In short
OpenAI’s Dots (Astra) as a “persistent,” proactive personal agent interface—aimed at long-horizon tasks, unified context across tools, and a safer rollout than other agent products.
Guests
Alex (host) and the Dots lead at OpenAI (joined via an acquisition ~2 years ago; mission to ship Dots; previously worked on desktop/contextual assistant efforts, then coding-agent tech and connectors; tested Dots in alpha).
Key claims
The industry is moving from chat to coding agents to “active intelligence.” Dots solves the “powerful agent that won’t act unless you prompt it” problem via persistence, embodiment (an identity in Slack/Teams), and connectors/context. Safety is prioritized: conservative defaults, permissioning (tag-to-respond), sandboxed harness-based evaluations, auto-review policing, and auditability of subagents. Dots will be priced separately from Codex limits with 24/7 availability.
Notable examples
“slash goal” for long-running tasks; calendar conflict prompting; “stay on top of this feedback channel”; “spaces” as agent-first collaboration docs with checklists, HTML visualizations, and agent instructions.
Written by AI. May contain mistakes. Listen to the episode to check what was said.
Chapters
Tap a time to open that second in VOThe Rise of Personal Agents
0:45 to 2:40
Exploration of the current moment in AI and the emergence of personal agents.
“and so I'm, like, thrilled that it's happening.”
OpenAI's Vision and Dots
2:40 to 5:28
Insight into OpenAI's mission and the development of Dots as a proactive agent.
“I mean, were you all envisioning this form factor for this two years ago?”
OpenAI's Vision and Dots
5:44 to 5:54
Insight into OpenAI's mission and the development of Dots as a proactive agent.
“where teams and agents get the context, coordination, and control to move work forward.”
Building and Evolving Dots
6:10 to 8:44
Discussion on the challenges and decisions made in the development of Dots.
“We talked about the buildup of how these things have progressed.”
User Experience and Agent Customization
8:44 to 14:00
Discussion on how user interactions with agents are shaped and the importance of embodiment.
“And so we kind of then started a sprint to like get those two things, those two sort of tweaks to the form factor built around this base model capability with Astra.”
Interface Design for Human Engagement
14:00 to 15:55
Learn about the rationale behind a single-threaded chat interface and its user-centric design.
“there's no way I'm going to know your agent's name.”
Introducing Space: A Collaboration Workspace
15:55 to 20:40
Discover Space, a new workspace designed to enhance collaboration between humans and AI agents.
“So yeah, maybe I'll go back to that point I made, right?”
Introducing Space: A Collaboration Workspace
22:22 to 22:56
Discover Space, a new workspace designed to enhance collaboration between humans and AI agents.
“Framer is the AI website builder that powers the Sources podcast website at podcast.sources.news.”
Defining Unique Features of the Agent
23:08 to 26:25
Understand the distinguishing factors of this new AI agent compared to others in the market.
“Second, safest and most trustworthy agent.”
Safety and Responsiveness in Agent Design
26:25 to 28:00
Delve into how safety measures and user feedback shape the functionality of AI agents.
“How do you guys approach credit cards, personal information, that kind of stuff?”
Show all 19 chapters
Model Behavior and User Feedback
28:00 to 29:00
Learn about the default behavior of the model and how user feedback shapes it.
“and no successful prompt injections there.”
Proactive and Custom Rules for User Assistance
29:00 to 30:00
Discover how the model proactively assists users while respecting their rules.
“when it really is like you didn't need to confirm that.”
Evolving Online Shopping Landscape
30:00 to 31:10
Explore how AI agents impact online shopping and partnerships in the ecosystem.
“which is another model that's observing and kind of like policing the base model.”
Advertising and Business Models in the AI Era
31:10 to 32:50
Understand the challenges AI poses to advertising-driven business models.
“I'd be curious to hear you talk about that and then how you guys are approaching this from a partnership's perspective.”
Innovative Pricing Structure for Dots
32:50 to 34:10
Learn about the new pricing model for Dots and its implications for users.
“or have huge advertising businesses that rely on humans seeing those ads and now agents are all of a sudden crawling their services and doing things on behalf of humans who never see the ads.”
Ensuring Continuous Access to AI Tools
34:10 to 36:50
Examine how continuous access to Dots is maintained without usage limits.
“you're not counting dot usage towards plan limits.”
Future of ChatGPT and Dots
36:50 to 39:40
Discuss the coexistence of ChatGPT and Dots and the roadmap ahead.
“Because if I do it overnight, it's incredibly affordable.”
Specialist Dots and Enterprise Solutions
39:40 to 42:00
Explore the concept of specialist Dots for organizational use and efficiency.
“I mean, to me, this should be the interface for everyone because it can do so much more.”
Exploring Specialist Dots
42:00 to 44:23
Learn about the concept of specialist dots and their role in organizations.
“so I want to do that as well the other really interesting thing that we haven't talked about I think yet is specialist dots Yes.”
Transcript
Automatic transcript. May contain errors.0:00Alex Heath:Okay, Alex, I want to go deep on Dots, but first, I want to just talk about this moment we're in as an industry. It's something I've been thinking about a lot, and there's so many new products that are constantly popping up, which is this rise of personal agents. And it feels like it's a combination of a lot of things, the models getting capable enough to really power these experiences, things like browser use, computer use really taking off, people figuring out the harness. and now you guys have Dots, which is the OpenAI bet on this form factor. I would be curious to hear you, like, bigger picture, maybe talk about why this moment is happening now.
0:38Alexander Embiricos:Totally. And, yeah, I agree this is a massive moment. I joined OpenAI a little over two years ago, and I've basically been on a mission to ship Dots since I joined, and so I'm, like, thrilled that it's happening. So, you know, recapping quickly, we had chat, right? Chat was, like, it's very obvious today, but it was not obvious that that would be the right way for many people to get value from LLMs when we started. The wave after chat was coding agents, and then eventually those agents useful for knowledge work. And the big improvement from chat to coding agents was like, hey, now these agents can do things, right?
1:08Alexander Embiricos:But there was still this fundamental problem, which is I think the main problem we're solving with this next era, the third chapter, active intelligence, we call it. And that's that even if you have an incredibly powerful coding agent, it's kind of like you have this incredible principal engineer who refuses to check Slack, refuses to check linear, and basically only does things when they're told by you. And if you're a power user, you can set up automations and kind of get them going more independently. But for a sort of normal user, that doesn't happen. And so for me, this is happening now because we're finally ready to provide intelligence in a way that's much more intuitive for people in a way that you don't have to put all the onus on yourself to get value from the product, but it can start proposing to you what it's going to do and how it's going to help.
1:48Alexander Embiricos:So that's the problem. And then, you know, we can get more into the reasons, but I think broadly it is the model capabilities are there. And I think that maybe, so I agree with you on what you said, maybe the thing you didn't mention that I think is underrated is there's actually a lot of human change that needs to happen for these products to get adopted. You know, like if you look at like a company or a team adopting coding agents day zero, when they don't know how to use them and they're not connected to any tools to like day 400. The agents are connected to a bunch of tools. They have access to context.
2:18Alexander Embiricos:People have best practices. I think that's the other major thing we needed, right? Because if you think of a proactive agent, if it doesn't have access to context, it can't actually be proactive in helping you. So I could go on with it.
2:29Alex Heath:Yeah, the connectors and all that stuff being a place where people are bringing their data into these experiences. Yeah. Yeah, that makes sense. You said you joined, and it's been your mission to ship Dots ever since. Yeah. Expand on that a little bit. I mean, were you all envisioning this form factor for this two years ago?
2:46Alexander Embiricos:I'll just speak for myself here. But I had this broad idea that chat was incredibly powerful and AI was going to transform the world. And it was really important. Like the mission of OpenAI really resonates with me. That's why I joined, right? Deliver the benefits of AGI to all humanity. And, okay, I'm not necessarily going to be the person training the model. But I did feel with chat that there was so much low-hanging fruit on how to make that model more useful. And it was those two things I mentioned, like let it do things and let me not have to figure out what to ask it to do. Because, you know, even today, like I go on Twitter and I see someone talking about all the loops they're running and I feel a little bad about myself personally.
3:23Alexander Embiricos:I'm like, oh, I'm not an advanced practitioner. I'm not running enough loops.
3:27Alex Heath:I'm pretty sure you are an advanced practitioner. No, I am.
3:29Alexander Embiricos:But even I feel that way. And I don't know how, do you feel that way? Oh, my gosh. I'm overwhelmed.
3:33Alex Heath:Every time I open it, I'm like, wow, 10 new things.
3:36Alexander Embiricos:Yeah. And it's like, it's rough, right? Like what product categories exist that the better you get at it, the more aware you are of your own personal shortcomings.
3:44Alex Heath:Yeah.
3:44Alexander Embiricos:Maybe like sports hobbies, maybe. Like, I don't know. That's like, it's kind of rough, right? Yeah. So broadly, I wanted to figure out how we could solve those things. And it was kind of interesting. We were working on chat. I remember in the early days, I was working on the desktop app. We were trying to build that into a contextual assistant. And yeah, the models were not there in certain ways. Well, actually, fun story. I joined OpenAI through an acquisition of a small startup. And we had signed a deal the day before that OpenAI launched their voice product. I forget what it was called, just voice.
4:14Alexander Embiricos:You know, that draw-dropping demo a few years ago. And so we signed the deal the night before, and then we got on a call with our team, watched that demo live. We didn't know that they were launching voice. It was a draw-dropping moment. And then we said to the team, like, hey, we're joining that company. They just acquired us. It was wild. And so at the time, we thought that multimodal progress was going to be it. and that's how we were going to have the next wave of capabilities. And that was kind of the approach we took. Like the desktop app, Chachapi desktop app would like screenshot your apps and try to do work on it.
4:41Alexander Embiricos:But it was really slow. It didn't work super well. And it turns out like coding was actually that next frontier. And so we had a year of progress on coding. And I think, you know, with coding, we ended up building a lot of tech for helping agents do more. And we built out all these connectors in a more easy way than having the agent like click around on your computer and stuff. We also developed ways to like hoist the agent to the cloud. all these base primitives that needed to be in place for us to ship these persistent agents. And now it's funny, because we're kind of having a comeback of computer use now, right?
5:11Alexander Embiricos:Where now the models are so good at coding, and they're also good at using code to control the computer. Like if you get Astra to control the browser or computer, it might actually write code snippets to do it, because that's faster than taking screenshots and clicking.
5:23Alex Heath:Yeah.
5:23Alexander Embiricos:But yeah, now we're back at this comeback of like, well, the models can do anything that you can do on a computer.
5:28Alex Heath:This episode is brought to you by Mercury, AI-native banking that's loved by more than 300 ,000 entrepreneurs, including me. Visit mercury.com to learn more. Mercury is a fintech, not a bank. Check the show notes for details. This episode is also brought to you by Jira Byadlassian, where teams and agents get the context, coordination, and control to move work forward. Try it free at jira.com. That's J-I-R-A dot com. Thanks also to Granola, the AI notepad for people in back-to-back meetings. It works everywhere you do and lets you focus on what matters. Try it at granola.ai slash sources and use the code sources for three months off.
6:07Alex Heath:So take me into the last few months building Dots. We talked about the buildup of how these things have progressed. When did you guys go, oh, we have to now we're doing this. We're building this. This is the next big swing.
6:18Alexander Embiricos:If we think about this a little bit abstractly, the key things about Dots are first, It is a model that is trained to be persistent and to go after tasks sort of proactively, right? So initially over a long horizon, maybe you could say something like babysit this PR. You know, the model, you didn't tell it exactly how to solve that problem, but it's like figuring it out. And then eventually even more open-ended tasks, like stay on top of this feedback channel, right? So that's one key idea there, persistence. And it's probably the most important idea. Some of the other ideas are it being available wherever you are so you can talk to it in any tool.
6:51Alexander Embiricos:and it being able to do anything you can do because it has access to its own computer, not yours. So going back to that first idea of persistence, we've been working on this for actually a really long time. And it's been not like a instantaneous step function improvement in capability, but it's been sort of like the models have been getting better and better at it. And the product has also been slowly getting better at it. So for example, slash goal is a fan favorite feature in Codex that enables the model to sort of go after a problem for a really long time. And so we were shipping things like slash goal.
7:22Alexander Embiricos:We were shipping internal prototypes of things that enabled you to have agents or threads that would just go for a really long time. And we just started seeing this like really explode across the company to the point where there was just like a channel of feedback around one of these internal prototypes that was just like constantly active. People sharing like all sorts of cool ways that they were like meaningfully accelerating themselves. And so we were looking at that. And I remember we had a really fun debate, which was, should we ship this prototype that works locally on your computer? So it was kind of like slash goal.
7:51Alexander Embiricos:Like it didn't have its own computer. It would just like kind of create this agent and it would go after things. And so we asked ourselves, should we ship this locally on your computer or should we wait till we have a cloud computer, which is a harder thing to build? And should we ship this as just an enhancement to a codex thread? So it's just like you're just using codex. It's just like the thread can do more. or should we embody this as an agent that has its own identity that you can reach in Slack, et cetera, et cetera. And so we kind of went through this iterative process, shipping with the company, seeing what we saw, like exciting use cases, et cetera.
8:23Alexander Embiricos:And we ended up deciding, okay, for us internally, we can get a lot of internal acceleration from this local only non-embodied product, but the most intuitive form factor to help everyone benefit by asking this agent to do really hard tasks and long, long tasks would be, let's put it in the cloud and let's embody it. Embodying mean like, let's give it a name, let's give it an identity, et cetera. And so we kind of then started a sprint to like get those two things, those two sort of tweaks to the form factor built around this base model capability with Astra.
8:54Alex Heath:I'm curious about the decision to embody it and the identities that you can give it and the customization. communication, why give that level of control to the user?
9:05Alexander Embiricos:Totally. So it's a really good question. And to be completely honest with you, I think we made the right choice. But I also think that we together, like the industry, are going to discover the answers to some of these questions like, should agents be embodied? How many should people have? Is it different between consumer and enterprise? We have our takes. I can give you my takes, but we're going to figure that out. I think embodiment, though, to answer your question, it's a really powerful analogy that helps people understand how to use the product. Two main things. First, I think that really smart power users of tools realize advanced ways they can use tools, but a normal user is going to look at something that's not embodied and kind of just ask an agent to do something like now, one time.
9:47Alexander Embiricos:but the moment that you have this like entity that shows up in like I don't know slack it's just something clicks in people's brains and they start realizing like oh I can ask this for things that take days or that aren't continuous work that uh you know maybe it's like stay on top of this project and let me know and so people start asking it like start giving it much harder tasks and that was really important to us we wanted to have like really good tasks the other thing that is really powerful with embodiment is it helps people understand that you are talking to one context, no matter where you're talking to it, right?
10:19Alexander Embiricos:So for example, the way that I work, I, when I'm commuting, I'm often on a call with my dot. I spend a lot of my day in Slack because I'm on the product team. So I'm like slacking it across many different threads, right? Sometimes I'm forwarding DMs to it. Sometimes I'm in threads and then sometimes I'm in the app talking to it, but no matter where I'm talking to it, it's one context and it knows about all the conversations I've had. And there are a few ways you could try to teach users that. One is embodiment. The other is you could try to like synchronize threads across surfaces. But that to me doesn't really make sense, right?
10:50Alexander Embiricos:Like if you and I have a conversation now, like live in this room, and then I text you later, it's not like there's going to be a transcript of our conversation in the text, right? But you still know it's me because I'm an entity.
11:01Alex Heath:Well, and it makes sense too when you look at the product evolution of ChatGPT. You guys have been the merge. You guys everything together, but there are still silos. And even until recently, voice mode didn't have the connectors access that the work and chat tabs did. So one of my routines is I take my dogs for walks in the morning and the evening, and I'll do work calls, and I'll talk to AI and all that stuff. And I've been on the early beta for Dot the last few weeks trying it on these walks. And it's amazing to have all that context and my connectors finally in one place together. And I do think embodying it makes sense in that context.
11:42Alex Heath:But I'm also curious, just like, yeah, do you think the world we're going towards is everyone has their single agent that's like their personal agent? And that agent then delegates to a bunch of sub-agents or people have an agent for different slivers of their life. Like, how do you think that plays out?
11:59Alexander Embiricos:So it's like the way I kind of think of that question is like, what is the interface that we're exposing to whom? Right. And so to agents, well, parking lot, to agents, I think there's a different answer to that question. But to humans, there's only so many people that I want to remember the names of. And that's just because I have bad memory. And now if each of those people have eight agents and they all have whimsical names, I don't know, what's a sport you like?
12:23Alex Heath:I play Ultimate Frisbee.
12:24Alexander Embiricos:Okay, so are there different kinds of Frisbees? Imagine you had five agents and they're all named different kinds of Frisbee brands. How am I going to remember that? And one of them is for GTM, go to market. And one of them is for if I want to meet you for dinner. It's hard for me. Maybe it's okay for you, but it's hard for me. And we see the future of these agents as clearly people and agents working together to help empower us and advance our lives. But if that comes with a bunch of cognitive load of me knowing what all your agents are called and who they are, it's terrible, right? So our take on this right now is that we should support people having multiple agents, but two things.
13:03Alexander Embiricos:First, for a consumer, a normal person, you probably just want one agent. And it's only like a power user might create multiple agents. We could talk about why. So most people will just have one. And that agent should feel like an extension of them. So for example, a decision we've made in product is if you put your agent in Slack or in Teams, it actually is prefixed. The name of it is prefixed with your name. So like my Slack handle is AE. And so my agent, if I give it a name, I just call mine Dot because I like the name Dot. So my agent is just AE-DOT. If you called your agent Alice, your agent would be called AE-Alice.
13:38Alexander Embiricos:And so this was not something that we thought of and were correct on. This is actually something we discovered as we were building because we accidentally let everyone create many agents with random names. And we even encouraged people to give them fun names. And then no one had any idea what was going on in Slack. And it just became really difficult.
13:53Alex Heath:And the open-air Slack is already a pretty active place.
13:55Alexander Embiricos:Yeah. And that's us working together, right? Like you and I aren't in the same Slack. Let's say we're like texting. I was in, you're like, there's no way I'm going to know your agent's name. Right. Right. Right. So yeah, we, that's, that's our take there.
Read the full transcript
14:06Alex Heath:So why this interface though, where it's kind of one master single thread, because I think people are used to different chat threads and bouncing around. And I think, you know, there's muse, there's instinct, there's other products that have this kind of interface that everyone seems to be landing on. But why is this the, the interface?
14:22Alexander Embiricos:Something we believe in that Sam talks about is that the human world is shaped. around humans and so a lot of the tools we have were shaped around us and so what i find very fun about this is that as soon as you start say designing software to be embodied or in some future you know building robots that are humanoid you start to get to reuse a lot of really excellent design thinking that has already been done elsewhere in the world right so if we look at consumer and we look at enterprise and we look at like how we talk to people like obviously in both places we can talk in the room at the same time.
14:55Alexander Embiricos:We can also message and that's the center of gravity for how we talk to most people. Messaging products feel very different. Like iMessage is what you use in personal life. It's monothreaded per person. And then at work, you have Slack or Teams and that has like really heavy threading primitives. Like it has channels for context separation. Those channels within them have threads with advanced controls. And I think there's a reason that there's been kind of this convergent evolution. Like WhatsApp is kind of like iMessage, right, is kind of like other texting tools. So my take is we can kind of learn from that.
15:27Alexander Embiricos:So we decided to make the interface for your dot really simple, like you're just texting with another person. I think over time, we're going to create more ways to at work segment the context. Actually, space and dots, we call it dots and space, kind of fun name. Those work really well together. And so like having different spaces to collaborate with your dot in is a great way to encapsulate different contexts.
15:48Alex Heath:Since you mentioned it, can you explain space and kind of how that fits into the product roadmap, because that's a big new thing as well.
15:54Alexander Embiricos:Totally. Yeah, it's massive. And I'm really excited about it. So yeah, maybe I'll go back to that point I made, right? Like there's a lot of really excellent design work that is being done generally by other people. And one of those things is if you're trying to collaborate with someone, there are these media, right? For it, there's three, maybe four. The three are, the three main ones are live, messaging, and then documents, right? If you include slides as documents, right? And they have very different purposes. And all of us know intuitively when to reach for which. I mean, sometimes you might disagree with your teammate, like, oh, I wish you would have slacked me.
16:24Alexander Embiricos:You didn't need to send me a doc link. But, like, generally speaking, we kind of all know what we're doing. The fourth is maybe functional tooling, right? So, like, you're in Salesforce and you're in Figma or something. And so, you're doing a specific workflow. If you're building something that is messaging and you want it to really feel like messaging, you have to start to be disciplined about the form factor, right? So if you compare talking to your dot to talking to ChatGPT, the dot's form factor has actual message bubbles. And if you were to put a very long response in one of those message bubbles, it doesn't feel as good as it might feel in a long form generated ChatGPT response, which also may not feel as good as an actual document.
17:02Alexander Embiricos:And so what we wanted to do is we kind of hard pivoted the design towards messaging. And then you're like, well, I need somewhere to list long form content. If my dot brainstorms like 12 ways it can help me and it sends me 12 texts, I don't know if I'm thrilled. But if it generates a space for me, like a page in a space with a checklist, I'm actually pretty happy. So these things kind of fit well together and allow each to be more opinionated. And so, sorry, this is an incredibly long-winded answer. But basically space is a collaboration. I'm like laughing at my head. I'm like, wow, you didn't answer this question at all.
17:34Alexander Embiricos:But yeah, so basically space, you can cut me off by the way. That's okay. So space is a collaboration workspace that is built to be, I wouldn't say agent first, but it's built for sort of equal weight agent and human collaboration. And so there's a lot of really cool things that you can do with that. For example, one thing that I do is, you know, I'm on the product team is often I'll write at a doc and, you know, I'm stubbing out content and often like teammates would go do something. So I have to to action that I have to go ping them. like I'm like in Google Docs and I'll like write something and then I'll command tab into Slack and like, hey, can you go get this Google Doc link and like fill this thing in?
18:09Alexander Embiricos:So now what I can do is I can just be tagging my dot continuously in there and be like, hey, flesh this out. Hey, pull that data. Hey, go ping this person and ask them if this is done. If it's done, check this box. And you can get into really deep flow with agents. Another really cool thing you can do on a page is you can set agents instructions. It's kind of like an agents.md for a repo, except it's on a page. And then an agent can just like keep that doc up to date. And perhaps the third and last thing I'll tell you about it that I really like is like, if you look at documents as a format, historically, they have had a very hard constraint, which is that they needed to be optimized for human authoring, right?
18:44Alexander Embiricos:Like if I could build you the awesomest document editor in the world, but if it's hard to type in it, you're not going to use it, right? Because you have to type in it pre-AI. Interestingly, we now have this thing called HTML, which personally, I don't find, at least modern HTML and CSS, I don't find to be very friendly for human authoring, But it's much more expressive than just like a plain document format. And agents happen to be very happy in HTML. And so space like naturally integrates like visualizations, HTML visualizations. So a lot of the pages that we have internally at OpenAI, like when we're discussing metrics, we'll probably have like a live chart that an agent is keeping up to date that you can click into and ask the agent to customize.
19:19Alexander Embiricos:Or we'll have a prototype. Like the way we'll look at a design decision now is we might have clickable prototypes like literally in the page. So when you start to think like, hey, we're building agents and we're going to talk to them in a messaging interface. So we need a sort of corresponding document interface and that document interface can be agent first. There's a lot of magic kind of comes together.
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22:02Alex Heath:I use it every day to stay on top of what I need to get done with my team. It connects to my email and suggests follow-ups for me to quickly review and send, saving me valuable time. Granola isn't just a core part of my workflow. It's basically my second brain. Try Granola at granola.ai slash sources and use the promo code sources for three months off. Framer is the AI website builder that powers the Sources podcast website at podcast.sources.news. Framer brings AI agents into the same canvas where your website is designed, managed, and published so you can move faster without giving up your taste or control.
22:36Alex Heath:I use Framer to make the Sources podcast website be the destination for everywhere you can find the show. Plus, you can also see recent issues of my newsletter. Start building with agents for free today at framer.com slash sources for 30 % off a Framer Pro annual plan. Framer.com slash sources. Rules and restrictions may apply. What do you think if you were to boil it down sets apart from Muse, GrokBot, Instinct, this new form factor that everyone's really betting on right now?
23:07Alexander Embiricos:Two things. First, most capable agent. Second, safest and most trustworthy agent. Those are the main two. We actually, it was really clarifying when we decided that those would be our two. It allowed us to make a lot of strong decisions, in my opinion. And you've been in the alpha, and I'm sure you've tested it for things that you were using other products for, and noticed where it was good, and noticed where we weren't focused on.
23:27Alex Heath:Yeah, it was very aggressive on permissioning. And I think that was, you guys are ironing out kinks, but I think it was very much, are you sure you want to make this purchase? like not being, I think there's a balance between how, how proactive and, and how much agency do you want it to actually have? And is that a trust that's earned over time? Is it something you give immediately? Do you do it on a sliding scale based on what the user says they want? I imagine that's pretty hard to build into the product. And I think you guys seem like early, you were going very heavy on permissioning and maybe you're finding more of that balance right now.
24:02Alexander Embiricos:Yeah. So the way that I think about it is, okay, we know we're building the most capable and trustworthy agent we want people to give it really hard tasks and really hard tasks probably come with a lot of responsibility depending on the nature of the task right we're talking like landing prs or evaluating hardware or planning a launch um and so uh well we could talk about why you know it's the most capable assistant but bringing this to to your point about safety we then decided okay we have lots of dreams and ambitions for how this thing will work in the future, but to start, we're going to be conservative.
24:34Alexander Embiricos:And so we made trade-offs in terms of capabilities, we made trade-offs in terms of product, and we made trade-offs in terms of rollout to sort of like have this most trustworthy agent. And that will slowly widen those over time. So for instance, you know, for various reasons, you could debate which model you might want to launch with, but we decided to launch with our most capable, but also our most aligned model, which is GPT-6 Astra.
24:56Alex Heath:Which I want to talk about, but on the safety piece, talk more about that.
24:59Alexander Embiricos:So that's the model side, right? Next, there are many features that we want and many of our users want. So for example, once you give your agent its own identity in say Slack or we were testing email, for example, you immediately want it to email everyone or Slack everyone and to be emailable by everyone, right? That's like an obvious feature we want. We didn't ship for that feature. When you give your agent its own identity in Slack, it only responds when you tag it unless you explicitly tell it, hey, like listen to other people too, right? This is because we think that we definitely want it to be multiplayer, but we want to be there, getting there very carefully, right?
25:32Alexander Embiricos:Like the moment your agent is answering unsolicited questions from other people, you need to be super thoughtful about what is the boundary of what it can share or not. You know, that's a little bit on product. We could talk a lot more about the controls in product. Maybe the last thing I'll say is rollout wise. Yeah. Very intentionally for us, we're starting with pro business and enterprise, business premium that is. And so that is our most AI literate audience. And, you know, you could talk about going much broader, much faster, but for us, we want to do this really carefully, go to that audience, see how things go, tune, et cetera, and then go to a broader audience.
26:03Alex Heath:Pricing and accessibility I want to get to, but on the safety side, I think, especially when people are reading about hacking and rogue agents and all these things, and you and the Sam and others, and I just did the pod with him about that about a month ago, like the alignment stuff you guys are doing on the frontier, but people are rightfully concerned about are these agents hacking, are they going to, and maybe being reticent to hand over their personal data. How do you guys approach credit cards, personal information, that kind of stuff? Is it fully sandboxed? How does the architecture relate to the rest of chat?
26:34Alexander Embiricos:Yeah, so personally, I'm very happy that there's this conversation just in the market generally about the level of responsibility that people are giving agents. I think it plays well because we are taking that so seriously in this product. One thing I do want to call out, those incidents that we disclosed were done with models that were not intended to be shipped internally and were not running in the same level of sandboxing or the safeguards that are in the product. Right, shipped externally. Yeah. So yeah, so those models are very different. You know, like GPT-6 Astra is an incredibly well-aligned model.
27:03Alexander Embiricos:And then there's many, many layers of safety and defense and depth built into the product. So yeah, like just to talk through the architecture and how that works, the way that I would think about it is you start with the model, very well aligned. You could talk your ear off about that. You then run that model in a harness. And we're running our model in the Codex harness, which is like a very well-tested harness, which we have many evaluations for, including evaluations from a safety perspective on how that model performs in the harness. We then modified that harness to enable the product to have sort of this persistent agent behavior.
27:33Alexander Embiricos:You know, for example, that means things like running it for really long periods of time. It means things like it delegates to subagents and so forth. So we then actually re-evalu... We designed that harness to make sure it's safe and re-evaluated things or tests in that harness. So, for example, when you have this harness, you have this persistent agent. and like I said, we were experimenting with email and so we evaluated, hey, if you email it, can you X fill data from it? And so we ran those evals and we found, okay, we had a model try to hack it, prompt inject it and no successful prompt injections there.
28:05Alexander Embiricos:So that was great. But we basically do all that all the way at the harness level. Then in the product itself, there's kind of two sides to it or maybe three. The first is the default behavior and rules that you can customize. The second is how we enforce those rules. And then the third is how we give you visibility on what happened with all those systems running. So to talk about the model behavior, we have some very conservative defaults that you noticed. By the way, those defaults that you tested early on, we started with a very conservative policy, and then we whittled away at it with user feedback.
28:37Alexander Embiricos:So expect to get much easier.
28:39Alex Heath:It was like, accept the terms of service of the retailer before you buy the shoe. Like that kind of thing. I got it.
28:44Alexander Embiricos:It's buy the shoe. Thank you for being an early tester. We really appreciate it. Thanks to you testing some folks in the room don't have to deal with all of the same things. But basically every time we got feedback like the one you shared, we would go discuss that. And we'd be like, okay, how do we want the model to behave here? And so we really toned down. We call those over-confirmations when it really is like you didn't need to confirm that. You would have felt comfortable. So we have this default behavior. And the way the model is instructed to behave is that it does proactive research for you over the tools that you've connected it to.
29:15Alexander Embiricos:And it's thinking about how to help you. but it doesn't do anything to help you without you confirming first. So for example, if it noticed that there was a conflict on your calendar, it's not just going to move the meeting. It's going to say, hey, I noticed this conflict. Do you want me to move the meeting? Or if someone's asking me a question and it knows the answer already because it has all my context, it's not going to send the answer. It's going to ask me if I want to send it. So you can then prompt it to give it more instructions. Like, hey, next time if I'm on PTO, like on a holiday, you can tell people that I'm on holiday if they're also work colleagues or something.
29:46Alexander Embiricos:And then we also have a layer of custom rules that you can set, that you can go look at in the UI. So all of this is like the model trained to follow your instructions. But then we add a layer on top of that, which is, well, what if the model doesn't actually follow instructions? Well, we have a layer called auto review, which is another model that's observing and kind of like policing the base model. And so this is a layer that is aware of like your rules, the custom instructions and all that, and just make sure everything goes well. And then, so that's like the controls. And then finally, we have this auditability, which is anything you're doing in the product or the model is doing the product, you can go see the subagents that it's running and exactly what the subagents are up to.
30:21Alex Heath:You've teased email as a thing that may be coming. When can this be in iMessage, WhatsApp? Is it going to be contained to chat?
30:31Alexander Embiricos:We definitely want it everywhere that you work. So yeah, we're intending, or everywhere that you communicate, right? Going beyond work to consumer as well. So we have texting coming soon. It's a story for a fun time about the journey to enable that. But I can't share more now. Other than that, it's coming soon.
30:48Alex Heath:The web part of this is something that is maybe under-discussed as the technology is moving so fast. But Amazon got a lot of headlines for blocking Muse recently because people were using Muse to buy things. Then there's companies like Shopify, which seem to be leaning in. They're partnering with a bunch of companies on this space. And I think everyone's kind of waiting to see what happens. Like, how do the sites and the companies that people use to buy things need to adapt or not to the rise of agents like this? I'd be curious to hear you talk about that and then how you guys are approaching this from a partnership's perspective.
31:23Alex Heath:Are you just kind of going in and saying, like, we're going to let people do this and then we'll figure out a partnership? Are you saying, no, like, you can't crawl this until we do a partnership? How are you thinking about that?
31:34Alexander Embiricos:I think we're going to discover together with the ecosystem how this should work, how shopping and payments should work. And there are different approaches you could take. You could just go and be a bit of a pirate. Yeah, there's a way to do things. We are taking a very partnership and ecosystem first approach. You know, a lot of the announcements today at Dev Day were really all about the ecosystem. And so we're doing the same. So, for instance, WebBot Auth is something that we work really closely with Cloudflare on. So we actually, our agent declares explicitly that it's a bot. and so it's something we're actively thinking about we're in discussions with many partners for how to enable this but we don't want to take the approach of just saying we're just going to go out and figure out what happens we kind of want to be measured in our approach with customers and we think this works for us this is a little bit why we steered towards going for productive use cases for people at work because this is where we think there's a lot of demand for the power of AI there and there's a lot of really well aligned incentives for people trying to get things done together.
32:35Alexander Embiricos:So we're kind of hoping to land with this incredibly capable assistant for people trying to get ambitious tasks done and then broaden access and capability from there.
32:44Alex Heath:The only place I could see incentives maybe not being aligned is our companies that are engagement based or have huge advertising businesses that rely on humans seeing those ads and now agents are all of a sudden crawling their services and doing things on behalf of humans who never see the ads. And that feels, I mean, a lot of the web is supported by advertising. I don't think anyone in the industry, not just you guys, has the answer yet for how, and I'd be curious, even if you're just kind of brainstorming, like, do you have any idea for how this is going to net out?
33:14Alexander Embiricos:Well, this is why I was saying, actually, I was saying on the other side, like, if we're using, if we're trying to get things done together, you know, like the example of like the hardware engineer, like looking at factory defects, that's where I feel like the, all that tool chain that that engineer is using, I think is like very well aligned to having an agent work in there.
33:29Alex Heath:But have you thought about the advertising piece, like companies that they monetize based on, you know, people, human beings looking at it and spending time with it? And now their agents are maybe going to go do that.
33:41Alexander Embiricos:Yeah, I'm not sure how it's going to play out. But I think like broadly, like at least my opinion here is that those companies are providing a service, right? And if previously they were monetizing with ads, we either need to make sure that they continue being rewarded for their service with ads or we need to provide some alternate means of compensation for them. I don't think there's any scenario where they don't have that.
34:02Alex Heath:Yeah. Let's talk about pricing and the fact that you all are putting Astra in this, which is great for everyone. You're not also, correct me if I'm wrong, you're not counting dot usage towards plan limits. Is that right?
34:14Alexander Embiricos:Yeah.
34:15Alex Heath:That can't be a permanent thing. Is this just a temporary to get people excited?
34:19Alexander Embiricos:No, that is permanent. Really? This is really fun to talk about. So we're going to try pricing for dots in a new way where you don't run out of rate limits. Here's what I mean. So we have to unpack this a little bit because it's a bit of a new idea. Like today, if you're using Codex and you consume all your rate limits and then you try to ask Codex to do more stuff, it'll just stop because you're out of rate limits. But just when we think about this from a product perspective, I mean, first of all, it just sucks to not be able to use more. but secondly when this is a persistent agent that you're counting on to have your back you're telling it things like hey you know i don't know stay on top of my flight and order me an uber to the airport when it's time based on the traffic or something or like you know some task like that that's like you you're relying on it to have your back in the future and then you accidentally like code too much the night before and it doesn't do its job like that's we don't want that yeah right and so we kind of had to go a little bit to the drawing board and thinking about how pricing should work and come up with some like pretty basic principles.
35:21Alexander Embiricos:So one of those principles is that your dot should be available 24 seven. And there should be no way for it to not be available 24 seven. I mean, barring abuse or something. Another principle should be now that it's available 24 seven, it should always respond to you quickly. So I started likening the way that we want to price to it to a bit of a, like more like a contractor, right? Like if you have a contractor who's very responsive and very polite, they will always answer your messages. Now, if you ask them to do work. There's sort of a varied amount of work that they're going to do for you based on how you're compensating them, but they're always available to you.
35:53Alexander Embiricos:And if they, let's say they set up this beautiful installation behind us, and then you have a question about it, you can ask them for that. And they don't have to charge you by the hour to answer how they did this. That's just the question you can ask. So this is kind of how we want to price. Your dot is available 24-7. You pay a flat monthly amount to have access to your dot. Maybe you can pay more. another flat monthly amount if you want like a more powerful dot running on a more powerful computer or with more powerful models or whatever and or running faster or able to do more parallel work but at the end of the day you pay this flat amount it's kind of like buying internet sorry more analogies as you can tell i'm still figuring out how to talk about this um and it does sort of a varied amount of work for you based on based on how much you're paying but it's never not available and as maybe even as you approach your limits it can start telling you like hey i've i've done a lot of work for you.
36:48Alexander Embiricos:So I'm going to start using a more cost efficient model, or maybe is it okay for you if I do this work overnight? Because if I do it overnight, it's incredibly affordable. Like, is this urgent? And it'll kind of have a sense of whether or not that's urgent, right? On the other hand, maybe if you haven't used it at all that month, it might text you and say, Hey, like you're not utilizing me fully. Like, here's some things I could do for you. So anyways, those are, those are some of the thoughts on how we're going to set this up. The way, the way we're doing pricing is it's going to be long-term.
37:14Alexander Embiricos:It's going to be a separate sort of bucket from your main codex limit because we're doing this very new thing with it. For the next month, we just have very generous limits. And this is going to be as we build out and sort of measure and tune this new setup where you have a model that is aware of like how much work it can do for you, but is always available for you.
37:32Alex Heath:Why not just do like a take rate business if you believe that people will use this to buy things and make transactions at scale? Just take a small vig on all activity that flows through.
37:44Alexander Embiricos:I mean, I think that might make sense for some other business models where you're betting on like transactions being like one of the main things that you're doing. But like I said, we're we're not really betting on that. Like we're betting on people doing really ambitious work with this tool. And so they're not necessarily buying anything when they're doing that ambitious work.
38:01Alex Heath:OK, well, on that note, you know, the bet that you're making, that brings me to probably my biggest question I've been thinking about since I started testing this. And certainly since the keynote this morning is what does this mean for chat? You guys have 1.2 billion weekly users of ChatGPT now, and you've got the work tab, and chat obviously still is massive. How do you see these things coexisting? Is Dot the future interface of all of it?
38:27Alexander Embiricos:Chat is definitely here to stay. So just for anyone who's not following, chat, you know, fastest growing consumer assistant, you know, over 1.2 billion users. And then we have our agent products, Codex and Work, which have 35 million users. and also growing and uh and now we're just launching dot right and so the way that i look at is like chat is the is the consumer assistant for everyone um right now we have this different product called work which really we should just merge with chat so that that will happen codex is a product for developers so great and then we have dot which is us in a way like the way i think about it is like we're a little bit repeating the codex playbook if we're gonna take this frontier capability and we need to ship it in sort of a careful conservative and very powerful way and then figure out how to bring that capability to everyone.
39:14Alexander Embiricos:So we're starting with Dots as a sort of like premium standalone product. It's starting with just Pro. We need to go get it to Plus after we've figured out, learned how everyone's using it, the safety story, the scaling story, all that. And then we eventually need this capability to get all the way to Free. And I think the way that we get all the way to Free is actually we're baking this all into Chat and making Chat or ChatGPT into just like an incredibly powerful consumer.
39:40Alex Heath:Well, it's so much more capable. I mean, to me, this should be the interface for everyone because it can do so much more.
39:46Alexander Embiricos:Yeah, so you can expect a lot of the learnings from this to make their way into chat. But I don't think we want to ask 1.2 billion people to change what they're doing or how they're using things. We just want it to just be upgraded.
39:58Alex Heath:So you see it as more of a gradual thing over time.
40:00Alexander Embiricos:Yeah.
40:01Alex Heath:When you think about the roadmap over the next year for Dot, if we're talking a year from now, what do you think is the most meaningful change?
40:10Alexander Embiricos:Can I tell you a funny story? and we can get back to the question. Okay, so when I first joined OpenAI, it was through this acquisition, and we had a meeting, and some of my team were in the room, and Greg was there, and so everyone talked about how excited they were that we were all together, and then Greg asked, does anyone have any questions from the multi-team, which is our startup, and no one has any questions. We're all a little nervous, and I was the CEO of this company, so everyone looks at me. It's like, well, you have to ask the obligatory question. So I'm like, oh, what am I going to ask?
40:42Alexander Embiricos:I'm nervous. And so I'm like, okay, in two years, what does success look like? And then Greg, I always remind him of this. He looks at me and he says, in two years, that's an incredibly long period of time. That's not the right duration to ask about. You should be asking about success in two months. And I was like, oh God, I'm already fired. Okay.
41:01Alex Heath:Well, don't fire me.
41:02Alexander Embiricos:No, no, no. It's all good. Sorry.
41:05Alex Heath:But I get the point. It moves so fast. like six months ago, you probably couldn't imagine all of this. So it is probably an unfair question.
41:14Alexander Embiricos:So what I can say, though, is if I think about what's next, we are approaching shipping these capabilities incredibly carefully. And next, what I would like to do is to start looking at some of the things that we didn't want to do immediately and landing them. So, for example, let's get to more users. Let's get Beyond Pro. Also, for example, let's enable your dots to talk to other people and maybe even other dots. we need to be super thoughtful and careful about how we approach that we just shipped basically in my mind a reboot of Codex Cloud I'm really excited about it because I worked on the first Codex Cloud it's super powerful your dot also super powerfully can control your local codex we just shipped space all the interplay between those things right now I think can be really sanded down and made super smooth so I want to do that as well the other really interesting thing that we haven't talked about I think yet is specialist dots Yes.
42:07Alexander Embiricos:Right. And so we have this idea of like there's basically like two things going on. We have assistant dots. That's everyone has an extension of themselves. And then separately, you know, if you're you're an organization and you have some function or workflow that you would like to have more like more automated, you may not want that being done by individuals who have their own personal dots taking on that work. you may want to actually like control that centrally, right? And so you can create specialist dots, which specialize in doing a particular thing and which are centrally managed by IT, which have their own identity completely separate from any sort of individual user and which are accelerating an entire team or an entire organization.
42:47Alexander Embiricos:And so I think the other thing that I'm really excited about over the upcoming months is bringing specialist dots to life and entering this world where it's like we have us, we have our personal assistant dots, and then we have assistant dots much more broadly deployed within enterprise. But that is another place where we're starting very slow, very careful, working with a handful of customers.
43:06Alex Heath:Got it. Okay, last question. What's the craziest thing your dot has done for you that you're like, wow, it happened and it blew your mind?
43:14Alexander Embiricos:The craziest story that I've heard, it was like someone I was working with as we went up to this, was this engineer woke up and realized that in Slack, he had received a bunch of kudos, which is like props, like awards, for having fixed a bug before it made its way to production.
43:32Alex Heath:And it wasn't.
43:33Alexander Embiricos:And the engineer was like, what happened? By the way, I tell this story with a little bit of reticence because that's actually not something that you would want to happen without the person knowing. And so we're building a lot of safety controls around that. This is why we do small scale. This is early on when it was just our team testing it. And yeah, his dot, he'd asked his dot to stay on top of the feedback channel and the dot saw the feedback and then identified an issue and then spun up a PR and didn't set that PR in draft mode. So like, you know, Dots should set PRs in draft mode and then set it to auto-merge because that was that engineer's personal preference.
44:08Alexander Embiricos:And then, you know, the Dots had figured that out, right? It was like, oh, you always create your PRs directly and you always set them to auto-merge. And then someone else had approved the PR and it did it. So to me, that was a really cool moment for sure.
44:20Alex Heath:Wow. Well, knock on wood, we all get to have moments like that. Thank you, Alex.
44:24Alexander Embiricos:Yeah, sure. Thanks for having me.
44:25Alex Heath:Thank you. Try it free at Jira.com. That's J-I-R-A dot com. Framer is the AI native website builder that lets you build faster without giving up control. Visit framer.com slash sources for 30 % off. Rules and restrictions may apply.
45:26Thank you.
From the publisher
OpenAI’s next big bet is Dots, personal AI agents that can find ways to help you without waiting for a prompt.
Alexander Embiricos, OpenAI’s Dots product lead, tells me why the company is moving beyond chatbots and what that means for the future of ChatGPT. We discuss why Dots have their own computers, how they share context across the places you talk to them, and why he thinks most people will only need one personal agent.
I ask him how much control people should give these agents, how OpenAI approaches permissions and privacy, and why Dots ask before taking action by default. He also explains Space, a new workspace where people and agents can collaborate on documents, data, and projects.
We get into how OpenAI plans to price an always-available assistant, how these capabilities could eventually reach free ChatGPT users, and the story of an employee who woke up to discover his Dot had helped fix a bug.
This conversation was recorded in front of a live audience at OpenAI's 2026 DevDay conference.
Thanks to the show’s premiere sponsors: Atlassian, Granola, and Mercury.




