David Eagleman: The Psychology of Time, How the Brain Shapes Reality & Human Nature | Human Behavior | YAPClassic

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25:33So it turns out that in the brain, no territory lies fallow. Everything is going to get used. And so we think about this area at the back of the head, we think of that as the visual cortex. But yes, if you go blind, it's no longer the visual cortex. It gets taken over by hearing, by touch, by memorization of words, by lots of things, because it's perfectly good territory. Now, the territory I'm talking about is called the cortex, which is the outer wrinkly bit of the brain. We have more of it in relation to our body size than anybody in the animal kingdom. This is sort of the magical stuff that makes us really good at what we're doing.

26:13So it turns out that cortex is a one trick pony, which is to say, it's not that this is fundamentally visual and that's fundamentally auditory and for touch and for controlling the motor system. But instead, any of it can trade off with any other of it. And so the really special thing with humans being live wired is that we drop into the world half-baked and we absorb everything around us. That's how you absorb your language, your neighborhood, your culture, your parents, your way of acting, your way of acting in the 21st century and so on. In other words, if you were born with exactly your DNA 1 ,000 years ago, you'd be a really different person.

26:50If you were born 10 ,000 years ago, exactly you with the same DNA, and you ended up in the world 10 ,000 years ago, you'd be totally different in terms of your cultural beliefs, whatever weird, you know, animistic religion you believe in, whatever kind of, you know, thing is appropriate for, you know, burning people at the stake or whatever, or how you hunt a lion or stuff like that. You would just be a different kind of person. And this is because we absorb the world around us. And this is what I flagged a little bit earlier, what separates us from our closest cousins in the animal kingdom is that most animals are still dropping into the world, essentially pre-programmed.

27:30So if you drop in as a goat or an alligator, you essentially know, okay, here's how I eat, mate, sleep, whatever. And that's it. And you're doing the same thing that goats did 10 ,000 years ago. When you drop in as a human, you in your first several years, essentially get to learn everything that humans have discovered up until now. And then you springboard off the top of that. And that's what has led to the success of our species. We've taken over every corner of the planet. We've gotten off the planet. We've invented the internet and quantum computation and so on, precisely because we're able, we're not starting from square one every time, but we start from where humans have already gotten.

28:08Yeah. I think this is such an important point. So essentially what you're saying is that we're born, and you kind of use the analogy of a computer very often, we're born with all these software packages that unpack at certain timelines, for example, the puberty software package that unpacks around 13 years old for everyone. But at the same time, we're supposed to interact and be social animals and absorb information, right? So what happens to people or children who don't get a chance to absorb information? Yeah. So happily, these examples are rare, but they're very heartbreaking, which is sometimes you find a child who's had such neglect and abuse that they haven't had all the normal input.

28:50So Mother Nature is taking a gamble when she drops a half-baked brain into the world. She's assuming, okay, well, you should get all the normal language and love and touch and interaction with other humans. And occasionally you'll find a child who's locked up by their parents and they're not talked to and they have terrible cognitive development. They just don't develop correctly, as in they can never get language. They don't even know how to chew. they can't see very far yeah it's just a half-baked brain that never gets cooked all the way and they have real iq deficits it turns out there are these things in brain development called critical periods and one of those is if you don't get enough exposure to language lots of language in your first several years you can never get language at that point so often these children are rescued at some point and a whole horde of psychologists move in and give them lots of love and lots of training and language and things like that.

29:49But it turns out it's too late. And to me, like, you know, as somebody who's not a brain scientist or anything like that, I thought that the brain was supposed to be plastic, you know, this idea of plasticity. So is it true then that there's certain parts of the brain that just cannot keep, I guess, changing or adapting? Plasticity diminishes with age and it doesn't do it smoothly. It does it with these sort of punctuated moments. So you've got, yeah, these critical periods for lots of different things. So for example, learning language you have to do in the first, let's say, four or five years.

30:23If you're not exposed to language, you just can't get it. But other things like, let's say, accent. If you move to a new country before the age of 13, you typically won't have any accent in, you know, in the new country. But if you move after the age of 13, it's very difficult to sonically morph into that culture. You'll always retain an accent. So I use in the book an example of Mila Kunis and Arnold Schwarzenegger, both of whom were born outside of America. But they, you know, Mila Kunis moved here when she was seven from Ukraine. She'd never spoken English before, but she doesn't have, you can't tell that she has any accent to her American English, but Arnold Schwarzenegger moved here when he was 20.

31:02So it was too late for him to get rid of his accent. So anyway, the point is there are many critical windows that happen here with learning. That said, there are many things where you retain plasticity your entire life. So for example, your body as controlled by your motor system and your sensory system from your body, this is plastic your whole life. You can learn how to kiteboard or parachute or do any, you can learn all kinds of new stuff, take up a pogo stick if you want at any age, but things like your visual system that gets less and less plastic with time because it says, okay, I got it.

31:39This is what the world looks like. And it sort of hardens into place. So interesting. So I'd love to get your breakdown of how it actually works to hear or see like, what's the mechanics behind that? And if you can go over your Mr. Potato Head model. Yeah. Well, so it turns out that we've got these sensors like our eyes, which are these two spheres in the front of your skull that pick up on photons. And they have chemical reactions, they pick up on photons and they send electrical signals back into the darkness of the brain. And you've got your ears which are picking up on air compression waves and they have, it's a very sophisticated little machine and it breaks frequencies of sound down into different areas and it sends spikes into the darkness of the brain and so on.

32:27And it turns out that I mean, this is the weird and wild part is that we sort of feel like, oh, yeah, I'm just I'm just seeing the world. It's like I'm piping light into my head and I'm piping sound into my head. But that's not it at all. Your brain is locked in silence and darkness. And all it has are these billions of neurons sending electrical signals around. And that leads to chemical signals. And that's it. And so all of this is a construction of the brain, what you're seeing, what you're hearing. And this is a very wild and deep thing to get your head wrapped around. But anyway, that's just the biological truth of it.

33:01And so my potato head model that I proposed a little while ago was that actually doesn't matter how you get the information into the brain. As long as you get it there, you can send information through a very unusual channel. And as long as the information gets there, the brain will figure out what to do with it. And so this was first shown actually at the end of the 1800s, where some experimenters took someone who was blind and they had a little photo detector that would detect light and they turned that into patterns of vibration on the head and the person could essentially come to see via patterns of vibration on their forehead and this is so unusual to think about sight that way and then i'll mention uh in the 1969 another scientist put blind people into a modified dental chair, which had this little grid on the back and it would sort of poke you in the back in various ways.

33:56And he set up a video camera and whatever the video camera was seeing, you would feel that poked into your back. So if it was a face or a square or a coffee cup or a telephone, you'd feel the shape of that poked into your back. And blind people got really good at being able to see the world this way. And so it turns out it doesn't matter how you get the information in there, the brain will say, oh, I got it. That's correlated with something out there that's useful and I'll figure out how to perceive it. Really, really interesting stuff. So I know that you've been using skin in a really unique way and now you have a product, a wristband, where you're actually helping deaf people.

34:34Can you tell us about that? Yeah, so I got interested in my lab many years ago about this question of, could we make sensory substitution for people who are deaf? Could we feed in the information that would normally be going to the ears via a different channel? And there are actually 212 different reasons you can go deaf genetically. And most of these are not something that you can do anything about at the moment. So what I did first is I built a vest with vibratory motors on it. And the vest captures sound and turns that into patterns of vibration on the skin. So sound is broken up from high to low frequency, which is exactly what your inner ear is doing.

35:10And then that's going on your skin and up your spinal cord and into your brain. And deaf people could learn how to hear this way. so I gave a talk on this at TED and then I spun this out of my lab as a company called Neosensory and we ended up shrinking the vest down to a wristband and the wristband does the same thing it's capturing sound and it's turning that into patterns of vibration on the skin and deaf people can come to understand the auditory world around them like oh that's somebody calling my name that's the doorbell that's a baby crying that's a dog barking things like that so we're on wrists all over the world now lots of deaf schools lots of individuals wearing this And it's been so gratifying to take something that's a theoretical neuroscience idea and move it all the way to, you know, product that people are using every day.

35:58Yeah, it's really awesome what you're doing. And so I'd love to understand how long does it take for someone to get these vibrations and then eventually have them mean something? So the answer is it's a linear increase. So people just get better and better each day. So on day one, we test people after they've been wearing it for the first 10 minutes or so, and they're slightly above chance on being able to recognize certain sounds. But then through time, over the course of weeks, they just get better and better and better. And the really wild part is that by about, let's say, four months, people will describe it as hearing.

36:33So I'll say, look, when the dog barks and you feel vibrations on your wrist, do you think, okay, wait, I just felt something. What is that? It must be something, you know, maybe there's a dog out there. They say, no, I just hear the dog, which sounds crazy, except that's what you're that's what's going on with your hearing. You feel right now like you're just hearing my voice out there, even though it's all taking place in your head. You've got spikes running around and you think, oh, yeah, that sounds like Eagleman's voice. And then you attribute it to some source outside of you. But that's what it becomes when you're listening through the wristband.

37:06Yeah. And from my understanding, this is called qualia, right? Yeah, qualia is the term we use for the private subjective experience we have of something. For example, colors don't exist in the outside world. There's just different wavelengths of light, of electromagnetic radiation. But we perceive it as, oh, that's red, that's green, that's, you know, fuchsia, whatever. That's a qualia. That's a private subjective experience we have of what's going on out there, even though it's really just spikes in the dark. Yeah. So then would you say that humans eventually could have a sixth or seventh sense that just feels natural to us?

37:45So that's what I've been working on for a while now, which is given that all these other animals have other kinds of things they can pick up on, what does it mean if we feed in that information? And the answer is yes, we can absolutely have sixth sense, maybe many more. We don't have any idea yet what the limit is on that. but the idea is what can we pick up on computationally or with any machine or whatever and then feed that into you so for example you know something i've been very interested in is perceiving infrared light so you can set up we've you know set this up with the wristband very inexpensively for five bucks you set up these infrared bolometers they're called they're you know just picking up on infrared light and you can walk around and feel the temperature of things around you.

38:30And I can, as I'm walking through a parking lot, I can feel which cars have been parked there for a while versus which have just arrived in the last 20 minutes. Cause you know, cause the engine block is a totally different temperature, but it's just something I know as I'm walking through, I'm just feeling that information. Or if I come across two chairs, I can tell which chair was more recently sat in cause there's still a temperature signature on it and so on. There's a million things about this that one can just come to perceive a new sense, but you can have much wackier things. We've done, we actually have 70 projects in progress.

39:01If anybody's interested, go to neosensory.com slash developers and you can see our blog of all these different projects we have. So, you know, stock market or feeling social media with your skin or firemen or blind people or people with prosthetics or there's a million different projects we have where we're feeding in new data streams and you can come to have a perception of that. One of the things we've been doing is for drone pilots, where you feel the pitch, yaw, roll, heading, and orientation of the drone on your skin. So it's like you're becoming one with the drone. It's like you stretched your skin up there where the drone is.

39:37And pilots can become much better at flying drones this way in the fog and in the dark. And in fact, right now, I'm working with a couple of young engineers in Ukraine to implement this for their defense. Very interesting. Okay, so I want to switch back to what we were talking about a little bit earlier when we were talking about our senses or our neurons sort of fighting for their territory because I want to get into the concept of dreaming. I think it's super interesting. And I want you to explain why we actually dream. So this is a hypothesis that my student and I came up with some years ago, which is the following.

40:16If you go blind, as we mentioned earlier, if you go blind, that territory or visual cortex gets taken over by neighboring kingdoms of data like hearing and touch. But the surprise in neuroscience is how fast this can happen. So some colleagues of mine at Harvard did this experiment where they took normally sighted people and they blindfolded them and they put them in the brain scanner. And what they found to their surprise is that after about an hour, they could start seeing activity in the visual cortex when you touch somebody or when you play a sound for them, you're actually seeing the visual cortex start responding to that.

40:52And what that means is that this takeover process can start happening really fast because essentially everything in the brain is wired up to everything else. You know, there's these very long distance connections such that everything has, you know, roadways to get wherever it needs to get. And so somehow this takeover starts after about an hour. So what we realized was given the rotation of the planet, it, this causes a real problem for the visual system because you end up in the dark for half the cycle. And obviously the thing of interest here is evolutionary time before we had lights, which is just the last, you know, nanosecond of evolutionary time where we had lights or even fire.

41:30Most of our history, it's been extremely dark at nighttime, and that means your visual system is disadvantaged during the night. You can still hear and smell and taste and touch during the night, but you can't see. And so we realized the problem is the visual system needs some way of defending itself against takeover. And that is what dreams are about. So every 90 minutes, you've got these very ancient circuits in your midbrain that just blast random activity just into your visual cortex. That's the only place it's hitting is just primary visual cortex. And every 90 minutes, just blast random activity in there.

42:02And so dreaming is the brain's way of defending the visual cortex against takeover. It's essentially a screensaver. So we published this and we studied 25 different species of primates and looked at how plastic they are. In other words, humans are extraordinarily adaptable and plastic in their brains, and that means they're at higher risk of the visual cortex getting taken over. Whereas other primates, like the gray mouse lemur, it's called, happens to be very, let's call it pre-programmed, where it hits adolescence fast, and learns how to walk fast, and weans from its mother fast, and all this stuff reproduces fast.

42:39And so we looked at how much dreaming there is. And it turns out humans have lots of dreaming to prevent takeover of the visual cortex, whereas other less flexible animals have less dreaming because they just don't need it as much. So if I have this right, and feel free to correct me if I'm wrong, basically our visual neurons are being active at night and dreaming. Even though we're not actually seeing anything in our head, those same neurons are basically working so that they can keep their territory so that they can stay relevant in the brain. That's exactly right. Yeah. It's so interesting.

43:18And I've heard you say you think dreams are meaningless and you feel like it's sticking your head in a night blender when you go to sleep. So I'd love to understand, like, why are dreams meaningless then? Because a lot of people make up these stories, like I can tell the future with my dreams and things like that, but you say that's nonsense. Yeah, it's just random activity. What happens is the synapses, the connections that are hot during the day are the ones when you blast random activity in there. Those tend to be the stories that get activated. So, you know, if I'm thinking about my boss who said this to me, or I'm thinking about this big thing that I have to do tomorrow, then it's likely that that's going to come up in my dreams.

43:58But we all know dreams are just, they're so weird in their plot lines. And because the brain is a natural storyteller, we end up imposing narrative. And by the way, when you wake up and you tell somebody else your dream, you're doing a whole nother layer of imposing narrative on it. Because even just saying it out loud, you have to sort of make things make sense. But truthfully, it's just random activity. And it's kind of like a Rorschach blot. If you just look at some random blob of ink, can you see things that you think are relevant to your life and you say, oh yeah, that looks like, you know, this is sort of a blob that's telling me that I should go change careers and whatever.

44:37We can do that with our dreams as well. It's just random activity. And you can say, yeah, that really thought of something here, whatever. But yes, it's all random activity. And what we do is we impose meaning on it. Some of us do. Yeah, some of us do. I mean, I've done it. I think a lot of people try to make dreams this like magical experience, right? And I feel like so much of the human experience can be pretty silly in this way.

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49:08Restrictions apply. Services not available in all areas. So I'd love to talk about the intersection between science and religion. You've been studying the brain, and I feel like you probably have a very unique perspective on the world. I mean, parts about our brain and our life is still really mysterious, right? We don't really know how consciousness exactly works still. Yep. And so there is mystery and sort of magic still because we don't understand everything. Yeah. But I'd love to understand what you feel about all of this now. My general feeling on it is the world is full of mystery. The amount of stuff we know in science and have written down in big fat textbooks is a tiny fraction of what's going on out there.

49:53Actually, I wrote an article in Discover Magazine back in 2004 called 10 Unsolved Mysteries of Neuroscience. And they're still unsolved. I mean, we are in deep mysteries all around us. And yeah, take consciousness. I mean, consciousness, somehow you put together all this physical stuff of the brain and you experience qualia, as we talked about, you know, you experience pain and the beauty of a sunset and the taste of cinnamon and, you know, the smell of lemon pie and all these things that we experience, but we have no idea how to build pieces of parts. We can't build with transistors a computer and say, oh yeah, it's enjoying this.

50:30Even though I'm laughing at this YouTube video that I'm watching, the computer presumably is just moving around zeros and ones and not entertained by it. But somehow our brains, we think we're just made of cells and yet we are feeling stuff. So there's lots of mystery around it. To my mind, the best way to tackle these mysteries is the scientific method. And this is so new for humans. I mean, this is really just the last few hundred years that we've kind of gotten this right, essentially since the Renaissance, about doing science, which is just, it's nothing but a method of saying, okay, we're going to lay out our hypotheses on the table and we're going to do careful experiments.

51:08We're not going to fool ourselves into believing something unless there's evidence that supports it. And so to my mind, that's the way to tackle it. Now, the issue is we have a world full of religions. There are 2000 different religions on this little planet that we're on. And the part that's always struck me as crazy is that people are willing to fight and die for their version of their religion. So there's a real lack of intellectual humility there. Obviously, if one religion were true, we might expect that it spreads around the world and everyone says, oh yeah, that one seems pretty right. But obviously they're all made up.

51:45And when you look at stuff like Judeo-Christian Islamic religion, you know, it has this idea that the earth is 6 ,000 years old. Well, you know, I mean, the Japanese were making pottery 7 ,000 years ago, and people were writing on caves 30 ,000 years ago and so on. So you'd have to explain how they got there before the... Anyway, it's so goofy, this idea of Adam and Eve and creation and so on, is so clearly incorrect that there's absolutely no reason to believe in this religious story. But I have felt that it's difficult to say, given the amount of mystery that we face, to say, okay, well, we've got this all figured out.

52:22And so it's a cold universe and there's nothing but deterministic physics and so on. We just don't know enough to say that. That may well be the case. We just don't know enough to pretend that science has it all figured out. And so I call myself a possibilian. And that means I'm interested in the possibility space. In other words, this is the scientific temperament is saying, what could be going on here? How did we get here? What is our purpose here? What is happening around here? And the best way to tackle that is with the tools of science, which means anything gets to be on the table at first, and then we use the tools of science to rule out particular things, like that the Earth is 6 ,000 years old.

53:03And we use the tools of science to open up new folds in the possibility space that we hadn't even thought of before. But the idea is the scientific temperament always allows lots of hypotheses on the table. And then we gather evidence to weigh in favor of some of those and, you know, and against others. And that's what I think we should be doing. That's what I call a possibility. And I actually presented this in a TEDx talk many years ago. And I got hundreds of emails right afterwards from people saying, Hey, I think I'm a possibility too. And it became this worldwide movement. There were newspapers and articles that people sent me from India, from Uganda, from whatever.

53:45Facebook groups sprang up. And now, 11 years after this original talk, there's so much activity about possibilianism. And I'm so happy about this because I feel like there wasn't a position that people could take if they happened to feel the way I did about this. The only thing that was available is to say, okay, either I'm religious and I believe what my parents and my culture told me, or I'm a strict atheist on the other end of the spectrum where I think nothing interesting is going on here. There's nothing else in the universe for us to understand. Or you would call yourself an agnostic, which means I don't know.

54:20That's all agnosticism means is not knowing. But possibilism is a much more active thing of saying, hey, we're going to go out and explore the possibility space and shine a flashlight around this and try to figure out what's going on. And I feel like this is so positive for mankind. I feel like it could really helps solve a lot of the self-inflicted issues that we have as people. Yeah. To this day, it's every time I see religious conflict, it just blows my mind. I mean, you know, the whole history of Europe was really defined over the last 500 years was defined by fights between the Catholics and the Protestants.

54:54I don't mean fights, I mean killing, like murdering. And, you know, it feels like you look at this stuff and it's so goofy. And yet this is the history that we have been surrounded with and still have to deal with in a lot of the world. I feel like, I think I'm correct in looking at the world now in 2022 and thinking, okay, we're maturing a bit, at least much of the world is maturing out of this idea of, okay, this particular ancient religion that I was taught is the truth. Yeah. But anyway, I hope that's right. Okay. So let's talk about the future a little bit and then we can close this out. David, but thank you so much for your time.

55:35I want to talk about your book, LiveWired, right? Much of the world and how we view it is very much like hardware and software. And so I'd love to have you help us imagine what a future could be like if LiveWired was put in the picture in addition to this hardware and software world that we live in. Yeah, I mean, so this is gonna be my next, so I'm running three companies right now, but this is gonna be my next one is called LiveWired because I'm really interested in building this. I mentioned this before, I just feel like the way we think about building all our technology now and the way that everything is set up, our factories are set up and our education system is set up is, okay, yeah, you make a hardware layer and then you put software on top of it.

56:16And that's been a great idea and it's been super successful, but it's just not the way that biology ever does anything. And biology can do extraordinary things that computers cannot. And as I mentioned earlier, you know, computers are obsolescent from the day they come off the factory. so i'm very i'll give an example which is the mars rover camera for the spirit of curiosity one of them anyway who got up to mars they did an extraordinary job rolled around the red planet and saw lots of stuff but then it got its right front wheel stuck in the martian soil and it couldn't move out of there and it died okay contrast that with what happens when a wolf gets its leg caught in a trap, the wolf chews its leg off and then figures out how to walk on three legs.

57:01It's not that it was pre-programmed to walk on three legs. It just figures it out. It figures out how to make that happen because it is driven by motivations. It wants to get to food, to water, back to its pack and so on. So it just figures out how to run its body differently. And wouldn't it be great if we could build a billion dollar Mars rover, if we're spending all that money and effort on it if it could just, you know, saw off its wheel and then figure out how to operate in a different way. So this is the idea of live wiring. And it's still the case that almost everything we program and the robots we build and the Mars rovers we build are all totally pre-programmed.

57:35This is what your body looks like. This is how you're going to operate it, as opposed to letting it operate like a human infant where it has to figure out its body. I mean, imagine building a robot that flops around for years and eventually crawls and eventually learns how to walk. That's the kind of thing we need to do if we want it to be flexible and live wired. Yeah. And so I'm very interested in the possibilities. I think the future is going to be much more biological than the way we do it right now, which is we build hardwired machinery that is inflexible. Yeah. And so my next question for you is what's the difference between live wired and AI?

58:15Because from my understanding, AI is supposed to be self, you know, it learns and can adapt. So I'd love to understand the difference there. I mean, the thing about AI, it can do very impressive things, but it's still not nearly as good as a kid. You know, a five-year-old, a five-year-old can walk into a room, navigate a very complex room, you know, between the couches and under the table and whatever, can find her way to food and put food in her mouth, can socially manipulate adults, can do all these things. AI is really stupid in comparison to that. It's very good. It's extraordinarily good at, for example, image recognition or categorization of things, but it can only tackle problems that are discrete and rule-based.

58:59So, for example, AI is great at chess and at Go. It's beat the world champions at that. But that's only because it's a constrained rule-based system that doesn't have anything outside of it. And the real world is nothing like that. And so, by the way, even though people often think, oh my gosh, AI can do anything and it's taking over everything, it can't even do any sort of strategy-based video game where you're running around with a gun and you're having to do strategies where it can't do well at any of that stuff. So that's the difference is that a live wire child can figure out all kinds of things in the world.

59:35AI can only do these very basic things right now. Yeah, and this makes me feel good because I think all of us are really worried about AI. We're told to get worried about it, right? We're sort of fed this. So as somebody who studies the brain, do we have anything to worry about? I mean, eventually we might. Certainly not right now. I mean, you can just, you know, turn the computer off. I mean, yeah, it's still doing what it is told, as in, hey, I want you to absorb a billion pictures of cows and horses, and then get really good at being able to determine the difference between these. So what it does is it trains on a training set of let's say a billion images where it's labeled, okay, this is a cow, this is a horse, this is a cow.

1:00:17And then it's extraordinarily good, better than human at discriminating cows from horses. But in real life, we don't have training sets with billions of examples. We don't have that luxury. You have to learn everything on the fly. All animals do. You have to learn the world on the fly and get good at it. And this is where we outshine AI by a long way. Okay, my last question to you on the future, and then we'll round out this interview, is really about how you imagine mankind in the future in terms of our brains, in terms of maybe live wired materials. Tell us about how you imagine the future knowing all that you know.

1:00:55It's gonna be pretty different. I mean, for one thing, we'll be much better at actually being able to measure what's going on in the brain. So for example, right now, our best technology is called functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI. you stick somebody in the brain scanner, and you can tell sort of crudely where the activity is happening in the brain. And, you know, we make all kinds of theories and we do, you know, I've written hundreds of papers on this topic. But the fact is, it's a crude technology. What we really need to understand how the brain is working is to be able to see the activity in each one of the 86 billion neurons in real time.

1:01:34And they're each chattering along, you know, 10 to hundreds of spikes per second. We're nowhere near that kind of technology, but eventually we will get there and that will generate a completely different kind of understanding of how the brain actually works. We're still missing really most of how the brain is actually doing what it does. And when we get to that point, we'll be able to read and write from the brain and to the brain. And that's going to change everything. Right now, the brain is really locked in this armored bunker plating of the skull and we can't do much with it except for I can read your, I can try to read your intentions and you mine by our words and by our behavior, but it's pretty limited.

1:02:15So there may be in the distant future, straight brain to brain communication, which is a very different sort of bandwidth of communication. So that's one thing. I think another thing is that we'll be experiencing completely new senses. It'll just be trivial for everybody to experience, you know, whatever, infrared and stock market data and what's going on on social media. You know, these things will just be like getting eyeglasses for a kid. We'll have all that. So I think we have more in common with our ancestors of 5 ,000 years ago than we have in common with our descendants of 100 years from now.

1:02:56Wow, that is powerful. Awesome, David. Well, I end this show with two questions that I ask everyone, and then we do something fun at the end of the year with them. So you're right at the end with us. What is one actionable thing our young and profiters can do today to become more profitable tomorrow? Seek novelty. So the key is doing things that you're not already good at, because that's how you exercise the brain and build a stronger brain is by doing things you have not done before. Okay, so challenging your mind, learning new things. Yes. And what is your secret to profiting in life? Relationships.

1:03:35It's all about other people. The brain has an extraordinary amount of its circuitry devoted to other people and making models of them and understanding them. And I think one of the key things in life, especially now during our polarized era, is to really try standing in the shoes of other people, especially people that you're disagreeing with and try to understand the world from their point of view. Awesome, that's awesome. You know, that was one of the biggest themes this year is everybody was talking about relationships. So very cool, David. Where can everybody learn more about you and everything that you do?

1:04:05Eagleman.com. Awesome, well, thank you so much for your time. Thanks, great to be here.

1:04:21ask GuardالAz