171: How Wall Street Values Stocks (And How You Can Too)

25 May 2026 · 50 min · 17 chapters

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In short

Wall Street stock valuation—why share price isn’t the “price tag,” how market cap and three valuation multiples (P/E, P/S, EV/EBITDA) are used, how to interpret them in context (company history and peer groups), and how analysts build price targets from forward estimates.

Guests/backgrounds

Co-host Robert Croak—seasoned entrepreneur with lifetime revenues over $300M; multimillionaire in early 30s; background in finance/economics. Main host Austin (speaking throughout).

Key claims

Stock splits don’t change company value; Wall Street thinks in ratios/multiples, not raw share price. Valuation is always relative: compare multiples to a company’s 5-year range and to industry peers. High P/E can mean expected growth; low P/E can reflect declining earnings. EV/EBITDA is favored because it strips out capital-structure distortions.

Notable examples

Carvana 5-for-1 split (share price drops, market cap unchanged). NVIDIA P/E example (55 vs historical >100; vs semiconductor sector ~25–30). VCX “meme” volatility vs net asset value. Oracle hype vs profits not following. Allbirds jump and fall. Mentions DoorDash/Tractor Supply/Intuit/Boston Scientific as high-upside consensus targets.

Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.

Chapters

Tap a time to open that second in VO

Understanding Wall Street Valuation Framework

1:32 to 2:11

Discover how Wall Street values stocks and how you can apply the same principles.

“As the show name might suggest, every episode, we talk about rich habits as they relate to business, finance, and mindset.”

The Myth of Stock Price vs. Value

2:11 to 3:21

Learn the misconceptions about stock prices and what they really indicate.

“Most investors look at a stock price and maybe think that it's cheap or expensive depending on the price of the stock.”

Market Capitalization Explained

3:21 to 6:12

Understand market capitalization and its importance in valuing stocks.

“ratio even means, or you've been buying stocks for years but never really understood how analysts arrive at their price targets, this episode is for you.”

Key Valuation Ratios: P/E and More

6:12 to 8:31

Explore the three key valuation ratios used by analysts to determine stock value.

“Share price tells you the cost of one unit.”

Price to Sales Ratio Importance

8:31 to 10:40

Find out why the price to sales ratio is crucial for evaluating growth companies.

“And to be clear, a high P-E ratio does not automatically mean overvalued.”

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Explained

10:40 to 13:46

Learn the significance of the enterprise value to EBITDA ratio and its application.

“And the market is pricing in that future growth.”

Relative Valuation: The Key Concept

13:46 to 14:04

Understand why valuation is relative and what factors influence it.

“standard for comparing companies apples to apples.”

Understanding Relative Valuation

14:04 to 18:06

Learn how Wall Street values stocks based on relative metrics.

“earnings or dividing sales or looking at enterprise value, dividing the EBITDA, all very important when you're trying to understand how Wall Street values businesses and value businesses on your own.”

The Importance of Context in Valuation

18:06 to 21:14

Discover why context matters when evaluating stocks and their price targets.

“But the market is telling you it expects NVIDIA's growth to significantly outpace the rest of the sector.”

Framework for Evaluating Stock Prices

21:14 to 27:53

Explore a four-step framework for understanding stock valuation and price targets.

“what the analysts on Wall Street do every single day.”
Show all 17 chapters

Understanding Stock Valuation Ratios

28:00 to 29:58

Learn about key stock valuation ratios and their significance in investment decisions.

“A$200 stock can be cheaper than a$50 stock when you measure what you're actually paying for, for the whole business.”

Q&A: Recognizing Speculative Bubbles

33:09 to 38:25

Gain insights into how to differentiate between hype and genuine stock growth.

“Full disclosure in the podcast description.”

Planning for Financial Protection

38:26 to 42:06

Learn essential steps for protecting your family's financial future.

“I feel like we could just talk about this for hours because because we do live in a hype cycle.”

Estate Planning Essentials

42:06 to 42:42

Learn the importance of proper estate planning and necessary legal structures.

“Because the last thing anyone listening wants to do is leave it up to chance.”

The Importance of Term Life Insurance

42:43 to 43:59

Understand why term life insurance is crucial for financial security.

“I think the only thing I will add is the insurance side of it all.”

Investment Strategies for RSUs

44:29 to 47:57

Get insights on how to manage restricted stock units and diversify investments.

“or death and I get sued or something happens here.”

Consumer Behavior in Stock Market

47:58 to 49:18

Explore how consumer behavior affects stock prices and investment choices.

“period of time and your nest egg is evaporating.”
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Transcript

Automatic transcript. May contain errors.

0:00Austin Hankwitz:Your summer starts now with Memorial Day deals at The Home Depot. It's time to fire up summer cookouts with the Nexgrill 4-Burner Gas Grill on special buy for only$199. And entertain all season with the Hampton Bay West Grove 7-Piece Outdoor Dining Set for only$499. This Memorial Day, get low prices guaranteed at The Home Depot. While supplies last, price invalid May 14th through May 27th. U.S. only exclusions apply. See homedepot.com slash price match for details. so good so good so good everything you want for summer is at nordstrom rack stores now and up to 60 off stock up and save on the brands you love like vince sam edelman frame and free people join the nordy club to unlock exclusive discounts shop new arrivals first and more plus buy online and pick up at your favorite rack store for free great brands great prices that's why you rack.

1:23Robert Croak:I'm joined by my co-host, Robert Croak. Robert is a seasoned entrepreneur with lifetime revenues of over$300 million, and I'm a multimillionaire in my early 30s with a background in finance and economics. As the show name might suggest, every episode, we talk about rich habits as they relate to business, finance, and mindset. So Robert, what are we specifically talking about in today's episode?

1:46Austin Hankwitz:In today's episode of the Rich Habits podcast, we're breaking down the framework Wall Street uses to value stocks and showing you how to use it yourself without a Bloomberg terminal, a finance degree, or even a financial advisor. We're covering market capitalization, the three valuation ratios every analyst on the street relies on, how to use those ratios in context so they actually mean something, and how price targets are built from the ground up. That's right, Robert.

2:12Robert Croak:Most investors look at a stock price and maybe think that it's cheap or expensive depending on the price of the stock. A$200 stock price might feel expensive. A$5 stock price might feel like a bargain, but that's the wrong way to think about it. And it's a costly mistake for investors. Carvana, great example. They just did a five for one stock split the other week. The stock went from$1 ,600 a share to about$300 a share overnight. Did the company become 80 % cheaper? Did they lose all this value? No, it's the same business, same revenue, same profits, just more slices of the same pie. But I guarantee you, some people saw that$300 per share stock price and go, oh, that's more affordable now.

2:59Robert Croak:I can finally buy this.

3:01Austin Hankwitz:It is crazy to think that for decades, people have been asking me that like, man, I really want to own Amazon, but it's so expensive or NVIDIA or whatever the stock is. And it's crazy because Wall Street doesn't think in share prices. They think in ratios, multiples, and forward estimates. And once you understand that framework, you'll never look at a stock the same way again. So whether you're brand new to investing and trying to figure out what P.E. ratio even means, or you've been buying stocks for years but never really understood how analysts arrive at their price targets, this episode is for you.

3:32Austin Hankwitz:So Austin, let's get into it and break down what does a stock price actually tell you?

3:37Robert Croak:Yeah, so a stock price is not a price tag. When you see Amazon trading at$200-something a share, your brain processes that as a price tag, like walking into a store, seeing something on a shelf, and that's saying$200 next to it. But a stock price is not a price tag. It's a unit price. It tells you what one single slice of the company cost. It tells you absolutely nothing about the size of the company, what the company earns, or whether that price is even fair. Here's how to think about it instead. The real price tag of a company is its market capitalization, market cap for short. The math is very simple.

4:15Robert Croak:You take the share price, so that$200 for Amazon, and multiply it by the total number of shares outstanding. That is the market's current valuation for the entire business. So think about a pizza and it's cut into 10 equal slices. If you went out and you bought a pizza for$20, cut it into 10 equal slices, each slice of pizza is priced at that$2. That is a stock price, right? $2 multiply by all 10 slices of pizza, you get the $20 total price tag of the pizza.

4:50Austin Hankwitz:So let's take that Amazon example. At$200 a share with roughly 10.5 billion shares outstanding. That's about a$2.1 trillion company. Now take a stock trading at$3 a share with 50 million shares outstanding. That's$150 million company. So the$3 stock is not cheaper than Amazon. It's a completely different size of business. You're basically comparing a cruise ship to a kayak. So we want to break this down and give you the simple math so everyone can understand it's not about price, it's about that valuation. This is why stock splits don't change anything about a company's value. Carvana's five to one split the other week is a perfect example.

5:31Austin Hankwitz:Before the split, roughly$1 ,600 per share, about 105 million shares outstanding, and the market cap at around 168 billion. After the split, roughly$320 per share and about 525 million shares outstanding, same market cap at$168 billion. So you see where we're going here. The share price dropped 80 % and nothing changed. The pie is the same size. There are just five times as many slices.

6:00Robert Croak:That's right, Robert. So whenever you have stock splits like this or think about shares, what's the price tag? What's going on here? Think in market capitalization. Don't think in share price. Very, very important. Share price tells you the cost of one unit. market cap tells you the cost of the whole business. And what you really want to know is what am I paying for the whole business relative to what it actually earns for its shareholders? Which brings us to our next point. We've got three very popular valuation ratios that Wall Street uses. So Robert, let's walk through those.

6:34Austin Hankwitz:Let's talk about the three ratios Wall Street actually uses to determine if a stock is cheap or expensive. These are the PE ratio, the PS ratio, and the enterprise value to EBITDA ratio. So let's dig in, Austin, and define what all of these mean. First up, the P-E ratio. This is the price to earnings. This is the granddaddy of all valuation metrics. When you hear someone on CNBC say the market is trading at 21 times earnings, that is what they're talking about, this P-E ratio. Here's how it works. You take the company's market cap and divide it by its total earnings, its net profit after taxes.

7:11Austin Hankwitz:If a company has a market cap of$100 billion and earned$5 billion in profit last year, the P-E ratio is 20. That means you're paying$20 for every$1 of annual profit that business generates.

7:23Robert Croak:All right, so let's recap here, Robert. Take the total price tag, that market cap, and divide it by how much profit or earnings the company actually delivered. And that is the price, the price tag, to earnings, the profit ratio, P-E ratio. It's very simple and it's super popular. So be sure you guys understand that. Here's a fun little homework assignment. Go find these own things for some of your favorite companies. It's super easy to find this information and begin practicing calculating some of these own ratios. So let's say you're looking at two companies in the exact same industry. Company A has a price to earnings ratio of 15.

8:02Robert Croak:Company B has a price to earnings ratio of 40, which means you're paying almost three times as much per dollar of profits for company B at 40 than you are at 15. That doesn't automatically mean company B is overpriced. It might instead mean the market expects company B to grow its profits significantly faster. But it does tell you that the market has very different expectations for these two businesses, and you should understand those expectations before you buy either one of them.

8:31Austin Hankwitz:And to be clear, a high P-E ratio does not automatically mean overvalued. It means the market expects high future growth. And a low P.E. ratio does not automatically mean it's a bargain either. It might mean earnings are declining, the industry is shrinking, or there's a problem the market has already identified. A stock can have a P.E. ratio of 8 and still be expensive if profits are about to fall off a cliff, so keep that in mind.

8:56Robert Croak:So you mentioned the P.E. ratio, the P.S. ratio, and enterprise value to EBITDA. We all understand price to earnings again, market cap, price divided by profits, earnings, PE ratio. Let's now think about that second ratio, price to sales. Exact same framework, but instead of dividing by profits, we're dividing by revenue, which is total sales. So now you might be thinking, okay, well, why would I use the price to sales ratio instead of using the price to earnings ratio? Because some of the best companies listed on the stock market aren't yet profitable. And so if you don't have profits to divide into the price there, it doesn't work.

9:35Robert Croak:They're reinvesting everything back into the business to fuel future growth. If you only use the price to earnings ratio, you'd have no way to value an early stage Tesla before it turned profitable or a CrowdStrike or a Palantir or any of these high growth SaaS or biotech companies in their early years. That's why it's important to use different valuation metrics for different types of businesses.

9:59Austin Hankwitz:Yeah, I feel like the price to sales ratio is so much more important now because companies are staying private for longer and it is really difficult to put that value. But you have to look at it this way. Every company has revenue, but not every company has positive earnings. Price to sales gives you a way to compare what you're paying per dollar of top line sales, regardless of profitability. A utility company might trade at a one to two times sales, whereas a high growth AI company might trade at 15 to 20 times sales. Neither is inherently right or wrong. The question is whether the growth rate justifies the premium.

10:34Austin Hankwitz:So a company growing revenue at 50 % per year deserves a higher price to sales than one growing at 5%. And the market is pricing in that future growth.

10:43Robert Croak:So we've got market cap divided by profits, price to earnings. Market cap divided by total revenue, price to sales. And the third valuation metric that Wall Street uses all the time is enterprise value to EBITDA. This is the one that separates casual investors from people who actually understand how professionals value real businesses. This is the metric that private equity firms, M &A bankers, and institutional analysts lean on all the time. So let's break it down into two pieces. Enterprise value. Think of this as a true acquisition cost of an entire company. Think market cap. We already know what that is.

11:19Robert Croak:Per share price multiplied by total shares outstanding. The cost of the pizza, the market cap, plus all of the debt that exists on the business, minus any cash on the balance sheet. Because if you are literally buying a whole business, which is what acquirers do, you inherit all of their debt obligations, but you also get whatever cash is sitting in the bank. So enterprise value gives you the all in cost of ownership.

11:45Austin Hankwitz:That's a great breakdown of enterprise value, but let's break down EBITDA now. It is basically earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. I know that's a mouthful. You guys see this all the time, this term, but that's what it means. So in plain English, it's what the business generates from its core operations before you factor in how it's financed, how it's taxed, and how it accounts for aging of its assets. It's the closest thing to pure operating cash flow you can get from a standard financial statement. That's the term EBITDA that you see all the time. And that's the breakdown.

12:22Robert Croak:So why is using this enterprise value to EBITDA metric better than price to earnings or price to sales? Because price to earnings as a valuation metric can get distorted by something called capital structure. Two identical businesses with identical operations can have wildly different price to earnings ratios just because one might have more debt or might be in a different tax jurisdiction or maybe uses depreciation methods differently. Enterprise value to EBITDA strips out all the noise and lets you compare to how much money the company is actually making when you move away from the interest and the depreciation and the taxes and things that are kind of out of people's control.

13:06Robert Croak:So when you hear the deal was done at 12 times EBITDA. That's the ratio we're talking about here. The S &P 500 historically trades around 15 times enterprise value to EBITDA. So think about that as your baseline when you're trying to do these calculations on your own.

13:22Austin Hankwitz:So Austin, let's recap the three ratios. We have the price to earnings ratio that tells you what you're paying per dollar of profit, best for profitable established companies. The price to sales tell you what you're paying per dollar of revenue, essential for growth companies that aren't yet profitable. And third is the enterprise value to EBITDA ratio, which tells you what you're paying for the core operating business, stripped of all financial engineering. And this is the gold standard for comparing companies apples to apples. Now, knowing these ratios is important, but knowing how to use them is where the real skill is.

13:54Austin Hankwitz:And that brings us to the most important concept in all evaluation.

13:59Robert Croak:Yes. Knowing how to create these different ratios, looking at a price tag, dividing earnings or dividing sales or looking at enterprise value, dividing the EBITDA, all very important when you're trying to understand how Wall Street values businesses and value businesses on your own. But all of that is relative. It's all relative. And it's what a lot of people get wrong. The single most valuable thing to take away from this episode is that these valuations are relative to themselves and their own industries. If someone tells you a stock has a price to earnings ratio of 30, you might say, oh, that sounds expensive.

14:39Robert Croak:Maybe or maybe not. A P.E. ratio of 30 means absolutely nothing in isolation. Valuation is never absolute. It's always, always relative. The question is, what is it relative to?

14:54Austin Hankwitz:Well, Wall Street thinks of it in two dimensions, and I wanna break those down. Dimension one is relative to the company's own history. Every company has its own normal trading range. So if a stock has traded an average PE of 40 over the past five years, and right now it's sitting at 25, that stock is trading at a significant discount to its own historical norm. The market is pricing it lower than usual. That's a signal worth investigating because maybe the market is right and there's a problem, or maybe the market is wrong and that's where your opportunity is.

15:26Robert Croak:The reverse is also equally as important. If a company historically trades at a P.E. ratio of 15 and then suddenly it jumps up to 35, the market is pricing in dramatic growth. But you also need to ask yourself, is it justified? Did something fundamentally change? Is there a new product? Is there a new market, a structural shift? Or is the market just getting ahead of itself and swinging back and forth like it tends to do, like a pendulum?

15:53Austin Hankwitz:That is exactly what we do inside of Wall Street Favorites. We compare every stock's current P.E., P.S. and price to operating cash flow against its own five-year historical averages. This is very important information. And if the current ratio is significantly below the average, that's a signal that the stock may be undervalued relative to itself. And if it's significantly above, it may be overpriced, all in Wall Street Favorites.

16:21Robert Croak:So that was the first dimension, All these valuations are relative to their own history, but also to their peers. So that's the second dimension Wall Street cares about. You cannot compare a technology company's price to earnings ratio to a utility company's price to earnings ratio. They're not the same type of company. It just doesn't work. Tech companies trade at higher valuation multiples because they grow faster, they've got higher margins, and the market values that growth potential. Utilities trade at lower valuation multiples because they're stable, slow growth, they're very regulated, dividend paying businesses, right?

16:58Robert Croak:It's kind of boring, but that's what they are. Neither is right or wrong. They're just different business profiles. So whenever you're comparing these valuations to the historical norm of the company, as well as to the peers of the company, different tech, different utilities, different consumer discretionary companies, right? You're looking at it from sort of a peer-to-peer perspective. You're not comparing apples to oranges.

17:24Austin Hankwitz:I like that breakdown. And when an analyst says NVIDIA looks cheap, that doesn't mean it has a low PE in absolute terms. They mean it looks cheap compared to other semiconductor companies or compared to its own historical range. So let's flush this out and make it concrete. Let's say NVIDIA trades at roughly a PE of 55. If you just heard PE of 55, you probably think it's already wildly expensive. But let me give you some context. Two years ago, NVIDIA traded at a PE above 100. So relative to its own history, it's actually gotten cheaper because earnings have grown even faster than the stock price.

18:00Austin Hankwitz:And relative to the broader semiconductor sector, which trades at around that 25 to 30 times earnings range, NVIDIA is at a premium. But the market is telling you it expects NVIDIA's growth to significantly outpace the rest of the sector. So whether you agree with that or not, it's your investment decision. But the point is, you can't just look at the number in a vacuum. You have to really understand it and the totality as it relates to the historical range of each company.

18:28Robert Croak:I think there's a great time to kind of bring all this back together, right? We're talking about the stock price is not the price of the company. The price of the company is the market capitalization. There are different ways to value companies because all companies have market capitalizations. You can divide the market capitalization by annual profits. That's called price to earnings. You can divide that market capitalization by annual sales or revenue. That's called price to sales. You can also add debt, strip out cash, and then divide that enterprise value number by their adjusted EBITDA, which then gives you their enterprise value to EBITDA ratio.

19:06Robert Croak:And you can use that sort of as a broad stroke valuation metric across different types of businesses. But now it's important to take those valuation metrics we just found and compare them to their own historical averages. Historically speaking, is this company overvalued or undervalued compared to its peers? Is this company overvalued or undervalued? This is what Wall Street does every single day as the stock market trades up, down, left, right, and in circles. And it's what we try and do consistently with our own portfolios, which is why we thought it was so important to talk about it during this episode and begin to hopefully open up the horizons and ideas as some of you at home might be thinking, I don't know what this stuff is.

19:50Robert Croak:This is so complicated. Well, it's not too complicated. There's three main valuation metrics, and there's two ways to kind of compare them historically and to their peers. So we think a lot of the math here is easy to understand and really want to encourage you all to give it a try yourselves at home. So after you've done this math and you see in front of you, I've got the PE ratio for Apple. I know the PE ratio for Microsoft. How cool. Now the question becomes, do you agree? Do you think it's overvalued? Do you think it's undervalued? And if it's undervalued, are you going to buy more of it? If it's overvalued, Are you sitting on the sidelines?

Read the full transcript

20:26Robert Croak:What are you doing now with this information?

20:29Austin Hankwitz:Austin, I really like that breakdown. And I think this episode is incredibly important because there's all these terms and acronyms and everything that goes on in investing. And we just really want to educate everyone so they actually understand what they're buying. Personal finance is personal, but we also want to get you guys on board to understand better how we choose a stock, how we know if it's the right time to start dollar cost averaging into NVIDIA or Micron or whatever it may be. And this episode is for all of that to help you guys really totally finally understand what all this means.

21:02Robert Croak:So let's now tie it all together here and say, okay, I know these valuation metrics, I know how to compare them, but how is it going to help me predict what the stock price might be in the future? And that's what the analysts on Wall Street do every single day. You might turn on CNBC and hear that Goldman Goldman Sachs has initiated coverage on XYZ Company with a$250 price target in a buy rating. Or maybe you go to Yahoo Finance or maybe in your brokerage app and you see a price target from Wall Street. Wall Street Favorites has price targets on the website. But where does that$250 price target from Goldman Sachs actually come from?

21:42Robert Croak:Because it's not a guess. It's not just vibes. It's an exact framework that we have just walked you all through, but they project it forward.

21:50Austin Hankwitz:So here's what an analyst actually does. They take the three valuation ratios we just covered, the PE, the PS, and the EV to EBITDA ratio. And instead of looking backward at what the company earned last year, they project forward. They estimate what the company will earn next year or the year after. And then they build these detailed financial models, essentially spreadsheets where they forecast revenue growth, margin expansion or contraction, capital expenditures and earnings per share, all of it. Then they apply a valuation multiple to those forward estimates. And that's how they derive at these numbers.

22:26Robert Croak:And you can create your own price targets. It's super simple. Let's walk through how to do it. Let's say an analyst is covering a company that earned$8 of earnings per share last year. The analyst studies the company's product pipeline, their competitive position, the trends, the management guidance, all that stuff. And they conclude that company is going to deliver$10 per share of earnings next year. So a 25 % increase. So their profits, that net income are going to increase by 25 % the next year. Now they need to determine what multiple this company deserves. They look at where the company has historically traded.

23:06Robert Croak:So let's say that five-year PE ratio is 22. They then look at where maybe their peers are trading. Similar companies are trading between 25 and 28. They factor in the company's growth and they think that a 25 PE ratio is fair. So now the simple math is they take that 25 and they multiply it by next year's profits. So if their profits is$10 of earnings per share, They then take that$10 of earnings per share, multiply it by 25, and they get a$250 price target. That is literally how it works. That's exactly how it all comes together. That is all Wall Street is doing here with these price targets.

23:45Robert Croak:They try and forecast what the profits, what the sales, what the EBITDA might be in the next 12 months. They then look around and see, well, what is it historically trading at? What are their peers trading at? Has this industry growing. They slap a multiple on it. And then in turn, they have a price target that they are looking toward.

24:04Austin Hankwitz:And this is exactly why you see wildly different price targets on the same stock from analyst to analyst. One analyst thinks earnings will be$10 and their fair PE is 25 and they get a$250 price target. Another analyst is more conservative on growth, estimates at$8 and uses a 20 times multiple and they get$160 price target. Same company, same publicly available data, completely different assumptions about the future. So the consensus price target, that number you see on Yahoo Finance or your brokerage app, is the average of all those individual opinions. Maybe 20 to 30 analysts who each built their own model with their own estimates averaged together to give you that blended price that you see right there in your app.

24:50Robert Croak:And that's actually what we put inside of Wall Street Favorites. We only cover companies, I think with like at least 10 or 15 different analysts take their consensus average price target. And that's what you see when you go to wallstreetfavorites.com and you look up a company by their price target. And it's ranked by those highest upside to the price targets on wallstreetfavorites.com. That's what we do there with the consensus price target. But here's where things actually get useful for you as an investor. When a stock is trading at 150 a share and the consensus price target is$200 a share, that represents 33 % upside.

25:24Robert Croak:That means the aggregate view of all the professional analysts that cover the company full time, people who get paid six figures to study one stock and their competitors every single day, believe it's worth about a third more than where it trades today. So it's interesting and important to go look and see, okay, wait a second. This company is at$150. WallStreetFavorites.com says that the consensus price target is$200. That represents a 33 % upside. Do I agree with that? If yes, maybe I should add it to my watch list. Maybe I should do more research and digging into what this company is and determine if it belongs a place in my own portfolio.

26:04Austin Hankwitz:Now, to be clear, this does not guarantee the stock will reach$200. Analysts get it wrong constantly every single day. And you should actually study these analysts as well to see what their track record is actually like. But when 25 out of 30 analysts who study a company for a living think it's worth significantly more than its current price, that's a meaningful data point that we want to follow. It tells you the weight of professional opinion is on one side and the gap between the current price and that consensus, that upside percentage is one of the most powerful screening tools individual investors have access to.

26:39Robert Croak:And again, WallStreetFavorites.com ranks stocks in the S &P 500 by the highest upside. So right now I'm looking at the website. DoorDash sits at number one with a consensus price target sitting 72 % above its current stock price. Tractor Supply Company, Intuit, Boston Scientific Corporation. These are all companies whose consensus price targets are above 50 % their current stock price. So you don't need to build models yourself. You don't need a Bloomberg terminal. You don't need a MBA. You just need to understand what that price target represents, which is that forward earnings times a fair multiple, and then use the gap as one input in your investment decision.

27:21Robert Croak:Do not go see, oh my gosh, DoorDash. I'm looking over at these names. I need to go buy them all. No, you don't. No, you don't. This is one simple input in your larger investment decision, right? If you want to invest into a single stock, you have to build conviction as to why you want to own it in the first place with, yeah, Wall Street thinks there's some meaningful upside is one part of that conviction, but it's not everything. So don't just blindly go follow what Wall Street says and buy all of the different names that they think of the biggest upside, because in my opinion, that's a fool's errand.

27:53Austin Hankwitz:So Austin, here's the framework in four steps for the audience. Step one, stock price is not the price tag. Market capitalization is. A$200 stock can be cheaper than a$50 stock when you measure what you're actually paying for, for the whole business. Step two is the three ratios that tell you what you're paying. The price to earnings ratio for every dollar of profit, the price to sales ratio for every dollar of revenue, and that enterprise value to EBITDA for every dollar of core operating cash flow. Each one has its place depending on the type of company you're analyzing.

28:28Robert Croak:In step three, those ratios only mean something in context. Compare them to the company's own five-year history or their sector peers. A price-to-earnings ratio of 30 is cheap for one company and expensive for another. So context when you're doing this is so important. In step four, those analyst price targets. They're built by projecting those ratios forward by one year. Estimated future earnings times some fair multiple equals a price target. The consensus is the average of 20 or even 30 analysts on Wall Street coming together and saying, yeah, this is that consensus price target. And the gap between the current stock price and that consensus price target is the upside signal you're looking for.

29:15Robert Croak:But remember, it's only one input as you build your entire investment thesis on a single stock. It is not something that you take and go run with and just go buy all these stocks because Wall Street thinks they've got high upside.

29:29Austin Hankwitz:If you want to see all four of these steps applied to hundreds of stocks in one place, valuation scores, analyst consensus targets, upside percentages, historical comparisons, go check out wallstreetfavorites.com. We built it to give you the same Wall Street analysis that professionals use. So check the link in the show notes. And if this episode was helpful, share it with someone who's just getting started investing or someone you know who's still picking stocks based on share price, because this is foundational stuff. And the more people understand it, the better decisions they'll make in the future and the better off they'll be in their portfolios.

30:06Robert Croak:Yeah, this might be one of those episodes that people have to listen to twice, write down some terms, get the notebook out, things like that, which no shame in your game if you're doing that. I think that's a great idea. But the big call out here is to ensure that you understand that none of this stuff happens in a vacuum and that the stock market is a pendulum that swings from overvalued to undervalued. If you can look at the stock price and then plot over the years, the price to earnings ratio of that stock price, you will see that it swings from overvalued down to undervalued, back up to overvalued because humans are emotional creatures and we buy, buy, buy and we sell, sell, sell and we are all over the place, which is why it's never been more important to have a plan and stick with it and dollar cost average into the index funds and ETFs we talk about, as well as the largest, most blue chip names in your own portfolios.

31:00Robert Croak:So think Amazon or Google or Apple or Microsoft, right? Just buying and dollar cost averaging into things over a long period of time and not trying to time the markets. But as you do have this information now handy in your back pocket, next time you think, hmm, I really want to buy this stock, or this is really interesting to me, or my buddy Joe told me about this, or my Aunt Martha brought this up at the dinner table, I'm going to go figure out the valuation metrics. I'm going to go figure out Wall Street's price targets. I'm going to go do research myself. That's the whole point of the show, to provide resources and information so you can go be an educated investor making educated decisions with your money.

31:43Austin Hankwitz:I love this episode because after today, there is no more buying a stock. You don't understand why or what the company actually does because you heard about it on the internet from some random guy who's getting paid to talk about it. So that is what this episode is all about, arming you with all of the information to make educated decisions so you can do the best for your own portfolios because personal finance is personal.

32:08Robert Croak:Now, before we jump to the Q &A section of the episode, got to give a shout out to public.com, the platform I hope that everyone uses to buy stocks on. On public, you can build a multi-asset portfolio of stocks, bonds, options, cryptocurrency, and now generated assets, which allow you to turn any idea into an investable index using artificial intelligence.

32:30Austin Hankwitz:And it all starts with your prompt. From renewable energy companies with high free cash flow to semiconductor suppliers growing revenue over 20 % year over year, you can literally type any prompt and put the AI to work. It screens thousands of stocks, builds a one-of-a-kind index, and even lets you backtest against the S &P 500, all with just a few clicks.

32:51Robert Croak:Generated assets are like ETFs, but with infinite possibilities. They're completely customizable. They're based on your thesis, not someone else's. So go to public.com slash rich habits and earn an uncapped 1 % bonus when you transfer your portfolio. That's public.com slash rich habits.

33:07Austin Hankwitz:Paid for by public investing. Full disclosure in the podcast description.

33:11Robert Croak:As a reminder, we close off every episode answering your questions. You can ask us questions on Instagram via DM at rich habits podcast, or you can email us your questions via email at rich habits podcast at gmail.com. We get hundreds of questions every week. So if you don't answer your question, give us some slack here. But we've got three great questions in this episode. The first one comes from Arturo. Arturo emailed us and said, Hello, Austin and Robert. Thank you for answering my last question about direct indexing. You're welcome, Arturo. That's awesome to hear. Your insights were very useful in my decision making.

33:45Robert Croak:I have a question, this time regarding the hype stock of VCX. A few episodes after the VCX ticker went live, Austin said something along the lines of, I hope you guys didn't buy the hype. Which leads me to believe that there is some pattern recognition happening, likely from your experience and knowledge that this was indeed a hype case, maybe a bubble bursting. My question is, how do you distinguish between a short-term speculative bubble, like I think the one VCX experienced, and genuine growth potential? What a great question. So yes, let's talk about VCX for a second. VCX is the public ticker for private tech.

34:23Robert Croak:It's the Fundrise Innovation Fund. They own Equity and Anthropic, OpenAI, Databricks, I think Anduril, like a bunch of incredible privately held companies that are growing like a weed. Anthropic has grown from$10 billion to$45 billion in annualized revenue just in the last five months. These companies are the next frontier as it relates to the next trillion plus dollar companies on the stock market. But the unfortunate problem is they're all privately held. Anthropic is still private. OpenAI is still private. Anduril is still private. Databricks is still private, which means retail investors can't invest in or buy exposure or get any sort of equity in these businesses easily through the stock market.

35:05Robert Croak:So what happened was Ben Miller came on the show, the CEO of Fundrise, and he took his innovation fund, which is their venture fund. They essentially put it on the stock market, listed it, and then said, now people can buy VCX and get exposure in their portfolios to the underlying equity that the VCX venture portfolio has in these businesses. The problem was it became a meme stock and people all over X and Reddit and Instagram or wherever online, they just bought this up into$500 a share. Ben came on the show and said, listen, the biggest risk to this is that this portfolio has something called a net asset value of about$20 a share at the time of that recording.

35:47Robert Croak:Now, that has changed a little bit and I'll allude to that in a second, but it's worth 20 bucks a share on paper. And that's why they listed it at about$20 a share. But what happened was these retail investors got really excited about owning Anthropic and their portfolios and OpenAI and their brokerage accounts. They just kept buy, buy, buy, buy, buy, and it went up like crazy. And why that's important is because if you think about the math of this stuff, you can go kind of back into, wait a second, Anthropic is now worth this, OpenAI is worth that, and Drill is worth this. I can kind of figure out if I combine them all together here, what's the price tag, that market cap of it all, and how you should think about that, and then back into a stock price.

36:28Robert Croak:Right now, that market cap price tag is somewhere around, I don't know,$80 to$100 a share, because Anthropic is now worth well over$1.5 trillion, and OpenAI is worth over a trillion. So it's a little different than when it listed, but it certainly isn't worth$500 a share, or even at the$200,$300 a share it's worth, it's trading at today. And so to answer your question very, very clearly here, how do we recognize and distinguish between short-term speculative bubbles, like the one that VCX experienced there, and genuine growth potential? It all comes back to those forward expectations that we talked about in this episode.

37:04Robert Croak:So if Wall Street is saying, hey, I think NVIDIA's profits are going to skyrocket, go through the moon, Micron's profits are going to skyrocket, go to the moon and 10x their profits because of all the demand for the data centers, then yeah, fundamentally speaking, if their profits go up by 10x, the stock price is justified to follow it. But on the other side of that token, you can think of an Oracle. Oracle said, hey, we've got these remaining performance obligations of half a trillion dollars. Go put my stock price up to the moon. And so retail investors, boom, that went up like 300 % or something.

37:41Robert Croak:Profits didn't follow. All of that was speculation and Oracle stock price came crashing back down. When a stock price goes vertical, you have to ask yourself, is this justified with fundamental progress? Is cash flow and profits and real money being generated here? Or is it all speculation? Is it not justified because people are just getting excited for whatever reason it might be. And they're just bidding the stock price up or the VCX price or whatever it is up, up, up, up, up. Because that's what happened with VCX and Oracle and a lot of these other names. Retail investors get really excited and they buy, buy, buy without actually seeing profits move up with that excitement.

38:22Robert Croak:So being able to see the difference and figuring out are profits actually moving? If yes, maybe it's justified. If no, be careful. See on the way down.

38:31Austin Hankwitz:What a great breakdown, Austin. I feel like we could just talk about this for hours because because we do live in a hype cycle. Everywhere you turn, something is getting hyped up. I mean, just a couple of weeks ago, Allbirds went from a shoe company that's failing with hundreds of millions in debt to all of a sudden they're an AI company the next day and the stock shot up 40%. That is not what we're trying to do here. We're trying to teach people to avoid those hype cycles and really look at genuine growth potential, like in this question and everything we laid out in this episode, to teach people how to be real investors and not try to gamble on these meme stocks in all of the hype that's out there in the market.

39:11Robert Croak:Yeah, the Allbirds example is a great one because you're totally right. It was trading at$2.50 a share as a failing business. It jumped up to$20 a share, so 10X overnight. And now it's back down to$4 a share. And the reason you saw that up and down is because people speculated. They got excited. They think, oh, it's going to make all this new money. But unless profits or EBITDA or sales or these valuation metrics we just talked about in this episode actually show up, it's all just hype and speculation and bubbles. That's all this is. And before we move on, I just want to add one more thing about VCX, right?

39:50Robert Croak:VCX is this four-year-old fund. It's a venture fund that Fundrise made in 2022. Then they said, let's take our venture fund and list it on the stock market. And so they did that at about$20 a share. And now what investors are doing is they're speculating what 20 % ownership or 22 % ownership of Anthropic or OpenAI or Andrill or Databricks, they're speculating what that ownership actually translates to in market net asset value. And that's why you see wild movements of price between the 20 to 500 to 80 to 275 as markets are trying to figure out, is Anthropic really a 1 trillion company? Or are they a 5 trillion company in disguise?

40:36Robert Croak:Is OpenAI really a 1 trillion company? Or is it a$500 billion company with this lawsuit? I don't know. And so that's why you see crazy volatility in things like this. Now let's jump to our next question coming from Luciano on Instagram. Luciano says, Hello, my name is Luciano. I moved a few years ago to the United States and I found your show and I started listening and it's helped me a lot to understand the U.S. markets. I'm looking for ideas about actions to take to protect my family in case of death. A will, a trust, other actions needed to make sure I leave my loved ones protected and covered.

41:09Robert Croak:Thank you for the amazing show. Robert, this is all you.

41:12Austin Hankwitz:Yeah, Luciano, great question. You should do all of the above because you want to make sure the earlier the better you have any real estate in a holding company through an LLC. You want to make sure you have that trust in place. it's probably going to be a revocable trust, but research irrevocable trust as well, because it's going to depend on what all you hold, what assets and what you're trying to accomplish. And it also depends on do you have siblings that are going to be sharing in these equities and these assets upon passing. So I think you're on the right track. I would engage with an estate attorney to help you figure it all out.

41:50Austin Hankwitz:But to save yourself a lot of money, go in and feed ChatGPT or Gemini, all the information about your situation, your finances, what you own, your investments, and get some details there first, and then go meet with this estate attorney to help you figure it all out and make sure you're covered on all aspects. Because the last thing anyone listening wants to do is leave it up to chance. Because if your property is in your personal name and you pass and it goes into probate, It could take years and a$10 ,000 fee to get through probate and get that to your siblings or your daughter or whoever it may be to protect yourself.

42:28Austin Hankwitz:So always make sure you do these things with the LLCs, the holding company, and possibly a living trust. So all of these are important. Do your research first. You're definitely on the right track and then hire a good estate attorney to get it all dialed in.

42:43Robert Croak:That's great feedback. I think the only thing I will add is the insurance side of it all. If you do not have term life insurance, highly recommend doing that. All term life insurance means is you will have a nest egg to give to your beneficiary to help supplement their lifestyle as they lose your income because you are no longer around. So if you are the breadwinner of the family, you're making$100 ,000 a year, normally about 15 to 20 times annual income is where you should take out coverage on. So about$1.5 to$2 million of a term life insurance policy. It'll cost you less than$30 a month. I think I pay even less than that for a$2 million term life insurance policy that I have right now.

43:25Robert Croak:I got it from assurance.com slash rich habits. Shout out Russ and Robin. They are incredible friends. They created this great term life insurance company, S-U-R-I-A-N-C-E dot com slash rich habits. There's also a link in the show notes below for that. But term life insurance, so, so, so important. They're just brokers. They just connect you with, you know, the ethos of the world and the ladders and all the other different brokers that are out there to sell you term life insurance. So affordable. Skip the whole life insurance. Skip the indexed universal life insurance. It's not worth it. Term life insurance is what you need.

44:00Robert Croak:The other thing I'll add, umbrella insurance. If your net worth, I mean, you just moved to the United States, but maybe you're very wealthy. As your net worth climbs over time, you should have umbrella insurance, which is also very affordable. I think I pay$1 ,000 a year for like a$10 million policy. But having umbrella insurance means that if you got into a, you know, at fault for a tragic car accident or something terrible happened on my boat or, you know, something very, very bad, accidental, but someone is injured or bodily harm or death and I get sued or something happens here. I've got now this sort of extra umbrella up to$10 million that I will be able to lean on as umbrella insurance.

44:43Robert Croak:Robert, how big is your umbrella insurance policy? I have$5 million. $5 million. And it's affordable. It's like under$1 ,000 a year.

44:51Austin Hankwitz:Yep. And I've had it for decades, never had to use it. But I'll tell you what, it is one of the best policies I have to help me sleep at night to know that if somebody does something silly or tries to pierce the corporate veil and come after my personal assets that I'm covered. So that is a great call out that I didn't mention.

45:12Robert Croak:So our last question comes from Justin J on Instagram. Justin says, hey, quick question. I work for Amazon and I'm blessed to receive stocks for the company. I'm 26, married, and I have a child on the way, trying to do my best to continue to invest even with everything going on. I have a salary of$100 ,000 and my wife does not work. I receive restricted stock units from my company and I have 100 of them at the moment. It's worth about$28 ,000 at current market prices. I've got$15 ,000 invested into a brokerage account, mainly in VOO, QQQ, and VTI. My question is, do I sell my RSUs so I can diversify my portfolio better?

45:52Robert Croak:And if I do, how does capital gains taxes work? So love this question, Justin. Glad you're working at Amazon. Congrats on the child. So, so exciting. You have a growing family. You're just, you're doing it, man. That's awesome. In my opinion, I think of RSUs, especially when you're young here and you're still building your base as part of your compensation. So if I were you, I would sell the RSUs, take the$28 ,000, pay your taxes, and then I would dump all that money into my Roth IRA, into the index funds and ETFs we talk about. And then I'd also, whatever's left, make sure that I put that in my brokerage account, my bridge account on public.com.

46:29Robert Croak:I like VOO and QQQ, maybe even add AIQ or VGT or maybe DIA, a couple other ETFs in there for you. But I think until you have that$100 ,000 base built, you should be thinking about your RSUs as a way to just increase your annual compensation, and then take that to begin building your base in a more aggressive manner. And then once your base is built, and you've got 100, 200,$300 ,000 in the markets, then you can say, yeah, I could have$30 ,000 invested in Amazon or 15 ,000. You know, it's only 5 % of my portfolio or 6%, whatever that number is at the time. But the thing you don't want, and I've seen this all the time, is people work at the same company their whole lives.

47:10Robert Croak:And it's a good company like a Johnson and Johnson or a Procter Gamble or a Home Depot. So the stock price has gone up over a long period of time, but their whole nest egg is in the stock. And you get one earnings call that's bad, or you get a CEO departure, or you get one Campbell's Soup hot mic situation, and the stock price goes down by 30 % and your nest egg, you're out$700 ,000 because something out of your control. Now, yes, the S &P 500 could also go down and could also pull you down by$700 ,000. But for the stock market to go down 30%, we need something crazy to happen. For a Campbell's chicken noodle soup to go down by 30 % or an Uber to go down by 30%, you just need one or two weird things to happen in a short period of time and your nest egg is evaporating.

48:02Austin Hankwitz:I love that breakdown, especially because right now his Amazon position through these RSUs is a major part of his net worth. So I love exactly that playbook of what you laid out for this question to really get that base built and move on.

48:17Robert Croak:Yeah. The important thing when it comes here about those taxes too, with these RSUs is because it's like part of your annual compensation, they will be taxed as ordinary income. So don't be thinking 15 or 20 % like flat rate or whatever it might be, I guess 15 % for you because you're under that half a million threshold, you will pay ordinary income tax on this$28 ,000, which is fine. I mean, that's what it is. It just pretty much gave you this money. So just set that aside, do some math, work with Gemini or whatever you talk to here to figure out your tax situation and make sure you've got that money set aside.

48:46Robert Croak:So in April of 2027, wow, 2027, when April 2027 comes along. Reflecting upon 2026 tax year, you're not hit with a$7 ,000 tax bill or whatever it might be for you that's going to surprise you and throw you off your kilter.

49:04Austin Hankwitz:What a great episode, Austin. This was long overdue, breaking all of this down and helping people understand how we do it, the magic behind the curtain to make really good choices with your money and your investment strategies. So I really, really enjoyed this and I hope people do as well.

49:20Robert Croak:Everybody, thanks so for tuning into this week's episode of the rich habits podcast be sure to go check out wallstreet favorites.com we built it it's powerful we believe in it ton of free stuff over there ton of paid stuff over there ton of value regardless of whatever's got going on we love wallstreet favorites.com and we're so proud to have built it for you all and yes go back and listen to this episode again hit the play pause button you know write down the definitions go like do what you got to do to learn from this episode and your homework is to take what you learned and actually apply it.

49:54Robert Croak:Go look at the price to earnings ratio of Apple. Go look at the price to sales ratio of Meta or Amazon and look at the historical averages and see is it trading above or below. Compare it to its peers. Is it overvalued or undervalued compared to its peers in the industry as a whole? Because once you begin to understand these valuation metrics, the stock market becomes this ever evolving, exciting wealth building, you know, mechanism that is just so, so, so intriguing and exciting to learn more about. You've been awakened as Robert and I have both been when it comes to these valuation metrics. We love running numbers and figuring out, is this an opportunity?

50:34Robert Croak:Is Wall Street missing this? Right. It's just it's so much fun.

50:37Austin Hankwitz:Thanks, everyone. And we'll see you on Thursday.

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From the publisher

In this week's episode of the Rich Habits Podcast, Robert Croak and Austin Hankwitz share how Wall Street values stocks (and how you can too).

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👤 Explore everything Robert does –⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠click here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

❓ Ask us questions for our Q&A episodes – @richhabitspodcast on Instagram

📬 Inquire about working together – christian@witz.vc

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