South Africa and the fight against TB

0:00This BBC podcast is supported by ads outside the UK. This is summer at its peak. Whole Foods Market Summer Fruit Fest is your invitation to eat the season. Fresh, organic, and bursting with flavor. Start your day with peaches and organic blueberries and yogurt. Build a grazing board with fresh fruit, prosciutto, and artisanal cheese. Then fire up the grill with no antibiotics ever proteins and fresh produce. Savor the season. Shop Summer Fruit Fest at Whole Foods Market. it. If modern life feels a little loud, you're not alone. At Miraval Resorts, mindfulness has never been about perfection or performance.

0:42For more than 30 years, it's been about presence and about slowing down enough to listen. At Miraval Berkshires in Lenox, Massachusetts, each season brings its own rhythm. Rolling green hills, quiet forests, and a sense of stillness that feels like a sanctuary. Here, well-being takes many forms, meditation, yoga, hiking, equine experiences, and time set aside simply to be present. These aren't just experiences for the moment. They're simple, intentional practices, tools you can carry with you long after you leave. Because wellness doesn't live in one place, it lives in how you show up again and again.

1:25Mirror of all resorts, wellness for real life. Learn more at miravalresorts.com. Welcome to the Crossing Continents podcast. I'm Sandra Canthal.

1:44This black box here is our coffee room. This is part of the clinical trial you're running here. Yes, yes. Let me show you how it looks. Looks like a garden shed. Yes, it is. It is a garden Garden sheds play a unique role in science. The garden shed door has two panels of soundproofing on it, and a chair in the middle, and two plastic holes. You put your hand down to there? Sometimes we use that for coughing, and then we use it to take the facial sputum through there. The Wright brothers tinkered with airplane parts in a shed in North Carolina. The computing company Hewlett-Packard emerged from a shed in Silicon Valley.

2:24And Marie Curie conducted radiation experiments from a converted shed in Paris. And this is a mic. You put the phone in here and then the patient coughs. And then it records and then it gets sent to the people that do the things with the coughing. The engineers, the engineers. And in the courtyard of a busy health centre in a township outside of Cape Town, South Africa, this garden shed is serving a very specific purpose. So we're in the process of creating an app to see our positive cough sound and our negative cough sound. What they're listening for are signs of tuberculosis, a contagious airborne disease which primarily attacks the lungs.

3:09It's a screening tool. So at the gate you would say, please cough, what is your symptoms, cough? And if they cough, the instrument will tell the patient is eligible to go for TB testing or the patient should go for further, not TB, but maybe inside to the system for consultation. Dandelene Sylvester is a community health worker in the Scottsdean Clinic, but she's also part of a sophisticated scientific network in South Africa advancing the fight against tuberculosis. Patient 1410, today the 5th of November, time 1044. This patient, a young woman who's tested negative for TB, steps into the garden shed, which sits under the cover of a corrugated metal roof, surrounded by temporary containers, which have morphed into semi-permanent clinic rooms.

4:08She stands in front of a microphone that's protected by blue disposable surgical shoes, which strikes me as both incongruous and ingenious. and she coughs ten times.

4:27She's the clinical trial's fourth recruit of the day. What I was thinking here, in a prefabricated garden shed in a township in South Africa, world-class science is being done. Yes, at ease, at ease. These recordings will be sent to the team she works with at Stellenbosch University. dandelion is a charming petite powerhouse who's as devoted to helping her patients as she is to advancing medical science we'll hear more from her later south africa is famous for some pioneering advances in medical innovation the first human to human heart transplant was completed in a hospital in cape town in 1967 but what's less well known is how it's developed a very sophisticated scientific ecosystem for the study of tuberculosis.

5:16Clinical trials conducted here have been crucial to the innovation of TB treatments, vaccines, diagnostics and prevention. It's a testament to the quality of its scientists, but also a byproduct of the burden of having one of the highest TB infection rates in the world. Not least because the country also has extremely high rates of HIV infection. The two diseases form a deadly double act in the human immune system. I'm Sandra Canthal, and this edition of Crossing Continents is the story of two intertwined landscapes. The people in the communities I visited struggling with the burden of tuberculosis, and the scientific institutions embedded in them trying to tackle the disease, and why at the moment both are struggling.

6:10According to the Guinness Book of World Records, TB is humanity's oldest contagious disease. Once known as consumption, the illness is now curable, but if left untreated, it can fatally destroy a person's lungs. TB has become something of an afterthought in rich nations, but it remains the world's most deadly infectious disease. In 2024, it killed more than 1.2 million people. So we're going to Kailitsha now and we usually put all most things in the woods. So your backpack would be preferred in the woods. Cape Town is a city with extremely high numbers of tuberculosis infections. One scientist described it to me as living in a sea of TB.

7:01So we just must be mindful that when we get into Kailicha that we put the microphone away, because I think that would kind of flag us a little bit. Renée Goliath trained as a paediatric nurse and is now the Senior Research Manager at the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, or SIDRI, based at the University of Cape Town. So I receive a proposal or a protocol and then I evaluate the need to activate that particular clinical trial. She's taking me to visit a clinical research site run by Sidri, in conjunction with a community health centre in the township of Kailicha, about a half an hour's drive from the University of Cape Town's campus.

7:47When I say South Africa and tuberculosis, what comes to mind? Poverty. So I truly believe that TB is a disease of poverty. We put lots of money into doing research in TB, but as you'll notice when we drive into Kailicha now, the level of poverty is extremely high. Rene is quite a calm and composed person and very mindful of everything around us on our trip to Kailicha. For good reason. We are going into one of the biggest townships in South Africa. and we are very aware of our safety at all times. It is a high-risk space. The South African government has been very proactive in its efforts to combat TV.

8:34But airborne diseases thrive in areas of deprivation. In the extremely poor spaces, by the time we see the patients, they have lost weight, they live in overcrowded spaces. They don't come in when they have a cough, because as they will tell us, we always have a cough. They sit around fires all the time to keep them warm, so there's always a cough and an irritation. We thought it was an allergy, and by the time they've lost 10 kilos, they really struggle and are really ill when they get to the clinic. There are several reasons South Africa is a powerhouse of TB research. It's got a critical mass of scientists spread through the country's well-respected universities, supported by a strong medical regulator and the South African Medical Research Council.

9:21And because of the high rate of infection, it's faster and less expensive to enroll clinical trial participants. So we've looked at TB shortening treatments, we're busy with TB vaccines, and we're also doing non-infectious diseases and how they are linked to TB and preventing people with chronic illnesses from developing TB. Much of this research has long relied on funding from American institutions. But since the beginning of 2025, that support suddenly began to vanish.

10:01It started last January, when President Trump signed an executive order pausing most foreign development assistance. Soon after, another executive order specifically prohibited aid to South Africa, prompted by a variety of political grievances, which are still ongoing. Then, the world's largest aid agency, USAID, was gutted, severely affecting the crucial anti-AIDS program known as PEPFAR. And last spring, America's National Institutes of Health, the world's largest biomedical research organization, started to freeze or cancel grants and renewals for overseas institutions, which came as quite a shock in South Africa.

10:45The country had been the largest recipient of NIH funding outside of the United States. And there's a fateful overlap between the termination of foreign aid and the impact on scientific research. We work very closely with the TB clinics who refer patients to us. and now that they had an added load, they're saying, oh, we still don't have time to refer people to research. And then personally in our own space, two of our studies couldn't continue. And it causes lots of anxiety amongst staff because are we going to lose our jobs? Because they've heard about so many healthcare workers working in research that have lost their jobs.

11:28We're coming to the off ramp now, so I think we will have to stop. We can now go into Kailetja. I did as Renee suggested and swiftly put away my recording gear so you can't hear the sounds of the township. When we drove off the highway, shacks erected from corrugated metal took up every space by the side of the road. There were people selling food, being cooked on barbecues. There was also traffic, a lot of traffic. And the main rule of the road, as much as I could see there was one, was to try and keep moving, which wasn't always easy. When we arrived at the clinic parking lot, security guards inspected the boot of René's car before we could enter and they would do the same again as we left.

12:15So this is the main clinic, which we call Ikayavac. The staff named it Ikayavac, the first vaccine study we did. So Ikayavac means the home of the vaccine. The clinic has a staff of about 25 people and is part of a network currently running trials for two new TB vaccines and a large TB preventative study. This is headquarters. We're walking through a small lobby with about six patients in it, all masked up. And into this courtyard, well, going down a step with two large picnic tables in the middle. We've got three consulting rooms in this space and we have our clinical manager's office. and crucially a corrugated steel roof to shelter people from the sun.

12:59So when it's... Because it's cooler in here. When it rains, no, it's going to become an oven as the summer approaches us. Each room has air-conditioned, so at least they can go in there for some respite. When it rains, we can't be in this space because the sound is so bad. Because, you know, it's a tin roof, so it makes lots of noise. The courtyard is the centre of a hub, which includes a pharmacy, a blood testing facility, consultation spaces, and a large room just to keep all the data collected for their studies. I can ask you one very basic question. What is tuberculosis and what does it do to a human being?

13:37So tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria, tuberculosis, which is inhaled and primarily affects the lungs. It could affect any part of the body and it slowly creates a hole in their lung. It's a devastating disease. How do you treat it? So we're still treating TB with multiple drugs for long periods of time. So six months is the basic treatment and we always educate people you need to eat before you take your drugs. You need to make sure that you have... We're asking sometimes people the ridiculous. I don't have food, what am I supposed to eat? And that this is an age-old problem that comes up all the time.

14:23But sometimes there's a lot of stigma still unfortunately attached to TB, so you don't want everybody to know that you have TB. And people then can't go back to work right away because they're still infectious in the first two weeks, and if they're not taking their treatment, it's delayed even more, so that means people at work are going to find out what's wrong with you. So there's a lot of pressure actually to take your medications, but you feel the medications making you feel terrible. So people struggle, especially within the first month of taking their TB treatment. What happens if they stop taking the treatment?

14:53Lots of people stop, relapse, and get very sick. I think that's how we've also developed much of the resistance that we now have.

15:05This is summer at its peak. Whole Foods Market Summer Fruit Fest is your invitation to eat the season. Fresh, organic, and bursting with flavor. Start your day with peaches and organic blueberries and yogurt. Build a grazing board with fresh fruit, prosciutto, and artisanal cheese. Then fire up the grill with no antibiotics ever, proteins, and fresh produce. Savor the season. Shop Summer Fruit Fest at Whole Foods Market. Don't play games with us. A vicious gang of hackers causing chaos for businesses, councils, and hospitals. What if I don't finish this treatment and this cancer grows? But they didn't care.

15:44I'm dying laughing. Making outrageous demands for money. They wanted millions. It was high tech and high stakes. The country's under attack. And it was highly secretive until someone exposed it all. Cyber hack season four, the Conti files. Listen on BBC.com or wherever you get your BBC podcasts.

16:14So is this your normal consulting room? Yes, so we try and keep the TB patients separate from other study patients and this is one of the rooms that's separate from the other. Among the studies underway at the Sidri Clinic is a trial designed to evaluate shortening the duration of TB therapy. It's called the prescient trial and it's comparing a three-month treatment regime with the current six-month protocol. So we've at this site enrolled 52 participants. Total for the trial between the two sites here in Haiti, 94 participants that we've enrolled to date. Dr Atty Stadler is a research medical officer with the University of Cape Town and the clinical trial's principal investigator at the Kailitsha Clinic.

17:02Our goal was to enroll 156 people, but we'll get to that now I guess. Yes, the trial has been stopped early, so we haven't been able to complete the enrolment into the trial at the moment. Why was the trial paused? Essentially we just didn't get the usual annual notice of award. The funder is the National Institute of Health. They are actually co-leading the trial, they give input into the trial. They're not just the funder and they just said they can't give us confirmation whether we will get funding. NIH grants are exceedingly competitive and, once awarded, rigorously monitored. Until recently, they've also been considered the gold standard of biomedical research funding.

17:47This money isn't supposed to just vanish. And because of all the uncertainty, we said, let's just pause and see where things are going. And since then, it was confirmed that we will not get funding to complete the trial. The money to complete the study may have disappeared. But the responsibility Atty Stadler and the Sidri Clinic has for its participants, the ones already enrolled on the trial, has not. You still have people actively in the trial, people on experimental treatments. And when you have a study protocol, you're ethically bound to actually do things exactly according to those protocols.

18:21You're not allowed to deviate. All of that costs money. You need staff for that. You need laboratory investigations for that. you need data support, you need money to reimburse the participants when they come for study visits. So all of those things had to continue. The South African government has stepped in to fill some of the funding gaps to protect patients, jobs and the research of early career scientists who are particularly at risk from these cuts. The head of the South African Medical Research Council, Professor Antbeka Antusi, was in Johannesburg when I was in Cape Town. But I spoke with him later, and he told me of his personal appeals to the head of the NIH to get as many grants reinstated as possible, by stressing South Africa's importance as a partner in this global research.

19:10And there has been progress on that front. Some grant money is finding its way back to places like Kaya Litscha. We've recently received confirmation from National Institute of Health that they're not going to fund the completion of the trial in South Africa, but they actually provide additional funding just to complete the follow-up because we've essentially been spending money that we don't have because you cannot actually just withdraw care for the people in the trial. And it sounds like we will at least get that funding that we've spent out of our own pockets back. But it's been a very stressful and uncertain period where you cannot plan anything in advance.

19:47You're not even sure what you should be telling the participants and whatnot. Hello, how are you? Hi, my name's Sandy. My name is Loyolo. Hi, how do you say that? Loyolo. Very nice to meet you. The day I was at the clinic, Dr. Stadler had to tell two of his participants their time on the trial was coming to an abrupt end. I could see the toldist was taking on the doctor. His patients were taking it more in their stride. He is quite a skinny guy, but how much weight have you picked up since you started on the study? I picked up a lot, I think like 15, 15, yeah. And you've got to be at least 6 '2", 6 '3".

20:29Yeah, I'm 6 '2". So you can imagine how skinny he was when he came here. Loyolo is a very tall, charming young man with a disarming smile and sporting a well-worn Cleveland Cavaliers jersey. Do you play a lot of basketball? Yeah, I play basketball, but not that much. It's kind of like a hobby for me. What's your favourite team? My favourite team is the Lakers. But you're wearing a Cavs shirt. It's because of LeBron James. These are all American NBA references, if you don't know. But it's hard to play basketball when you're sick with TB. It started with my chest. I kind of felt like something was pressure on my lungs, and it kind of felt like burning my liver.

21:13And what was the treatment they gave you? How many pills did you have to take? I think I used to take three from the other packet, four from the other, two, and one from the other. So it was like three, four, two, one. For three months? Yeah. That's quite a lot. So I cannot say it's a lot. For me, I can say it was enough. So you're feeling a lot better now? A lot more better than I ever did. It is the challenge with TB. You still need a combination of medicines. You can't just treat TB with one medicine. So you typically need at least three to four medications in combination. The potential that is there to treat people shorter is definitely clear.

22:01Whether this trial will in the end show that it is as effective as the six month, that's not something we know for sure yet, but definitely when you see individuals like him, you can see there's potential for that happening. And so did you just find out that the trial's been halted? I think Mr... I forgot his last name, but I think he had mentioned it to me. And how do you feel about that? For me, I feel like for other people who was depending on the study, because it has its own benefits. So a lot of people would feel like now there's something that's been taken away from them. For me too, because I love being here, being around them.

22:49It makes me feel good because I've never been to a clinic where people greet you with a warm, full-faced smile. That's rare. But over here you get that every day, every time.

23:05Now we walk in across a Fuga open office space into the laboratory space. So this is what's called a biosafety level 2 laboratory, which has no infectious material that may contain TB worked on. The Biomedical Research Institute is housed in a new state-of-the-art building designed to carry out world-class infectious disease research on Stellenbosch University's Tigerburg campus. in the Cape Town suburbs. My name is Grant Aron. I'm a professor at Selenbos University and we do all things tuberculosis related. So we just look for translatable ways of trying to help with the TB burden in South Africa and globally.

23:47The development of the TB screening app you heard at the beginning of the program is one of Grant's projects. So yeah, we have a sample collection pack. It looks like a huge bag of just sort of vacuum tubes. Well, it basically is. This is sputum induction equipment. Millions of people around the world harbour TB, often without realising it. But if the disease becomes active, they can unknowingly spread it to others. Grant Theron's team is evaluating innovative ways to speed up TB detection, which could then be used in healthcare facilities all over the world. So many patients who are at risk of TB and have a need to be tested for TB, cannot easily make a sputum, which is the fluid that we cough up from the lungs.

24:35And traditionally those people are excluded completely from TB diagnostic investigations. So we are looking at alternatives to sputum to diagnose TB using blood or using urine. His lab is part of the R2-D2 network, which has nothing to do with the famous droid in Star Wars. It stands for Rapid Research in Diagnostic Development. But R2D2 does sound cooler. The R2D2 network was this flagship NIH-funded network, and we were part of the consortium that applied for another five years of funding from R2D2. But the consortium was told by the NIH that the award will only go ahead if South Africa was excluded and was not able to receive U.S.

25:28federal funding. When was this? This is all earlier this year. So subsequently what we've managed to do with the assistance of the Gates Foundation is they have fortunately stepped up and agreed to continue to fund the South African partners within the R2-D2 project. Philanthropic groups like the Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust have been making big efforts to try and fill the gap left by America's sudden shift in foreign funding priorities. Part of the RTD2 initiative was really in response to developers not having adequate financial incentives or having too many financial barriers to wanting to get involved in what is essentially perceived as a poor man's disease.

26:14You know, that is one of the ironies of this unfortunate situation that we find, because many of the technologies that were going to be evaluated in RTD2 were developed by American companies. But what we are seeing, which is very encouraging, is that there are increasingly new technologies coming from the global south that are being developed and are homegrown. Which is how Dandelene, the community health worker we heard earlier, came to be recording coughs in a garden shed in a very crowded township clinic. We've gone into the waiting room of this clinic and it's absolutely packed. Benches and benches are all filled with people waiting to be seen.

26:58It looks like at least 65, 75 people. And this is just the morning crowd. It's quarter to 11 in the morning. It's in places like this you see why research to treat and prevent the spread of TB is so vital, and how decisions made in faraway places, such as Washington, affect the people sitting on benches here in Scotstein. This is where the counsellor used to sit, but you see the seats are empty. This is the only empty space in the clinic? Because there's no counsellor. So there's a counselling service door on the back and it's just slammed shut? Yeah. No one in it anymore? Every person I spoke to on my trip had a story of health care workers or services that had been cut.