After four decades, Lebanon and Israel finally talk

0:00This is The Guardian.

0:08Today, Israel and Lebanon have finally agreed to talk.

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0:47You know, it's just a normal sunny day, beautiful day. Everybody was optimistic. There's a ceasefire. People are happy that finally something good is happening between the leaders in the world. talking to each other. You know, this is what everybody has in mind. And then boom. This is Gida Faki. Last week, like so many in Lebanon, waiting for that news, that yes, finally there was hope that the war between the US, Israel and Iran might be ending. She was looking forward to stability again. But then, Israel launched a bombing campaign in Lebanon that has been described as its deadliest in decades.

1:33You know, there are a lot of horrifying scenes that came out of the bombing on Wednesday. One of them was the story of Naya Fakia. You know, she's a little girl, a 13-year-old girl who is coming back from basketball practice. She crazed basketball like eight, nine times a week. And that day she had basketball because now they're on Easter vacation. She had basketball at nine o 'clock in the morning. She finished at 12 and then she had basketball again at one o 'clock. So her dad went to pick her up. Naya was walking with her dad, and she was filming herself, happy. You could see that in the video, she's actually got a dog filter on her face on Snapchat, when all of a sudden, a bomb dropped right in front of her.

2:19And the video went from a video of a moment of levity to something of a nightmare. The dog filter remained on her face, but now she was screaming. She took shelter in a nearby building.

2:35Israel bombed more than 100 sites across the country. Densely packed residential neighbourhoods in Beirut. The breadbasket of Lebanon in the Bekar Valley. Villages in the south. At least 357 people were killed. More than 1 ,000 people were maimed, many of them children. Luckily, Naya survived. She was extremely terrified. She still is. I mean, she's in her room most of the times. She's not talking much. I know she's a strong girl. She will eventually come out of it. But this is, it has left a scar on her. And the scar is going to be there for a very long time. Gida and her family are still coming to terms with what happened.

3:15I consider myself very lucky and guilty at the same time. I don't know. Guilty. You know, as a mom, my kids are next to me. Some other moms, the kids are not. So many families are in mourning. And so many, around one in five Lebanese people, have been forced out of their homes. Whole communities on the run for their lives.

3:49I'm angry. I'm terrified. I don't know what to think anymore. I don't know where to go. Nowhere is safe anymore in Lebanon. Nowhere is safe. And every time they hit somewhere, they justify it with a stupid reason. There's whatever. Hezbollah, there's here. It's not always true. And there is no justification for what happened. No justification whatsoever. None. Now, under pressure from the US and Iran, Israel and Lebanon have agreed to talks in Washington. It will be the first time they meet in four decades. From The Guardian, I'm Nashin Iqbal. Today in Focus, with the US and Iran in deadlock, could Lebanon and Israel set the Middle East on a path to peace?

4:41Well, Christou, you're reporting for The Guardian in Beirut in what has been one of the most terrifying periods in Lebanon's recent history. There are now talks between Israel and Lebanon due to take place on Tuesday in Washington. What can you tell me about what's happening today? The pace of change this week has been really dizzying with the ceasefire with Iran and then also these talks between Lebanon and Israel directly. To give a sense of context, Lebanon and Israel haven't talked directly in decades. And if you were to tell me two months ago that Lebanon and Israel would be talking to each other without a mediator and that Hezbollah would allow that, I would be really surprised.

5:17So things are very much changing fast. And I think this is all because of, you know, the Iran war and sort of the door it's opened up and how much it's upended the way we understand politics in the Middle East and really the rest of the world. Israel has agreed to negotiations with Lebanon as it continued strikes on Beirut today. It comes amid confusion over whether the country was included in President Trump's ceasefire agreement with Iran. You know, Lebanon and Israel have been at war in some form since the early 1980s. and Israel in Lebanon, really, I can't overstate how much of a presence it has in domestic politics.

5:53I mean, you're not allowed to enter Lebanon if you have an Israeli stamp and you're in your passport. The two don't have diplomatic relations. People go to jail if they talk to people within Israel. So very much Israel is a taboo in domestic politics. So the fact that these talks are happening directly between the two governments is something that's really astonishing. And on Tuesday, we'll see the ambassador of Lebanon to the U.S. as well as the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. meet in Washington to start the first round of these talks. Well, Israel has always stated that its war aim is to rid Lebanon of Hezbollah, which we know is the political party, paramilitary group who retain an incredible amount of power in the country.

6:35Yet these talks do not include them. Why and how will that work? Yeah. I mean, it speaks to sort of schizophrenia of governance in Lebanon. Lebanese government says it's not at war, but Hezbollah is fighting in the South. The Lebanese government is negotiating a ceasefire, but it's not the one that's fighting. So it's pretty confusing. What we know is that Lebanese government's going to be talking directly with Israel. And up until now, Hezbollah has allowed it. You know, there was some protests over the weekend against this. But then Hezbollah issued a statement saying, because it's a very critical period, Nobody take to the streets.

7:11Nobody raise the Hezbollah flag. We need to keep things calm. And the reason for that really is because Hezbollah, it's a pro-Iran group, and it's very much following Iran's line in this. And Iran wants negotiations across the region, including in Lebanon. So, you know, there's two things. One, there's the negotiations between Lebanon and Israel, the governments. And then the second part would be implementing agreements if they happen. If they reach an agreement, we'll see if Hezbollah would respect it. Well, what do both sides want, the Lebanese government and the Israeli government? And what is actually on the table?

7:45So the Israeli government said they want two things, the full disarmament of Hezbollah across Lebanon and a lasting peace with the Lebanese government. Lebanon says that they want the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanese territory. They've said that the Israeli defense minister said that they'll occupy up the Latani River, which is around 20 miles north of the Israeli border. And they want an end to fighting. Now, whether or not either of these things can be achieved remains to be seen. I mean, Israel has said that they don't want to withdraw from the country. They want to indefinitely occupy the south of the country until the safety of the northern residents in Israel are assured.

8:27and the full disarmament of Hezbollah would be very hard to achieve, both for Israel and both for the Lebanese government. Hezbollah is a group that enjoys wide swaths of support across the country and among its power base, that support's only gone up since the beginning of this war because many people who support Hezbollah view the Lebanese government as sort of impotent, not able to fight the Israeli government. And so this bombardment we've seen is seen as like proving the point as to why they need Hezbollah. I guess there's so much confusion over this because, I mean, even over the weekend, I was reading reports, statements from Hezbollah saying that the Israeli ground occupation in southern Lebanon is failing and that Hezbollah absolutely vowed to continue fighting.

9:10Now, if these talks are with the aim of ending casualties, ending the war, what will that look like or what is rather the purpose of them? Yeah. I mean, I think so many things go wrong. And it's important to mention that the only reason these talks are happening is because the US really put pressure on Netanyahu. Israel doesn't want to stop. So, you know, I think it depends on what we think of as a ceasefire of peace. To Israel, a ceasefire might mean keeping the South and stopping airstrikes across the country and other parts of the country. To Lebanon, a ceasefire means a withdrawal of the Israelis and, you know, no Israeli troops on Lebanese land.

9:48So we'll see. But what we know is that despite talks of a ceasefire, fighting is still happening in the south. You know, Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister, was in South Lebanon on Sunday with soldiers. You know, Hezbollah and Israel are currently fighting in Bintish Bayer, one of the most important cities in the south. And an Israeli airstrike killed a Red Cross volunteer on Sunday. So hostilities are ongoing.

10:20Will, what do people in Lebanon that you speak to, what do they make of the talks? I think things are super split. You know, you have a big part of the country that says, listen, we're done with war. We're exhausted. You know, I might not like Israel, but I want peace. And if it comes to the cost of either recognizing Israel or talking them to directly, fine, whatever. This isn't our war. And then you have a lot of people who are supporters of Hezbollah who say talking to Israel under these conditions is a humiliation. Because we don't accept what's going on about the direct negotiation between Awaf and the Israelis.

10:55So we will never leave here until they stop the negotiation. You know, how do you talk to them while they're bombing people, killing people, both military and civilians alike, and that the only way to get rid of Israel is to fight them, and that they don't trust the Lebanese government to be able to defend Lebanese territory from Israel. So it's an incredibly schizophrenic sort of situation here. And it's exacerbating social tensions in a country that has a history of civil war. And what has that looked like for them on the ground? What's been happening over the last few days? Yeah, I think over the last few days, people have been sort of taking stock of the losses that happened this week.

11:33Lebanon's declared a day of mourning after Israeli attacks on Wednesday. You know, on Wednesday, last Wednesday, Israel hit over 100 targets in under 10 minutes, killed more than 357 people and wounded over 1 ,000. We saw piles of charred cars at major intersections, mountains of rubble clogging the roads, entire apartment blocks razed to the ground, panicked residents running through the streets trying to figure out where the different booms... You know, Lebanese had started referring to this day as Black Wednesday. And as we speak, people are still looking for their loved ones under the rubble.

12:06People are going to morgues and hospitals to do DNA tests to try to see if bodies in the morgues that are so mangled that they can't recognize them belong to their loved ones. You know, political path forward is pretty unclear. We're in uncharted waters, both with the Iran negotiations, but also here in Lebanon. Also, as you walk the streets of Beirut today, you'll see army deployed everywhere. Heavy security presence and, you know, checkpoints being set up. And that's because the government's very wary of anything sort of kicking off at this point because social tensions are quite high. You went to one of the hospitals after the bombings took place.

12:43What did the medics there tell you? You know, what was striking to me about this attack was, one, how widespread it was. I mean, they hit residential buildings all over Beirut. I was sitting in my apartment and I live in East Beirut. And you just heard boom after boom after boom, and then pictures of the smoke plumes coming up. And then you started hearing ambulances. I live next to a hospital, so I heard ambulances coming in and out. And I was talking to the doctors at one of the hospitals, and they told me two minutes after they heard the explosions, wounded started coming. And one of the doctors, you know what he said, he turned to his colleagues because he's seeing so many children coming in.

13:21He asked them, did they hit a school? What happened? The attacks happened around 2.30. So men were at work, children were at home. And a lot of children are out of school because of the displacement crisis. And so, you know, Israel's been talking about, we only hit Hezbollah targets. It's a great victory, a big operational victory. But here in Lebanon, the reality, you know, looks very, very different. It was not targeted, you know, for military people. It was civilians. One of the doctors I spoke to, he was talking about the types of injuries he saw. He discussed how an entire family of five came in and was unfortunately passed due to their wounds.

13:57Everyone but the father. So imagine a family of five in the same apartment, I guess. So this was the type of casualties we received, frankly. And then he showed me a picture on his phone of a piece of shrapnel he pulled out of one of the kids, a little boy. The intestine of a 10-year-old. than 10-year-old, that big. I mean, that's... This is the size of it. It is that big. Shrepenel of... Metal shrepenel. I mean, we're talking two or three inches, right? It's that big, exactly. It went through the belly. And it just goes to show, you know, this is an operation that it might have, you know, had military targets but overwhelmingly harmed civilians.

14:48Well, you've also been doing a lot of reporting about villages in the south of Lebanon that have been destroyed in Israel's bombing campaign. Can you tell me a bit more about that? Yeah, so as Israel has invaded the south and has steadily pushed back Hezbollah fighters, they've started rigging entire villages with explosives and demolishing them. And slowly these videos have been leaking out on social media. You see a video of a town like Taybe in the south, or Ter Sirian, just exploding. And then the aftermath is a village that's completely flattened. And so we started looking at some of these videos, geolocated them, verified them, and talked to some of the residents of these towns.

15:24And what the residents told us, it was quite heartbreaking. Like the town of Tayebi, for example. We spoke to a man from there, Ahmed Abu Tam, 56-year-old guy who owns a construction shop. He talks about how he had a house there that was in his family since the 19th century. and how watching that video of the entire town exploding really cemented how that he was truly displaced because when he left the village on March 2nd, when the war started, he thought he'd come back. He left most of his stuff there. And he had an experience in 2024 of being displaced as well and discussed how when he went back last time, they lit the town up and, okay, things were destroyed, but they started working together to build the town up again.

16:04But this time there's no town to go back to. He watched it blown up on videos on social media. Yeah. And he said that for the first time, I feel like a refugee. And the feeling of watching your entire life being blown up just feels like you could be erased. And it's sort of mind boggling. To the Israelis, this is a military strategy. The Israeli defense minister, Israel Katz, explicitly said they're going to blow up the houses along the border. He said, like we did in Gaza, and they've made sure on their word. And since we published that article on Friday, they've blown up two more villages. Will, stories like Ahmed Abutams are so heartbreaking.

16:46And I just wonder, I mean, he says he feels like a refugee, but where are displaced people going? Where are they living? So about 1.2 million people have been displaced by this conflict. That's more than one out of five Lebanese people. Only about 150 ,000 of those are in state shelters. Most are either with other relatives or lots are sleeping rough. If you walk around Beirut today, you'll see tents everywhere. The nightclub district, for example, on the beach, filled with tents. People are just sleeping on the streets. And it's a really, really tough situation. It's very humiliating. I was speaking to one father.

17:21He was there with his two kids. He was displaced from the city of Sur after his house was hit by an airstrike. His wife is in a coma. Unlikely, she recovers. His 17-year-old daughter is also in the hospital. And we were talking and there's so many things that were horrible. You know, the fact that there's one bathroom for hundreds of people, the fact that he can only take a shower once a week, the fact that nobody is helping. He said, I own a house or I owned a house. I'm a normal person. I have a job and all of a sudden I have none of those things and there's nothing I can do about it. He was saying, you know, look at the time.

17:57It's 5 p.m. I haven't had a meal today. No one's come. No one's come by. Occasionally there will be NGOs that come by and cook hot meals, but the government doesn't come here. This displacement crisis outstrips the capacity of the Lebanese government.

18:16Coming up, what do the talks mean for Hezbollah?

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19:00Will, do we know any more about why Israel launched these strikes when they did? Because they came hours after the ceasefire had been announced between the US and Iran. And for the briefest second, there seemed hope that this war was coming to an end. It seems designed to derail the ceasefire that was just announced between Iran and the US. We know that inclusion of Lebanon has been a big stumbling block. It almost stopped the talks from happening in Islamabad. You know, Trump has leaned on Netanyahu to limit the attacks in Beirut since. But also, you know, Israel's, again, praise this as a big operational success, but it really raises questions about the way they conduct war.

19:39Because when you conduct any military strike in a war, there's a process you have to go through to make sure that you're minimalizing casualties, civilian casualties. Part of that, you know, they say you need to take all feasible precautions to protect civilians? And so when you hit over 100 targets, did you need to bring down entire buildings with people in them at the same time? Were you really taking all feasible precautions to protect civilians? Or is the high civilian death toll a part of the military strategy? I mean, we've seen similar in Gaza, and we've seen similar in Iran. But Will, when it comes to the talks today, are the two sides likely to be able to agree to something in Washington and what would that outcome look like?

20:20Listen, I think it all depends on the US and Iran. You know, Israel is dependent on the US as its main backer. Lebanon and Hezbollah, it's a mix of both the US and Iran. If Iran wants the negotiations to go through, Hezbollah will stay quiet and allow the Lebanese government a measure of freedom to negotiate a ceasefire. If the U.S. rains Netanyahu in, the talks will go ahead. So it's really not up to these two states. I think what we're likely to see, though, on Tuesday is paving the way for more negotiations. You know, the U.S. is their priority here is to keep the ceasefire talks with Iran going to stabilize the situation.

21:01You know, Trump does not want$4 a gallon,$5 a gallon. He wants the Strait of Hormuz open. And if the key to keeping it open is stopping the fighting in Lebanon, at least temporarily, I think we'll see that. I mean, he's also stated that he aims a naval blockade for the straits. So, I mean, judging by what Trump wants and what Trump gets is quite a risky calculation to make when you're looking at the future of an entire region. Will, could these talks, the beginning of these negotiations, lead to a world where Lebanon and Israel are actually cooperating together to neutralize Hezbollah? It could lead to that.

21:37I think if we saw that, we might see some domestic unrest in Lebanon. But I don't think it's so likely. You know, Hezbollah is walking a very fine line at the moment. They want the talks to go forward because Iran wants the talks to go forward. But they want to keep the pressure on the Lebanese government so that they can maximize their space within the domestic scene. And Hezbollah can mobilize lots of people. And over these past five weeks of fighting, we've seen certain calls from certain officials in the group to even overthrow the government. So if we saw a scenario in which Lebanese government was seriously moving to eliminate the group with Israeli backing, US backing, and the group saw it as an existential crisis, we could see some serious domestic unrest in Lebanon.

22:20And there's precedence for that. In 2008, Hezbollah took to the streets and they fought in the streets of Beirut with domestic political opponents. But then that also begs the question of whether sort of the memory of 70s, 80s, when civil war broke out, like would that then be a potential outcome for Lebanon if the government are trying one thing? And obviously, as you say, there's so much support for Hezbollah. I think, you know, we're at a point in Lebanon where social tensions are very high. There's more than 1.2 million people on the streets displaced. And there's a lot of anger from the other side against Hezbollah and its support base for dragging the country into a war.

23:04So things are not great in Lebanon. I don't think we're quite at a situation where civil war is on the table, God forbid. But social tensions are definitely high. And this is something that officials are taking seriously, but also people are taking seriously. I've spoken to some people who say that they are buying arms as much as they can, buying weapons as much as they can, because they fear what's coming next. There's people I've spoken to in areas outside of Beirut that have said that they've started volunteer night patrols to make sure that nobody comes into the village. And, you know, unfortunately, this is sort of reminiscent of what happened during Lebanon's civil war, where you had neighbourhood patrols sort of patrolling areas.