The Scale of the Universe

14:34Michael Stevens:and just say well you know what i i don't believe that the plonk length is the pixel we just don't know enough about physics to um to go beyond it right but here here's my question i don't know if you can answer it for me, but how do you explain irrational numbers in a simulation? Like pi is in the simulation as a way to calculate the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle. But that number can have infinite precision. Is there a point at which they said, okay, look, we only need the first 12 Google digits and that'll be enough? Because if so, then we should reach a point where we're like, ooh.

15:19Michael Stevens:There it is. There it is. There's the end of pi, meaning we are in a simulation because it couldn't hold the exact, exact, exact, exact, exact, never-ending precision of pi.

15:32Hannah Fry:Exactly. You're absolutely right. Because this is the thing, you know, the way that we've built computers, they are fundamentally discrete machines, right? They're not continuous machines. You know, if you draw a circle on a computer and you zoom in far enough, you will see that there are these pixelated edges, there are corners, there's not even diagonal lines, right? It's sort of like a grid, a stepped grid. And so the whole kind of basis of this idea that we're inside of a simulation is that if you zoom in far enough, it's discrete. And it just so turns out that with physics, it is discrete.

16:05Hannah Fry:People know the word discrete. I sometimes forget what words are real words and what words are just mass words.

16:10Michael Stevens:I say like with something continuous, every value in between is available. Okay, like a vinyl record is an analog. It is a not digital. It is a not quantized. It's a continuous medium. Like the bumps in the groove can literally be, well, again, we get down to physics though, but they can have any size. You could make it as small as possible of a difference and that exists. But with digital music, it's gotta be a one or a zero.

16:37Hannah Fry:Totally. That was such a beautiful explanation. And so the thing is, is that in our physical world, it feels as though things are continuous. You know, I can move my hand from here to there and there's no value. It's not jumping in between these values. But when you're doing something on a computer, even if I was simulating that movement, actually zoom in far enough and it would be making discrete jumps. Any animation, any mathematical model is ultimately discrete. It has these jumps in it. You know what? Well, maybe we should save this and do a whole episode on simulation hypothesis because I think it's really interesting.

17:12Michael Stevens:Yeah, I think we should because there's a lot more I want to learn and there's a lot more to say about this.

17:17Hannah Fry:I also just realized that me trying to explain how collapsing the wave function is evidence of the simulation hypothesis is far too ambitious for this time on an evening as we're recording this.

17:29Michael Stevens:Yeah. So let's so let's revisit it. But the point is that, guys, we just don't know. You might be real listeners or you might just be NPCs in the simulation that we are also NPCs running in. is there is there someone playing is there um like one person or one creature in this universe that's actually like hey hey i am uh an avatar of like a real person in the real universe and if so who are they that's a question we'll leave for you uh leave your answers in the comments below i've got a suggestion we'll definitely do a simulation episode when we'll

18:05Hannah Fry:go really into it all the evidence for all the evidence against one of them's going to be longer than the other, but nonetheless, I know which way my conclusion.

18:12Michael Stevens:It could be two episodes. You're right. It could be, we live in a simulation. And then a week later, we don't live in a simulation.

18:20Hannah Fry:Okay. Should we go to people's questions, but let's have a break first.

18:23Michael Stevens:Yes, we're going to do that. So after the break, we will come and we'll read comments you've left in the past and respond to answer them and enjoy them. So see you soon.

18:45Michael Stevens:this episode is brought to you by cancer research uk when we talk about beating cancer we often

18:50Hannah Fry:focus a lot on survival and that can mean overlooking impacts that that last long after

18:56Michael Stevens:treatment ends yeah for example take cancers in children and young people the treatments themselves can be incredibly harsh they can cause lifelong side effects like infertility or hearing loss

19:08Hannah Fry:And Cancer Research UK is working to change that because young people, they should be able to grow up hearing the voices of the people that they love and living their lives to the fullest.

19:17Michael Stevens:That's right. And one clinical trial led by Cancer Research UK showed that giving another drug alongside chemotherapy nearly halved the number of children losing their hearing. And today, the treatment combination is being used by doctors across the world. For more information about Cancer Research UK, their research and breakthroughs and how you can support them, visit cancerresearchuk.org slash rest is science.

19:50Hannah Fry:And we're back. First question, Michael, this one's for you. Another Reddit one here, remote island underscore seven seven nine eight. You spoke about Osama bin Laden, the elephant, being one of your favorite Wikipedia articles. I feel I now need to know everyone on the list. Thank you for your attention to this matter. I've got a couple of favorites as well, you know.

20:11Michael Stevens:I want to know your favorites. Throw them at me.

20:15Hannah Fry:Okay. I don't know if there's enough. One that I really love is Dying While Laughing, which is just a list of famous people who died while laughing. Oh, how nice for them. and the circumstances in which their death was brought about during laughter. I really enjoy that. That one's very good.

20:36Michael Stevens:Yeah, it's something to aspire to. So, I mean, there are so many good Wikipedia articles, and I feel like it's hard to compete with what you can get by just Googling best Wikipedia articles and reading every Reddit thread about them. There's even a Wikipedia page that just lists their most unusual articles. Like, just start there, you know? but so I'm trying to think of things that I enjoy that maybe aren't already pretty well known. And I think I really like the orders of magnitude pages that Wikipedia has. I refer to those quite a lot. And there's one for like almost every unit of measurement.

21:12Michael Stevens:You can look up orders of magnitude length and it goes, okay, here's every length in order and something that is about that size. So there's also one for mass. And that's how I learned that I think every second the sun converts an amount of mass equivalent to the Great Pyramid of Giza into pure energy every second. And that's, yeah. And that was just on the orders of magnitude page for mass. And it's like, here's this amount of mass. It happens to be what the sun burns through in a second. It's also how much the Pyramid of Giza weighs. And you look at this and you're like, this is amazing. I read those.

21:48Michael Stevens:There's one for, you know, time. There's one for sound. There's one for torque. There's even one for different orders of magnitude of torque. Like here's this amount of torque. 10 times stronger would be this boat engine. 10 times stronger would be if you tied a string to the moon. You know, it's just like, it's really neat. But what I want to also throw into the mix are just people who have the most hilarious or weird photos as the picture of them for their Wikipedia page. And there are some that just look really funny. It feels a bit mean-spirited, but like, go look at Avogadro's Wikipedia page.

22:27Michael Stevens:Look at that guy's face. Okay. Look at his head. As in Avogadro of constant fame. Of the constant.

22:33Hannah Fry:You worked out how many molecules there were in a mole, right? Yes, that guy. Oh, gosh.

22:41Michael Stevens:No human has ever looked like that. No human has ever looked like that. I kind of don't believe it. It's just a drawing. But it looks like a comic drawing. I don't know.

22:53Hannah Fry:It does. It does. It looks like a spitting image, those puppets that you used to get on BBC. But they do an extremely exaggerated version of, for example, Margaret Thatcher.

23:03Michael Stevens:So my question is, is that really what he looked like? Or did he look better? And this is unfortunate. Or did he look worse? And the illustrator was trying to be flattering to him.

23:14Hannah Fry:I've seen, there's another drawing of him that I have found. And he does not look anywhere near as strange. And I think you're right that it's an exaggerated version of what he looks like.

23:22Michael Stevens:Oh, it is. That's disappointing. I was hoping that he really was like the funniest looking dude in the world. And I just wanted to, I just looked up his birth date. He was actually, he was born in the 1700s, 1776, just about a month after America was born. But he did most of his work in the 1800s. The best one though, I've saved my favorite thing. I actually laugh when I look at this and it improves my day. There are two humans named Guy Standing. First name Guy, last name Standing. So one is an economist at SOAS University of London. His name is Guy Standing, but his picture is of a guy sitting.

24:03Michael Stevens:That's got to be intentional. The Wikipedia editors surely said the photo of Guy Standing must be a photo of him sitting. and it is.

24:16Hannah Fry:Oh man, I love your videos so much. I love your videos so much. Isn't that wonderful? They are so deliciously nerdy, right? This whole community. So amazingly, brilliantly nerdy. And this is what a gift for humanity this thing was.

24:31Michael Stevens:It's a gift. But I said there were two people named Guy Standing. The second one is an actor. And if you look up the Guy Standing actor page, there's a photo kind of, this isn't like his profile photo or whatever, but there's a picture of him sitting down with two women.

24:47Hannah Fry:Yeah, it says, Guy Standing Sitting. Guy Standing Sitting next to... Yes, that's what it is. Guy Standing Sitting next... Yes. Amazing. Absolutely love it. I remember the other one that I really like, actually, which is Inventors Killed by Their Own Inventions. That one is great. It's quite gruesome, though,

25:07Michael Stevens:I'll be honest. See, that's a famous one. Yes, I love that one. There are so many... articles where you're like, this topic is incredible. I'm going to read all of them. And I mean, I'll spend multiple nights going through the like missing people Wikipedia article and just reading everything about them. Like if there's a name or an event or something and on the article, it's a blue link, you know, I'm clicking on that. It just, it keeps going deeper and deeper.

25:39Hannah Fry:Do you know about the philosophy thing?

25:41Michael Stevens:Yes, I do.

25:42Hannah Fry:the game that you can play. I love this so much. So, and I basically, sometimes I give a talk and include this in there, but if you start on any Wikipedia page and you follow the first blue link on that page and carry on clicking through first blue link, first blue link, you know what? I'm going to do it for you, Michael. Let's do it for you.

26:02Michael Stevens:Yeah. And walk us through what you're clicking. What is the first link? I mean, the reason what she's saying is that you always wind up back at the philosophy page because of course, like the first word in someone's, in any Wikipedia page tends to be like more general. Like it is a planet, is a person, is an American or whatever. And you just keep becoming more and more general until it becomes so big that all you can really say is philosophy. Philosophy.

26:27Hannah Fry:It's like the, it's like the wine game, you know, Karen asking why eventually you get to. Philosophy. So yeah, do it with my page and walk us through. Okay. Michael David Stevens. You're an American educator. So go to educator. And then it says a person who helps students. A student is in a school. School is an educational institution. An educational institution is about education, which is the transmission of knowledge, which is about facts into characterised as a true belief. a propositional knowledge is a version of belief then we've got attitude then we go to psychology which point we go to the mind because it's quite long actually quite far away from philosophy then you've got thinks you've got think or thinking is a cognitive process which goes to mental processes goodness me human brain organ oh whoa we're leaving we're getting further away Organism, living, matter, physical science, natural science, science, knowledge.

27:35Hannah Fry:We're going back. You're in a loop. You don't go to philosophy. I'm in a loop.

27:38Michael Stevens:We loop around knowledge. You don't go to philosophy. You're one of the rare ones. I don't go to philosophy. I'm an exception to the philosophy rule. You're an exception. Oh my gosh. But that would also mean that anything that gets to knowledge is going to get trapped in that loop.

27:54Hannah Fry:It is. Hang on, guys. I'm going to have to check myself here. Start as they've changed my picture. I don't like that. Can I contact Jimmy? What about that?

28:00Michael Stevens:I also go to knowledge. Uh-oh. Uh-oh. So do you think we might need to update this fact? And someone may have already noticed this before us right now, but - Michael, it's broken. Is philosophy not the end point of the funnel? Is it basically a knowledge loop now? You know what?

28:17Hannah Fry:The thing is, is that, oh no, it is. Knowledge is a loop. Someone needs to immediately update the knowledge, the knowledge Wikipedia page. They've broken it. I'm calling Jimmy Wales immediately. Right. Well, thanks. That's sort of end of the talk I can give on that then, isn't it? Should we move on to the next question?

28:37Michael Stevens:Yeah, let's move on to the next question. This one came from Margo on Reddit who asks, Shower Thought, is the reason that shower thoughts exist at all due to the increased blood flow to your brain in the hot water? Okay, this is great.

28:52Hannah Fry:First things first, you're definitely not imagining it. People genuinely do have better thoughts in the shower. I know that I do. I'm sure you do as well. There is a few reasons for this, but basically they come down to, you know, the Chinese finger trap, where like the more that you, the more that you kind of pull at something, the harder it is to get. Your brain actually works a lot like that. So you have, when you are working and you're really intensely concentrating on something, whether it's like a school problem or, you know, a work problem, when you're really thinking really hard, your brain is using all of its executive control networks.

29:35Hannah Fry:But when you switch over to a sort of autopilot task, so something you know how to do, it doesn't really require your brain to think very hard or deeply, but you are doing something like washing your hair, you know. So yeah, going for a walk, going for a walk, right? Well, going for a walk is ever so slightly different actually. But when you're doing something kind of repetitive that you don't need to think about, your brain stops its intense focus. And instead, it's the default mode network that takes over instead of your executive control networks. And the default mode network, this is like your brain's mind wandering state.

30:13Hannah Fry:When you're sort of like allowed to kind of think about different things, your subconscious is able to freely associate with stuff. You can dig up old memories. You can connect seemingly unrelated concepts while your focus, the stuff that your focus brain would have filtered out because your focus brain is like, no, this is the thing in front of me. But actually sometimes to solve a problem, what you need is the free association that comes from your default mode network. So it's just much better for that. There's also actually creativity is really heavily linked to dopamine, you know, sort of the neurotransmitter that feels pleasurable.

30:53Hannah Fry:And taking a really warm, nice, relaxing shower, it feels nice, right? It feels good. So your body and brain is in like this better state already. You've got a bit more dopamine release, which then goes on to help your creative drive. But you're also, bluntly, you're not doing anything else. You can't look at screens. You can't distract yourself. It's one of the very, very few moments of an entire day when you are not locked to a screen in front of you. And so all of those things together, when you go for a walk, on the other hand, actually you are, you're increasing the oxygen to your brain. You're sort of, and glucose actually, your heart be pumping more.

31:38Hannah Fry:You're kind of feeding your brain loads of nutrients, as well as all of these other

31:41Michael Stevens:elements as well interesting but it's totally real totally i definitely have found that like in the shower for some reason maybe because i'm so focused on my body i don't have as great thoughts in the shower who wouldn't be michael if they look like you driving in the car or watching something kind of mindless yeah actually kind of like brings forward better new ideas and i i need to i don't know i i experience this so often i don't know why I don't do it more often. That I'll be working on a problem with such focus all day and I won't get anywhere and I'll be so frustrated. But then what happens is two weeks, I'll give up.

32:20Michael Stevens:And two weeks later, I'll suddenly be like, oh, wait a second. It just kind of happened because I'm allowing my non-conscious activities to associate things and put something together. And I've definitely found that when I need to write something, it's better for me to take a few days off and not think about it at all. And then boom, it happens.

32:43Hannah Fry:Wow. Yeah. Yeah. So the example I always think about with this is when I was doing my PhD, I at one point was stuck, so stuck on this unbelievably annoying problem. And I was stuck in it for honestly six months. And it just could not get this code to work. I'd written this bit of software and for a mathematical model basically. And I just could not get it to work. And I would like go into the, to, to the kind of office and I would sit there and I would try from the beginning of the day and work all the way through and nothing would happen. And then the next day and the next day and the next day, and I would rewrite it and rewrite it and rewrite it.

33:26Hannah Fry:And then the day that I solved it, it's like the clearest moment ever after six months of this, I was like, I got up from my desk. I was so frustrated. It'd been six months, this stuff. And I walked to the toilet And as I put my hand on the door to the toilet, literally as I'd like pushed the door open, I was like, oh my God, I completely know what the problem was. And everything was immediately solved. Exactly. It's like, it's unbelievable, unbelievable that you guys spent that many hours sitting at a desk and it was when I wasn't at the desk that I managed to solve it.

34:04Hannah Fry:this segment is brought to you by cancer research uk our bodies they're very clever you've got all of these mechanisms that are in place to help protect us from parasites from viruses basically anything that's bad but sometimes they can be a little overprotective and start freaking out over something that's not actually harmful this is the type of situation when your tongue starts itching just because you've eaten a pineapple tart or hay fever season that triggers a massive sneezing fit.

34:29Michael Stevens:Allergies are our bodies turning what was once an evolutionary advantage into a problem. But what if we could harness that defense system to do something useful?

34:38Hannah Fry:So today we are asking, can we turn our hay fever mechanisms on tumors? Starting from the beginning here, there are hundreds of species of parasitic worms and creatures that will quite happily crawl inside your bodies and make us sick. But these things, they're too big for our immune system to engulf and destroy. So instead, our immune systems evolve this special security system that will help keep these bigger things out. You get these antibodies called immunoglobulin E or IgE, and they have learned how to recognize a parasite. And then IgE antibodies go in and will bind to specific patterns that appear on the surface of parasites, kind of a bit like how a key fits into a lock.

35:22Hannah Fry:And what that does is it causes your immune cells to just wake up, at which point they just release this massive onslaught of chemicals like histamines that cause things like coughing and sneezing, but will help to weaken and then expel the parasites from the body. So allergic reactions, I mean, they are this mechanism going wrong. They happen when your body mistakes pollen or peanuts or whatever it might be for a parasite. In other words, essentially allergies that are a misdirected immune response.

35:54Michael Stevens:So if your immune response can be misdirected, can it be redirected in ways that would be helpful? Well, that was the idea that came from a Cancer Research UK scientist, Professor Sophia Karagianis. And she was studying allergies for her PhD. And her boss said, hey, I want you to be in charge of this experiment where we're going to look at allergic responses as a cancer treatment. Okay, imagine that. Imagine being like, oh, I'm allergic to cancer. If I have it, my body gets into fight mode and attacks it. So their idea was to take those IgE antibodies, the ones that attach and cause allergic reactions.

36:32Michael Stevens:But what if we re-engineered them to bind to molecules on cancer cells instead of onto pollen or food? Well, then those antibodies would start releasing inflammatory chemicals and that local reaction would alert all the other immune cells and they would join in the fight. This idea has a lot of potential because these allergy-causing antibodies can launch a powerful and persistent attack against a threat. If you turn them on cancer, our bodies could rapidly destroy the disease.

36:59Hannah Fry:So how close are we? This sounds amazing. This is like a big, bold idea. But of course, it's one that comes with risk because this proposed treatment that Sophia had come up with, look, it's based on an allergic reaction. And if you are provoking an allergic reaction in the body, you want to make sure that you're not having side effects like anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can happen really quickly. It's when you get this sudden flood of chemicals in the body that narrows your airways and can stop you from breathing. Because of that risk, you know, the industry was a bit reluctant to invest.

37:31Hannah Fry:But then Sophia, she pitched her idea to Cancer Research UK. Digging into her biology, she managed to alleviate the safety fears to win their vital backing. And then after years of hard work, her team, they managed to launch this early stage clinical trial, testing the first ever IgE antibody drug in people with advanced cancer. Look, this is designed at this stage to test safety at low doses. That's what an early stage clinical trial does. The treatment still managed to show promise, though. It shrank one woman's tumor. So the idea now is that they're on the next stage of these trials. They're trying to bring this treatment one step closer to the clinic with the hope that in the future, IgE antibodies could be this widespread treatment approach that can actually save lives.

38:22Michael Stevens:I mean, it turns out that itchy eyes and a runny nose and odd rash, it's a sign that your body is working overtime to shield us from harm. And our immune system is already doing the heavy lifting. We just need to teach it that the target is tumors, not tree pollen.

38:36Hannah Fry:Right, which sounds simple, but it all started as Sophia's radical idea. By backing these kind of ideas, though, Cancer Research UK, they deliver breakthroughs that can help people affected by cancer.

38:48Michael Stevens:In fact, eight in 10 people who receive a cancer drug in the UK receive one developed by or with Cancer Research UK.

38:56Hannah Fry:And this impact is felt globally too. Over half of the world's essential cancer drugs have been developed by Cancer Research UK or with them.

39:06Michael Stevens:And for more information about Cancer Research UK, their research, breakthroughs and how you can support them, visit cancerresearchuk.org forward slash rest is science.

39:24Hannah Fry:all right let's do the next question this is one from ben who came in on email ben asked a simple

39:30Michael Stevens:question how dirty is space how dirty is space it depends on what you mean by dirty right like just full of debris is how i'm taking it and the universe is famously like basically empty there's there's nothing here. I think despite the fact that, you know, in our daily lives, we're surrounded by stuff, by matter, by atoms, we've got statues and books and food and people and trees and ground and buildings. In between all of that and the next big clump of stuff, like Venus or Mars, there's like basically nothing, not totally nothing. But if you took all the matter in the observable universe and compared it to how much space there is, it evens out to about maybe an atom or two per like three cubic meters.

40:23Hannah Fry:What?

40:24Michael Stevens:Yeah. It's like, and so imagine a clothes dryer, like three of those volumes. On average, you'll be able to find in our universe, like one atom in that space. And that's it.

40:36Hannah Fry:Hold on. Are we talking about American clothes dryers or British ones? because American ones for sure.

40:43Michael Stevens:The British clothes dryer is just like a weird foldy ladder thing that you put clothes on and it makes your room all humid and it makes the clothes smell. It's great. No, I do think that they can work really well. Like here in Colorado, they work great. But in New Zealand, in the winter, like the wettest time of the year, they don't dry. No. It's more of like an algae farm is what those things are.

41:13Hannah Fry:This is what I hear about Americans who moved to the UK and they're like, what are you doing with your clothes?

41:19Michael Stevens:Anyway, you don't just put them in a big hot box that blasts them until they're bone dry.

41:25Hannah Fry:Yeah. Climate change, what climate change? OK, so that's I would say not dirty. If you add like three massive washer dryers and one atom in it, now that we know how small an atom is, especially given the first half of this episode.

41:42Michael Stevens:Yeah, I know. I know. We think atom and we think like, oh, okay, so three cubic meters and there's like a little dot in it. No, it's not a little dot. It is an invisible dot. Okay? Yeah. It doesn't have a color. Light cannot interact with it in a way that we can see with our eyes. It's not a mode of dust.

41:59Hannah Fry:it is a septillionth of that yeah i do like the idea that you could create a chamber say a sort of glass chamber of this amount of space have one atom in there and someone going to be like

42:10Michael Stevens:it's so dirty it's so it's so dirty yeah this place is a big style but there isn't much stuff i mean in a way it does feel like a lot because if you think about our space as being like a vacuum than, you know, that's averaging out not too badly. But there is a little bit of material in between planets, in between stars, in between galaxies. But again, we're talking about like even less than the analogy we just gave. Like maybe a tenth of an atom per cubic meter. I mean, it's very small. There are different calculations. Different numbers have been arrived at here. But the universe is spick and span and it's nice and clean.

42:56Michael Stevens:But that also should make us feel very special to be part of the matter. It's very rare to be matter. If you happen to be any volume in the universe, to be one filled with matter is quite, quite rare.

43:09Hannah Fry:And even rarer to be biological matter where you are basically locally resisting the pull of entropy towards disorder. It makes me feel very special. We are very special, Michael.

43:21Michael Stevens:we are extremely special i mean why me though you know it makes me feel guilty i'm like why do i get to enjoy all of this oh brother why why these atoms why not why not why me why not why not other atoms instead and then i look at a cheeseburger and i'm like you're going to be it's your turn next guys and then they get to be a part of me for a while and experience consciousness and life but they always got to be matter you know but one of these days they'll become energy right like my body is warm i'm a mammal that's that's waste heat that's leaving and and that's just energy so eventually they will get turned into not matter eventually we all will

44:00Hannah Fry:eventually we all will okay that kind of brings us to the end of our episode but you know what there's one thing i wanted to say actually before oh good um before we go because right this is the the rest is science. And I take a scientific approach, which also means that inevitably, sometimes we are going to make mistakes. That's just a fact of life. And so I'm extremely grateful when listeners and viewers point out the mistakes that we have made. And I made a mistake on our curiosity episode, Michael, and I would like to correct it. Yes. Because Kevin Carnahan, Professor Kevin Carnahan, no less, who is a professor of philosophy and religion at the Central Methodist University, he made a little video, he clipped up some of the curiosity episodes that we had and where we were talking about Augustine and Aquinas.

44:53Hannah Fry:And I was saying that they were a bit anti-curiosity, right? That they were sort of, they were, they thought curiosity as a whole was kind of considered a sin. And I was a bit snobby about it. And I was saying, well, it's kind of quite useful if curiosity is a sin, if you're sort of trying to persuade an entire population of people to do as you say. Anyway, it turns out I got it wrong. I misread the history and I was a bit too broad in my dismissal of Augustine and Aquinas. They actually weren't against asking questions or curiosity full stop. What they condemned was a They were condemning prying, morbid gawking, or sort of seeking knowledge just to show off like a vanity thing.

45:44Hannah Fry:So when they called curiosity a sin, they really meant a lesser kind of curiosity. It's that there were different types of curiosity. So my bad, I take it back.

45:53Michael Stevens:It's good to know. And it's good for all of us to know. They weren't against curiosity. They were just buzz kills. But yeah, no, I love that. I love that. And so please let us know meticulously. I want every detail. Let us know everything we get wrong or could have said better down in the comments below.

46:11Hannah Fry:Absolutely. For real, for real. Not just saying that. You know, Michael and I, we've got a team of researchers who help us with these episodes, this amazing team of producers behind us. But it's inevitable, right? That we're not going to get everything absolutely right. And, you know, we are extremely grateful when people point out our mistakes. I really, really honestly mean that. That's what science is, right? That's what science is. It's the march towards progress collectively. And that's always been my attitude to it. So thank you for pointing that out. We really appreciate it.

46:43Michael Stevens:Yeah. Yeah. So keep it coming. Yeah. Keep the questions coming. Keep the questioning coming. We are not always right. We are just along for the ride. I don't even consider myself a Sherpa. I consider myself a fellow traveler in this journey of thought.

46:57Hannah Fry:A fellow morbid gawker.

46:59Michael Stevens:And keep morbidly gawking, okay? I don't care what Augustine said. Like, if you want to know about, I'm trying to think of something.

47:09Hannah Fry:If you want to know about inventors who have been killed by their own inventors, you go look at that Wikipedia page, my friend.

47:13Michael Stevens:Please do. There's a reason that page exists and there's a reason it has the page numbers, the page views that it has, okay? Absolutely.

47:21Hannah Fry:Okay, we will be back next week. But in the meantime, please do send us your questions. The rest is science at GoHunger.com. And leave comments on the video, leave comments on Reddit. Among us, we read all of them. So yeah, we'll see you next week. Later.