SoFi Co-Founder: Bet on Crypto or Get Left Behind ft. Mike Cagney

20 Feb 2025 · 1 h 6 min

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Podcast Notes: Raoul Pal: The Journey Man - Episode with Mike Cagney

Episode Overview

  • Title: SoFi Co-Founder: Bet on Crypto or Get Left Behind ft. Mike Cagney
  • Date Recorded: February 18, 2025
  • Host: Raoul Pal
  • Guest: Mike Cagney, co-founder and CEO of Figure Markets
  • Themes: Blockchain technology's impact on capital markets, democratization of finance, transparency, and innovation in lending.

Key Topics Discussed

  1. Introduction to Blockchain's Impact
  2. Disintermediation of Financial Markets:
  3. Blockchain enables direct transactions between parties, eliminating the need for intermediaries.
  4. Focus on creating a blockchain-native financial ecosystem to enhance liquidity and democratize finance.
  1. Mike Cagney's Background
  2. Path to Figure:
  3. Started in financial services, founded SoFi for student loan refinancing, and moved towards blockchain technology.
  4. Experienced in structured finance and macroeconomic trading.
  5. Vision for Disruption:
  6. Identified blockchain as a solution to enhance capital market efficiency.
  1. Current Projects at Figure Markets
  2. Tokenization of Real-World Assets:
  3. Growing interest in digitizing real assets to improve transparency and efficiency in trading.
  4. Example: Creating a blockchain-native security market to facilitate faster transactions.
  5. Democratized Prime Brokerage:
  6. Creating a model where individuals can lend directly against assets without traditional broker intermediaries.
  1. Challenges in the Blockchain Ecosystem
  2. Regulatory Environment:
  3. Ongoing challenges with regulatory bodies and the need for clarity in crypto regulations.
  4. Importance of compliance for traditional institutions to participate in blockchain.
  5. Market Adoption:
  6. Resistance from established financial institutions to adopt new technologies.
  7. Need for economic incentives for traditional players to embrace blockchain solutions.
  1. Future of Capital Markets
  2. Potential for Growth:
  3. Anticipated increase in adoption of blockchain technology within capital markets over the next few years.
  4. Discussion on the need for significant technological improvements in transaction processing speeds (TPS) to compete with traditional markets.
  1. Building an Ecosystem
  2. Integration of Various Assets:
  3. Goal to create an ecosystem where various types of assets (equities, fixed income, crypto) can be integrated and cross-collateralized.
  4. Innovations in Trading:
  5. Development of a decentralized exchange model focusing on self-custody and security.
  6. Emphasis on the need for transparent and efficient trading platforms that can handle a variety of assets.

Key Takeaways

  • Necessity of Blockchain:
  • Blockchain is crucial for transforming capital markets and creating a more efficient, transparent, and democratized financial system.
  • Regulatory Clarity Needed:
  • For blockchain technology to fully integrate into traditional finance, a clearer regulatory framework is essential.
  • Future Opportunities:
  • Continued innovation in blockchain applications and potential for vast market expansion as traditional financial institutions begin to adopt new technologies.

Additional Insights

  • Predictions for 2025:
  • Anticipation of significant advancements in blockchain and its acceptance within mainstream finance.
  • Expectation that traditional institutions will begin to leverage blockchain capabilities to enhance their operational efficiency and reach.

Conclusion The conversation between Raoul Pal and Mike Cagney highlights the transformative potential of blockchain in finance, the challenges faced in regulatory environments, and the innovative approaches being developed at Figure Markets to promote a more democratized financial ecosystem. The episode underscores the need for continued dialogue and adaptation within the rapidly evolving landscape of macroeconomics, crypto, and technology.

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Transcript

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0:00Hi, I want to talk to you today about my friends at Bitwise and why they're the best crypto asset manager out there. So many investors I know are working with Bitwise today. They've got more than 20 products to help investors get whatever access they need or want. They've got a team of more than 100 across the US and Europe. They have more than$10 billion in client assets. It's not just the products that show they're all in. They've even supported the ecosystem by donating 10 % of their Bitcoin and Ethereum ETF profits to open source developers. And they were the first company to publish their Bitcoin ETF wallet address.

0:35Like I said, these guys are true OGs. So please go and check out Bitwise. They really are excellent. Go to bitwiseinvestments.com and see all they've got to offer. That's bitwiseinvestments.com or just email them at james at bitwiseinvestments.com and let them know that Raoul sent you. Anyway, there are a million ways to access crypto. Explore how you can access it best with Bitwise. And remember, carefully consider the extreme risks associated with crypto before investing. Anyway, thanks very much.

1:31with lots of new ideas and a better understanding of this incredible exponential world. So we get all of that all in one place. See you at Token 2049 in Dubai.

1:47Hi, I'm Raoul Pal, and welcome to my show, The Journeyman, where I travel to that nexus of macro crypto and the exponential age of technology. One of the big themes in crypto that gets talked about endlessly, particularly now with the regulatory changes, is the tokenization of real world assets. A lot of people don't really know what that means. But you know, I've been at the center of the financial system for 35 years now. And there's many things that most people don't understand how they work and what they are in the finance system that are likely to get tokenized. Now, there's one pioneer in this space that's light years ahead of anybody else.

2:26And And that's Mike Cagney. Mike Figer knows what is going on because he has been the pioneer of this space. And I want to sit down with him to find out what's really going on with the tokenization of real world assets, how he thinks it all fits together and how it plays out, particularly now that we've seen a huge sea change in the US government and its approach to regulation. Where are all of the big players in this and what are they going to do? Anyway, this is a really important conversation, so I hope you enjoy it. Join me, Raoul Pal, as I go on a journey of discovery through the macro, crypto, and exponential age landscapes.

3:05In The Journeyman, I talk to the smartest people in the world so we can all become smarter together.

3:15Mike Cagney, welcome to Real Vision. Thank you. Thanks for having me. Yeah, we were just saying beforehand, I'm surprised you've not been on before, But I think it's going to be a really interesting conversation because what you're doing is, I think, very interesting to the future of this space and what it means. But before we go into all of that, let's get your story. How the hell did you get into this in the first place? Because I love the stories of how we all stumbled into this. And you're a finance guy like me, so I don't know how the hell you managed to do that. Yeah, no. So I started in the late 90s in financial services.

3:51I ran a structured product development, prop trading for Wells Fargo and had a keen appreciation for capital markets. But this was in the late 90s and we entered the dot-com boom. And at one point, I remember my boss came over and said, anyone with half a brain would be out doing a startup. And I said, well, I have half a brain. So I started a company in wealth management technology that I sold to Broadridge in 2006. And then I started a hedge fund, kind of going back into the prop trading side of things. and as I was what was the hedge fund doing? what stress? macro full macro so same as my back I was a Goldman and then I was running global macro hedge funds all of that that's right that's right and Goldman was one of my primes and as I was building that business out I was watching what Chris Larson was doing in this company Prosper so Chris had been originally at Elon I think and I'd met him there and then Chris had gone into Prosper which was the first peer-to-peer lender and the whole concept of disintermediating financial intermediaries of connecting sources and uses of capital was super fascinating to me so i was really excited about what he was doing and um in you know having the crisis happened and you know fortunately we were on the right side of the crisis but it was very stressful very stressful process and so in in 2010 i'd been staring at my bloomberg screen watching a blink at me and i said i really want to go back to start another company.

5:18And I had an opportunity to go to Stanford and do a fellowship at the graduate school of business there for a year. And when I was there, I met my co-founders at SoFi. And we started the student loan refinancing business. It became a much larger financial enterprise. And I remember I reached out to Chris and I said, I have this idea about refinancing student loans. And he's like, that's a horrible idea. It's never going to work. It's crap. um you know don't do it so i did it anyway and it worked out pretty well but but what happened was was you know bitcoin was becoming more more more visible and what year was this uh this was 11 when we started and around 13 14 there was a lot of discussion around bitcoin i think i think in 15 um i i did a panel down with larry summers and brian armstrong and brian gave us all one bitcoin which I subsequently lost, by the way.

6:13And at the time, it wasn't worth what it's worth right now. But I'd given Bitcoin lip service, but I didn't really know what it was. And I didn't really know what blockchain was. Hi, Raoul here. Listen, I think we've got until 2030 before the economic singularity arrives. Now, it might not be the exact date, but it's around then. So we have about six years to figure out how to unfuck our future. I've put together a report to help you called Prepare for 2030. It's going to help you take the first steps in that journey to make sure you're secure past 2030. So just click on the link below and start your journey now.

6:53And so when I left SoFi, I spent some time thinking about what I wanted to build next. And that's where I had my aha moment with blockchain, where I said, if you could actually displace trust with truth, you could do a massive transformation of the way the capital markets work. Because today, capital markets are significantly intermediated because you don't have truth. You know, in stocks, there's seven parties that sit between a buyer and seller. Debit card, there's five parties that sit in between a buyer and a seller. And so if blockchain can distill that down to a bilateral transaction, you can disintermediate trillions of dollars of market capitalization.

7:33And that to me was what was interesting. And that's where I said, okay, this is actually really cool technology. We should figure out how to do something with it. Yeah, because it was 2012 for me, because I kind of predicted the financial crisis did well for me and the European sovereign crisis. And it was the European sovereign crisis that taught me about collateral crisis and that nobody knows who owned what collateral. was, do you know Emil Woods and Chad Cascarilla? Yes. So it was those guys who were global macro investor subscribers who said, maybe Bitcoin's the answer here. And I wrote the first ever macro strategy piece on it back in 2013.

8:11And the idea was all of this, all equities, all the custody, all the bonds, all the credit, OTC derivatives, the whole lot should go on chain because there's a source of truth that is fundamentally required in the event of something going wrong? Well, the source of truth is incredibly powerful. And I remember sitting down with Sheila Bear when we started doing what we were doing. And she said, geez, if I had this during the crisis, it wouldn't have prevented the crisis, but I would have known where all the bodies were. And especially all the ABS workout deals where you couldn't identify the bondholders, you couldn't modify the collateral, and so you made things much worse.

8:50This is a clear solution to it. But I think what it really gets to and what the real power is, is having a native digital asset where I can get true perfection, I can do a UCC Section 8 perfection on it, for example. Having that ability allows you to lend to that asset irrespective of the counterparty itself. So you're not underwriting the counterparty, you're underwriting directly to the asset. I always use the analogy on this. I've done billions and billions of dollars of HELOCs and mortgages, and generally they perform really well, but some I've lost money on or, you know, I mispriced the collateral.

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9:57Explore equity indices, energy, metals, forex, and beyond. With a simple and intuitive platform, you could trade anytime, anywhere. Experience the fast, accessible futures trading you've been waiting for with Plus500. With over 20 years of experience, Plus500 is your gateway to the markets. Visit us.plus500.com to learn more. Trading in futures involves the risk of loss and is not suitable for everyone. Not all applicants will qualify. Plus 500. It's trading with a plus. I've been lending against Bitcoin since 2020. I've never lost a dime because I have 24-7, 365 collateral perfection. And so bringing that concept in allows us to start thinking about displacing the way capital is distributed today through prime brokerage, like Goldman Prime, Morgan Prime, etc.

10:46And into a more democratized construct where anyone with money can lend to anyone who needs money on a security perfected basis, right, where they actually have true perfection of the collateral. And that's where I think you get to real disruption. So on a first order, there's blockchain efficiency. So at figure, and we can go into this in some depth, but we've been able to extract over a hard basis points of expense reduction through blockchain and securitization and the origination, warehousing, aggregation, securitization of assets. That's the first order, and that's valuable. There's the second order effect, which is if all this is on chain, it opens up cross-collateralization in a way we haven't been able to do historically.

11:29And that unlocks the ability to deploy more capital, but that capital has to come from somewhere. And the$2.5 trillion prime brokerage ecosystem is kind of tapped at this point in terms of its size, scope. And so if we can then upend that, not so much just disrupting it, but massively expanding who has access to that capital through this whole democratized construct, that's where we're really changing capital markets. And that's what I think ultimately happens with blockchain. I think it will ultimately yield to a massive shift in how capital markets work. And I think what's interesting is what you're talking about behind broking is banks' balance sheets are restricted because of Basel III and soon Basel IV.

12:12Their ability to lend or leverage their balance sheets in the way that's required to expand that has been one of the things that has restricted the hedge fund industry as well, because there's just not much available. But you went through something that I was involved in also in around early 2012, 13, 14, was this direct lending model. And that was the first glimpse. Family offices were lending directly to trade finance and stuff like that and getting great rates of returns. And there was no intermediary in the middle. And I think what you're saying is we can do that all over again to the massive prime broking industry, both in traditional markets.

12:54and in crypto markets, because the hedge fund industry is nascent but growing. That's right. That's right. It's what I call democratized prime brokerage. And I think that that is a reality that we're going to see over the next couple of years. And so talk to me about the journey of figure, because you start off with the securitization, but you're building all sorts of things. So give me the whole figure story. Yeah. So the initial story was predicated on that disruptive concept of taking out 100%. basis points of cost through asset origination, aggregation, securitization. Just explain to people why 100 basis points is a big deal.

13:33Yeah. So you're in an industry where your gross margin might be between 300 to 500 basis points. And that's gross. Your net would be 1 to 200. So taking 100 basis points of cost out is a massive profit and cancer for you. And by the way, when I started to figure, I reached out to Chris again and told him I had this idea about using blockchain to disrupt the capital markets. And he again told me it was a dumb idea and I shouldn't do it. And it would never amount to anything. And so, you know, I've not listened to him twice. Both times it's been the right thing to do, but I have great respect for him.

14:09And so, by the way, Chris pioneered peer-to-peer lending. Like, you know, the lending club folks generally get the credit for that, but it was Chris Larsen doing all the hard work in the very beginning. and I have a lot of respect for him for doing that. So the basic premise for us was we wanted to build this disruptive capital ecosystem and we kind of had to work backwards too. I went to a bunch of banks in 2018 and I tried to convince them, look, if you do asset origination and securitization this way, here's why you're going to save money. Here's how blockchain is going to be effective. And they all said, this is great, Mike.

14:45We love it. We'd like to be the 10th bank to do this on blockchain. And so, you know, obviously we had to have a first mover. And as an entrepreneur, you're always trying to de-risk that first mover. And so I said, well, we'll just do it ourselves. I'll just stand up a lender and I'll start lending on chain. And so we did the first loans on chain in 18, did the first securitization of blockchain loans in 20, did the first AAA rated securitizations of blockchain loans in 23. And at this point, we've done, I think, somewhere between 42 and 43 billion transactions on public chain. Who's involved in that ecosystem now?

15:21How is that working? Because people kind of don't realize that there is parts of the financial system that is using blockchain and has been for a while. So talk through that because I think it's interesting. Yeah. So one of the big challenges is, so, you know, we interact with lots of the big sell side firms. You know, obviously lots of the big buy-side firms like Apollo, you know, Goldman will be talking about how they're using our blockchain registry for all the mortgage transactions we do with them. No one's been allowed to discuss this over the last four years. So the regulators have basically said you cannot discuss being on public blockchain.

15:55And that's, you know, forced us to be a little bit, you know, not as vocal as we'd like to be in terms of the size and scope of what's happening. but it's actually the broader TradFi ecosystem especially on the mortgage side and on the lending side is moving into it and realizing there's significant dollars that they're capturing by being in the space and at the end of the day that's what you need you need an economic reason why to be on the blockchain in 2018 you could do blockchain projects for the sake of blockchain and there were all these goofy things that were done where you'd replicate a ledger on chain and stuff that didn't really matter and I wanted to do real stuff.

16:37I wanted to create assets that only lived on blockchain, that you had true perfection and that we could demonstrate this capital efficiency. And so we've been able to do that. We've been able to crowd in a lot of large traditional players. And one of the big things that we're talking about this week, and I think if we're airing on Thursday, this news will be out on Thursday, we're standing up a permanent capital guarantor that functions like Fannie or Freddie functions to create a liquidity market analogous to a GSE market with that kind of predictability and liquidity, but all native on chain for private credit.

17:16And so if you look at what we do today, the challenge you've had with loan origination historically is people do HELOCs or non-QM mortgages or prime jumbo. They do them as a one-off asset pool with a one-off loan purchase agreement. Because they're one-off, they have no homogenator liquidity. They just sit and exist. And what we were able to do is we were able to create a homogenous asset origination process. We now have over 140 third parties that use our tech to originate loans on chain. Some of the largest mortgage originators, banks, other factors. To them, it's technology. They don't see it as a blockchain transaction per se.

17:59It's a technology transaction. We have over 140 third parties putting those assets on chain. Those assets are all completely homogenous. And the blockchain takes a lot of the uncertainty of the asset out in terms of the ability for someone to modify data or change something that they shouldn't be able to change. And what that's allowed us to do is we now run regular bid-wanted, order-wanted, and competition markets for whole loan pools that trade and instantly settle, unlike what we've done historically, which is 7, 14, 21 days of diligence. There's no point in having a digital marketplace for credit historically because even if you transacted, you'd have to go and spend three weeks to do the diligence to clear our stuff because of the blockchain and because of the homogeneity.

18:45trades like a true digital asset, like an equity would trade on a typical national security exchange. Have hedge funds come into the space because there is now liquidity, transparency, and ease? Have they gone up? Because we need multi-parties to create liquidity in a market to make it a real market. Because if not, it's kind of interesting to watch, but it gets stuck at one counterparty and it doesn't get circulated. Right. And the hedge funds have been very involved. And one of the most interesting things, the most interesting hedge fund use case I saw was because of the way we use blockchain, we have real-time remit on all the loans that we do.

19:26And so I can go on and see, you know, it's$11.20 in California right now. I can see every loan that's paid me as of$11.20. And so in March of 2020, when COVID hit and they introduced the moratorium on mortgage payments, everything that wasn't an agency mortgage became completely illiquid. because nobody knew how it was actually cash-wowing. The hedge funds ended up buying our paper specifically to get the real-time remit reporting because they could front-run the agency remit reporting that would come out 30 days later. And so they were using it to front-run the information flow because they had better information from the blockchain.

20:08Super fascinating. So who else is in that space, and is it starting to grow? outside of what you guys did? Because you guys have done the hard work. I mean, I cannot imagine that this was easy to do. Dealing with banks and institutions and getting them to change technology away from what they did is preposterously hard. Well, and dealing with the regulatory environment we've had for the last four years has not been an easy thing either. So it's been a challenge. I think right now in the land of RWA, we stand very unique in that, We're adding$500,$600,$700 million a month RWA onto Providence blockchain, onto the L1 that we use.

20:51I think that's only going to accelerate with this guarantor that's being stood up. We're expanding into other asset classes. I think we'll certainly see more people coming in to participate, whether they participate by creating rival ecosystems, whether they leverage our ecosystem. Because there's aspects of Figures ecosystem that's valuable. One of those is we have an alternative trading system exemption to actually trade blockchain native securities in bearer form. So we can trade securities that self-settle, self-clear. And so if I could be creating digital security or digital native blockchain ABS, plus we have the capital in there, plus we have a broker dealer and a bunch of other things that help facilitate that ecosystem.

21:35But one of the things that I think is really interesting and one of the areas that I've had a lot of concern about, a little less concern over the last couple of months, has been fiat and how you express fiat on-chain. And, you know, back in 23, I was working with a group of banks to try to digitize deposits on-chain and effectively create a reciprocal payment network. so a better version of ACH where they could do that on-chain with the efficiency and certainty. And the regulators stopped. They came in and said, we don't want you doing this on public blockchain. The Fed had come out with that statement.

22:12The public blockchain wasn't consistent with safety and soundness, which is a ridiculous statement to make. And it really just impeded a lot of the development that could have happened at that time. But it got me to step back and say, OK, these regulators don't want public blockchain. And it was very clear how they can do that. They can choke off the dollar flows. And we started seeing the banks that provide those dollar ramps go away. Either they went away through the fact that the FGIC took them over, they went away because they were forced out of the business. And then we had United Texas Bank Dallas that provided all this correspondence service for the foreign banks for Frick and Signum and others.

22:51And they got a cease and desist letter from the Fed, right, saying you need to get out of the blockchain space or the crypto space. And so I was trying to future-proof that. And so I was looking for a way to create a security, a public security that could live on chain that would provide a fiat rail, a way to get money on and off, not through a banking channel, but through a security channel where it's not crypto, it's a security, it's just on public blockchain because there's no limitation that security can't be on public chain. And obviously, Franklin and WisdomTree have tried to do this with their money funds, with Benji and the WisdomTree product.

23:27And the problem the money funds have is they have to trade in a regulated venue. You've got to trade them on an ETS or you've got to trade them on a national market exchange. And that doesn't make it practical that I want to give you$20, for example. We're not going to go through that premise to do it. And so we ended up researching this really esoteric security called a face amount certificate. And it was written in the law in the 40 Act. And a face amount certificate, nobody uses these things. Like they're very odd securities, but they're the only security that allows you to move peer to peer without a regulated framework.

24:04So I can take$20 of a face amount certificate and I can move it right to your wallet, right? And that's a legitimate transaction. And so we did our first S1. This is public record. You can go on Edgar and see it in August of 23. We'd done confidential S1s before that. And what we've been able to do, and this is super interesting, but we're essentially going effective on that security today. And so we have a public fixed income security native to blockchain, pay SOFR minus 50, really transferable peer-to-peer that can be purchased at an aggregator and effectively turned into a GDR on the other chains.

24:50and so it can work on Solana, it can work on Ethereum, work on other places as well that we think is a foundation. It's effectively the ability to move value in a way that doesn't take some of the credit risk or the certainty risk that you have with traditional stable points. And so we're excited about that opportunity and we think all these things kind of build into an ecosystem that we hope attracts a lot of asset origination and a lot of capital. Because, yeah, if you go back to the prime broking part, all of this all fits together as well. It's that kind of whole basket of asset requirements that more sophisticated players need.

25:30But in this new form of money that you're moving around, are you expecting it to be retail or are you expecting it to still stay within professional markets but be a fast, efficient way of doing things? I think it's going to be both. you know one of the things that always strikes me is i i got a chance to look at the coin star business at one point and you know the coin star they have those kiosks in the grocery stores and you put your coins in them they give you a gift card oh yeah well the number one thing those are used for is people buying bitcoin and sending it to somebody and and so they're effectively bitcoin kiosks more than they are anything else and i was looking at how people were using that for cross-border remit.

26:11And I was like, this is just illustrative of how inefficient, how much friction there is to move money cross-border. So you get something like yields, which is what our securities call YLDS, and the Egger filing its figure certificate company, if folks want to go look at it, at the S1. But effectively, you now have essentially dollar bearer cash on chain. so it has massive application for cross-border remit i mean in orders of of ease to complexity obviously collateral on the exchange is an easy use case because it yields and and so there's a lot of value there and we we would expect you know partners of ours like jump crypto and others would be using that heavily from from a collateral standpoint there's cross-border remit applications there's payment applications uh you know in the u.s it's hard to disrupt the payment ecosystem because you have this five-party interchange.

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27:06But the first thing you can disrupt is the rail. And so dropping this in as the rail in lieu of ACH is a pretty interesting application. But outside of the US, where it's QR code driven, there's a lot of ability to just go straight bilateral peer-to-peer payment. So we think it's what the industry's needed. And the challenge that we've had historically is USDC is crypto, and the banks haven't been able to hold that. This is a security that banks can hold that. So barring any change in regulation and so forth in terms of the stablecoin legislation that's working through, you know, today banks can use yields because it's a security.

27:44It just happens to be on a public blockchain. And what about off-ramps out of that? You know, if people want to exchange it for cash or whatever their needs are, the fungibility within the real world has always been another issue, right? Because of regulation and banking. Right. So it's a security off ramp on an off ramp, just as if you were investing in a mutual fund directly from the fund issuer. So we have a set of financial entities that provide fiat rails during market hours. And then what we're working on with a couple of our partners are stable coin rails, non-hours. So on a non-US banking hour, you'd be able to turn yields into USDC to the extent that you wanted to do that.

28:27During US banking hours, you can turn in US dollars and ultimately into euros and other currency as well. So you've also built an exchange. Yeah. Talk about the exchange and why you did that. I'm trying to get together. There's a vision here of something much larger. You're building component parts, which I can see. So I'm trying to get to, okay, what are these parts and where the hell are you going? Yeah. So let me talk about that, and then I'll go back to the exchange and how it fits in. What we're ultimately trying to do is build what we would call the exchange of everything, right? The ability to have equity, fixed income, crypto, all under one venue and all seamlessly cross-collateralized.

29:10So if you went to a big sovereign like a Temeset, for example, they would tell you that if they could more efficiently cross-collateralize their assets, they would have twice as much capital to deploy. And so the first step of this is let's get everything under one roof where we have true perfection to the assets. We're not tokenizing a DTC security, for example. The security lives on chains. We know we have the perfection to it and the ability to liquidate it. Let's get a true blockchain-nated ecosystem of assets, securities, crypto, et cetera, and provide that ability to cross-collateralize.

29:46that opens the second problem which is if you went to a temesac or a gic or a big sovereign like that they'd say well if i could deploy a lot more capital i can't get it because i'm named full on the prime broker or they're named full on me right effectively that ecosystem's been topped out and that's where that whole democratized construct of it doesn't matter who the borrower is. It's people with money lending against assets that want money and disintermediating the constructible borrower and single name credit risk, et cetera. That's when we really create a massively efficient capital ecosystem.

30:26And that's what we're trying to build out. So if you rewind it, our efforts that we've done on lending and that ecosystem that we're building out. Again, there's first order benefits of why we did that. We save a lot of money using the blockchain. It's allowed to figure it to be a very profitable business, etc. But the real goal is that was just the first of a series of assets we're bringing on chain that allow for that cross-bitalization. And we're doing the same thing now with crypto. We're doing the same thing with a couple of different efforts on public equity, including why we're involved in this ionic situation, which was the miner that came out of Celsius.

31:08And what our focus has been on running that shareholder activist campaign there, because we want to get that stock listed on chain and start showing this ability to seamlessly cross-collateralize across asset types. And so within the exchange itself, it really forced us to think about how exchanges work. And the thing that I always kind of scratch my head on, it's ironic that Binance and Coinbase are as large as they are trading blockchain assets, but not in a blockchain, right? It's a true centralized exchange construct. You deliver your assets to them. They hold the assets. And the fact that we still do that after FTX is mind boggling to me.

31:51And so my view is that any exchange that's going to really work needs to be done in a true self-custody construct. And the challenge on self-custody and the challenge in structuring it this way, as you know, is these L1s are cross-compatible. Solana doesn't trade on Bitcoin. Bitcoin doesn't trade on Ethereum. And so the exchange is saying, well, I'm doing you a service taking all this in and allowing you to trade an electronic representation of this because you don't have to worry about this cross-exchange and wrapping and all this other stuff. But the reality is we have a really elegant solution that's come to market over the last one plus years, multi-party computation wallets.

32:35And these MPC wallets allow us to be able to represent Bitcoin on the Bitcoin network and Solana on the Solana network and figure loans on the provenance network. And it allows us to create a security entitlement against those assets that can trade on an exchange. And it allows us to do a decentralized MPC where the policy agents themselves are distributed, where you make it much harder to hack. You eliminate the whole key loss issue. You eliminate the exchange idiosyncratic risk where they no longer have your assets. They go bankrupt. You don't have to claim back to them to pull your assets back.

33:14It's effectively self-custody, but it's a way that can actually work and qualified custodial construct for institutions and other things as well. And so one of the big focus points of standing the exchange up was building that back-end custodial framework, that MPC wallet structure, where we don't take possession of your assets, right? We run the exchange, you trade security entitlements, but the assets always stay with you. And that's kind of the genesis of why we did that. So then what's next into this plan? What else are you working on? Yes. So you surely have got to regret having such a big plan at this point.

33:55It's a lot of work. Yeah, it's a lot of work. And I apologize for going through six years of work and 20 minutes. But yeah, but it's exciting. And look, there's a couple of different efforts that we have going on right now. One is, as I said, we're going to continue to build that Lenny ecosystem out. We're going to build something that's closer to a Fannie Mae Freddie Mac construct and go wider on assets there. Two, we're beginning to build the crypto ecosystem out. So we have a US exchange, we have a Cayman exchange, we have an Ireland VASP, we're building geographic representation for the crypto.

34:31And we're bringing this democratized prime construct onto the exchange. So when I borrow margin, for example, on the exchange today, it's coming from people who put that capital up where we run a limit order book to clear the rate for that capital. And so So that infrastructure will continue to expand out. But what I'm focused on in a couple of areas I have some keen interest on is getting public securities onto chain beyond the yield stable point that I talked about. So we're about to launch our REIT onto the chain. And you'll be able to buy figures REIT and use as collateral to then buy Bitcoin.

35:08And that, from a trading standpoint, is a good trade because the yield on the REIT is higher than the margin yield on the loan. As I mentioned earlier, there's a transaction that we've been working on for a while where I bid on both FTX and Celsius bankruptcies because I wanted to restart those companies. Because in U.S. bankruptcy, there's a rule called 1145 that lets you issue public equity without an S-1. And so you can effectively create a public security without any SEC direct compliance or direct approval to do that. and this to me was a way to get public equity on chain and obviously FTX didn't restart which was disappointing and we felt that we put a good bid in for that and it was disappointing that the company didn't lean in to do that Celsius opted for a different plan than the one that we put forward but that plan blew up and the mining company that's come out of that called Ionic Digital has not, from my perspective, has not been run very well And so we're running a proxy battle right now to get two board seats in that company.

36:16And one of the first things that we want to do is provide liquidity through an ATS listing. And, you know, in fact, we make that one of the first public securities to be trading native on chain. No DTC registration. You're not tokenizing a DTC security. It lives on blockchain. And what my hope is, is that we can demonstrate with market making, with the ability to borrow, with the right infrastructure there, that there's sufficient crossover from Bitcoin investors to Bitcoin miners that we can drive more liquidity in this environment than you could in a NASDAQ. And then I would have ammunition to go to miners listed on the NASDAQ and say, look, you should be listed over here.

36:56And this is kind of the beginning of a concentric circle of how we start getting critical mass of equities on chain. Because I can't go to Goldman and say, good news, your next IPO is going to be on blockchain. Because they'd say, why? The NASDAQ works fine. Why would I take the risk and uncertainty to do a blockchain IPO? I'm not going to do it. So I have to demonstrate in a different way that there is liquidity and there is a market value in listing this way. Is there not a market for, we'll call it an ICO, but the IPO equivalent to take many of these private companies public but digitally native and on-chain.

37:39Because, I mean, well, whether it's Dan Tapiero's portfolio or whether it's a bunch of VC portfolios, there's a lot of these that we're kind of not sure what the equity value is because they've got equity in token. There's some way that it feels like a tokenized exchange for equity is a very big thing. Yeah, and you just have to be pragmatic about a couple of challenges there. One is having enough float and enough liquidity in a single name to keep prices constant and not go stale. But the other is I felt exactly this a couple of years ago. And when I first got the alternative trading system, the first thing I did is turned on a secondary for figure stock.

38:25And so I ran a 24-7, 365 marketplace for Figure Equity for two weeks where you went in and it traded and sold just like you would expect it to in a blockchain. It was real-time bilateral settlement. I encumbered my wallet with money. I faced off against you with the security. Boom, instant bilateral transactions. Everybody loved it. I thought it was awesome. I built effectively a cap table management business called Figure Equity Solutions and onboarded 600 companies onto that platform to be able to access the secondary market. And I did that just as the market turned south on the bankruptcies.

39:04And all of a sudden, nobody wanted to see the price of their acquisition. and it's so fair like we're not going to list anything because we don't want you know we want to control the narrative of our equity and so you know there's just some realities you face in the private company land um you know that is one and then the ability to have a consistent like martin i'm more thinking about this we're talking about public and private i don't think that distinction needs to happen with the solution that you're offering, right? Which is they're just designated listed things. So it could be secondary in the case of a private company like FIGA, or it could be primary.

39:45It's irrelevant because the structure's changed. That's right. And the premise behind that business was that if we could show sufficient liquidity in private secondary, when those companies went public, we'd say, well, why would you list on the nasdaq right you have a venue here that's liquid you have access to capital people understand your equity um and it makes sense but but it was you know just some of the headwinds of of trying to do that from private shares true challenging yeah makes sense and yeah there's just not left liquidity it just take it just takes time how do you deal with the complexity of putting this together?

40:30And I've mentioned it a few times, but look, there's a lot of moving parts. People don't really understand. People wave their hands around and go, oh, real world assets, they're all retokenized. I'm like, you have no fucking idea how complicated this stuff is and how ingrained in old systems everybody is and how big a battle that is. Yeah, it's happening, but it's hard work. No, look, when we did the first blockchain loan, we went to settle with a large private equity firm and they said where's the Q-SIP I said well you don't need a Q-SIP we can call whatever you want they're like no I can't load this into my back office unless there's a Q-SIP and I said well can I make up a Q-SIP it's like no we need a real Q-SIP so you gotta pay$8 or whatever you gotta Q-SIP I was at a very high profile sovereign regulator talking about getting the equivalent of an ATS system.

41:27And they said, well, we need to understand the post-settlement process. And I said, well, there's no post-settlement process. It's bilateral. You face off, we transact instantly, it's done. And they're like, well, we don't know how to do that. And I'm like, well, but that's what blockchain is. There is no moving of anything. We did it when we traded. And so, you know, one last point, I'll belabor this. When I see things like DTC working on blockchain experiments, I'm like, the last thing DTC ever wants in the world is for blockchain to actually work in a marketplace because there's no role for DTC.

42:06And so the biggest challenge we have in affecting change is the entities that normally would be driving that change. It's so self-disruptive to them that they're not going to do it. right? DTC is not going to usher in a blockchain marketplace. ICE is not going to usher in a blockchain exchange. VISA is not going to usher in a blockchain payment rail, right? Because none of these things are consistent with their businesses because their businesses are categorically rent seeking businesses that blockchain disrupts out. And so that itself makes it really hard. And, you know, if you look at how we had to start, I couldn't get a bank to use the technology.

42:46I had to create a lending company and a blockchain and go convince the capital markets that these weren't like crazy things that were going to disappear overnight. Like I had to bring all parts of the ecosystem to the table at once to get it kicked off. And that's why you haven't seen a lot of this happen because, you know, we were in a unique situation. We had the relationships to do that and the technology problems to do that. But, you know, generally firms are really good at one of those three things. And so, you know, our unique situation, the team that we have being able to cut across all three got us to jumpstart the process.

43:24But that's where I think we're going to see a tipping point. And I think the tipping point is going to come from the fact that we've done so much on chain from a transactional standpoint, that the real economics are there, that the sell side and the buy side are there and participating, plus the regulatory change that I expect us to get over the next four years. I mean, look, we did$41 billion or$43 billion, whatever the number is, of real-world asset blockchain. And I don't like the real-world asset thing either. It annoys me. No, I doubt you. It annoys the hell out of me. It's just assets. Yeah, I know, but that's what we have to call it.

43:58So$43 billion of that in the hardest regulatory environment we could ever have, what do you think we're going to do over the next four years? I mean, it's going to take off, And, you know, especially when people can talk about it and not have to hide the fact of doing it and point to the value that we have in administration that's very focused on building and doing more on-chain and trying to take the leadership position there. I think, you know, this should be a good run for blockchain. So if you look ahead into the future a bit, what does the whole blockchain space feel like? Like, where are we going towards?

44:39Because, look, it's been a stop-start journey, but it's actually been relatively consistent. It's taken periods of time longer, periods of time faster. Where do you think this is all going? Yeah, I always view it that under the surface, there's been a steady progress of development. And then on the surface, there's these headlines that we just, like, can't get out of our way and shoot ourselves in the foot, right? You know, we have the ICO debacle. We have the FTX debacle. you know we just had the libra now everyone's back to oh you know blockchain shit it's just for fraudsters and scammers and you know blah blah because they're not seeing the real we do this to ourselves clearly i know the industry shoots itself in the foot it's it like it can't resist an opportunity to mess up and you know so be it but but there is real work happening under underneath that's not as sexy and high profile but it's meaningful um what what i'm most concerned about or where i tend to be most pragmatic um you know is is the reality that that the nasdaq can process 250 000 transactions a second right um visa peak load can can process 680 000 transactions a second um the idea that that we're at a point technology wise where a blockchain could displace the market it doesn't have the processing capacity to do that right now and and so getting close now fire dancer solana sui there's a bunch of these getting close we're getting closer and and but we're getting remember we're getting closer to being able to displace one market right like like we'll have enough tps to displace the nasdaq soon right at some point, but that's not the capital markets.

46:24And so what I think needs to happen is some deep seek equivalent of improvement in TPS. Because at the end of the day, you probably don't need lots of public chains. And this is where I vacillate back and forth. Is this a blockchain to win them all or will there be lots of different disparate chains and interoperability will matter. But even in the latter circumstance, we're still not at that point of disruption. And so what I think will happen is people are going to double down on the TPS side, native L1 TPS, not L2 or L3. And that will pave the way for a meaningful discussion about, hey, let's displace an entire system.

47:12Right. And so I think I'm encouraged about what I see now in terms of getting there. And obviously, you know, Salon and Sweet have done a really good job, you know, getting towards that. But we still have work to do on that front. So I'm just pragmatic about that right now. One of my views is that ETH overbuilds capacity, right? block space, which is fine because over time, let's say the financial system moves, you know, you go to any bank, any hedge fund, any asset manager, they all use Microsoft. Not one uses Apple or Google, right? So this weird way the financial system works, it's like once the decision is made, they do that.

48:01It was the same with the IBM mainframes. It's the same in all of this ship and i have a feeling that it's it's to lose because it is battle tested has the lindy effect it has the layer twos you can spin up a private ish blockchain but still public you know you've got control over the ecosystem everything there so i kind of get the idea that yeah solana could that be used for exchanges or sweet yeah sure because low latency uh high tps but for the kind of big stuff that you're doing it feels difficult not to be on it yeah i i think that so it's a constant debate that we have and and you know if you look at why we built provenance blockchain back in 18 and then rebuilt it in 20 um it was because at the time what we had was was eth uh and ethereum you know it wasn't even that it was slow and expensive it was the predictability right it was certainty of being written and you know when i when i left an offer hit it did i expect to be done i don't expect to hear that my block wasn't written and come back in 15 minutes and and then the proof of proof of stake networks were coming up or in slantest case proof of history and the challenge we had there was they were functioning like golden data sets right so i put a loan on a network like that the loan would go to the validators and be written and i couldn't let my customer pi information or anything else be exposed to a network that i couldn't control and what we ended up doing with provenance is build a structure where it acted as a data validation agent but not a golden data set.

49:38So what goes to, when I put a five gig loan on provenance, the five gigs goes in an encrypted object store and what goes to the validators is the 256 character hash of that data. And when I trade that loan with you three months from now. So it's sort of like a zero knowledge. That's right. It's action, right? And when I trade that loan three months from now, it will validate that that loan is true. If it's not true, it can't tell you what's wrong with it, but that's okay. We opted for that to build into that. At the time, we were overly focused on TPS because the reality is when you're trading loans and asset-back securities, you don't need high TPS.

50:17No, they're single transactions of big size. I mean, we might do 100 transactions a day on that ecosystem right now. It's not high frequency yet. But we certainly want to stand up a TBA market, which would be high frequency, and that'll come out of the guarantor. So if I reference that back to Ethereum, obviously Ethereum going from proof of work to proof of stake was an improvement. I think it is overbuilt. I think it still has a lot of challenges. And I think it's still a hard network for a regulated financial institution to participate in. Now, I think what will be interesting is my guess is JP Morgan will launch JP Coin on Ethereum before the end of the year.

51:09And that would be very interesting if they do that. JP Coin doing what? Basically just being another stable. But I don't think that could happen ahead of the legislation. the stablecoin legislation. They're trying to get that legislation done ahead of the August recess. So it would be, you know, fourth quarter or something like that would happen. But, you know, it'll be interesting to see where the Trapi leans into Ethereum or not. I don't know where else they go, to be honest. If you're JP Morgan, right, you're unlikely to go to Solana or it's because they're more closed ecosystems, right? The monolithic chains versus, you know, the others, it just feels that it's almost impossible to make that decision.

51:54They're not going to go to somebody brand new either. Right. Not Jay Van Orkden. So it's kind of like it's ETH, shit or bust. That's why when I get to, when I think this thing through, I'm like, I don't see any other solution that's possible at this stage. Yeah, well, and that's what the next 12 months will show us is how these platforms evolve. I think, you know, the challenge Solana has is, you know, the situation that we have with Libra and the meme coin thing, those are things that don't induce TradFi to come and play in your ecosystem. They're not bad things. I mean, they generate huge amounts of fees for the network, and I don't begrudge them that at all.

52:33But that's not going to get JP Morgan or Goldman excited to start trading on your platform. Although, if they can spin the story differently, I mean, look, it's been an ugly shit show and it's been a bit too grifty, but crypto's been grifty for a long time, right? but um you know at the extreme because it's a wild west and it is experimentation so i get that and i don't really have a massive issue with it but the trump coin to me was really interesting because it shows how fast capital formation can happen amongst a large group of a decentralized entity amongst a large group of people who have a commonality of idea we saw the consolation the constitution dow before that was another way it was another holy shit moment for for capital formation.

53:20There was a very big signal. I mean, memes and stuff have a lot of signal about a bunch of stuff, attention, economy and stuff. But for capital formation, I think it was a big moment. Yeah, it was. It also illustrated the problem we have with fiat rails, right? Because they just couldn't get the money in to support the bid. And this is where, you know, I talk to people and they talk about Aave or compound. They're like, okay, there's $3 billion of USDC on Aave being land. And I say, you know, in the securitization market, that's insignificant, right? I mean, you need hundreds of billions, if not trillions of dollars.

53:56And so, you know, but the fiat rails have been so sticky to do that. So I think the potential for capital formation is there. But right now, what gated an even faster acceleration of that Trump coin was the inability to get dollars on. Probably saved people a shit ton of money as well. It did. And, you know, so some people, instead of yelling at their Fiat Rail onboarding partners, should be thanking them. But, you know, but it demonstrated some of the weaknesses in the ecosystem. And we want to scale this to prime time. Exactly. So, Mike, what's next for you guys? Or what's next for you? Yeah, look, I mean, we would like, you know, we would like Figure to be public this year.

54:39I think we've publicly said that we had a confidential S1 of the SEC last year. We pulled that because we just could not get a process in place where we could use blockchain effectively. I think we'd like to re-engage and push that this year and continue to grow. And I think on the market side, continuing to add product, being able to move into public equity, and really beginning this democratized prime, which I would say is a competitor to an Aave or a compound DeFi construct, but in a more way that you have control through a limit order book of the rates that you lend at, the ability to either fully deploy or not deploy your capital, some other things that I think are enhancements to the DeFi protocols.

55:26IPO, that's a long process again, right? And we don't really have the clarity that we're going to let people get to market because there's you guys, there's maybe Kraken, there's Circle, there's a whole bunch of people kind of queuing up, but it's been painful. Yeah, look, I mean, the process last year, I ended up having to split figure into two companies, figure and figure markets, because what was in figure markets was absolutely a non-starter from an IPO standpoint as it related to the regulators. And what I'm most likely doing now is recombining that company and taking that combined business out.

56:03Because everything that was a headwind last year, the regulatory headwind, the public market headwind, is now becoming not a tailwind yet, but at least not a headwind anymore this year. We're hearing grumblings there's going to be support and push for IPOs, blockchain companies. But we haven't seen that tangibly yet. But I don't think we're getting the same pushback, especially in terms of iteration of the SEC. And you can't use this word. You can't say public chain, et cetera. I think that's going away. I think the public markets there, I've had a lot of reverse inquiry from public market investors who are like, look, I want to invest in Web3 companies.

56:39You don't have a lot of options in the public market right now to invest in a Web3 company. I would argue outside of base, Coinbase is a Web2 company. It's analogous to like a Robinhood. MicroStrategy buys Bitcoin, but that's not an operating business on Web3, right? There's just not a lot of blockchain opportunities for people to deploy capital too. And I think that there's a lot of money out there that wants to deploy to it. So when there's money that wants to go somewhere and there's businesses that need to take it, a way will be found. A final question for you. When are we going to get some more depth of understanding of what the new administration is going to do?

57:25because I guess that David Sachs is probably speaking to Mark Andresen and A16Z and a whole bunch of others. They tried to form that committee, and typical of crypto, they disbanded it because nobody could get on. It's like, really, guys, once. You just had to once get on with each other. When are we going to get something a bit clearer? Yeah, and I think going back to your first point, I think the crypto community is kind of realizing that they might have changed something in a way they didn't fully comprehend. So, you know, the crypto community, the participants have benefited from a regulatory mode for the last four years.

58:07And, you know, if you were Coinbase, you had a war chest and you could say, you know, screw you SEC and fight them off. And your smaller competitors couldn't do that. And if you were a custodian, Boney didn't want to go into the custodial business because they were told they couldn't. And you're a stablecoin provider. JP is not issuing JP coin on Ethereum because they've been told they couldn't. That's all changing. And you're getting, ICE is pushing for a centralized global crypto exchange. So the idea of it living in all these individual Coinbase and Binance and OKEx, et cetera, they're saying that's ridiculous.

58:40It's just being one exchange. The big custodians are coming into the cost-e space. Bank of New York will be cussing crypto extensively this year. JP will issue JP coin. We're getting a lot of stuff. And so when you talk about our inability to sit work coordinated, that's going to be a problem as we deal with a different level of competition over the next 6 to 12 months that we had to deal with over the last four years. Four years, we had to deal with the regulators, but we didn't have to deal with the banks and the heavily capitalized incumbents coming in and competing with us. And that being said, I think from the regulatory standpoint, Commissioner Pierce is driving the crypto task force.

59:19I think that's a great, great thing for the industry. I don't think they've been super active yet meeting with folks. They release publicly. It's a handful of names. Bo Hines is David Sachs' crypto appointee. I think he's getting his arms around what's going on and looking to lean in. But I know the administration is looking for both market structure legislation and stable coin legislation no later than the August recess of this year. So, you know, I'd expect you're going to see significant legislation happening over the summer. And, you know, hopefully we do it the right way. And do you think they either collapse the SEC and the CFTC into the same entity, or does this all switch to the CFTC, or do we just get a separate kind of vast regulator and just build it from scratch?

1:00:16Well, the government certainly indicated that they prefer less than more right now. And so I think the idea of consolidation makes sense. I don't think you're going to see that happen before an August recess I think that's a much longer discussion although as I said they want market structure legislation defined by that August recess so at least the entities as they exist today it will be very clear who regulates what by then and then I think it's a longer term discussion for them in terms of does it make sense to have a CFTC and an SEC for example perfect mike ever so interesting thank you so much for your time good luck for 2025 it's going to be quite a year i think you're going to be busy as well so there's no there's no rest for you i'm afraid my friend no there's not but i appreciate i appreciate the time today thanks for having me on yeah not at all good to see you you too so look lots to take away from the video is a the complexity of what mike is trying to do the magnitude of what needs to get done These are not simple things that people just think we turn on tokenization and everything works.

1:01:26As Mike explained, there's so many interconnected things and so many people that don't want it to happen. But I think it's interesting. The big one for me was Mike just casually dropping this JP Morgan coin, the JP coin or whatever it's called, as their kind of token and their blockchain to be built on Ethereum. That was something I hadn't really heard. And Mike seemed pretty confident with that. But overall, you can see that this space is going to continue to grow. We can see that the financial system over time will either have to disrupt itself or get disrupted. And finance is the largest use of blockchain of all.

1:02:06So it was set out to do this when blockchain and Bitcoin came. And it's going to continue that relentless journey over time to disrupt and rebuild a parallel financial system. Anyway, I'll see you next time.

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Raoul Pal welcomes Mike Cagney, co-founder and CEO of Figure Markets, to explore how blockchain technology is revolutionizing capital markets, lending, and securitization by eliminating intermediaries and enabling real-time, transparent transactions. Raoul and Mike also discuss the creation of a blockchain-native financial ecosystem through Cagney's company, Figure, aiming to democratize finance, enhance liquidity, and introduce new models like "democratized prime brokerage" and on-chain exchanges for traditional and crypto assets. Recorded on February 18, 2025.

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