it's pretty significant, and it is good news for Europe.
32:18Rory Stewart:One of the things that struck me quickly on this is we covered on the podcast, people of very long memories, back in 2023, the final loss of Nagorno-Karabakh. And Nagorno-Karabakh was an Armenian enclave surrounded by Azerbaijani territory. Armenia and Azerbaijan have been in a conflict going back decades, one of the great kind of Caucasus conflicts, international conflicts, the 90s. And essentially what's happened is Azerbaijan has become much, much richer on its oil revenues than its neighbor Armenia. Its military has become very strong. The Turks have pumped in drones and weapons. And they captured Nagorno-Karabakh, displacing, I think, 100 ,000 or more Armenians under this guy's prime ministership.
33:05Rory Stewart:So you would have thought that he would be punished for that. And actually, interestingly, it seems as though the Armenian voter blames the Russians more for failing to help them against the Azeris, recognized there was not that much the Armenians could do. And this was a kind of unwinnable fight. And he's been rewarded for something quite difficult in a country where there'll be big strands of nationalism, which is sort of acknowledging reality. So instead of everything that I thought would happen on the back of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is this kind of great unresolved bleeding sore leading to continual nationalist protests, and it may, maybe in five, 10 years time, there'll be another war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
33:52Rory Stewart:But at the moment, what's interesting is that the man who lost that territory and basically said, there's nothing we can do about it, has won an election. Yeah. The other election that happened at the weekend that you just said made me think of was Kosovo. Albin Korty won the election on a terribly low turnout, though. The turnout was somewhere in the 30s. It was really, really bad. But he's won the election. That means, by the way albin if you're listening that our offer of a joint interview on the rest of his politics leading with the serb leader alisander vucic remains it stands but i also think i think we should if we can rory if we can track him down and persuade him i think we should go and talk to mr pashinian in in armenia because i think it's really interesting what he's done as you say i I imagine that what was seen as his conceding defeat in relation to Nagorno-Karabakh, given how much blood and treasure was spent in trying to keep it, I thought that would really, really, really harm him.
34:53I also thought that he actually might be more harmed than he seems to have been by being so out there in terms of his projection of Armenia as a European Union-focused country as opposed to classic Eastern European leaning towards Russia. But he seems to have been rewarded on both fronts. So it just shows you stand up for big, bold things and you can win. Great.
35:17Rory Stewart:Just before we go to the next question, quick plug. You've been talking a lot about this incredible new book called The Nord Stream Conspiracy. And in the newsletter, we've interviewed the author, Boyan Panchevsky, about how you uncover a story on the sky. I mean, this is amazing. As you've told people on the show, it's got everything. It's got submarine divers, CIA, SVR, conspiracies, gas, energy. So sign up for the newsletter. And an erotic model. And an erotic model. Sign up to the newsletter to read that interview without the erotic model on Thursday. If the book, which is truly brilliant, is ever turned into a film, I think the title could be Freya.
35:59I think Freya, the erotic model, is in some ways the most interesting character in the whole damn thing. She's the one, without giving too much away, she's the one who puts the bomb on the bloody pipeline. amazing it is a truly truly brilliant non-fiction book that reads like a novel and it's absolutely brilliant so i'm glad we've got old bojan in the uh in the newsletter now rory you want to talk about mille christina from buenos aires capital of argentina argentina is now allowing ai systems to incorporate its companies with no humans behind them and no one to hold accountable Is this the most reckless legal experiment in modern history, or just the first of many countries to race to the bottom on AI accountability?
36:45My God, that is quite a story.
36:47Rory Stewart:It's an extraordinary story. So this comes out of the fact that Javier Mille wrote an op-ed in the Financial Times announcing this policy. And then Yuval Noah Harari, my friend who we've interviewed a couple of times on leading, then responded with his own op-ed in the Financial Times. Worth reading both pieces. I mean, the first thing that is absolutely staggering is Millet announces this policy. And at the core of this policy is some idea that you could set up a company run by AI where there was not unlimited human liability behind it. Some idea either of limited liability or even that actually it's the AI that's going to end up being accountable for the company as opposed to the human.
37:32Rory Stewart:And he introduces it really to wind up most of our listeners, saying the great model for this is the Dutch East India Company. If you listen to the wonderful Empire podcast, our sister podcast that William Dharumpur does with Anita Anand, the Dutch and the British East India companies are the most extraordinary examples of rapacious capitalism in a world like a world of hyperscalers running the universe, destroying states, hoovering up money, corruption, etc. So amazing that Millet says that his model for this is the Dutch East India Company. But the problem that Yuval points out is that in the end, you cannot send an AI to jail.
38:16Rory Stewart:And the ultimate backstop for a company misbehaving, there are so many incentives for a company to misbehave. Because an AI running a company is basically given the task of revenue and survival of the company. And if they feel the revenue and the survival of the company is under risk, the AI could begin to do more and more radical things. It could risk bankruptcy. It could lie to people who are making loans to it. It could begin to cut laws around pollution and who knows what else. And when it's caught, what can you do to it? Absolutely nothing. You can't put an AI in jail. It would be like hanging a pig.
38:53Rory Stewart:So to finish with Christina's point, this is the big choice that we face. Millet has made a choice, right? His choice is AI is the future of the world. And that the solution, therefore, is Argentina has no choice other than to lean into it. That either you get with the American program or you're doomed. And so Argentina is going to open up. It's going to be the most liberal, most open country to AI in the world. And this amazing AI revolution is going to happen in Argentina. The downside is it might be a bit like saying, America's invented the nuclear weapons, so we're going to make our economic model, letting them test it all over our country.
39:30Rory Stewart:Back to you. Yeah. So is Peter Thiel involved in this? Peter Thiel who's flitted to Argentina because apparently doesn't feel terribly safe in America? Very, very much. I mean, Millet denies it, but all these references to Dutch East India Company are absolutely central Peter Thiel cod history and sovereign individual stuff. Well, non-Cod history, you mentioned William Dalrymple and his East India Company book. It's called The Anarchy. Strollly recommended. And you get a flavour from that title of Willie's view of how things went. And I suspect, I've not heard him much on AI, but I suspect he sees rapaciousness being repeated by the capitalist class, which is why we all so love the Pope.
40:14Rory Stewart:But Anastasia, just to sort of put you on the spot for a second before we move on. I mean, I think this will be the question we keep returning to again and again with AI, which is, what do you do with a technology which looks like it could make America an incredible amount of money, give it incredible national security power, transform all its services? And China. And China. And we could actually talk about the fact the European Union's just brought in an AI Act. And basically, not surprisingly, the European Union being the European Union is very much safety first, Europe first. And from the point of view of the AI companies, an enormous amount of regulations and stopping the kind of innovation they can do in the US.
40:58Rory Stewart:And probably what will happen is that Europe's being completely rational, they're completely right to be very worried about risks. But the consequences of that is the US, which will not be regulating as much, which will be innovating much more, will be flying ahead. And we'll find ourselves technologically even more behind, even if we feel safer. Yeah. Somebody sent me a very interesting note on the AI, the European one. And I think you're right. It says the five key requirements, AI literacy, organizations have a duty to ensure staff using AI, understand the risks, et cetera, to human oversight.
41:36Well, that's something that clearly Peter Thiel and Millet don't want with their AI companies. Transparency, people must be informed when they're interacting with it. Risk management and documentation and compliance. So I guess an American would look at that and say, that is why Europe's going to fall so far behind us. Or do you think there's something, is there a more positive judgment we can make of that?
41:57Rory Stewart:I think if you were going to be favorable towards the regulators, you'd say sometimes regulation actually helps innovation. And the great example of that is that introducing the brake pad, which was Mrs. Benz, as in Mercedes Benz, developed the brake pad, allowed cars to go much faster. It's kind of counterintuitive. Having a brake allows you to go faster. Having safety regulation allows you to innovate more, because before that, people went around in front of cars with little little red flags saying beware of the car and actually the same issue of airbags, seatbelts, all stuff. So that's the positive case.
42:30Rory Stewart:The other positive case for Europe is that it's putting, it's demanding European headquarters companies are right at the heart of our critical infrastructure. This is trying to get away from the threat after Greenland that Trump is going to try to weaponize American companies to extort concessions out of Europe. And they're also trying to build a European and sovereign cloud so that not all our data and cloud computing is owed by the US. But none of this is going to work unless we can start building a lot of data centers. And it's going to be very difficult to build data centers if we don't have cheap energy.
43:05Rory Stewart:And then without cheap energy, we won't have the data centers, we won't have the weights. And it's all a bit for the birds, because actually it's only going to be the Americans and Chinese who can do any of this stuff anyway. Just briefly, before we go to the last question, you mentioned the Pope, who I was hero worshipping last week, and I therefore followed his procession through Spain. Over a million people turned out to hear him speak, but I don't think he did himself a lot of favours with some of the women in Spain. I think if he'd done it at a mass, but he went to the Congress of Deputies to do quite a big thing about abortion, I think he should have waited to the mass for that, probably.
43:46Certainly one of my Spanish friends was very, very, very cross with him. And she was part of the hero worshipping over the encyclical. The Pope's encyclical remains a, if you haven't read it yet, I was at this book festival in Retford at the weekend. I was very upset. Only four people had read the full encyclical. Two of them were Irish. Right, last question.
44:09Rory Stewart:So it's from Oliver. If given another life, would you have chosen politics again? and I think we can finish on that. Oh, depends when the life would be. I think I would, yeah. I think I would. I think if I was young now, if I was 25, 30 now, I think I would definitely choose politics, yeah. Because I think it matters now possibly more than ever. In fact, I mentioned the Redford Book Festival. There was a very interesting and quite moving question from a woman who said that she was standing for Labour in a local, a parish council election, parish council. And she said she was getting abuse. She was getting online threats.
44:54She was beginning to wonder whether she should be doing it. And she said she was having to answer for every single thing that the Labour government was being criticised for. You know, she's standing for the parish council and people are saying, you know, what about this in the Middle East? And why aren't you doing more about this in Africa? I want to be your parish counsellor. And she said to me, what advice do you have? And I said, well, don't look at the stuff online and just try to focus on the good that you can do. But it's bloody hard these days. And it's, by the way, we're coming up, Rory, to the, I know you were a friend of Jo Cox, as was I, we're coming up to the 10th anniversary of her death.
45:35So a thought for joe and for kim her sister who's now doing the old job but i was really quite moved by this one because you know you just think even a parish council level she's having to deal with all this bloody online abuse and threats and stuff so i'd still do it i'd still do it yeah you do it glad
45:53Rory Stewart:glad very good um would you yeah i'd give it a go i think the interesting thing about politics is where's the space i mean you've got to work in an environment where there's a space and i think what I've probably learned is there may not be much space for my type of centrist politics. Somebody very kindly tried to run an opinion poll for me and thought that a kind of Rory-style party might get about 20 % of the vote, but that it's very difficult to imagine in a modern kind of polarized world. I'm not sure about that. Oh, okay. You think the center's still got potential? I think the center has got potential.
46:26The center in most parts of the world is just not being offered at the moment because people are tending towards extremes so i listen by the way 20 is a bloody good place to start i wouldn't i wouldn't rule that out rory i can be a driver drive you
46:43Rory Stewart:around the place see you later thank you alistair look forward to seeing you take care bye-bye
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