In short
The episode of Wall Street Week covers four themes: (1) a postponed U.S.-China summit in Beijing, (2) New Zealand’s “brain drain” to Australia, (3) stablecoin adoption and what it means for banking, and (4) the crowded sparkling water market and which brands may survive.
Guests and backgrounds
Myron Brilliant (senior counselor at DGA Albright Group; recently returned from China). Elizabeth Economy (Hoover Institution senior fellow). Gillian Tett (Provost, King’s College Cambridge). Sean Collier (New Zealander lawyer living in Melbourne; moved in 2023). John Key (former NZ prime minister; also discussed by the host). Subnendu Mahanti (former chief fintech officer, Monetary Authority of Singapore). Wei Zhou (CEO, CoinsPH). Sebastian Gunningham (CoinsPH; mentioned as partner/CEO in the segment). Dave Berwick (CEO, Spindrift). Adam Wagley (co-founder/CEO, Butterfly).
Key claims
Summit deliverables will likely be incremental “singles,” with trade/investment stability as the main goal; Iran is secondary; AI “red lines”/safety protocols are a possible symbol. New Zealand’s net citizen migration is at its lowest since 2001; housing/productivity and intergenerational inequality drive departures. Stablecoins’ biggest use case is cross-border payments/remittances; regulation (e.g., U.S. “Genius Act”) should enable scale and push banks to integrate. Sparkling water is saturated but still growing due to health-driven substitution from soda; barriers to launching brands are lower due to outsourced “enablers.”
Notable examples
China wants market access (beef/soybeans/Boeing) and tariff/export-control clarity; possible Taiwan statements are a “game changer” risk. Collier cites doubling income and lower costs in Australia. Stablecoin “sandwich” flow: Remitly deposits dollars → stablecoins sent on-chain → CoinsPH converts to pesos. Sparkling water shelf competition includes LaCroix, Spindrift, Liquid Death, Waterloo, and Nixie.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOMigration of Talent
2:11 to 2:42
Explore the implications of migration on local economies and leadership.
“I'm David Weston bringing you stories of capitalism.”
US-China Summit Dynamics
2:42 to 5:12
Analysis of the upcoming summit between President Trump and President Xi.
“rescheduled because of a war in Iran that was supposed to be over by now.”
Chinese Expectations and Strategy
5:12 to 10:20
Insight into China's goals for the upcoming summit and its strategic moves.
“They're trying to create a concrete list of deliverables.”
New Zealand's Talent Crisis
16:16 to 20:44
Explore the reasons behind New Zealand's brain drain and economic challenges.
“The ebbs and flows of migration mean that any country's human resources fluctuate over time.”
The Complexity of Intellectual Capital
20:46 to 22:28
Understand the dynamics of intellectual capital flow and its impact.
“New Zealand's net citizen migration is at its lowest since official data began in 2001.”
Strategies for Economic Recovery
22:31 to 27:35
Examine potential strategies for New Zealand to attract talent back home.
“that to get innovation, you ideally need to have one or two things happening, ideally both at the same time.”
The Future of Stablecoins
27:40 to 28:00
Discuss the implications of stablecoins for the banking system.
“We actually need to look at things that will bring people back.”
Job Stability and AI's Impact
28:00 to 28:24
Discussion on how AI affects job stability and quality of life in New Zealand.
“being able to have kids, job stability, you know, AI's ruining job stability for a lot of people.”
The Promise of Stablecoins
31:38 to 32:31
Explaining how stablecoins aim to transform payments globally and their growing use.
“This is a story about cutting through the noise.”
Remittance and Stablecoins
32:31 to 34:38
Discussion on how stablecoins can lower remittance costs for Filipinos abroad.
“According to supporters, 2025 was the year of the stablecoin.”
Show all 18 chapters
Market Analysis of Stablecoins
34:38 to 36:54
Analyzing the current size and growth potential of the stablecoin market.
“CoinsPH partners with online money transfer platforms to bring stablecoins to users' wallets.”
Regulation and Adoption of Stablecoins
36:54 to 39:24
Discussing the importance of regulation for stablecoin adoption and future growth.
“But a new report from McKinsey's Matt Higginson suggests the reality is much more modest.”
Future of Traditional Banks with Stablecoins
39:24 to 41:19
Exploring how the rise of stablecoins could impact traditional banking systems.
“In Singapore's case, our focus on stablecoin has always been well-regulated stablecoin issued under a strong regulatory framework.”
Challenges and Considerations for Stablecoin Adoption
41:19 to 42:00
Addressing the challenges and user considerations in adopting stablecoins.
“And I think there will be a bit of a scramble to position myself as a bank between stablecoin and customer to provide the best interface.”
The Role of Stablecoins in Business Transactions
42:00 to 43:30
Learn about the significance and application of stablecoins in transactions.
“So I want to make sure that it's going to be easy for them as well.”
The Sparkling Water Boom: Market Trends
47:22 to 54:02
Explore the booming market for sparkling water and its competitors.
“MyPolicyAdvocate.com This is a story about saturation.”
Investing in Beverage Startups: Challenges and Opportunities
54:02 to 56:00
Learn about the investment landscape in the competitive beverage sector.
“So when we sell at a premium price point, we can improve our gross margin, then reinvest to grow the brand.”
Investing in Consumer Brands and Enablers
56:00 to 58:35
Learn about the investment strategies focusing on consumer brands and their enablers.
“Wagley finds that the very factor that lowers the barriers to entry may be the key to investing.”
Transcript
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2:09This is Wall Street Week. I'm David Weston bringing you stories of capitalism. Losing valuable people to migration isn't that unusual. But what does it mean when even your former prime minister leaves to find opportunities elsewhere? Plus, President Trump is a big booster of stablecoins. But what are they actually good for? and what do they mean for the banking system? And grocery shelves are packed with more varieties of bubbly water than you can count. Why are there so many and how many will survive? But we start with the postponed Beijing summit between President Trump and President Xi, rescheduled because of a war in Iran that was supposed to be over by now.
2:50How much will it affect discussions between the two leaders, assuming that they happen as planned? Myron Brilliant is a senior counselor at the DGA Albright Group and recently returned from China. I think there's been a fair amount between the economic leaders, right? So Vice Premier He Le Fong on the Chinese side and his counterpart here, Secretary Bessette, and Ambassador Greer have had six or seven rounds of discussions. So I think on that side, they understand where the guardrails are, what can be done. There are some questions about how much can be done in areas like export controls. But I think the United States thinks they're going to get something on market access, more beef, more soybeans, maybe Boeing planes, something progress in those kinds of areas.
3:37So I think that side of the equation is good. The side that is less clear is the political side. As you suggested, summits of this nature with this high expectations tend to take months to prepare. with the president and the administration distracted by the war in the Middle East. It's not had the same level of political connectivity between, say, Foreign Minister Wang Yi and his counterpart, Secretary of State Rubio. There is dialogue, but I'm not sure the infrastructure of the system has been as deep and broad as you would expect of a summit of this nature. If you think about the wish list from the two sides, you just mentioned some of the things the United States would like, selling more soybeans, for example, Boeing planes, or things like that.
4:20But this is the first meeting these two leaders since they really had sort of a trade dispute, particularly over things like critical minerals. Have they put it back together? Well, 25 was a tumultuous year in the U.S.-China relationship, right? There was the escalation on tariffs. And of course, you know, I think China was more prepared and they used their advantage. They leveraged the critical minerals, rare earth issue to their advantage, and they put some choke points on the United States, not just the United States, Japan as well. So 2025 was an unpredictable and complicated year. 2026 hasn't been made easier by the situation in Iran because that's another dynamic in the relationship.
5:02But both sides recognize that a global recession doesn't serve their interests. Both sides are trying to manage a further deterioration of the relationship. It's not because they want to be friends, but it's because each side recognizes that stability is in their self-interest. So that's what they're managing. They're trying to create a concrete list of deliverables. It's not going to be a home run of a visit. But even moving incrementally forward and having the optics of the two leaders meet not just once, but possibly two or three times this year, that's progress in one sense. That creates some stability.
5:36But to me, it's not a ceiling. It's a floor. You mentioned that President Trump said he'd like to have several meetings this year. Does that reduce the likelihood that any one meeting will have a major breakthrough? Because the Chinese are thinking, wait a second, we've got more of these coming. Well, I was in Beijing, as you know, 10 days ago. And my sense is the Chinese are pretty confident. They think they've cracked the code on President Trump. They think they've, you know, they got a playbook. And their playbook is not to appease the Trump administration like they did try in Trump 1.0 and Trump 2.0, they're punching back.
6:10And we see a little bit of this on both sides, tit for tat. U.S. issues new regulations under the FCC. The Chinese issue new exit bans that affect supply chains on critical minerals. So each side is feeling each other out, so to speak. I think ultimately China will do enough to create some momentum out of this visit, but not so much that they deliver all that they can deliver in this first summit. They're going to test the market, meaning they're going to test whether they can count on Trump delivering. And that's that's pretty unpredictable right now. What's on the Chinese wish list? What do they want Trump to deliver?
6:50I think a couple of things, and I think they're going to be hard to get. One is they want guardrails around export controls. But, you know, from the administration officials I talk to, they don't want to go there. They view that as a national security imperative in the United States, not something to negotiate in the China-U.S. relationship. But that's clearly high on their list. Second, they want some kind of clarity on tariffs. There, there's a little bit of give and take. The administration seems to like this idea of a board of trade, which side gives up something on tariffs. We want to get something back in return, obviously, market access.
7:26But I think that is negotiable. The third thing is I think the administration has to watch out for is the Chinese want something on Taiwan. They'd love to see the president make some kind of statement around peaceful unification. We've had five decades where the United States has stayed the course on its policy on Taiwan. The Chinese think that dealing with the president of the United States, they might be able to get something done in Taiwan. I hope not. That would be a game changer. Is there any prospect that President Trump might ask for help from President Xi on Iran? I think that he'll lean in on that issue.
8:03But depending what you defer as help, I think he'll lean in in trying to get the Chinese to back off helping. But we know that China has already helped Iran on surveillance technology. We know that they've helped on drone technology. So China has leaned in a little bit, but China has to be careful. Their stakes in the Middle East are not as high as their stakes in the U.S.-China relationship. Stability between China and the United States is still a higher priority than coming to the aid of Iran. They know that. They do have 10 % of their oil coming from Iran, but they have diversified in the energy space, not just on oil and gas suppliers, but also in solar and renewables.
8:46So therefore, they're less reliant on Iran than they used to be, and that also factors into their equation. You know China well. You also know U.S. business well. For U.S. business people, leaders in this country, what should they be looking at in this summit? Well, you know, symbols matter. So let's see what happens with China and the United States at the summit. Do the leaders embrace some kind of pact? Do they provide a little bit more business certainty? Do they create space on both sides where there's not going to be this tit-for-tat retaliation? There's a lot of sensitivities. There's a lot of competition.
9:25I'm looking for symbols on AI. OK, we're going to compete intensely with China on AI. But we also have to think about the risk in the system and trying to raise that government leader after government leader raised AI. Is this an opportunity? I think business would encourage that. Well, you know, during the height of the Soviet Union, U.S. Cold War, we had a hotline between Moscow and Washington. Should we create an AI hotline? Should we have red lines on AI? Should we create safety protocols? So this is the kind of things that I think would be stabilizing in the relationship. We're looking for that.
10:01We're obviously also looking for each side to pull back on some of the regulatory behavior that creates mischief in the relationship, that creates irritants and creates impediments. And we'll hope to see some of that come out of this summit. But the deliverables that we see at the summit are not going to be home runs. they're going to be singles. Singles matter. You get enough singles, you score runs. But I think we should be cautioned against having high expectations at the first summit. But it's still important to have. It was the Iran war that caused the delay in the summit. What we've seen over the past year and almost a half between the two countries has been this kind of tit for tat diplomacy around...
10:44But Elizabeth Economy, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, thinks that that will not be the central issue for the leaders as they look for common ground. There is a summit scheduled between President Trump and President Xi in Beijing. First of all, will it happen? I think it's going to happen. I think we're in the midst of a ceasefire. I think the president is determined to hold the ceasefire in Iran in order to have the summit, if for no other reason. How much will Iran influence the agenda at the summit? I think the Iranian issue and the war in Iran is going to be a secondary issue. I think for Xi Jinping and for Donald Trump, this summit is really about finding a degree of stability in the relationship.
11:25I think that's really the issue on which both sides are aligned. And I think that's going to come in the trade and the investment realm. So I think Iran will be there. Russia, Ukraine will be there. But there will be very much secondary issues. Do the Chinese trust President Trump? Because President Trump is known for being sort of unpredictable at times. Yes, I think that they trust that if he gets what he wants, that he will also give to them. And so I think they've spent a lot of time trying to understand what his priorities are and what he's prepared to give in return. Of course, they were very pleasantly surprised by the president's decision to allow the export of H-200s last summer.
12:05That was a big win for the Chinese. So I think they're looking similarly for some new technologies to be lifted out of the export control bucket. I think they'd like to see a reduction in the tariffs. Basically, they want to be treated as a normal power. They don't want to have, you know, sort of the highest tariffs, the highest number of export controls, and the most investment restrictions placed on them. A lot has been said about the competition in AI between the United States and China. Is there also a possibility for cooperation? I see now the White House is now saying maybe we should have some rules about releasing new models, LLM models.
12:43Do you think President Xi is open to some sort of a multilateral agreement? I think that would be a very, very complex negotiation. What I understand is on the table for the summit, at the very least, is really a negotiation around both sides agreeing to terms for keeping AI models, certain AI models, advanced AI, out of the hands of rogue actors. I think that's the sort of starting point for where the two sides might come together. Coming up, the brain drain away from New Zealand. What's causing it, and can anything be done?
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16:15This is a story about a trade deficit, not in goods or services, but in intellectual capital. The ebbs and flows of migration mean that any country's human resources fluctuate over time. But what happens when they go only one way and over an extended period of time? What can a country do to turn things around? That is the question New Zealand is asking itself right now. Can I just grab a long black, please? In Melbourne, the so-called coffee capital of the world, lawyer Sean Collier has found a new home. Thank you so much. The New Zealander moved to Australia in 2023. I would say pretty much entirely for economic reasons.
16:55I was working as a lawyer in Auckland for about a year and a half, and I was essentially living at subsistence level, pretty much unable to save any money. Once you get paid, it would just be rent, groceries, gas, all the money's gone, essentially. Everyone's got like a different sort of version of events, but for me at least, I basically doubled my income in less than a year, and the cost of living went down. So the grass was very much greener. Collier is part of a growing movement. About 41 ,000 New Zealanders moved to Australia in 2025, the highest level in 12 years, with more than half of those estimated to be between ages 20 and 39.
17:38And earlier this year, former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern joined them, a move which made international headlines and shone a light on New Zealand's economy. There's a bit of a view that our economy isn't performing quite as well as Australia's economy. then you're feeding the narrative that people are starting to hear at dinner parties that, you know, all of our children are leaving or the health care services are better or some other kind of thing. Like Ardern, John Key is also a former prime minister of New Zealand, and before that was global head of foreign exchange at Merrill Lynch. The New Zealand economy is not as strong as we'd like it to be, and maybe not as strong as historically it has been, but it's not a story of universal lower growth.
18:20actually Auckland and Wellington the main centres have been weaker and largely weaker because of negative house prices so they said a big impact on construction and all sorts of activity related around housing and the sort of negative wealth effect of people living in Auckland and when you think Auckland is home to one and a half million people out of a population about five million it has quite a big impact so yeah that that's been a bit negative but the rest of the country being very strong actually rural prices have been strong so we're a big food producer basically started life as Britain's little farm and we continue to be that we're very much a strong food producer so that part of the country's been good and there's lots of exciting things happenings well New Zealanders have always left for Australia the question is whether they come home largely they do but not always I mean if you look at New Zealand we're home of say five million people now about half a million maybe as many as a million and New Zealanders live in Australia, so it's quite a few.
19:20We're a little bit like Canada is to the United States, and the United States is a sort of magnet for talent out of Canada. Pay packets are higher, opportunities are greater. It's a little bit like that from New Zealand to Australia. And every New Zealander has a free option. So you're free to go to Australia. It depends on the conditions of how you go, but you are free to go. So it's a very open labour market. And there's just no question that those jobs and opportunities are bigger. And the lifestyle is very similar. But while New Zealanders have always sought the experience of living overseas, be it Australia, the UK or US, typically they would return home eventually to start a family and buy a house, often with more wealth and increased expertise from their time overseas.
20:07I've always thought I would raise my kids in NZ. You know, I've always, like when I moved here, the plan was to sort of get a bunch of money together and go home. And I've spoken to a lot lot of Kiwis over here, and that's very much their intention as well. But to be honest, like all of the, out of all the Kiwis I know that have moved here, I couldn't, I couldn't name more than like, you know, three or four that have actually returned. So I think, I don't know, it's a, it's a pretty big, it's a pretty big issue. Like the, it's looking less and less realistic for me. And it's showing up in the numbers.
20:46New Zealand's net citizen migration is at its lowest since official data began in 2001. In other words, people are leaving like they always did, but now they're no longer coming back. New Zealand has got a very big productivity problem in that its economy is just muddling through. Gillian Tett is provost at King's College, Cambridge. There's a lot of self-inflicted wounds in New Zealand, not least, for example, the nimbyism that vents people from building enough houses to ensure that everyone could get access to a house cheaply and easily. So you're creating in New Zealand a real intergenerational inequality problem in that people who are inheriting assets are doing well, others aren't.
21:24So New Zealand's got a lot of problems, and that's one reason why you've got New Zealanders leaving at the moment. But in terms of trying to attract smart people and smart talent, that really is the big new game in town. New Zealand's problem is not unique. Poland experienced a brain drain after joining the EU. Ireland did so in the wake of the great financial crisis. And Portugal is the latest in Europe. In all three examples, citizens saw new opportunities for higher pay and better jobs elsewhere. But Tetz says the loss of intellectual capital isn't always a bad thing. Is the flow of intellectual capital necessarily a zero-sum game?
22:03I saw a recent report that suggested actually both countries could benefit because people, when they go someplace else, maintain relations back with their home country. And there can be a flow of capital, of business across the boundaries. Can it be something that could benefit both countries? One of the biggest mistakes you will make is to regard intellectual capital as a zero-sum game and to assume they have to hang on to their brilliant minds at all costs and stop them from going around the world. That was a disastrous mistake because history shows very clearly that to get innovation, you ideally need to have one or two things happening, ideally both at the same time.
22:40On the one hand, you need to have clusters of brilliant minds who can bump into each other, ideally from different disciplines to create that kind of interdisciplinary collisions and creativity. But you also need to have some diversity. and serendipity that allows people to bump into entirely different ideas in a way that enables them to be even more creative. But in terms of people moving around and spending stints of research time in different intellectual hubs and environments, it's absolutely crucial if you want to keep ideas flowing for the benefit of everyone and spark new ones. And it makes my blood boil when I see governments trying to shut the doors on people, whether it's the European Union and the UK, which have not yet implemented a youth mobility scheme.
23:26That makes my heart break, frankly. The fact that it's become harder to move scientists back and forth across borders, or not just scientists, but social scientists and humanities scholars as well. But also what America is doing at the moment is not helpful in terms of sparking that extraordinary, if you like, you know, chemical mix of brilliant minds coming together. A healthy flow of intellectual capital may be a good thing for a country, but it needs to flow in both directions. Poland provides tax incentives and other support for citizens to return. Ireland's corporate tax rate attracted foreign direct investment to promote job growth.
24:04And Portugal is looking to stem its brain drain by offering tax exemptions for a worker's first decade of employment. As politicians and I think even as business leaders, we feel unclean about any kind of incentive to do something and so I mean for instance in my day I put up pretty big incentives for movies to be made that led to the hobbits and so many other things happening in Avatar and you imagine the skills and technology and capacity that came off that but it caused a massive outcry that we were essentially giving back some of the indirect tax that we got in the form of subsea because we didn't normally do that but Ireland's done that It's been quite prepared to do that.
24:44I mean, Israel probably has incentives all over the show, I'm guessing, in the technology space. So I'm not arguing that we need to go back to a sort of stupid world where politicians allocate resources and the wrong outcomes come. I'm just saying I just wonder whether we sort of let perfection get in the way of the possible. During Key's time in office, HSBC labeled New Zealand a rock star economy, praise that enhanced its global reputation and helped the country experience positive net migration with Australia for the first time in 24 years. We had political stability. You know, I was starting to go through Australian prime ministers pretty rapidly.
25:20We'd had one, myself. And by the end of it, that period of eight years in office, HSBC described us as a rock star economy. So people started saying, wow. And there really are some great opportunities over in New Zealand. They started coming over. So it's not an impossible thing to get. Sadly what you see is, I mean in a lot of ways it's a good thing, but we have a very much an integrated economy with Australia. So see closer economic relations as our free trade deal and it's about the most comprehensive free trade deal you can get. Extremely comprehensive. So goods can travel either way, there are no conditions.
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25:58Basically investment can do the same. So one of the reasons why you see less Australians coming over is their investment comes into New Zealand, but then they stay in Australia and has someone running the operation here but they domicile the the operation in Australia so look it's a challenge there's no question about that but then you've had isolated parts of the country like if you look at say Queenstown it's had enormous connectivity with Australia deemed to be you know kind of beautiful the aspen of the south it's attracted enormous number of migrants both from the United States United Kingdom but Australia and you are seeing net positive net migration there so it's not it's not every place but it's certainly been hardest felt in Auckland where people have left I think.
26:45New Zealand's government has also introduced a range of measures including active investor visas for wealthy foreigners and tax incentives for investment. It's not yet driven the sort of economic opportunities to attract Kiwis back home. But for now, Key says New Zealand should lean into what it's known for. It can be a little bit negative, but I don't know, I look at New Zealand and say, okay, yeah, I understand a lot, but we're five million people. We really are the last bus stop on the planet, but we're kind of a paradise as well. In a world where there's global insecurity, we seem like a really safe place.
27:21We are incredibly beautiful. I mean, there's a lot of things going for New Zealand so I'm kind of of the view to say yeah we need to acknowledge that the economy needs to be a bit stronger and create more opportunities but let's not sort of panic that all is not fixable at least in New Zealand because I actually believe it is. In terms of actually fixing these problems I think yeah like in a nutshell we need to be looking at things that will actually attract young people back to the country I think so many people have left now it's not going to be good enough to just stop them leaving. We actually need to look at things that will bring people back.
27:57And for my generation, like the main problems are being able to afford property, being able to have kids, job stability, you know, AI's ruining job stability for a lot of people. So I think our government should be looking at ways to sort of guarantee that if you work hard in New Zealand, you'll actually be able to have a good quality of life, which is not the current situation over there. Up next, President Trump likes them, and the Genius Act provides a U.S. law to regulate them. But what is the real use case for stablecoins, and how much will they transform the banking system?
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29:16Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash market. Add paid for by Public Holdings. Brokered services by Public Investing, member FINRA SIPC. Advisory services by Public Advisors, SEC Registered Advisor. Crypto services by ZeroHash. All investing involves risk of loss. See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures. Small businesses are the pulse of every community. They bring people together, create opportunities, and drive growth. With a widespread presence in communities across the country, Chase for Business supports small business owners at a local level.
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30:26Chase for business. Make more of what's yours. The Chase mobile app is available for select mobile devices. Message and data rates may apply. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A., member FDIC. Copyright 2026, J.P. Morgan Chase and Company. Here's a paradox. We buy insurance for peace of mind, yet the very policies we trust can deliver the biggest financial shocks. Across America, millions of claims are denied every year, not because people did anything wrong, but because policies quietly excluded the things that happened. The psychology of trust tells us we assume the contract is fair, but in insurance, the information gap is massive.
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31:49This is a story about cutting through the noise. I think Bitcoin is the king of this market. It will remain the king of this market. I'm laser-like focused on Bitcoin. I think Bitcoin is digital capital. I think it's gonna outperform the S &P index over the indefinite future. There was nothing that couldn't be done in crypto. Better, faster, cheaper, more transparently. There's been a lot of noise about cryptocurrencies. It's sometimes hard to sort out the crypto noise from the signal. But whatever the reality behind all the hype, there is one particular version of cryptocurrency that is growing in use, that seeks to deliver on the promise of combining the speed and ease of blockchain with the relative stability of currencies and that you may be using without even knowing it.
32:31According to supporters, 2025 was the year of the stablecoin. In five years or 10 years, the overwhelming majority of the payments that happen in the world just by sheer number of payments are happening via stablecoins. It can be fundamental to changing not just the financial system, but the way the broader economic system works. And as of last year, the stablecoin subset of crypto now has the regulatory backing of the U.S. This could be perhaps the greatest revolution in financial technology since the birth of the Internet itself. A lot of people are saying that. I don't know. What do you guys think?
33:07Yes. The answer to President Trump's question may lie in the wallets of people around the world who simply want to send money across national borders. According to Bloomberg Intelligence, the total amount of money sent using stablecoins will reach over$56 trillion by 2030. But however big it ultimately gets, it's starting small, with many people sending just a few hundred dollars at a time. People like Hannah Nicole Danoy. I have been living in New York for eight years, and I am a restaurant manager. I sent money home to the Philippines, I would say about like between$500 to$1 ,000 a month. I prefer sending money home through apps like World Remit or Remitly.
33:52Danoy is one of two million Filipinos living abroad. Together, they sent$35 billion back to the Philippines in 2025, equal to over 7 % of the country's GDP. For Wei Zhou, the CEO of Philippine-based CoinsPH, this is stablecoin's biggest opportunity. Ten years ago, the cost of remittance for every dollar, it was 8%. With technology, with better connectivity and banking rails, that cost went down to like 2 % to 4%. By using stablecoins, we can lower that cost to anywhere between 0.5 % or 50 bps. And we hope to lower that even to like 20 to 30 bps. When you're running$40 billion remittance, for every 1 % that you save, that's like$400 million that goes back into the people's pockets right away.
34:38CoinsPH partners with online money transfer platforms to bring stablecoins to users' wallets. It partners with, among others, Remitly. Its CEO is Sebastian Gunningham. Every time that you do a send transaction, we have a transaction engine that chooses the best way to send that money at low cost and at speed. So we use the stablecoin rails. The machine decides, is the stablecoin rails better, faster, cheaper than any alternative? And therefore we use it. So we're adopting it where it makes sense, where it beats price, where it beats speed. This process is called a stablecoin sandwich. A user in the U.S.
35:19deposits dollars with Remitly, which converts the funds into stablecoins. These stablecoins travel instantly across a blockchain to CoinsPH in the Philippines, where they are converted into local pesos. Although users can hold the stablecoins in a digital wallet, But for most, the blockchain path is entirely invisible. Customers interact only with the dollars at one end and the pesos at the other end, enjoying the speed of crypto without the complexity of managing it. We have crypto, we have stablecoins. There's been a fair amount of volatility in cryptocurrencies. Does that affect stablecoins?
35:53For stablecoins, it is moving towards sort of, you know, just another word for money. Stablecoins are a type of crypto, right? But it's sort of like it has grown out of crypto and can be its own segment now. What do you regard as your largest opportunity for growth? Basically, lowering the transaction costs and then decreasing the transaction time to move money in and out of the Philippines. I think right now what we see is that there's like almost 15 to 20 million Filipinos that work overseas, either as domestic helpers, work on cruise liners, as factory workers in the Middle East and Korea and Japan.
36:29And the financial services they need are actually back home in the Philippines, whereas they get paid in the local dollar. We really believe that by sort of using stablecoins as sort of the conduit, we can actually be able to deliver financial services that they need at home here in the Philippines while working overseas. Last year, some estimates put the volume of stablecoin transactions at around$35 trillion. But a new report from McKinsey's Matt Higginson suggests the reality is much more modest. How large is the stablecoin market right now and how fast is it growing? So you'll hear in the media the trillions of dollars of stablecoin payments today.
37:1099 % of that is crypto related, not the sort of payments we think about, which is company to company or even paying remittances person to person. And so we look at this situation today and say, how much real payments volume is there out there? And we think it's probably the order of a billion or two a day, which is tiny. The latest estimates we have are$390 billion in the total year. And that compares with several trillion dollars of regular payments per day. So a small amount right now. How does it compare with last year? And how does it compare with forecasts for next year? The data shows that the volume of real payment transactions using stable coins probably doubled over the last year.
37:55When you look at the volume of stablecoins in circulation, that went from around$150 billion to$300 billion today. It's doubling, which by any measure is substantial in terms of growth. How much of that is cross-border, international essentially? How much of it is domestic? The vast majority is cross-border. It's interesting, we've been looking at the geographic source of those payments with our research partner, Artemis Analytics. what they found is about 60 % originates from Asia. And that surprised us a little bit because a lot of the talk has been in North America or Europe about the potential of stablecoins.
38:33Asia was one of the first regions to recognize the utility of stablecoins and became a frontrunner in regulating the space. For over a decade, Subnendu Mahante was the chief fintech officer at the Monetary Authority of Singapore, where he built the country's digital asset strategy. The single biggest unsolved challenge in the world of payment is the cross-border payments, where today we have to depend on traditional correspondent bank. In that particular use case, a stablecoin is a great product. Singapore generally is recognized as a leader in the use of and regulation of stablecoin. Why? Why Singapore?
39:12As a country, we look at options, innovation, and we actually relentlessly focus on use case. We don't do technology for sake of technology. In Singapore's case, our focus on stablecoin has always been well-regulated stablecoin issued under a strong regulatory framework. Japan and Singapore were among the first to establish a framework requiring companies to maintain liquid reserves representing 100 % of the stablecoins they issued. Mahanti says robust regulation must lead the way for stablecoin to scale. The principle of regulation should not change because payment is a payment. Know your customer.
39:53Money laundering, terrorism, financing checks are, I would say, hygienes. They are like non-negotiable. I personally believe an existing payment regulation with some incremental coverage for a stablecoin's unique technical requirement is good enough regulation to manage this risk. And payment companies agree. Regulatory clarity allows companies to bring the product to more customers. Scale matters, which means once you have the infrastructure, we can move$100 billion a year in that infrastructure, but we could also move$1 trillion a year without much more. Building trust is expensive. Doing compliance is expensive.
40:38Getting the license is expensive. Once you put all that in place, it's a highly scalable business. Today, stablecoins are still small players against a colossal banking system, but they are gaining momentum, with growth expected to speed up as the Genius Act in the United States comes into effect. The Genius Act will come into force by the end of the year and other regulations I expect will follow. So we haven't really gone live yet at scale. So I think we have a little time before that train leaves the station. The sobering part of that is when it does leave the station, we're going to have adoption at scale.
41:14We've got groups of banks, potentially dozens of banks, suddenly all participating together. And I think there will be a bit of a scramble to position myself as a bank between stablecoin and customer to provide the best interface. What does your success potentially mean for traditional banks? There was one bank here in the Philippines that was like top 10, maybe like sixth or seventh. but because they were the only one or the first one to bank exchanges like ourselves, they're now a top three bank. Fast is nice, but when it comes to our money, there's also something to be said for slow. So sable coins is something I would be willing to try.
41:55It's just going to be a matter of convenience and then I'm just not too educated about it. I would also consider if it's also going to be convenient with my family because they're not really tech savvy. So I want to make sure that it's going to be easy for them as well. Trusting an app is really important for me because it's my hard-earned money. The use of stablecoin for cross-border transfers is more for small and medium-sized businesses rather than big businesses. Why don't the big businesses use it for that purpose? Well, I used to joke that if one thing you don't want to be instant and quick, it is large transfers.
42:28Because nobody is looking to instantly transfer$5 million. You want to be as slow as possible, as friction in between so that you don't make mistakes. But you don't want to apply those principles on a small$200 transfer across the border because you're taking a speed versus the amount calibrated risk here. I've been in crypto for about eight years. And then, you know, when I first came in, I was like, oh, like, let's go unbanked. You know, like, you know, let's take it to Wall Street. but now I've been in industry for such a long time, I've come to appreciate the role that banks serve. Right, like sometimes you just feel safer with your money in a bank, right, in a vault.
43:11And they've been attacked left, right, front and center by all kinds of bad actors. But I think for them to grow, I think those that embrace this technology, embrace stablecoins, I think is gonna grow, leaps and downs faster than those that do not. Work with us and grow together, or you can continue just to be a bank. Technology might be driving us all toward a future that's faster, cheaper, and more convenient. But it's not necessarily for everyone or for every transaction. And for stablecoins to reach their full potential, they may need more regulation, with the aim of fitting in to the legacy banking system rather than replacing it.
43:53Coming up, from spindrift to liquid death, grocery shelves are packed with every kind of carbonated water. Why so many and how many will survive?
44:29So let's say you're interested in something specific like biotech companies with high R &D spend, small cap stocks with improving operating margins, or the S &P 500 minus high debt companies. Chances are there isn't an ETF that fits your exact criteria. But on public, you just type in a prompt and their AI screens thousands of stocks and builds a one of a kind index. You can even backtest it against the S &P 500. Then you can invest in a few clicks. Go to public.com slash market and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash market. Ad paid for by Public Holdings.
45:05Brokered services by Public Investing, member FINRA SIPC. Advisory services by Public Advisors, SEC Registered Advisor. Crypto services by ZeroHash. Sample prompts are for illustrative purposes only, not investment advice. All investing involves risk of loss. See complete disclosures at public.com slash disclosures. Being a small business owner isn't just a career. It's a calling. Chase for Business knows how much heart and effort go into building something of your own. That's why they make business growth their priority. The Chase team takes the time to understand your mission, where you are now, and where you want to go.
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46:13Message and data rates may apply. JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. Member FDIC. Copyright 2026. JPMorgan Chase and Company. Here's a paradox. We buy insurance for peace of mind, yet the very policies we trust can deliver the biggest financial shocks. Across America, millions of claims are denied every year, not because people did anything wrong, but because policies quietly excluded the things that happened. The psychology of trust tells us we assume the contract is fair, but in insurance, the information gap is massive. The insurer knows every detail of what's covered. The policyholder rarely does. That's where my policy advocate comes in.
46:50For just 27 cents a day, their platform reads your policies and shows you in plain language where you're vulnerable. They're not selling insurance. They don't do that. It's about transparency, giving ordinary people the same understanding insurance companies have had for decades. Because when you know what's really in your policy, you can plan, protect, and avoid surprises. Before you trust your policy to protect you, let My Policy Advocate tell you what it really says. Visit MyPolicyAdvocate.com today. Peace of mind starts with knowing the truth. MyPolicyAdvocate.com
47:27This is a story about saturation. Walk down the aisle of your favorite food store and you're likely to find more varieties of bubbly waters than you can count. Everything from LaCroix to Spindrift, not to mention Liquid Death and Waterloo and a host of others. Why do we need so many variations of what is essentially water? And why is there room in the marketplace for so many competitors? The whole beverage category is atomized. At the end of the day, there's almost so much real estate in that grocery store that you go shopping down. Dave Berwick is now CEO of higher-end fruit-infused sparkling watermaker Spindrift.
48:08After serving as CEO of Pete's Coffee and Boston Beer and spending 20 years at Pepsi. All those brands have to prove themselves to those retailers who own those shelves that they're worthy of being on that shelf. So again, it's what makes the category really challenging. For me, it's what I love about the category because nothing worth doing in life is really easy. And this is not easy. If it's hard to succeed in the carbonated water business, why are so many companies going into it? Part of the answer is that it is easy to get a foot in the door. Adam Wagley is co-founder and CEO of Butterfly, a venture investment firm focused on all areas of the food industry.
48:52It's become a lot easier, a lot lower barriers to entry to creating these brands than ever before because the infrastructure around creating these brands has enabled that, you know, in the last 10 years that we've kind of gotten into this space. What's used to work in the past is you'd have to kind of do everything yourself from scratch, from kind of developing the brand to developing the formulation, maybe even getting into manufacturing, finding out how to get your product placed, etc. Today, there are many different outsourced businesses that support this ecosystem. So you can, in fact, go to a co-manufacturer who can actually make the product.
49:31They can formulate it for you. They'll usually work with a packaging company that can help you put the packaging together. And then you can go to outsourced marketing organizations that can tell you how to launch a brand online or from a social media standpoint and kind of get going in those kind of formats, if you will. So there's this sort of infrastructure of companies that we call enablers here at Butterfly that actually support the different infrastructure that a founder or CEO needs to go create a business from scratch. The bubbly water business is part of a global beverage market that sold over a trillion dollars worth of soft drinks last year.
50:09More than a third of that was sodas, ubiquitous Cokes, Pepsis, and their brethren. But those soda sales have come down 27 % over the last two decades, giving up market share to various forms of water, which now account for over a quarter of all beverage sales. Carbonated water is only a modest share of that, but it is growing noticeably faster than its peers in the U.S. Among the driving factors, a desire for healthier alternatives to soda. That's what led Nicole Bernard Dawes to launch her product, Nixie. While the snack aisle and the produce aisle, even the dairy aisle, were getting more and more healthier organic products, the beverage aisle was still filled with sugar and plastic and almost no certified organic products.
50:55I really saw an opportunity. And I also really felt it was important to have zero sugar, because I think liquid sugar is just not a healthy thing for anybody. We knew we wanted to be a healthy beverage brand. Like, that's our mission. That's who we are. We started with sparkling water, which we felt was one of the cleanest. We felt it really defined kind of what we were trying to achieve. And then after we got that out into the market, we started working on a zero sugar soda. Zero sugar is still one of the largest drivers of even conventional beverage. For the conventional soda brands, Zero Sugar is their biggest part of the growth for their business.
51:31And I think that also was exciting to me because, you know, when you have a category that large, you know, there's a segment of the population not being served by the products that are the number one or number two products. You're hearing the term modern soda a lot. And if you went into a grocery store, you know, a few years ago, you might have two or three feet for this new type of soda. And now you're going in and you're seeing, you know, chains like Walmart expanding from two feet to eight or 12 feet. That growth of the bubbly water segment makes more attractive a business that's easy to get into in the first place.
52:06A form of making it up on volume. It's a great business, which is why I do it. I mean, I love big categories because, you know, think about it. If you're talking about a$10 billion category, you don't have to be a significant part of that to be a significant business. What is the opportunity you see for Spindrift? When we came in about a year and a half ago, it was about a$300 million business. We'll be close to a half a billion dollar business at the end of this year, so after two years. And I think there's a clear path to a billion dollars and beyond for this brand. The sparkling beverage business is still growing 25 to 30 percent as more people come in.
52:41And when they do come in, they get to try our brand, which we think is better than others, and we like that. But we're also looking at other adjacent categories where we can take sort of that core equity, what Spindrift is, which is real squeezed fruit. How do we take that real squeezed fruit and bring it to other categories? So most recently, we've launched a non-carbonated tea product that we're really excited about. So between the core business of sparkling water, adjacencies like tea, we've also launched a soda, a healthier, better-for-you soda product that can get us to a billion dollars.
53:15It's a growing business segment, but that doesn't mean it's easy to carve out a niche for any particular product, much less succeed over the long term. The concern, though, is there are many out there. And to try to figure out for us as investors which companies are going to last and make it and really create something special, we've got to really be picky about what we get behind because many can kind of get in business. Now, to also scale and get to a substantial level will require a lot more than that. What about price? Where do you want your product to exist in the spectrum on price? We definitely want to exist in the high end.
53:52As we know, it's been much talked about. We're in a K-shaped economy right now. We serve that upper K. We want to bring everybody in, but you want to be in the premium segment. I think you want to focus on gross margin improvement because that's really the oxygen of our business. So when we sell at a premium price point, we can improve our gross margin, then reinvest to grow the brand. And also, interestingly, like within the health and wellness space where we play, we're seeing more and more low and middle income households actually trading up to premium brands when it comes to health and wellness.
54:24And there are very specific ways of measuring, even day to day, how successful a company is, including how it's doing in the water competition wars. Velocity is how many units of your product you sell in each store each week. And I think velocity is the truest measure of success. You can't fake velocity. You can't cheat velocity. If a customer is coming in and buying your product and then they're coming back again next week and buying it again, you can tell the health and success of a brand. And it's how we gauge new products. It's how we gauge new chains. And I think it's very important for brands to watch their velocity closely and make sure that your velocity is where you want it to be.
55:07and if it's not, that you're learning why and fixing it as quickly as possible. Looking at sales, obviously, are we selling in to our retail customers, so to Walmart and to Costco and to Target and all those folks? We get a look at that every day with how the orders are building up. We also want to look at syndicated data. Right now, we only have about 8 % of households that buy us during the course of a year, and that's pretty low, but that's a good thing because that means there's a lot more places we can go with this brand, So we'll look at that. We also look at things like trial. How many people are trying our product and what's the repeat purchase?
55:43That's another really important one. Everybody will try anything at any given time. But the real measure is how many people come back to your product for the second time and the third time. So we also look at that. It's a growing segment with an awful lot of competitors. But can it be a good investment? Wagley finds that the very factor that lowers the barriers to entry may be the key to investing. One third of what we do at Butterfly is investing in consumer brands. And we think we're good at picking them and finding winners and making it work. But two thirds of what we do is investing in those enablers.
56:18It allows us to not have to take the brand risk, right? We can just say, okay, we're going to bet behind hydration and the flavors that go into hydration and so let's go find a flavor company that powers all these different hydration brands. And we don't have to sit here and determine which hydration brand is going to win. So if we can go against the packaging companies that supply those hydration businesses, I think it's a great idea. Flavoring, again, is a big flavor. Flavor is essence. Ingredients in general are another area where we play and find amazing companies that are supplying those different sort of vendors.
56:51And then finally, a huge ecosystem that we spend a lot of time on is co-manufacturing. So a lot of manufacturing has been outsourced to these companies that are very professional at doing it and can do it for big brands, small brands. Finally, I'd say there's also the distribution and logistics of moving these beverages around, which are really interesting players, both national distributors but also regional distributors that might specialize in certain channels. Those so-called enablers may be good investments, but those at the center of the business believe there's no real substitute for doing it yourself.
57:25I've always talked about how you want to start sort of with this product truth. What's the truth about your product that's really special? For us, it's real squeezed fruit. It's been around since 2010, and it's really ridden the wave of consumers gravitating toward healthier, better-for-you beverages that happen to be refreshing and has a nice flavor profile. In most businesses, saturation is a bad thing. Success usually comes from scarcity. And when it comes to carbonated water, the fact is that many of the brands will likely fail. But those devoted to the business believe deeply that in the end, despite the odds, there's room even for all those versions on your grocery shelf, provided they have the right taste.
58:08The reality is that most things fail. You know, 80 % of new products will fail just because just being, just showing up at the party doesn't make you interesting or relevant necessarily. Taste always comes first. because if a product doesn't taste delicious, it doesn't matter how meaningful your mission is or how important all of the backstory of your brand. If people don't love the way they taste, they're not going to come back again and again to buy it. That does it for us here at Wall Street Week. I'm David Weston. See you next week for more stories of capitalism.
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From the publisher
This week, China thinks it's cracked the code on Trump heading into a summit in Beijing. And, what happens when a country's best and brightest travel overseas and stop coming back? Plus, the most useful thing about crypto might be the one nobody's talking about: cheap and fast cross-border payments. Later, the smartest bet in the sparkling water boom might not be on any brand, but on the companies behind them.
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