Harvard Doctor reveals #1 Cause of Aging You've Never Heard Of | Dr. Andrew Salzman

26:14So that's important because there are real negative problems with inflammation as regards NAD. The first thing is that low levels of inflammation can activate PARP. We showed that in 96. So that means that someone who has chronic inflammation has chronic PARP activation. Why is that a problem? Because PARP eats NAD. It is the major consumer overall of NAD in your cell. So if PARP is activated all the time, you're going to have lower levels of NAD. It's not like a heart attack. In a heart attack, you have massive PARP activation within two to three minutes, and you go to zero. I'm not talking like that.

26:55But chronic, low levels of inflammation, you will get PARP activation, and that will lower your NAD. And how might this relate to somebody with autoimmune disease? Exactly. Someone who has autoimmune disease has high levels of inflammation. You can tell that if you go to the doctor because your CRP levels are up or your SED rate, it's easy to see if you have chronic inflammation. Well, those people will have basal levels throughout their body of low PARP activation. Moreover, there's another enzyme. This is not a nuclear enzyme, but one on the outside of cells called CD38. And CD38 is a powerful enzyme and it's triggered by inflammation.

27:32And it also consumes NAD. So between PARP and CD38, that's like 95 % of your consumption of NAD. It's like a leaky hole in a bucket. So you can make NAD. You can take supplements to boost your NAD. You can have a good diet to have great entry of NAD and NAD precursors. But if you've got a hole in the bucket, you're going to lose it. It's falling out. So yeah, you can get NAD levels. But if you have a big hole in the bucket, it's just going to come out the other end. Makes sense. So the only way to really approach this is to avoid inflammation, stay in good health, good exercise, good diet, avoid inflammation.

28:15that will get rid of the CD38 PARP components and make that hole smaller. And at the same time, there might be a role for augmenting your entry of NAD-type products by taking supplements as possible. I think that's probably sensible because by the time you're 60 or 70 or 80, your NAD levels have really fallen. Yeah, so walk me through some of the different NAD supplements and how they're different. So we have vitamin B3 niacin, right? That's important. We've got NR. We have NMN. And then also we have things like, I mean, there's other. Let's stick to those. And then even Niagen and how that might relate in terms of what that is.

28:55Well, really, they're all the same if you think about it. Basically, NAD is the goal, right? You want to get your NAD levels up, not in your blood, but inside your cells. That's where it works to get ATP made in the mitochondria. It's got to be inside the cell. So how can you do that? If you give NAD, if you swallow it, it gets broken up and it doesn't really get into the cells. If you give it IV, it can help in certain ways, but it also has trouble getting directly into the cell. So what people have done is they've tried earlier precursors along the pathway of NAD synthesis. Tried it. See if it works.

29:34For example, you could take nicotinic acid. You could take nicotinamide. Those are early building blocks of NAD. You can swallow them. They will be absorbed. Nicotinic acid is great, except it causes a side effect of flushing, so no one takes that. It causes all your skin to turn red. No one takes that, of course. But people take nicotinamide. They take vitamin B3. Okay, it's a good start. Some people said, no, let's start further along. Why start with nicotinamide? Come on. Let's try it further down the pathway. So they try nicotinamide riboside, NR. You mentioned that. That's a plausible way to do it.

30:17Then people said, why stop there? What about the next step? And that's NMN. So some people said that. Hoping that either nicotinamide or NR or NMN will get into the cell and there inside the cell be converted to NAD. That's the idea. I'm curious if you have any thoughts on this. So when I took, when I've taken NMN, I've noticed a difference. I've noticed a difference in energy. I've noticed better health. Like I've personally noticed a difference. I tried using NR, which I know can be really beneficial. And I was taking, I think it was 300 milligrams. And I felt that wired but tired feeling. I felt almost like I've had too much caffeine, like on edge when I took it.

30:59I noticed that. Any idea why? I don't. That's sort of a side effect. I mean, NR. Like a low-grade nausea, too, was when I was taking it. I'm not familiar with that, but, you know, there could be some— 300 milligrams, though, is a very small dose. Most people recommend around 900 milligrams, 1 ,000 milligrams of these supplements. Yeah, and NMN, I take that dose, and I feel totally fine. And it might also have to do—I was reading online— sometimes to do with methylation pathways and other things, which is interesting. There's a lot going on. NAD does many things. In addition to providing ATP, it has many other functions in the cell, and that's why I called it the centerpiece of biology.

31:38Energy production, very important, no doubt about it, but it does other things. For example, as I said, PARP uses this, and it uses it for a reason. When it's repairing your DNA, that's how it does it. So if you don't have NAD around, PARP won't work, or it won't work well. And if it won't work well, then mutations cannot be, and errors in the DNA cannot be repaired. They can't be fixed. And if that's the case, you'll go on to get cancer eventually. So people who have deficient DNA repair enzymes, like BRCA-deficient women, BRCA1 and BRCA1, it's not exactly with PARP, but it's very related to PARP.

32:15They will have a very high incidence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. So PARP as a DNA repair mechanism is vital to our survival free of cancer. So if you don't have NAD, you won't have good PARP DNA repair. NAD is also important because it's converted to NADPH. It's just a very simple change. But when it's converted, that NADPH, boy, that's important. That undergirds all of our antioxidant defense. Wow. It is also critical for the nitric oxide synthase enzyme. It's a cofactor. If you don't have NADPH, you don't make nitric oxide. So we're talking about - Huge heart health, cardiovascular.

32:55We're talking about cardiovascular, not good, right? We have hypertension, no sexual ability, right? Viagra and all of these drugs are to preserve the effects of NO. If you're not even making NO, there's not female or male sexual health at all. Now, we talked about methylation for men. I know there's a lot of people here who, I know because I've had comments on my YouTube channel and social channels that many people have this MTHFR gene mutation. And I remember years ago, what most people do when they have this mutation is they go and take methylfolate and methylcobalamin and they'll notice a difference.

33:31I have the gene and I noticed that when I took those, I didn't really feel better, but when I took vitamin B2, riboflavin, for me, that seemed to really make a difference. But I do know also that there is a connection potentially between NAD and even methylation pathways. What's the connection there? So as you know, I focus a lot of time on gut health and getting to the root cause. And it's one of the most important systems in your body and what you feed your gut matters. And that's why I want to tell you about Manucora's Manuka Honey. They conducted a study where participants took 20 grams of honey daily.

34:11That was 10 grams twice daily. And the results were impressive. 79 % reported reduced occasional bloating. 71 % reported positive changes in gut health. and 60 % reported less occasional reflux. Now, that's the kind of data I look for before recommending anything to my community. And honestly, it lines up with what I've experienced myself since I started taking it. And that's the kind of data I look for before recommending anything to my community. And I can also say this lines up with what I've seen in my clinic. When I have patients start using Manuka honey, it changes their gut microbiome, their immunity, and it's the greatest health swap out there for sugar.

34:54And it's a great addition to your morning health regimen. You can add it into oatmeal or a smoothie or some herbal tea or just do a spoonful. Your journey to better gut health starts right now. Head to manucora.com forward slash axe and grab the starter kit at 31 % off plus$25 in free gifts today. Well, the connection is that NAD is part of the energetic process required for some of these methylating enzymes. Okay, right. So, I mean, NAD, I think the last notice I took was something like 500 different reactions it's involved in. I mean, so if everyone thinks about it like this, we talk about how important magnesium is with 300 plus enzymatic reactions.

35:37NAD, 500. Right. So it is critical. It's absolutely basic. And unfortunately, it seems to slip away as we get older. Through this inflammatory process, process PARP and CD38, it just gets eaten up. I mean, I saw a study in mice, for example, in the ovary of mice, and their NAD levels just start plummeting after the equivalent of about 50 years of age in a human. And the CD38 shot through the roof. And if they took mice that didn't have CD38 genetically, you know, it's removed, they were having litters into the equivalent human age of 90. So clearly the whole ovarian health and so many parts of our body are in trouble as the CD38 rises over time, and it sure does.

36:24You can see CD38 levels that are very high in inflammatory states. And so that it is critical to keep down inflammation. If there's one thing I can recommend to your audience, avoid chronic inflammation. Whether it's from obesity or from autoimmune disease or whatever it is, inflammation will lower your NAD levels. And if that happens, you're going to have the consequences. And how will you feel them? I mean, speaking as a physician, what would you see? Well, start at the top, the head. The highest demand for ATP in the body is the brain. It takes a quarter of our cardiac output. If you don't have sufficient NAD there or creatine or creatine kinase enzyme, If that's not there, all those incredible interactions in that network start to fail.

37:14They don't fail completely. You're not comatose. But the ability to think quickly, to think sharply, to remember well, to retrieve ideas, to function at a top level neurologically, this requires that your energy is tipped up. And so falls in NAD or creatine are really detrimental. Wow. When you go down to your muscle strength, well, that totally depends on ATP generation in the mitochondria from NAD and then creatinine is sitting right there at the muscle to put that creatinine phosphate right into the muscle instantly so that when you want to do a rebound or jump up, it's there. You don't have to wait 20 minutes.

37:56It all requires that creatinine system to be operational. So, and we could go on. And of course, your heart's a muscle, right? I mean, that's, you know, and a lot of people connect this to, you know, your brain, your muscles, your heart. Those tend to be the most mitochondrial dense tissues, which to your point is your mitochondria need this NAD in order to create what they're going to create. It needs creatine, you know, post that. That's right. To create energy. Let me put it to you this way. If you think about the mitochondria, think of those as a giant power station. And every cell has these power stations because you need energy.

38:32And that's where the ATP is made. It's made in huge amounts, hopefully, ideally. I mean, if you don't have energy from your mitochondria, then everything downstream is kaput. So you need these power stations working, and NAD is absolutely obligatory there to make them work. But that is not enough. Just like having a large power station here in Nashville doesn't help people who live 45 minutes away. They need the energy in their home. They couldn't care less whether there's a power station. I mean, they care. If there's no power station in Nashville, then forget it for them. But even if there were fantastic power station in Nashville, that doesn't help someone living 45 minutes away.

39:12You need a distribution system. You need to take the power from the power station to the periphery, ultimately to their house. And that is what the creatine story is all about. It's the distribution system. So we can think of energy, and you can understand that someone living 45 minutes away, whether the power station fails or the distribution system fails, from his perspective, he doesn't have enough energy. Yeah. So what I've heard you say is, step number one for everybody is reduce inflammation. Yes. And this is also really deeply connected to our gut microbiome, our gut health, right? Diminishing leaky gut.

39:50Again, anybody who's ever done any yard work or if you're pouring water in a bucket that has a hole in it, you're just going to keep doing that forever. I mean, you're just going to keep losing things. So that's the hole in the bucket inflammation in leaky gut. So we have to reduce inflammation. And secondarily, increasing those NAD levels, increasing creatine might also be advantageous. That's absolutely right. And I just want to say something about positive loops or vicious cycles. It's not just a one-off thing. When you get leaky gut, what that means, okay, you have microbial products that come in and they can cause havoc.

40:29They will cause inflammation. But the other thing they do is they damage the tight junction itself in the gut, which means that more leak happens. And more leak happens. The more inflammation you have, the leakier your gut becomes. So it's a vicious cycle. It's not just damage. the damage progresses. So it's very important, first and foremost, to keep your gut healthy. The microbiome is essential, and there are actually certain foods you can eat that produce butyrate, for example, which close the tight junction and protect your gut integrity. There are lots of things you can do like that. Most of all, though, block inflammation.

41:10Yes. What are some of your favorite there or any recommendations for foods that can support that butyrate production? Well, the butyrate production is produced by bacteria. It's a byproduct of bacteria and a specific group of bacteria, by the way, that happen to live on non-digestible fiber. So there are foods like natural rice, brown rice, that we don't really absorb very well. It's fiber. We don't have the ability. And they get just excreted out. But these bacteria that love them, when they see that, it's a holiday for them. So they start growing like crazy and they basically snuff out the space for all the other bugs.

41:53So you can actually change the flora of your gut microbiome by changing your food intake. What you eat determines what kind of bugs live there. And if you eat a lot of brown rice and there's some other things as well, you will find that within a few months you've radically altered the kind of bugs that live every day with you. Yeah. And those bugs produce butyrate. It's a short-chain fatty acid. And we've shown and others have shown in these Keiko models that I invented that this closes the holes. Yeah. What's interesting, I did an episode on this for gut microbiome and talked a lot about butyrate and some of the other short-chain fatty acids that the gut can create.

42:40And your point is they're so critical. Soluble fiber generally is one of the best things for supporting gut micro growth. But yeah, brown rice was one that was on there. Well, it was interesting. I think the top two were brown rice and then potatoes that were cooked and then cooled. And then eating those the next day or later. That's right. Those are two of the top for butyrate. People should pay attention to that. I think that's a very simple way to help with your gut health. It doesn't cost you any money over anything else. It's just a wise choice. And so this really is essential. The place to begin is dropping your inflammation.

43:15They're protecting your gut and then preventing the inflammation from spreading throughout the body. We found from certain bugs that it's not just lipopolysaccharide or LPS, which the bugs are. It's actually flagellin, as we think is the main driver. We found this out in 1996 that the bugs have flagellin. It's the whip-like tails that they all have. And it can get loose. and go through these holes in the leaky gut and actually circulate. Wow. And so we think that's actually the more potent stimulus. We're doing studies right now to look at that. You know, where I'm standing right now, it's been now almost 40 years, but there's a lot more work to do.

43:57And we have a very active research program. We've got 15 scientists working every day on these problems of the creatine kinase and the NAD and the relationships. We're trying to understand exactly how the creatine kinase distributes this energy and how that may relate to aging. Maybe our hypothesis is that the distribution network with creatine kinase is actually also faltering as we age. So we think that's another node in this network of problems as you get older. Yeah, well, one of the things, you know, as I've stated, longevity that is critically important is just cellular communication. I mean, just your body being able to, you know, communicate and say, hey, I need something here.

44:41You know, of course, this is huge with cancer, right? So cancer surveillance, I mean, as you age or your body becomes more inflamed, or if you have another pathogen that's sort of blocking or taking up some of the focus of your immune system, right? So, I mean, I think it makes sense. It makes sense that that's an issue. I have a question for you. So when you think about longevity and health and a lot of the research you've done, what would be maybe your top five in ranking order? It doesn't have to be that exactly, but in terms of just supplements or compounds or things that you think would be advantageous for people as we age for longevity or for general cellular health?

45:22Well, the field has changed a lot. And today I can say that there are several. I'm sure in 10 years from now, will be much more focused on the biology, on the mechanisms. Because as we're learning more about it, we're going to have much more targeted therapies. But today, I think number one, preservation of NAD. Okay. Okay. So whatever mechanism one uses, whatever product one buys, the goal should be of that product is to sustain NAD. Very important. And then the next thing is the creatine story. I can't emphasize enough. Somehow that got tied up into weightlifters. And my son's a weightlifter.

46:02God bless him. I mean, people use it. And it's very effective in building bulk. But it is much, much more than about weightlifting. It's about our cognition, our immune system. It's our cardiovascular system. Everything in the body, as I said, is using this distribution network. So I would recommend people look seriously at creatine as a supplement. Not because they want to be a weight lifter, but in order to maintain good health. And I think it will affect, I don't know if it'll make you live longer. That's a more complicated question. But I think it will make you live better. Yeah. So that's certainly something.

46:37I think inflammation, that's hard to block. But if you can maintain a better microbiome through nutrition, I think it's not a drug, but it's something you can do. It's an intervention. Yeah. So then I think exercise is probably critically important as well because it keeps the density of your mitochondria much higher. Right. And so even if there's slippage with aging and some of the things I've mentioned, you build a reserve. You know, aging, if I can just speak more philosophically here, I've come to see aging as a defect in repair. People think about it as being wearing out. I don't think so.

47:19The conventional wisdom is that you age because you wear out. This is not what I believe. I believe that there is a balance. I believe that there's a constant degradation that starts even before we're born. And it's continuous. Even in two-year-olds, they're constantly having damage everywhere. What differentiates a 70-year-old person from a one-year-old is the repair. The one-year-old has enormous repair capacity. It's incredible. You can see four-year-olds in the ICU who are as sick as stink, terribly sick. And a week later, they're running around. So over Christmas this year, my two-year-old fell off a monkey.

48:05Anyways, she tried to get on the monkey bars, fell off, broke her collarbone. It was totally repaired two weeks later. Like she didn't even break a bone. Now, an 80-year-old person with that, not so much. Right, exactly. Months of rehab, people break their hip and die. I mean, it's a completely different story. Now, why is that? In my opinion, because there is a balance between the damage, which is continuous, and repair. If your repair is five-fold what you need, which is the case for a two-year-old, you have damage, you repair it. So what? Once you get to the age of around 25 to 35, it's sort of a balance.

48:44You have repair and you have damage and you hold the fort. Once you get into your forties, what starts to happen is that the repair mechanisms themselves are damaged. That's the key concept, that the repair process, the repair factory, the repair mechanisms themselves are damaged. So they don't repair as well. By the time you get to 50 and 60, the damage is still there. just like in a two-year-old, you're really not able to repair it. And you start to see so many systems, whether it's your skin or your hair is changing, your eyesight is not as good, your cognition is not as sharp, you can't run as fast, your muscles are not as strong, so many problems.

49:28Then you get into your 70s and 80s, and now you've tipped the balance and you start to see decline. And then if you take a 90-year-old, you can have lunch with them and they're fine, apparently. You're sitting there, you're talking to them. They're bright and sharp. Everything looks great. You're having a wonderful conversation and then you read, you find out two days later they died. What happened? What happened is that they looked okay to you, but in reality, they have no reserve. There's no repair. Yeah, I remember seeing this recent study where they went and looked at a woman. I think the longest living woman today, I want to say she was well over 100, maybe 112.

50:12And they went and measured the number of stem cells that she had circulating. So we should have these. And it was either zero or two. It was almost zero. They're operating on fumes. And if you don't have repair, it's ultimately about repair. It's not like a wearing down like each day your body. You're born pristine and then each day you wear out. It's not like an object. Right. Because if you buy like a television set, it can wear out or a stove or refrigerator. No television or stover or refrigerator in the world knows how to repair itself. So it's a completely wrong analogy to talk about wearing out.

50:49We are every second of the day sustaining massive damage and we have massive repair. People don't appreciate it. They think when you look at themselves a week or two weeks later, it's the same person. It's not. You're being rebuilt almost every second of the day. That's right. Your gut completely replaces itself every three days. So we are not a static entity that accumulates damage over time. We are a living, incredibly complicated machine that's intrinsically built to repair itself every second. And some of these organs repair much better than others. I mean, to your point, gut lining in our blood cells every four months in our skin.

51:33But then you have areas, the liver too, right? I mean, it can really regenerate. But the heart, the brain, nerve tissue, those don't necessarily. Very poor. Very little. Well, they repair themselves on the inside quite well. There are millions of repairs going on in the brain every second inside the cells. They can repair up to a point, but your point is taken. I mean, if you have death of a cell, like in Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease or an Alzheimer's disease or in stroke, you know, in a 60 or 70 or 80-year-old, those cells are dead. They're not getting repaired. That's not a small amount of injury.

52:11That's collapse. Right. And once you get to that point, then you just, you know, you've lost tissue. You know, I learned this one. This is a few years ago. I had a spinal infection and it spread into my disc, into my bone, my L5 vertebra. I didn't walk for a year and the recovery was really, really long. And I didn't know, I mean, I had the doctor tell me, hey, you may never walk normally again. And what I did was, is I ended up going and just, I learned everything I could about how to heal. I already knew quite a bit, but I learned a lot more. and I ended up getting in a hyperbaric chamber pretty much every day for 90 days and then continued on with it.

52:49I did NAD plus IVs. I did everything you can imagine and got back to 100 % and was able to heal the tissue. But one reason it took so long to heal was the oxygen supply in the disc was so minuscule. Very poor. Now, if you think about what I'm saying with the repair process, if you have the necessity to have constant repair. And you have resilience where you have buffer, you have extra repair. All of that repair is driven by energy. Right. So if you have inadequate energy stores, you can't pursue this. And so what will happen is you do an inadequate repair and you accumulate damage. Damage doesn't get fixed.

53:32And like I said, when you have damage, it feeds on itself because ultimately it damages the repair mechanisms themselves. Imagine you have a car, you bring it every day to the shop and the guy has to fix it. Your car works beautifully. You drive it out of the shop every day. It's like a brand new car. But imagine if the guy who's fixing it gets old and pretty soon he has arthritis. He can't pull the wrench very well, but you need to have those bolts tightened. But he can't quite do that anymore. So he only tightens two of the three bolts and then the wheel starts not being so symmetric and it starts moving around.

54:10You bring it back. Now he can't even move his elbow. He says, look, I can do one bolt. It's the best I could do. Please don't leave me. I'm your repairman. And he fixes one bolt. Eventually, the repair process is so degraded and so inadequate that the machine cannot repair itself and it loses resilience. And then when you're 80 or 90, if some small innocuous event occurs, You fall down. You get a little bit of a, I don't know, a viral cold. It can kill you. Right. Yeah. And I think this goes back to there's so much discussion, which I love this discussion, around health span and longevity medicine and what we can do to support that repair process as we age.

54:53And so I have a lot of great takeaways today. One is we got to reduce chronic inflammation, support the gut, reversing leaky gut. I mean, that is absolutely crucial to this. But then also there are things that are decreasing as we age. As you mentioned, NAD and creatine, absolutely essential as we age. And I'm glad that creatine is starting to get more, move out of the bodybuilding conversation. You know, I recommend it to almost everybody now. I mean, a lot of people as patients, I'm recommending they do creatine. You know, a lot of, you know, women in their 60s who are going through menopause, who just, you know, made it through menopause, who are having their hormones depleted.

55:27I'm putting them on creatine and they're noticing a phenomenal difference and especially their brain, you know, especially clear memory recall. And so I think that these are so grateful for your insights today. Let me say one more word about creatine just to help the, because I totally agree with what you're saying there. It's not just the bulk of ATP that's needed. When I say you need fuel, it's a little bit different. Okay, you need fuel in your car to drive. Yes. But you don't just slosh the fuel around your engine. It actually goes into a specific place in your engine. And there is fuel in the carburetor and other things that are finely adjusted.

56:04So the creatine kinase system is not just delivering ATP. It's delivering the correct amount. If you've ever had a car which gives either too little or too much gas from the carburetor mixture, it doesn't run well. It's not enough just to have gas in the car. It has to be distributed thoughtfully and precisely depending on how fast you're driving. So in the cells, same thing. The ATP has to be delivered where it's needed, when it's needed, and neither too much nor too little. And this is all based on this enzyme creatine kinase. So you can take creatine, but ultimately this enzyme has to be working pretty darn well as well.

56:46That's what my research is entirely on. And I'm focused entirely on how do we take creatine and accurately, precisely, and second to second modulate how much or how little it turns into ATP. It's a second to second business, especially in the brain. And we're looking at dosages. It seems like most of the studies are anywhere, I mean, maybe mostly five grams, but you see three grams up to 10 grams. I mean, what is your advice on the dosage? The total creatine in the body is about 380 grams. And that's right. That's the total. Wow. That's the total. But every day we lose creatine. It is converted without an enzyme.

57:24It's just converted by water to creatinine, which we pee out. So we have a loss of about five grams a day of creatine, whether we like it or not. Now, if you don't have enough to begin with, you're going to, and you're not replacing it, you will have a fall over time. Also, the mechanisms that make creatine tend to decline as we age. So yes, we would like to have 380 grams in a healthy 70 kilo adult, but we may not. And if you're on the borderline where your creatine levels are falling, then you need to do something about it. The best way is a supplement. Simple, swallow it. It's not a guarantee that it will work.

58:06Creatine kinase, the enzyme that uses it, has to be in good shape. And that also, we believe, is affected by inflammation. I'm doing studies right now, literally as we speak today, on looking at how creatine kinase is influenced adversely by inflammation. And if I can show, which I think I've already shown last month that the concept is right. Now I'm working on the details of it, but I'm starting to show that inflammation itself can degrade the function and ability of the enzyme that works with creatine. And that will lead to a whole range of new therapies, I hope. So it's not just taking creatine, but it has to be used properly.

58:47Well, I'm so grateful for the work you've done. You know, I think that, again, you know, I was reading about leaky gut so many years ago and it was something that when I really, the way that my mind works is always looking at what is the root cause of illness? And that's one thing I'm just really grateful that you've spent your entire career studying. Where does it start, right? Where does illness start? Where does aging start, repair start? And so I'm really grateful for your research because I do remember reading about you years ago and some of your research as I was writing articles on leaky gut and intestinal impermeability and autoimmune disease and even NAD.

59:19And so again, really grateful for your work. And where can people find out more about you and the great work you're doing? Well, they can look at my publications if they're interested. You know, we've published about 200 papers over the years on this. And they can look at the websites, I suppose. Yeah, what's the best website for people to visit? I work in a company right now called Wonderfeel and they have getwonderfeel.com. And we have a science section on the website. And, you know, you can also go on the web on PubMed, which is from the government. They have a list of all the publications.

59:52You can look at my name, A.L. Salzman. And you can go back a long time when I was younger and find these interesting articles. It really was exciting. I mean, today everybody talks about these things like they just exist. But at the time, like leaky God. Yeah. But, you know, this was really from Mitch Fink's mind. I mean, the man created the idea. He was a brilliant guy. Unfortunately, he's died recently, but he was a genius. And he had this bold idea. And we did not have a lot of people nodding their head. When we did this, people thought we were a little bit crazy. And even at Harvard, you know, people, you know, with all the credibility there.

1:00:31You know, what's funny is I remember when I started practice about 20 years ago, I would ask people, actually, most people didn't know what an omega-3 fat was 20 years ago. I mean, Dr. Sears and a lot of his work and stuff, people started becoming aware. But five years ago, nobody had heard of mitochondria hardly ever. To your point, NAD, that's just now becoming popular. Creatine, older, but to your point, kind of rising in a lot more uses now. And it's going to be exciting to see how this continues with your research you're doing now and so many others are doing over the years. I think it's exciting when people know more about how science evolves.

1:01:07Just to hear that there's some understanding or some fact. Okay, that's nice to know. But really, science doesn't just happen in a vacuum. They're people who do the work. They're ideas. They're ideas that don't work. You don't hear much about that. But most of science is pursuing hypotheses that actually are wrong. But that's okay. I mean, it's the active process. And it comes from curiosity and a passion to find out how things work. I appreciate your curiosity and all the great work you've done, Dr. Selzman. So everybody, hey, thanks so much for tuning in here to the Dr. Axe Show. Dr. Salzman, again, brilliant mind here, worked at Harvard and has done so much amazing research.

1:01:44I wanna encourage you to go check him out. His last name is spelled S-A-L-Z-M-A-N. And this has been a fascinating conversation for me. I've really enjoyed learning more about NAD and creatine and how to slow cellular aging, support cellular repair and promote longevity. And hey, if you're not subscribed here to the podcast, please do so. It's the number one way I can continue to bring on incredible high-profile guests here like Dr. Salzman. Also, share this episode with somebody. Be on mission with us, helping people heal and take their health to the next level. Thanks so much for watching. We'll see you on the next episode.