Tankers moving again after Iran deal

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1:58Ukraine has launched one of its biggest attacks on the Russian capital, Moscow. Researchers say chat GPT can still make explicit sexual and violent content, despite new restrictions imposed by its parent company. Also in this podcast, our correspondent reports from the front line in the battle against Ebola in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo. And later... They're quite wriggly, so they will try and sort of get away. And that's really all that's required. It's not too difficult. A new species of walking shark is found in Papua New Guinea.

2:41As we record this podcast, marine tracking platforms say at least four tankers have sailed through the Strait of Hormuz after Iran and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding on ending their war. The key shipping route has been caught in the crossfire between Tehran and Washington over the past four months, wreaking havoc on the global economy. It was, of course, open and operational before the US and Israel began launching their strikes on Iran. The deal is now supposed to secure free passage through the strait for at least 60 days. I've been speaking to our business presenter, Rahul Tandon.

3:17We are beginning to see a few ships going through the Strait of Hormuz and this is such an important waterway choke point for the global economy in some ways. 20 % of global oil, 20 % of liquefied natural gas goes through there as well. The problem is that we're seeing a few ships going through, nowhere near the traffic that we would normally see. And when I speak to shipping companies, they say this is going to take some time. Why? Insurance problems. Insurance is still very high. Safety concerns still. Will this peace hold? And for how long will it hold? And also mines. How many mines have Iran put in there?

3:51So good news if you're sitting at home when you think there's a peace deal or some sort of deal coming, because it could mean that prices at the pumps go down wherever you are in the world, but they might not go down as quickly as you think. And so long term, what does it mean for the global economy? I mean, will it be able to bounce back or will this war have a huge effect? Well, if you're listening at home, the global economy, like you, have had many shocks. The pandemic caused huge shocks to the global economy. What happened in Ukraine caused huge shocks to the global economy and this as well.

4:24And so it is bouncing back, but it is taking longer and longer to do so. And wherever you are in many parts of the world, you will see the impact of these prices are continuing to go up. Inflation is rising. We are seeing oil prices come down. If I look at the figures in front of me at the moment, a barrel of Brent crude is below$80. At one point, it was up to$130. So that is good news. It will happen, but it will happen slowly. And that is only if the Strait of Hormuz remains open. And that is a big question. And Rahul, analysts are saying this points up the dangers of relying so much on one route for trade.

4:58So do you think companies and countries will look for other ways of transporting fuel? Well, look, as we said, it's about a fifth, isn't it, of a lot of those important suppliers going through that? Yes, they will, but it's not easy. Pipelines could be used, but building pipelines takes quite a long period of time. Ships can go down the Cape of Good Hope around the tip of Africa. But for you and me, if they do that, Valerie, it means costs go up because it's going to be a lot more expensive for shipping companies to do that. One thing that we may see is the countries looking at their own fossil fuel resources near to them.

5:31And we're seeing that here in the UK, also in parts of the Caribbean as well. And maybe it could in some ways shift the move to green energy, which, of course, we wouldn't have to transport for countries doing that. But in the short term, it's the Strait of Hormuz. There is no other way for these supplies to move in any other way. Rahul Tandon. And you can hear more from Rahul on the Business Daily podcast. So who has gained most out of the agreement signed by the US and Iran aimed at ending the war? President Trump claims the Memorandum of Understanding is a major win for the US, but Iran's chief negotiator, Mohammad Bagha-Galabaugh, described it as a record of failure for the Americans.

6:12According to the document, which sets out a framework for negotiations, Iran, the US and their allies will halt all military action, including in Lebanon. Iran has repeated its promise not to develop nuclear weapons, and the two sides will discuss the issue of Iran's enriched uranium. At the same time, sanctions on Iran will be lifted and the US will oversee a$300 billion reconstruction package for the Islamic Republic. So, which side got most out of the deal? Lise Doucette is our chief international correspondent. They both got a deal and that is really important. It's important not just for the United States and Iran, it's also important for the world.

6:53as we've been reporting week in, week out. This war has had far-reaching consequences with the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. So immediately, the fact that that is now open, that's a win for President Trump. You saw some of his true social posts saying oil prices are coming down, stocks are going up. And he said that in response to the critics in the United States. Some of his harshest critics are saying this is appeasement, that this is surrender for the United States. And I think that if you look at the deal, and of course, it's only the first part of the deal, that Iran has done very, very well.

7:31You look at what is the core issue, the nuclear program. In the text, and I have to emphasize that's still not being public. We just said leaks, a 14-point framework of a memorandum of understanding. Iran reaffirms its commitment not to develop a nuclear weapon. Well, it's been saying that for years. It also said in the 2015 landmark deal, which President Trump pulled out of in his first term. When it comes to nuclear enrichment, the only real detail in this first framework is something they call blending down the 440 kilograms of uranium enriched to 60 percent, dangerously close to weapons grade.

8:13There is no mention of President Trump's repeated demand that Iran should ship all of its highly enriched uranium to the United States. And finally, I would point to the Strait of Hormuz. It will remain toll free for 60 days, but then there will be a regional dialogue. And really for Iran, that's code for that. Iran is going to, it's already working with Oman, who controls the southern edge of the strategic waterway, to impose some kind of, don't call it tolls, call it fees, call it services. But it is in the second phase where Iran will then, then perhaps the United States will be the one to see whether Iran makes the kind of concessions to get both sanctions lifted and its assets unfrozen.

9:00And Lise, what about Israel? Because despite the promise to end the war on all fronts, including in Lebanon, Israel insists its forces will remain there where they're fighting Hezbollah. This deal has been disastrous in so many ways for Israel. First of all, Israel is not part of the deal, but it's being told to cease all its activities in Lebanon. The Defence Minister of Israel said that they are going to continue to occupy with their troops at parts of Lebanon. They're going to continue to strike when Hezbollah strikes them or when they feel their interests are threatened. There's been criticism right across the political spectrum in Israel.

9:41And Prime Minister Netanyahu is coming under huge pressure, not just for the deal, But the way that President Trump has been speaking about him as being the junior partner, as not being responsible enough when it comes to Lebanon, that he gets excited, he blows things up just for the sake of getting one or two people. It's hugely embarrassing while the two of them continue to say they have a great friendship. This is a really pivotal moment in their personal relationship, but also I think in the history of relationships between these two very strategic partners. Lise Doucette and we have more analysis on the US-Iran deal on our YouTube channel.

10:20Search for BBC News on YouTube and you'll find Global News Podcast in the podcast section. There's a news story available every weekday. AI chatbots have regularly come under fire for generating explicit violent and sexual content. Many of the big tech companies behind them have pledged to introduce safeguards to protect both users and those, often women, whose pictures are used to create sexualised images. Now, researchers say the latest version of OpenAI's ChatGPT can be made to create graphic content with a simple prompt, despite the company saying it had introduced additional measures to stop such images.

11:00Peter Garahan is the founder of the AI security startup MindGuard, which put the system to the test. It is a game of cat and mouse. There are an infinite number of ways you can attack something. I mean, so many ways you could defend to respond about that. I think that with this particular story, it isn't that we were able to do it successfully. It was how easy it was. The researcher tasked upon this was incredibly shocked. They were not expecting these things and they had to take time off to recover from this. I got more from our senior technology reporter, Chris Fallons. This in many ways reflects a sort of real challenge for this type of AI, of generative AI, which is getting it to stick to its guardrails.

11:42I mean, experts we've spoken to call it a game of whack-a-mole, a game of cat and mouse, if you like, in the sense that people come up with ways to jailbreak the system, to get it to break its own rules, and then the companies roll out fixes. The AI Security Institute, that's a UK government body, found that it was able to jailbreak all the big models that it tested. But they did say it was getting harder. So it does seem that the AI companies are getting better at getting their models to stick to the guardrails. And I guess there is a sort of deeper problem here as well, which is that they don't really understand what they're being asked to do or what they are creating.

12:25What do you mean they don't understand what they're being asked to do? You mean the AI doesn't? The AI doesn't understand in the way that we would understand. So, for example, with this prompt, what it's being asked to do is quite innocuous. So it may not trigger alarm bells within the model itself. But I think a human might look at that and say, this looks really odd and weird. Why am I being asked to do that? So in a sense, what the AI companies are faced with is the challenge of sort of specifying rules for everything, rather than, you know, if you like, if it's a human, you might sort of, they might sort of see the output and go, oh, that looks concerning.

13:04I'm not going to present that to the user. Whereas the AI model is trying to follow, if you like, a set of rules, a set of criteria. So their understanding of what's bad and good is different from a human's understanding. Well, I suppose they don't have human judgment yet. What does it go? Yes, exactly, exactly. And what does the parent company, what does OpenAI say? Well, OpenAI say we take these reports seriously after After investigating this trend, we've introduced additional safeguards against this type of prompt. Our safety systems are designed to block potentially harmful images that are uploaded to ChatGPT, and we analyze whether the AI-generated image violates our policies before we show them to the user.

13:46We also combine automated systems and human review to identify and block harmful material. And I think just to translate that a little bit, what they're saying there is they also have separate AI systems, if you like, scanning the output, trying to spot things that would be against its rules. Does this all depend on, shall we say, the authority of the parent companies like OpenAI? Or are there rules in place, legal rules in place for this now? There are some things that certainly are on the statute books in various parts of the world about certain types of AI-generated content and existing laws.

14:26For example, this wasn't the case in this case, but there are laws that apply to AI-generated child sexual abuse material, non-consensual sexual images. There are rules around this, and we've seen investigations launched against AI companies where they have crossed those laws. So there is regulation around this. I think it's fair to say that it's a moving target with AI companies. The capabilities of the models keep changing and regulation has to keep up with that. Chris Vallance. Still to come in this podcast. The popularity of coming to visit this amazing tree over the last 200 years have really had a very detrimental effect on the soils around the tree.

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17:47A little over a month after the Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the African Union's health agency says it's now claimed more than 200 lives. The most contagious phase of the disease is when an infected person dies, and so how the dead are handled determines in a very big way how quickly an outbreak can be controlled. Burials have long been linked to mass infection events during Ebola outbreaks. The BBC's Anne Soy has been speaking to volunteers as they bury victims of Ebola in Ituri province in the northeast of the DRC.

18:28It's a very emotional time just outside the Ebola treatment unit and behind me is a family waiting for their child. We have seen some of the healthcare workers inside, fully kitted in personal protective equipment, bring out a body that looked like a child's body. And now the Red Cross volunteers have just arrived. They will also put on the personal protective equipment, and then the medics on the inside will hand over the body to them. We are about to accompany the family of a 34-year-old mother of four. She has died from Ebola.

19:14It's a big blow for our family. That's the deceased woman's father, Simone Nyal. She was not ill for long. Only one week and then she died. She's left behind children. I don't know how we will cope. They have now placed the coffin on the pickup truck and now they are removing the personal protective equipment that they wore here and that is done sequentially as another team observes, making sure there's no chance of infection.

19:52We've now come to Nyamurongo Cemetery and the Red Cross team is wearing white aprons and they've just lowered the body into the grave. There are few members of the family here. It's a very short session. The volunteers have gone back to the car. I think this is the quickest burial I've ever attended. Next to Simone's family, we find Joel Lonzama-Kombo alone covering his mother's grave. He has lost three sisters, a brother-in-law and his parents in a matter of days. Today is the sixth I came here. the cemetery to say bye for members in my family. My father yesterday and today you see I'm here just to say bye for my mama.

20:44I want to say for all of people that Ebola is true. I have never seen anything like this. There's so many families here that have come for burials just today and this is happening every single day. There are many freshly covered graves, many more being dug today. The number of people being buried in just this cemetery in Bonia is high. Even the locals are saying that this is not usual. The International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent says hundreds of community volunteers have signed up to help families conduct safe burials. It's very cultural. That's why we adapt the procedure as much as possible to match the needs of the families and the communities.

21:31Maria Munoz is the coordinator for public health emergencies at the Red Cross. She shows me how they have modified body bags to enable families to view their loved ones safely. Families often want to make sure that it's their loved ones in the back. We can show them the face of their loved one once the body is secured, the back is disinfected. There have been incidents of violence when some families have tried to take the bodies of their relatives forcefully, rejecting safe burial protocols. It's a difficult period for both the community and volunteers trying to help them to stop Ebola. It's challenging but vital work to help bring the outbreak under control.

22:13And soy in the DRC. Plumes of thick smoke have been seen above the Russian capital as Ukrainian drones struck a major oil refinery for the second time in a week in what looks like the heaviest drone attack yet on Moscow. For its part, Russia launched overnight attacks on the Ukrainian capital Kyiv as well as on the northeastern city of Sumy. Oliver Conway heard more about the impact in Russia from Steve Rosenberg. We're in the centre of Moscow, not so far from Red Square, But I think even from here we can see the clouds of thick smoke in the distance. Yeah, Muscovites woke up this morning to the news that their city was under attack again.

22:53It's not the first time that the Moscow region has been attacked by Ukrainian drones. But the scale of this particular strike does seem to have been pretty large. Judging by the figures, the official figures that the Moscow mayor, Sergei Sabianyan, quoted earlier today. He talked about, first of all, 180 Ukrainian drones having been shot down by Russian air defences. Then he added some more to that. So we think around 200 or so Ukrainian drones, according to official Russian figures, were shot down on their way to the Russian capital. There has been damage. It's not clear to me yet whether the damage was caused by drones that were shot down or by drones that penetrated air defences.

23:33But the Moscow mayor himself has said that the Moscow oil refinery in the southeast of the city was hit for the second time in three days, actually. There's video on social media of thick black smoke rising above this oil refinery. Reports of other damage, too, outside the city. So, yes, muscovites are getting used to these kind of reports now. Yeah, I mean, for the first few years of the war, people in Russia were largely shielded from the effects. Are these kind of attacks starting to make them change their minds about the so-called special military operation? Certainly these kind of attacks are making people realise and face the fact that there is a war going on.

24:16You're absolutely right. For the first two or three years, many people in Russia, certainly here in Moscow, carried on as normal. For many people, the war was something that happened on television, a long way away from them. It didn't impact their lives directly. But of course, when there are Ukrainian drones coming pretty close and causing damage to an oil refinery, to an apartment block, to a shopping centre, this brings it home. It brings home the fact that actually the front line in this war is not hundreds of kilometres away in Ukraine, but sometimes it's here in the Russian capital. We know that there is this sort of deep sense of fatigue with the war.

24:56Surveys show it. Conversations on the streets show it. People feel more and more that the war is impacting their lives, economically, for example, and also more and more people know other people who are fighting in Ukraine and being injured and being killed. A Russia editor, Steve Rosenberg. When we think of sharks, we tend to imagine large predators, mouths filled with razor-sharp teeth, hunting for prey deep beneath the waves. But, and I don't want to worry you here, there are actually several species of shark that can walk with most of their bodies out of the water. Now scientists have identified a new species of walking shark in Papua New Guinea.

25:41Richard Hamilton reports. Walking sharks are less than a metre long, have colourful markings, and live in shallow water in northern Australia, eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. They have evolved an unusual adaptation which allows them to move across the reef flats at low tide using their pectoral and pelvic fins like little legs. Occasionally they drag themselves out of the water over small stretches of dry land to get into the next reef pool. There were nine species of walking shark known to science but now there are ten. This one is named after Christine Dudgeon from the University of the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, who discovered it.